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v 


3  1833  01746  2836 


GENEALOGY 
973.005 
H629 
1864 


fo^tf*-*** 


THE 


HIST0K1CAL   MAGAZINE, 


AND 


NOTES  AND    QUERIES 


CONCERNING      THE 


ANTIQUITIES,  HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY 


O  F 


AMERICA. 


VOL.  VIII 


NEW    YORK: 
JOHN     Or.    SHEA, 

83   CENTRE  STREET. 

1864. 


PREFACE. 


<V 

V9 


The  Historical  Magazine,  established  originally  in  Boston,  and  edited  during  the 
first  year  by  John  Ward  Dean,  Esq.,  whose  agency  in  establishing  a  work  of  such  real 
value,  and  launching  it  fairly  into  the  American  public,  deserves  the  grateful  remem- 
brance of  scholars  of  the  historic  past  of  our  country,  has  now  passed  entirely  into 
the  hands  of  the  present  editor,  who  has  directed  its  columns  since  its  advent 
to  New  York,  except  for  the  first  year,  when  it  was  under  the  direction  of  the  Hon. 
George  Folsom. 

Appreciating  its  value  as  a  contribution  to  American  history,  a  record  and 
auxiliary  to  the  constantly  increasing  and  laboring  Historical  Societies,  a  stimulus 
and  helper  to  all  students  in  the  science  to  which  it  is  devoted,  and  all  conscious 
of  my  few  qualifications  for  the  task,  I  have  grown  to  regard  the  Historical  Magazine 
as  part  and  parcel  of  myself.  When  the  publisher  who  had  so  ably  commenced 
and  conducted  it  found  it  necessary  to  relinquish  its  management,  I  felt  reluctant 
to  see  it  pass  to   other  hands  or  cease. 

Its  condition  has  not  been  too  prosperous.  A  large  southern  subscription,  lost  by 
the  war,  has  not  been  replaced  by  an  increased  northern  list ;  but  I  felt  assured 
that,  properly  brought  to  the  notice  of  societies  and  students,  this  would  soon  be 
remedied ;  and  that  its  friends  will,  each  in  his  own  sphere,  exert  themselves  to 
increase  its  list. 

With  the  January  number  will  begin   the  series  of  promised   papers  on  American 

historians.      These  will,  in  many  instances,  be  accompanied  by  portraits;  and  I  shall 

y/     endeavor    to    give,    also,    other    illustrations    not    unbecoming    the    character    of   the 

™         Magazine.      Endeavor    shall    be    made    to     render    the    General    Department    mure 


IV  PREFACE. 

attractive    by    giving    it    a     popular    character,    without    impairing    its    general    and 
recognized  form. 

Hoping  to  continue  for  years  the  connection  so  long  and  pleasantly  made  as  editor, 
the    proprietor  ushers  in  the  ninth  volume  of  the  Historical  Magazine. 

JOHN  G.  SHEA. 

New  York,  December,  1864. 


INDEX. 


Abercrombie.  Major.  110. 
Adams  and  Cunningham  Correspond- 
ence, 101. 
Adams,  John,  address  of.  Grand  Jury 

of  Dutchess  Co.  to,  231. 
Adams.  John  Q..  32.  40.  101,  117. 
Alden  Family,  42  ;  David,  345. 
Alexandria  Lodge,  Portrait  of  Wash- 
ington at,  49. 
Allan,  John.  Library,  223;  Memorial 

of,  352. 
Allen.  Col.  William.  359. 
Also]),  John,  185,  250. 
American  Admiral  in  Russia.  248,  315. 
Americanisms,  345 ;  in  German  Eng- 
lish Dictionaries,  37. 
Ancient  clock,  239  ;  Landmark,  38. 
Andre.  Major,  Report  on  Exchange  of 

Prisoners,  230. 
Andros,  Sir  E..  230,  246. 
Annals  of  Iowa,  88,  381. 
Androscoggin,  tribes  on,  150;   Indian 

names  on,  236. 
A  Political  lesson,  154. 
Armstrong.  Gen.  John,  Letter  to  Gen. 

Irwine.  16. 
Arnold,  Benedict,  letter  of,  178. 
Attewaren,  67. 
Aubrid,  Nicholas,  176. 
Autographs.  Authenticity  of,  116. 
Barclay,  Major  Thos.  367. 
Barnsley,  Thos.,  358,  &c. 
Battery,  statue  on  the,  154,  185,  249. 
Beardsley,  Rev.  John,  357. 
Bears  oil",  34. 

Bee,  Introduction  of  the,  78. 
Bellingham,  Gov..  3:34. 
Bellomont,  Earl  of,  name  of  misspelt, 

38.  | 

Beltrami,  179. 

Benjamin,  John,  Will  of,  333. 
Bibliographical  anecdote,  38. 
Bibliography  of  Thomas  a  Kempis, 
Following  or   Imitation  of  Christ, 
279,  346-8. 
Bishop  of  London's  jurisdiction  in 

America,  37. 
Black  River,  175. 
Blue  Hen's  Chickens,  244. 
Boerum,  Simon,  185. 
Boodle,  245,  317. 
Book  collectors,  277. 
Boquet  river,  37. 
Borrowing  names  of  places,  72. 
Boston,    prison    walls    in,    154;    old 
house  in,  182;  siege  of,   326;  old 
Province  House  in,  393. 
Braddock's  Defeat,  letter  of  Robert 

Orme.  353. 
Bradford  Club,  161,  352. 
Bradford,  Gov.,  Bible  of,  343. 
Bradford,  William,  Zenger's  Inden- 
tures to.  35  :  first  book  printed  by, 
274. 


Breeds  Historical  sketch  of  Conth,,  // 

tal  paper  money,  47. 
Brodheid,  Hon.  J.  R.,  Discourse  of, 

375. 
Bromfield,  Ed..  335. 
Bronck,  Jonas,  hie  library,  244. 
Brothers,  German,  70. 
Browne,  Lt.  Col.  Thos.,  389. 
Buchan,  Earl  of,  letter  of  Jefferson  to, 

228. 
Buffalo,  last  in  Ohio,  71 ;  on  the  Ohio. 

259. 
Buffalo,  Historical  reminiscences  of, 

69 ;  question  as  to  name,  278. 
Bunker  Hil,   Dearborn's  account  of 

the  Battle  of,  266. 
Burnes,  Gov.,  Funeral  Sermon,  398. 
Burr,  Aaron,  reminiscences   of    his 

latter  days.  113. 
Burrill's  Ferry,  106. 
Buskirk,  Col.  Abraham,  355. 
Butler,  Richard,  journal  of  the  siege 

of  Yorktown,  102. 
Butricke,  Geo.,  letters  of,  258. 
Butternuts,  79. 
Cadwalader,  John,  41. 
Calcott's  Disquisition.  311. 
Caldwell.  Capt.  244. 
Camenuck.  6T. 
Camp  life  in,  1776,  326. 
Campbell,   John,    publisher  of    first 

newspaper,  30. 
Canada,  Dark  Days  and  Earthquakes 

in,  60. 
Canal,  Early,  114,  184. 
Canarsie,  Indian  deed  for,  67. 
Canajoharie,  373. 
Capucins  in  Maine,  176,  301. 
Caricature  of  an  early  fracas  in  Con- 
gress, 9. 
Carondelet,  Metrical  account  of  origin 

of,  68. 
Cartier,  Jacques,  297. 
Cartridge  paper  in  1778,  150. 
Cary  John,  399. 
Caughnawaga,  373. 
"  Cease  Rude  Boreas,"  41. 
Centenarian  in  Maine,   176,  24T,   in 

Massachusetts.  346. 
Chapultepec,  fortress  built,  141. 
Chippeway,  179. 
Chippewyans,  167. 
Christian    names,  curious  origin  of 

some,  71. 
Christina,  founding  of,  387. 
Clams,  248. 

Clinton,  Gov.  Letter  to,  806. 
Clockville,  Madison  Co.  N.  Y.  B8, 
Cobb,  Lt.  Col.,  106. 
Cobham  Point.  108. 
Cochran,  Maj.  108. 
Coffin.  Gen.  John,  323:  Joshua,  Ml, 

Medal,  277,  346. 
Colden,  Cadwallader.  114. 


I    Colonial  Policv  of  France  in  N.  Ame- 
rica in  the  18th  Cent  in 
Columbus.  Statue  of,   266;   tomb  of 

273 ;  Letter,  289. 
Common  Prayer.  Book  of.  for  the  Con- 
federate States,  174. 
Condy.  Jonathan  W.  9. 
Confederacy,  116. 

Confederate  States.  Name  for  the,  310 ; 
Book  of  Common   Prayer  for  the. 
174. 
Continental  Money,  375.  17. 
Conyant  Chiefs  of,  34. 
Cookquago,  373. 

Copley  Gallery,  345:  Copley  and  Pel- 
ham,  397. 
Copperhead,  40,  118. 
Corlear*s  Hook,  Hessian  Camp  t,a  58. 
Cornplanter,  Letter  of,  34. 
Cosart  familv.  116. 
Cotton  Mill,  398. 

Cowdry's  Journal,  query  as  to,  78. 
Cox  familv,  279  :  Richard,  154. 
Crawford,  Archibald.  17!). 
Cruger  Lt.  Col.  291,  323. 
Curious  Hexameter--.  99. 
Curwen's  Journal.  882. 
Daly  C.  P.  The  first  Theatre  in  New 

York,  232. 
Damas,  Count  de.  106. 
Danforth,  Thos.  331. 
Da  Vinci.  Mapley.  256. 
Davis.  William  J.  161  ;  Mrs.  233:  Capt. 

Isaac.  396. 
Daviess,  Joe. 
Dawson's  Ft  tltralist.  47  .•  Stomj  Point 

254. 
Dayton,  Jonathan,  9. 
Dearborn's  account  of  the  Battle  of 

Bunker  Hill.  267. 
DeBarras.  Kit;. 
de  Dillon.  Count.  296. 
deQrasse.i  ount,  102, 106 :  op<  rations 

of  flu.  fleet  ><<,>/.  r, 
de'Kalb,  Gen.  17. 
dela  Qaussonniere,  Goi 
De  Lancev,  Lt  Col.  Stephan,  824. 
de  la  Touche.  110. 
de  Lauzun,  107. 
Delaware.  Suowden  on  the  early  his 

tory  of.  .'is."). 
Delaware^.  21. 

Delaware,    Col.  J.  H.   Snowdon'l  ad- 
dress on  early  history  of 
d'Estaing,  Count,  attach  on  Savan- 
nah, 12-16.  290-7. 
de  Xoaille.  ViSCOU  it,  996. 

De  Peytter,  Capt.  A 

de  sr.  Gaspin.  874. 

Deux  Ponts.  Count.  Viscount,  114 

de  Yioiue-nil.  109. 
Dexter.  Lord  Timothy.  238. 
Dogs,  879. 

Donkiu.  Robt..  390 


VI 


INDEX 


Draw  a  prize,  147. 

Dudley,  Paul,  193. 

Duke's  Laws,  116. 

Domes,  Couut,  106. 

Dundas,  Col.  110. 

Du  Portail,  Gen.  103. 

"During  Men,"  38. 

Dutchess  Co.  N.  Y.,  Grand  jury  of, 
231. 

Dityckinck' '$  National  Portrait  Gal- 
lery, 255,  383  ;  War  for  the  Union, 
255,  382. 

D'Witt,  John,  231. 

"Dying  in  the  last  Ditch,"  38. 

Early  Congressional  Customs,  31. 

Earthquakes  in  Canada,  64 :  at  Jama- 
ica, 345. 

Eliot's  Indian  Bible,  244. 

Elma,  a  Christian  name,  312. 

Endicott,  John,  334. 

Epishemo,  40. 

Esquemaux  and  Loucheux,  paper  on, 
165. 

Estaragoha,  373. 

Etting  s  History  of  Pennsylvania  Pa- 
per money,  128. 

Exchange  of  Prisoners,  200. 

Facts  which  are  not  facts,  112. 

Fanning,  Col.  Ed,  325. 

Farmer,  Major  R.  257. 

Fashionable  Lady,  107,  years  ago,  39. 

Father  of  English  Lexicography,  116. 

Federalist,  Authorship  of  the  Disput- 
ed numbers  of  the,  305. 

Fenwicke,  John,  154,  249,  400. 

Fiat  justitia,  mat  ccelum,  374. 

Fire  Lands  Pioneer,  254. 

First  book  printed  in  Philadelphia, 
274. 

First  Slave  in  Canada,  278. 

First  Theatre  in  New  York,  232. 

Fleche;  Jesse,  176. 

Flag,  American,  395. 

Folk  Lore— The  Bible  and  Key,  395. 

Fort  Chartres,  affairs  at,  257  ;  Descrip- 
tion of  260. 

Fort  Niagara,  History  of,  367. 

Fort  St.  George,  (N.  Y.  City)  58. 

Fort  St.  Philip,  278. 

Fort  Stevens,  114. 

Fourth  of  July,  first  celebration  of  in 
Boston,  312. 

Francisco,  Henry,  78,  185. 

Franklin,  Celebrated  Latin  line  on, 
113,  Parton's  Life  of,  127,  Portrait 
of,  147,  House  of,  at  Passy,  176. 

Fraser,  Major,  294. 

F  reemantW  s  Three  Months  on  the 
Southern  States,  126. 

Gaines'  Universal  Register,  Extracts 
from,  321,  354. 

Gardiner,  Sir  C,  75. 

Gates,  General,  17. 

Gauvin,  Michael,  77. 

German,  Lord  George,  162,  Letter  to, 
290. 

Gibson,  pretended  member  of  Wash- 
ington's Life  Guard,  36.     . 

Gidimfs  History  of  the  Rebellion,  254. 

Gilmartin,  &c,  210. 

Gloucester,  French  marines  land  at, 
107,  Dundas  at,  110. 

Godwyn,  Morgan,  193. 

Going  through  the  Motions,  343. 

Golden  Wedding,  373. 

Graham,  Major,  292. 

Green,  Rev.  Ashbel,  9. 

Greenbacks,  118. 

Greene,  Gen.,  16. 

Griswold,  Roger,  9. 

Hackensack,  plundered  by  Hessians, 
58. 


Hall,  A.  O.  on  N.  Y.  Court  of  Ses- 
sions, 359. 

Hallam,  William,  Actor,  236, 

Hamblen,  Isaac,  on  Death  of  Tecum- 
seh,  183. 

Hamilton,  Alexander,  House  where 
he  died,  184 ;  Numbers  of  Federal- 
ist written  by,  305. 

Hand,  Gen.,  106,  129. 

Hankev,  Journal  of  the  Voyage  of  the, 
78. 

Harberdinck,  Arms  of,  154. 

Haring,  John,  185. 

Harman  Johnson,  177. 

Harper's  Pictorial  History  of  the 
Great  Rebellion,  126. 

Hasbrouck  House,  Newburgh,  36. 

Headleifs  Chaplains  and  Clergy  of 
the  Revolution,  192. 

Hempstead  Plains,  94. 

Henry,  Commodore,  12. 

Henry  Plot,  The,  374. 

Hero,  Captain,  104. 

Hessians  in  the  Revolution,  53. 

Historical  Gossip  about  the  New 
York  Court  of  Sessions,  359. 

Historical  Notes  on  Slavery  in  the 
Northern  Colonies  and  States,  21, 
169,  193. 

Hooding,  316. 

Hooghland  family,  116. 

Horseheads,  78. 

Houghton,  Mrs.,  centenarian,  346. 

Hughes,  Archbishop,  Tracts  by,  317 ; 
Complete  works  of,  383. 

Hunter,  journal  found  on  the,  51. 

Hunt's  Life  of  Edward  Livingston, 
192. 

Hyde,  West,  Report  on  exchange  of 
prisoners,  200. 

Illinois,  first  English  occupation  of, 
257. 

Indian  burial  places,  116:  Treaties 
in  Wisconsin,  178;  names  on  the 
Androscoggin,  237 ;  in  New  York, 
373  ;  Works  by  Mother  Mary  of  the 
Incarnation,  279 ;  Vocabularies,  68. 

Indians,  on  the  Androscoggin,  150: 
in  Orange  Co.  N.  Y.,  152,  208:  Pa- 
per on  the  Loucheux  and  Esqui- 
maux, 165  ;  in  Illinois,  264. 

Iroquois  names  of  places,  373. 

Irvine,  Gen.,  letters  of  Gen.  Read  to, 
129. 

Jackson,  Gen.,  letter  to  Col.  Pipkin, 
209. 

Jaques,  Lieut.  Benj.,  177. 

Jay,  John,  Numbers  of  the  Federalist 
written  by,  305. 

Jefferson,  letter  to  Earl  of  Buchan, 
228. 

Jenne,  374. 

Jesuit  well,  73. 

John  Brown's  tract,  73. 

Johnson,  Gov.  Henry,  351. 

Johnson,  Samuel,  Library  of,  249,  346. 

Jones,  John  Paul,  was  he  allowed  to 
receive  a  title  ?  40. 

Kean,  Thomas,  232. 

Kearsarge,  374. 

Keith,  George,  193. 

Kennebec,  238. 

Kentaienton,  79,  250. 

Kewley  on  Methodism,  116. 

Kickapooe,  264. 

Killick,  Kellock,  78,  280. 

Kilwell,  Capt,,  245. 

Kirkby,  Wm.,  letter  of,  165. 

Klock,  John,  33. 

Knapp,  Usual,  last  survivor  of  Wash- 
ington's Life  Guard.  .'i(i. 

Knight  of  the  Golden  Melice,  76. 

Knox,  H.,  letter  of  Lafayette,  73. 


Kootchin  Indians.  167. 

Lafayette,  letter  to  Gen.  Knox,  73, 
103. 

Lake  Manicouagan.  63-4. 

Lamb,  108. 

Lathrop,  Rev.  John,  33. 

Laurens,  Henry,  16. 

Laval,  Count,  111. 

Lee,  Henry,  Proclamation  against 
rebels,  115. 

Leisler,  Jacob,  230 ;  Seal  of,  385. 

Leo  of  Pai'is,  176. 

Leington  Monument,  128. 

Lincoln,  Gen.  attacks  Savannah,  13. 

Lock.  Lieut.  12, 

Little  Compton,  335. 

Long  Island,  paper  bv  W.  A.  Jones, 
89. 

Long  Island,  first  Lawyer,  95 ;  Physi- 
cians, 96  ;  Clergy.  97,  Artists,  ib. 

Loosley  Ch.  Advertisment,  112. 

Loskiel,  Bishop  George  H.  372. 

Loucheux  and  Esquimaux  paper  on, 
165. 

Lousiana  in  1818,  241. 

Low,  Isaac,  185,  280. 

Loyalists,  Loss  at  Savannah,  297  ;  Sa- 
bine's, 320. 

Lyon  Matthew,  affray  in  Congress,  9. 

Machen,  Capt.  Thos.  208. 

Madison  James,  Numbers  of  Federal- 
ist by,  305. 

Madoc's  Discovery  of  America.  249. 

Magaw,  Col.  129. 

Magebogiduce,  51. 

Maine,  operations  in,  1779,  51;  Centen- 
arian in,  176  ;  Capucins  in,  176,  301; 
Military  history  of,  288. 

Maitland,  Col.  271. 

Margil,  F.  Antonio,  Life  of,  42. 

Marriage,  Singular,  312  ;  in  New  Eng- 
land, 279,  348. 

Martin,  F.  X.  Letter  of,  241. 

Maryland  4th,  107. 

Massachusetts,  Slavery  in,  24,  169, 
193.  . 

Mastodon,  Discovery  of  a,  245. 

Mather  Increase,  Early  History  of 
Neto  England,  191. 

Mather  Cotton,  116  ;  Indian  work  bv, 
335. 

Matsebigwadoussek,  374. 

McArthur,  Major,  292. 

McPherson,  Lieut,  13. 

Meigs  Journal,  47. 

Menard,  Rene,  place  of  death  of,  175. 

Menomonees,  179. 

Mfcndham,  N.  J.,  399. 

Milbome,  Jacob,  230. 

Mind  your  own  business,  249. 

Miniature  of  a  Revolutionary  officer, 
341. 

Minneguahum,  67. 

Moncnef,  Capt,  271. 

Monseys,  21. 

Moody,  Lt.  James,  354. 

Morrice,  Thaddeus,  181. 

Morris,  Lt,  Geo.  R.  H.  Letter  to,  353. 

Morris,  Miss,  on  Washington,  98. 

Morris,  Robert,  Letter  of,  231. 

Morristown  Ghost,  79,  117  ;  News  pa- 
per in,  249. 

Mules,  origin  of  in  the  United  States. 
342,  375. 

Muscovy  Duck,  an  American  bird, 
345. 

Mutsun  Language,  68. 

My  Care  life  in^Vicksburgh.  192. 

Nantaeket,  51. 

Nasquapees,  63. 

Negro  Burying  Ground,  40. 

Negroes  ordered  out  of  Massachu- 
setts, 72,  400. 


INDEX. 


vn 


New  Bedford  Centennial,  352. 
New  England  Society,  HT. 
New  Hampshire  Grants,  117. 

New  Jersey,  Centenarian  in.  247. 
Newiin.  Nicholas.  41. 
New  Orleans,  314. 
"News.  Letter,"  The,  30. 
Newspaper    in    Hometown,    N.    J., 

First.  21!). 
New  Ctretcht,  896! 
New    York   Names,    12,    Freedom  of 

the  City  conferred  on  Washington, 

().").  NewEngland,  Emigration  to.  73; 

Accounts  of  the    Yellow    Fever  in. 

76;  Publishing  In   17 "i  1.  st) :   Statue 

on  the   Battery,  L54,  18Jl  249$  First 

School   in.    3SPi  :   First   Theatre    in. 
••>:;•» :  Oyster  beds  in,  244;    John  Sr. 

M.  E.  Church,  896. 
Nicholson.  John,  231. 
Nicola.  Col..  12!). 
Nicols,  Mathias,  230. 
Norn  de  Plume.  398. 
Northern  Whig,  79. 
Numismatics,  384,  397,  399. 
O'Bail,   John.    (Cornplanter),    Letter 

of.  31. 
O'Brien   and   Diefendorf's    General 

Orders,  382 
01  Ccdlaghan's    Brief  Narrative   of 

Indian  War,  47;  New  Netherland, 

816. 
Odiorne,  Thomas,  155. 
O'Dunn,  Count,  293. 
Oghquago,  373. 
Ohio,  Buffalo  on  the,  259;  Navigation 

in  17(58,  of  Armed  boats  on. 
"  Old  Hoss,"  80. 
Old  sheep  pastures,  398. 
Orange  Co.,   N.   Y.,  Indians  in.  152, 

208. 
O'Reilly  at  Algiers,  40. 
Orme,  Robert  Letters  of,  353. 
Ossibaw  Bar,  291. 
Ottawas,  179. 
Pamunkey,  105. 
Papinachois,  62. 
Papers  relating  to  the  allied  attack 

on  Savannah,  290. 
Paroling  private  Soldiers,  345. 
Pater  Yaer,  78. 
Patrick  Henry,   Who    wrote    letters 

signed?  240. 
Patrons  of  Literature  in  New  York 

in  1774,  80. 
Pauwangum,  <;;. 
Peabody,  George,  236. 
Peck  on  Universalism,  79 
Pendleton.  Rebecca,  176. 
Pennsylvania,   Origin  of   the  name, 

180:  Governors,   of,   266,  316;  Act 

prohibiting  Slavery,   278;  Manoeu- 
vres of  the  City  Battalions  in  1775, 

343. 
Perry's   History    of    the   Episcopal 

Church  in  Portland,  48. 
Philadelphia,  First  book  printed  in, 

274;    Reminiscences    of,   340:    Old 

tombstone,  309. 
Philip,  King,  26. 
Philips  and  Davis,  147. 
Phillips.  Deacon  .J..  408. 
Phip*s.  Wm.  Proclamation,  336. 
Pickering,  Col.,  208. 
Pipkin,  Col..  Jackson's  letter  to,  209. 
PittstiieldEim,  313. 
Plymouth    Anniversary    discourses, 

114. 
Polk.  President.  32. 
Portland,  Episcopal  church  in,  48. 
Pottawattomies.  179. 
Poughkeepsie,  original  deed  of,  69. 
Powell,  Mr.,  103. 


Predeath  Coffins  and  Monuments.  310, 
374. 

Presidential  election  of  1800,  840,  818, 
Prevost.   .Maj.   Qen.,    Letter  to   Lord 
Geo.  Germain,  290;  to  de  Estaing, 
204. 

Prisoners,  exchange  of,  200. 

Prock  and  Gyascufus,  814 
Prugge,  Johannes,  230. 

Pseudonyms,  ■'•'>  I. 

Pulaski  at  Savannah,  13. 

Punishment  for  Blasphemy.  897. 

I'm  nam  at  Bunker  Hill.  369,  827. 

Quebec,  monument  to  commemorate 
second  battle  of.  18:  Quebec  in  1701, 
74:  English  officers  and  men  killed 
at,  375. 

Quincy,  Josiah  Jr.,  (of  1775),  207. 
|  Quincy,  Josiah,  R.  C.  Winthrop  on, 
i      281. 

j  Rale,  Father,  177. 
i  Range  of  animals  in  N.  America,  278. 

Rankin,  Capt.,  12. 

Raymond' 8  Administration  of  Abra- 
ham Lincoln,  255. 

"Redeemed  Captive,1'  41,  71. 

Redemptors,  235. 

Revilla  Gigido,  Count  of,  140. 

Revised  Statutes  of  New  York,  errors 
in,  37,  38. 

Revolutionary  Army  pay,  130. 

Revohitionary  journals,  Siege  of  Sav- 
annah, 12,  290 ;  one  found  on  the 
Hunter,  1779,  51 ;  Butler's  Siege  of 
Yorktown,  102;  Siege  of  Boston, 
326. 

Revolutionary  officer,  miniature  of  an 
unknown,  341. 

Revolutionary  Pensioners,  148,  399. 

Reynards,  264. 

Rhode  Island  rebellion  against  Mass- 
achusetts, 333. 
!  Robinson  Beverly,  357. 
|  Rogers,  Robert,  390. 

Rochambeau,  Gen.,  Seal  ring  of,  48; 
at  Yorktown,  106. 
!  Sabine's  American  Loyalists,  320,  321. 
j  Sabino,  237. 

Sacs,  264. 
j  Saffin,  John,  198. 
|  Safford's  Blennerhassett  Papers,  320. 

Sagadahoc,  237. 

Salisbury,  Capt.,'2M;  Sanitary,  309. 

Santa  Clara  Mission,  339. 

Santa  Cruz  Indians,  vocabulary  of, 
68. 

Santangel,  Luis  de,  Columbus'  letter 
to,  289. 

Sarel,  M.,  16. 

Savannah,  Siege  of,  12,  296. 

Sawed  cannon,  374. 

Scammel,  Col.,  death  of,  107. 

Schneck's  Burning  of  Chambersburg, 
381. 

Sealsfield,  Chas.,  342. 

Seamen,  Valentine,  75,  96. 

Semmes,  R.,  on  Privateering,  76. 

Be  wall's  Joseph,  a  memorial,  194-7. 

Shane's  (Rev,  Mr.),  Library,  383. 

Shank.  General.  :i-2-2. 

Ships. 
Albany,  51. 
Bonetta,  104,  111. 
Charon,  104,  109. 
Chimere,  293. 
Comet,  12. 
Crawford,  12. 
Defiance,  104. 
Experiment,  103. 
Formidable,  101. 
Fourey.  12.  24,  293. 
Germain,  291. 
Guadaloupe,  104. 


Hampden,  53. 
Hermione,  no. 

Hunter.  51. 

Iris.  106. 

KeppeL  \->.  201. 

King  Charles,  880 

La  Trinite.  898. 

Nautilus,  61. 

North,  51. 

Rambler,  104. 

Pichmond,  106. 

Romulus,  106. 

Rose,  12,  18,  299. 

Savannah.  12,  18,  292. 

Skyrocket.  53. 

Spitfire,  104. 

Susannah,  104. 

Tarleton.  104 

Thunderer,  13. 

Venus,  13. 

Vengence.  53. 

Yille  de  Paris.  107. 
Shulz,  John.  247. 
Signers,  Lineage  of  the,  209. 
Silvester.  243. 
Simcoe,  Col.  108,  322. 
Simcock,  John,  41. 
Slavery  in  the  Northern  Colonies ;  in 

New  England,  400;    in  Massachu- 

cbusetts.  21,  169  ;  in  New  York,  77 ; 

in  Canada,  278. 
Smith,  Lt.  Col.,  106. 

Societies. 

Albany  Institute,  Officers,  122. 

American  Antiquarian  Society,  212 : 
Oct.,  405. 

American  Numismatic  Society,  158. 

American  Baptist  Historical'  Soci- 
ety Officers,  46. 
■•^American    Statistical  Association, 
Jany.  15,  1864,  Officers,  85:  Oct. 
404,  251 :  July  7,  319. 

Boston  Numismatic  Societv,  Jan. 
7,  1864.  Officers,  83 ;  June,  251  ; 
Jidy,m;  Oct.,  404. 

Buffalo    Historical    Society,   Nov., 

1863,  Proceedings,  85 ;  Dec,  Red 
Jacket  Historical  Society,  86, 
Jany..  122;  Officers,  123;  Mch., 
215 ;  April,  216. 

Chicago  Historical  Society.  Nor.  17, 
1863:  Annual  Meeting,  Officers. 
43:  Jany.  19,  1864.82:  Mar.,  133: 
April,  211  ;May,  17,  250;  June  21. 

American  Antiquarian  Society, 
212. 

Connecticut  Historical  Society, 
May,  Officers,  250. 

Dakota  Historical  Society.  88. 

Delaware  Historical  Society.  May 
31,  Preliminary.  402:  Oct.  Annal, 
403:  Snowdon's  Address,  -'^:->. 

Dorchester  Antiquarian  Society, 
Jany.  22.  Officers,  83. 

Essex  Institute,  Annals,  255,  381. 

Fire  Lands  Historical  Societv.  Dec, 
9.  1868,   Proceedings,  45 ;  June  8, 

1864,  Proceedings,  252:  Pioneer. 
264. 

Iowa  Historical  Society,  Annals, 
88,  381. 

Long  island  Historical  Society, 
Sketch  of,  187;  Jany.  7.  1864: 
Officers.  87,  188;  Paper  by  W.  A. 
Jones,  89;  Feb.-Mch.,  Proceed- 
ings, 190;  May-OcL,  379,  Nov,  3. 
401. 

Massachusetts  Historical  Society, 
Feb.  11:  The  late  Frederick  Tu- 
dor, 119.  156.:  July  14,  Josiah 
Quincy,  Jr..  281. 

Maine  Historical  Society,  Jany., 
1864,  Baxter's  Journal,  "Cushman 


Vlll 


INDEX. 


on  Clam  shell  deposit,  119 ;  Col- 
lections, 128 ;  Mch.,  156 ;  April,  15. 
Shakespeare,  185 ;  Officers,  187 ; 
Aug.  4,  Popham  Celebration,  317 ; 
Officers,  318. 

Navajo  Indians,  280 ;  Sept.  20,  348: 
Oct.  18,  405 ;  Nov.  15,  406. 

New  England  Historical  Genealog- 
ical Society,  Dec.  2,  Proceedings, 
44;  Jan]/.  6,  1864,  Reports,  83: 
Officers,  84;  Feb.  3,  Librarian's 
Report,  &c,  120;  Shakespeare 
Anniversary,  153 ;  Mar.  2,  Stone 
or  Jonathan  Edwards,  157; 
April  6,  Barstow,  212;  Shakes- 
peare Association,  213;  June,  1, 
251 ;  July  6,  Vinton  on  Deborah 
Sampson,  318 ;  Sept.  7,  349  ;  Oct. 
5,  380. 

New  Hampshire  Historical  Society, 
June  8,  Officers,  251. 

New  Haven  Historical  Society, 
Nov.  30,  1863,  Annual  meeting, 
43 ;  Officers,  ib. 

New  Jersey  Historical  Society, 
Jany.  21, 1864,  Reports,  120 ;  Offi- 
cers, 121;  May  19,  Rev.  John 
Proudfoot,  223. 

New  York  Historical  Society,  Bee, 
1863,  Proceedings,  443 ;  Bradford 
Celebration,  47 ;  Jany.  5,  Reports, 
Officers,  87;  Feb.  2,  Hoppin  on 
Portraits,  123;  Mch.  124;  April, 
214 ;  May,  Proceedings,  215 ; 
June  7,  252;  Oct.  12,  Bicentennial 
Celebration,  375. 

Old  Colony  Historical  Society, 
Jany.  4,  1864,  Officers,  85. 

Philadelphia  Numismatic  Society, 
Oct.  22,  407. 

Onondaga  Historical  Association, 
Bee.  1863,  Proceedings,  44. 

Pennsylvania,  Historical  Society  of 
Feb.  8th,  Officers,  124 ;  Mar.  158  ; 
April,  Penn.  Mansion,  191 ;  May, 
Bradford  Celebration,  217 ; 
June,  13.  253 :  Oct.  10.  379. 

Rhode  Island  Numismatic  Society 
Officers,  160. 

Rhode  Island  Historical  Society,  87, 
Officers,  88. 

Vermont  Historical  Society  Oct.  20. 
1863,  Officers,  46  ;  Gen.  De  Peyster 
on  Secession  in  Switzerland,  ib  ; 
Jan.  28.  Proceedings,  125. 

Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society 
Report,    218 :   Newspapers,   219  : 
Officers,  220  ;  April,  2.  222. 
Soldier's  Pocket  Bible,  160. 
Sonora  Barbasts,  account  of,  78. 
Southern  Currency,  67. 


Spanish  Priests  in  New  York,  317, 
344. 

Star  Spangled  Banner,  347. 

Staten  Island,  a  Hessian  view  of,  56. 

Steam  Navigation,  374. 

Steenwyck  Cornelius,  230, 

Sternhold  A.  Hopkins,  247. 

Steuben,  Baron,  105,  106. 

Stevenson 's  Indiana 's Roll  of  Honor, 
382. 

Stewart,  Col.,  103,  106. 

Stone's  Rhode  Island  in  the  Rebellion. 
88. 

Stony  Point,  129. 

Strange  superstition,  44. 

Stray  Leaves  from  an  Autograph  Col- 
lection, 230,  333. 

Streeter,  S.  F.,  380. 

St.  Simon,  Marquis  102,  105,  106. 

Stuyvesent,  Memorials  of  Gov.,  228. 

Substitutes,  Price  of,  113. 

Suffolk  Co.  N.  Y.,  92. 

Sullivan's  Expedition  to  the  Genesee 
Country,  40 :  at  Boston,  327, 

Syracuse,  73. 

Tarleton,  107,  358. 

Tate  Armand,  248,  315. 

Tarves,  Capt.,  14. 

Taylor,  Daniel,  148. 

Tecumseh,  Death  of,  183. 

Temple,  Newburg,  66. 

Ten  Orators  of  Athens,  278,  317,  348. 

Texas,  Early  Spanish  Missionaries  in, 
77. 

The  Irrepressible  Negro,  398. 

The  Selling  of  Joseph,  a  memorial, 
194. 

Throg's  Neck,  origin  of  name,  38. 

Thariolin,  78. 

Tortoises,  trial  of,  210. 

Tory  Regiments,  list  of  officers  of, 
321,  354,  389 :  New  York  volunteers, 
12 ;  loss  at  Savannah,  297. 

Townsend,  51. 

Trecothick,  278. 

Throop,  Lt.  Col.  Josiah,  305. 

Tomes'  War  with  the  South,  383. 

Treaties  with  Indians  in  Wisconsin, 
178. 

Trumbull,  Col.,  106. 

Umbagog,  208. 

Upton,  Mr.,  235. 

Valentine's  Manual  of  the  Corpora- 
tion, 381. 

Valley  Forge,  44,  100. 

Vanderhorst,  Capt.,  18. 

Van  Renselaer,  Jeremies,  229,  230. 

Variorum,  Diversorum,  374. 

Venerable  Voters,  398. 

Vide  Poche,  68. 

Vincennes,  263. 

Virginia  Blue  Laws,  308. 


Vocabulary  of  the  Santa  Crnz  Indi- 
ans, 68. 

Von  Eelking's  German  Auxiliary 
Troops,  54. 

Voting  Mills,  344. 

Waldo,  Rev.  Daniel,  347. 

Waldren,  Resolved,  will  of,  38,  73. 

Wallace,  J.  W.,  Letter  of,  274. 

Wametappack,  Sachem  of  Canarya- 
sen,  67. 

Warren,  Hooper,  350. 

Washington,  Geo.,  how  he  asked  the 
advice  and  eonsent  of  the  Senate  32 : 
Life  guard,  36 :  notice  on  some  por- 
traits of,  49,  100 ;  Letter  accepting 
the  freedom  of  the  City  of  New 
York,  65;  at  Newburgh.  86;  at  Mt. 
Vernon,  105 ;  Miss  Morris'  descrip- 
tion of  98 ;  Latin  ode  on,  154,  209  ; 
remarkable  statement  of  Jefferson 
concerning,  247;  first  watch,  342; 
at  Braddock's  defeat,  353 :  his  lands, 
366 ;  Washington  Cents,  397. 

Washington,  John,  345. 

Washingtons  of  England,  138. 

Wax  medallions  of  Washington,  50. 

Wawayanda,  208. 

Wayne,  Gen.  accidentlv  wounded, 
163-5  ;  at  Stony  Point,  254. 

Webster,  Noah,  78. 

West  Point,  38. 

What  was  this  Book  ?  399. 

Wheatley,  Phillis,  Sketch  of,  32  ;  Let- 
ters of. 

Wheeler,  Bennet  H.  Books  printed 
by,  248,  317. 

Whim  whams.  Authors  of,  79,  155. 

Whistler,  Major  John,  185,  280. 

Whitmore's  Cavalier  Bismounted, 
381. 

Whitworth,  Lieut.  12. 

Why  are  the  rebels  called  Johnnies, 
277. 

Walke,  John,  249. 

Wilkins,  Lt.  Col.  J.,  257,  288. 

Williamsburg,  105. 

Wingtield,  Thos.  Maria,  400. 

Winiiebagoes,  179. 

Winslow,  Edward,  321 ;  family.  192  : 
Rev.  Hubbard,  319. 

Woodbridge,  John,  253. 

Woolen  Show,  116. 

Wright,  Sir  James,  15  :  Mrs.  Patience, 
50. 

Wyandots,  21. 

Yellow  Fever  in  New  York,  Biblio- 
graphy of,  75. 

Yorktown,  Journal  of  Siege  of,  102  ; 
Storming  of  redoubts  at,  109. 

Zenger,  John  P.,  Indenture  of,  35. 

Zubly's  Perry,  293. 


THE 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


Vol.  VIII.]. 


JANUARY,    1864. 


[No.  1. 


<§mral  g*prinunt. 


CAKICATUKE  OF  AN  EAELY  FEACAS  IN 
CONGRESS. 

lis"  presenting  to  our  readers  a  copy  of 
an  early  caricature  of  what  unfortunately 
has  been  a  precedent  too  often  followed,  we 
are  happy  to  give  the  following  account  of 
the  scene  from  the  pen  of  one  of  our  kind 
contributors. 

"  The  disgraceful  scene  which  the  accom- 
panying engraving  presents  occurred  in  the 
United  States  House  of  Representatives, 
then  sitting  in  Philadelphia,  on  the  15th  of 
February,  1798.  The  building  in  which 
Congress  then  met  is  that  at  the  S.  E.  cor- 
ner of  Sixth  and  Chestnut  streets.  The 
Senate  sat  in  the  back  room,  second  story, 
now  occupied  by  a  branch  of  the  District 
Court  for  the  City  and  County  of  Phila- 
delphia. In  the  room  below,  near  the 
Court  of  Quarter  Sessions,  sat  the  House 
of  Representatives. 

"  The  combatant  with  the  uplifted  cane 
is  the  Hon.  Roger  Griswold 
cut ;  he  with  the  brandished  tongs 


of  Connecti- 
is  the 
Hon.  Matthew  Lyon  of  Vermont.  The 
Speaker,  the  Hon.  Jonathan  Dayton,  of 
New  Jersey,  is  in  his  chair ;  beneath  him 
sits  the  Clerk  of  the  House,  Jonathan  W. 
Condy,  Esq.,  of  Pennsylvania.  In  the  left 
hand  corner,  leaning  his  elbow  on  his  knee, 
is  the  Rev.  Ashbel  Green,  an  eminent  Cler- 
gyman in  the  Presbyterian  church,  who 
died  only  a  few  years  ago. 

"Of  the  two  prominent   actors  in  the 
scene  we  have  the  following  account  in  Mr. 
Charles  Lanman's  *  Dictionary  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  Congress.'   (Philadelphia,  1859.) 
"  '  Roger  Griswold,   born   in    Lyme, 

HIST.  MAG.      YOU  VIII.  1 


Connecticut,  May  21,  1762;  graduated  at 
Yale  College  in  1780,  and  studied  law. 
From  1795  to  1805  he  was  a  Represent- 
ative in  Congress  from  Connecticut.  In 
1801  he  declined  the  appointment  of  Secre- 
tary of  War,  offered  him  by  President 
Adams,  a  few  days  before  the  accession  of 
President  Jefferson.  In  1807  he  was  cho- 
sen a  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
State  ;  was  Lieutenant-Governor  from  1809 
to  1811,  and  then  elected  Governor;  while 
holding  that  office  he  refused  to  place  four 
companies  under  General  Dearborn  at  the 
requisition  of  the  President,  for  garrison 
purposes,  deeming  the  requisition  uncon- 
stitutional, as  they  were  not  wanted  to 
"  repel  invasion,"  etc.     He  died  in  1812.' 

"'Matthew  Lyon.     He   was  bom   in 
Wicklow  County,  Ireland,  in    1746,   and 
having   emigrated   to   this   country  when 
thirteen  years  of  age,  participated  to  some 
extent  in  the  revolutionary  struggle,  hav- 
ing,   in    1777,  been  appointed  temporary 
Paymaster  of  the  Northern  army,  and  in 
1778  Deputy  Secretary  of  the  Governor  of 
Vermont,  and  at  the  same  time  Clerk  of 
the  Court  of  Confiscation.     He  settled  in 
Vermont  after  the  war,  and  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  State  Legislature  in  1789 
and  the  three  following  years.     In  1783  he 
founded  the  town  of  Fair  Haven,  where  he 
built   saw-mills,   grist-mills,    established  a 
forge  or  iron-foundry,  manufactured  paper 
from  bass-wood  and  established   a  news- 
paper called  The  Farmers'  Library.    He 
served  that  town  in   the   legislature   ten 
years.     In  1786  he  was  Assistant  Judge  of 
Rutland  County.    He  was  a  Representative 
in  Congress  from  Vermont,  from  1799  to 
1801,  and  it  was  during  his  first  term  that 
he  had  a  personal  difficulty  on  the  floor  of 
Congress  with  Roger  Griswold  of  Connec- 


10 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[J. 


ticut,  when  an  unsuccessful  effort  was  made 
to  have   him   expelled.     The   fact    of  his 
giving  the  vote  that  made  Jefferson  Pre- 
sident is  well  known.     At  the  end  of  his 
second  term  as  a  Representative  from  Ver- 
mont he  removed  to  Kentucky,  served  two 
years  in  the  Legislature  of  that  State,  and 
was  a  Representative  in  Congress  from  that 
state  from  1803  to  1811.     After  his  final 
retirement  from  Congress,  and  on  Novem- 
ber 13,  1811,  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  presented  a  petition  from 
him,  setting  forth  that  he  had,  many  years 
before,  been  prosecuted  and  convicted  un- 
der the  sedition  law  (see  "  State  Trials  of 
the  United  States")  that  he  had  suffered 
imprisonment  and  been  made  to  pay  the 
sum  of  $1060.90,  and  that  he  wished  to 
have  the  money  refunded  to  him.     On  July 
4,  1840,  a  law  was  passed  paying  to  his 
heirs  the  specified  sum,  with  interest  from 
February,  1799.     It  was  while  in  prison  at 
Vergennes  that  he  was  elected  to  Congress 
from  Vermont,  and  at  the  close  of  his  ser- 
vices in  Congress  from  Kentucky  he  was 
employed  to  bnild  gun-boats  for  the  war, 
but  became  bankrupt  from  the  operation. 
In  1820  he  was  appointed  a  Factor  among 
the  Cherokee  Indians  in  Arkansas ;  when 
that  Territory  was  organized  he  was  elected 
the  first  delegate  to  Congress,  but  did  not 
live  to  take  his  seat,  having  died  at  Spadra 
Bluff,  Arkansas,  August  1,  1822.' 

"  The  encounter  represented  in  the  curi- 
ous engraving  herewith  reproduced  was  not 
the  first  which  had  occurred  between 
Messrs.  Lyon  and  Griswold.  On  the  31st 
of  January,  in  the  same  year  (1*798),  a  dif- 
ficulty occurred  between  them,  of  which 
the  following  account  has  been  abridged 
from  The  Aurora  newspaper  (Republi- 
can). 

"  i  The  House  of  Representatives  was 
engaged  in  balloting  for  managers  to  con- 
duct the  impeachment  before  the  Senate  of 
Senator  Blount  of  North  Carolina,  the 
Speaker  being  out  of  the  chair.  Just  be- 
fore the  adjournment,  Mr.  Griswold  and 
Mr.  Lyon  being  outside  of  the  bar,  the 
former  made  some  allusion  to  a  story  cir- 
culated in  some  of  the  eastern  states  that 


wooden  sword  for  cowardice  in  the  field. 
Upon  this  Mr.  Lyon  spit  in  Mr.  Griswold' s 
face. 

"  '  Mr.  Sewall  desired  that  the  galleries 
might  be  cleared,  and  when  the  doors  were 
closed  he  moved  that  Mr.  Lyon  be  expelled. 
The  House  ordered  the  doors  to  be  opened 
and  the  subject  was  then  referred  to  the 
Committee  on  Privileges.  The  committee 
soon  reported  to  the  effect  that,  if  either 
of  the  members  offered  any  violence  to  the 
other  before  a  final  decision  of  the  House, 
he  should  be  considered  guilty  of  a  high 
breach  of  privilege. 

"  '  On  the  1st  of  February  a  letter  from. 
Mr.  Lyon  to  the  Speaker  was  read,  in 
which  he  disclaimed  any  intentional  dis- 
respect to  the  House. 

"  '  On  the  following  day  the  Committee 
of  Privileges  reported  the  facts  of  the  case 
to  the  House  and  recommended  the  passage 
of  a  resolution  for  Mr.  Lyon's  expulsion. 
The  debate  upon  this  report  continued 
until  the  12th  of  February,  when  the  vote 
upon  the  question  of  expulsion  was  taken 
and  stood — ayes  52,  nays  44.  A  vote  of 
two-thirds  being  constitutionally  required 
to  effect  an  expulsion  the  motion  was  lost. 
'"Of  the  affair  of  January  31st,  a  cari- 
cature is  in  existence  representing  Mr. 
Lyon  as  a  lion  standing  on  its  hind  legs 
and  having  a  man's  head  in  profile.  A 
wooden  sword  is  hanging  by  his  side. 
Griswold,  whose  name  admitted  of  no  pun, 
is  holding  a  handkerchief  in  his  hand  and 
exclaiming,  "  what  a  beastly  action."  ' 

The  Aurora  of  February  16  th,  1798, 
gives  the  following  anecdote  of  the  battle 
represented  in  the  engraving. 

"  '  Yesterday,  after  prayers,  nearly  half 
an  hour  after  the  time  to  which  the  House 
had  adjourned,  and  after  the  Speaker  had 
taken  the  chair,  Mr.  Lyon  was  sitting  in  his 
seat  (which  is  the  centre  of  a  row  of  desks) 
with  his  hat  off  and  inclining  forward  with 
his  eyes  on  a  paper  before  him.  Mr.  Gris- 
wold left  his  seat  with  a  stout  hickory  club, 
came  up  to  Mr.  Lyon  on  his  right  front,  and 
without  warning  struck  him  once  and  again 
over  the  head  and  shoulders  before  he  could 
rise,    and  repeated  his  blows,   which  Mr. 


Mr.   Lyon   had   been   obliged'  to   wear  a  Lyon  endeavored  to  ward  off  with  his  arm 


18G1.J 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


11 


while  extricating  himself  from  the  sur- 
rounding desks  and  chairs.  Mr.  L.  at- 
tempting to  close  in,  in  order  to  avoid  the 
blows,  pushed  forward  towards  the  Speak- 
er's chair;  Mr.  G.  endeavoring  to  preserve 
the  distance  and  repeating  his  blows.  Mr. 
,  L.  at  length  got  hold  of  the  tongs ;  but 
after  one  stroke  with  them,  his  antagonist 
closing  in,  both  the  tongs  and  the  club 
were  dropt  and  the  two  members  fell,  Mr. 
G.  having  Mr.  L.  partly  under  him.  There 
was  no  call  of  order  from  the  Speaker  all 
this  time.  Two  members  endeavored  to 
take  Mr.  G.  off  by  pulling  him  by  the  legs. 
The  Speaker  alleged  he  should  be  taken 
off  by  the  shoulders ;  they  wrere,  however, 
separated. 

"  '  A  few  minutes  afterwards  Mr.  G.  was 
standing  in  that  part  of  the  house  where 
water  is  placed  for  the  use  of  the  members. 
Mr.  L.  came  up  to  the  same  place,  with  a 
cane  in  his  hand  ;  as  soon  as  he  recognized 
Mr.  G.  he  struck  him  with  his  cane ;  on 
which  Mr.  Sitgreaves  brought  Mr.  G.  a 
hickory  club  ;  but  the  members  interfered, 
the  Speaker  then  called  to  order  and 
Messrs.  L.  and  G.  separated. 

"  '  We  are  happy  to  add  that  Mr.  L.  is 
not  so  much  hurt  as  might  have  been  ex- 
pected from  the  violence  and  manner  of  the 
assault.' 

"  So  far  from  the  organ  of  the  Republi- 
can party.  The  following  account,  copied 
from  a  newspaper  slip,  appears  to  be  from 
some  paper  of  the  Federal  party : 

"'Philadelphia,  February  16. — Ano- 
ther Fracas  in  Congress. — Yesterday 
morning,  immediately  after  prayers  were 
over,  and  while  the  Speaker  was  in  the 
chair,  but  before  the  house  was  called  to 
order,  Mr.  Griswold,  a  member  from  Con- 
necticut, observing  Mr.  Lyon,  of  Vermont, 
in  his  seat,  left  the  chair  in  which  he  usually 
sat  and  moved  diagonally  towards  the  table 
occupied  by  the  sergeant  at  arms.  He 
made  a  momentary  halt,  assumed  a  fierce- 
ness of  countenance  to  which  he  is  unac- 
customed, grasping  at  the  same  time  with 
firmer  nerve  the  hickory  stick  he  had  in  his 
hand,  passed  on  with  three  or  four  quick 
steps  till  he  came  near  to  Mr.  Lyon,  when 
lie    raised    his    stick   and    draw    a   violent 


stroke  across  Mr.  Lyon's  head,  who  was 
sitting  uncovered  and  looking  down  upon 
some  papers  upon   the  desk,   which  stood 
between    him    and    Mr.    Griswold.       The 
stroke  was  so  sudden  and  unexpected  that 
Mr.  L.   did  not   even  make   an    effort  by 
raising  up  his  arms  to  ward  off  the  danger. 
Mr.  G.  repeated  his  stroke  before  Mr.  Lyon 
could   rise  from  his  seat.     Mr.  L.  put  his 
cane  between  his  legs  when   he  first    sat 
down  but  seemed  to  have   lost  it,  as  he 
pressed  forward  unarmed  to  extricate  him- 
self from  the  chairs  and  desks  with  which 
he  was  surrounded.     Mr.  G.  continued  his 
assault  during  the  favorable  opportunity 
furnished  by  Mr.  L.'s  embarrassed  situation, 
gave  several  severe  strokes,  one  of  which 
visibly  staggered  him.     As  soon  as  Mr.  L. 
had    got   into    the    open    area  before   the 
Speaker's  chair  he  attempted  to  close  with 
Mr.  G.,  but  finding  this  not  easily  effected, 
by  the  wariness  of  his  antagonist,  he  seemed 
compelled  to  seek  for  arms  that  should  put 
him  more  on  a  level  with  Mr.  G.     With 
this  view  he  passed  on  to  the  nearest  fire- 
place, followed  by  Mr.  G.,  Avho  continued 
striking.     At  length  Mr.  L.  seized  the  fire- 
tongs  and  proceeded  to  repel  Mr.  G.'s  at- 
tack, but  in  this  he  was  prevented  by  Mr. 
G.,  who  quickly  caught  hold  of  the  tongs 
also  and  made  a  thrust  with  his  cane  at  Mr. 
L.'s  face.     The  combatants  now  closed  aud 
abandoned  their  weapons ;    after  a   short 
struggle  they  fell  side  by  side  on  the  floor, 
when    several    other   members   interposed 
and  separated  the  combatants.     Mr.  L.  im-- 
mediately  expressed  a  wish  that  they  had 
been  left  alone  to  settle  the  matter  in  the 
way  Mr.  G.  had  proposed. 

"'A  few  minutes  only  had  intervened 
when,  by  accident,  Mr.  Lyon  and  Mr. 
Griswold  met  at  the  water-table  near  the 
south-east  door;  Mr.  Griswold  was  now 
without  any  stick  and  Mr.  Lyon  had  a  cane 
in  his  hand  ;  their  eyes  no  sooner  met  than 
Mr.  Lyon  sprang  to'  attack  Mr.  Griswold, 
who,  'stepping    back,    in    some   measure 


avoided  the  blow.  Mr.  G.  continued  to 
retreat  until  another  cudgel  was  put  into 
his  hand  by  Mr.  Sitgreaves,  but  on  the 
Speaker  and  some  of  the  members  calling  to 
order  the  business  terminated  for  the  present. 


12 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Jan. 


"  c  Mr.  Lyon  suffered  considerable  per- 
sonal injury  from  the  blows  he  received  in 
the  first  attack.  Mr.  Griswold  appears  to 
have  sustained  little  or  no  bodily  hurt  dur- 
ing the  whole  affray.' " 


AN  ENGLISH  JOURNAL  OF  THE  SIEGE 
OF  SAVANNAH  IN  1779. 
November  3,  1779.  Saw  from  Tybee 
Light  house  four  large  ships  in  the  offing ; 
sent  Lieut.  Lock  in  the  pilot-boat  to  recon- 
noitre them. 

4th.  The  Lieutenant  returned  and  re- 
ported the  strange  ships  in  the  offing  to  be 
two  French  ships  of  the  line,  two  frigates, 
and  a  sloop. 

5th.  They  stood  off  this  day  and  appeared 
again. 

6th.  Lieut.  Whitworth  was  dispatched 
with  advice  to  New-York  of  the  enemy 
being  on  the  coast,  but  was  chased  in  by 
the  French. 

7th.  Lieut.  Whitworth  sailed  again  and 
we  hope  escaped  the  enemy  ;  employed  in 
sounding  the  North  Channel  and  bringing 
the  Rose,  Keppel  and  Germain  men  of  war 
into  it  and  mooring  them. 

8th.  The  signal  was  made  from  the 
Light-house  of  seeing  18  sail,  at  sun-set 
counted  41  sail,  32  of  which  appeared  large 
ships ;  an  officer  and  reinforcement  came  to 
Tybee  fort,  which  had  only  one  24  pounder 
and  one  8-J-  inch  howitz.  Came  down  from 
Cockspur  and  anchored  in  the  North 
Channel ;  his  Majesty's  ship  Fowey,  the 
Savannah  armed  ship  transports  and  prison 
ships  ready  to  go  up  Savannah  river, 
started  all  the  water  except  the  ground 
tier. 

9th.  At  day-light  saw  the  French  fleet, 
some  of  them  in  chase  of  a  schooner  with 
English  colours  which  they  took. 

10th.  Four  of  the  enemy's  ships  got  un- 
der way  at  high  water  and  stood  for  Tybee, 
the  Fowey  made  the  signal  to  weigh, 
weighed  with  the  Fowey,  Keppel  and 
Comet  galley  and  run  up  Savannah  river  as 
far  as  Long  Reach ;  the  Fowey  got  aground 
on  White  Vester  Bank,  ordered  the  Kep- 
pel and  Comet  to  her  assistance  with  boats, 
anchors,  &c.  the  fort  was  abandoned  and 


burnt,  the  French  ships  anchored  off  Ty- 
bee, the  Fowey  got  off  at  high  water. 

11.  Employed  sounding  and  laying  off  the 
channel  leading  to  Savannah,  the  Fowey, 
Keppel  and  Comet  galley  anchored  there. 

12th.  At  sun-set  a  French  ship  anchored 
off  Tybee,  two  moreanchor'd  in  the  South 
Channel  and  one  in  the  north,  perceived 
she  was  a-gronnd. 

13th.  At  2  p.m.  a  sloop,  the  Crawford, 
came  alongside,  sent  8  nine  pounders,  400 
shot  and  eight  barrels  powder,  &c.  to  the 
army ;  the  Comet  galley  moved  to  Cock- 


spur 


and   exchanged  some  shot   with  the 


French  ship  a-ground,  the  French  fleet  at 
anchor  without  the  bar  ;  at  7  a.m.  weighed, 
as  did  the  Fowey,  Keppel  and  Comet  gal- 
ley, at  half  past,  the  ship  took  the  grooncl, 
but  soon  floated,  anchored  with  the  small 
bower,  at  8  weighed  and  came  up  the 
river,  at  11,  anchored  at  Five  FathomHole. 
14th.  Sent  Lieut.  Lock,  26  seamen,  Capt. 
Rankin  and  all  the  marines  to  reinforce  the 
army  per  order  from  Commodore  Henry. 

15th,  at  2  the  Keppel  and  Comet  went 
down  the  harbour  to  cover  and  protect  the 
troops  expected  from  Beaufort ;  this  day  I 
joined  the  army  with  the  remaining  part  of 
the  officers  and  ship's  company,  leaving 
only  enough  to  keep  the  ship  free  ;  posted 
the  officers  and  seamen  to  the  different  bat- 
teries in  the  line  ;  the  General  received  a 
summons  from  Count  d'Estaing  to  sur- 
render, &c.  &c.  to  The  Arms  of  the 
French  King  ;  a  council  of  war  was  called 
on  the  occasion,  and  an  answer  was  sent ;  a 
trooper  of  Pulaski's  was  brought  in  this 
morning. 

16th.  The  remainder  of  the  Rose  and 
Fowey's  guns  were  landed,  the  guns  were 
immediately  mounted  on  the  different  bat- 
teries ;  Colonel  Maitland  and  the  troops 
from  Beaufort  arrived,  71st  and  New  York 
Volunteers,  brave  fellows  ;  Savannah  in  the 
highest  spirits. 

17th.  A  truce  agreed  on  for  24  hours, 
viz.  till  gun  fire  p.m. 
18th.  Continued  truce. 
19th.  Hands  sent  down  to  bring  the 
ships  up  near  the  town  ;  all  the  ships 
moved;  the  pickets  firing  most  part  of  the 
night. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


13 


20th.  New  works  thrown  up,  the  French 
ship,  rebel  galleys  moving  up  the  river, 
orders  from  Capt.  Henry  to  scuttle  and 
sink  the  Rose  man  of  war  in  the  channel, 
which  was  immediately  done,  after  getting 
out  as  many  of  her  stores,  cv;c.  as  the  time 
would  admit.  The  Savannah  armed  ship 
and  Venus  transport  were  burnt  with  their 
guns  and  provisions,  ammunition,  &c.  two 
or  three  transports  sunk  at  Five  Fathom 
Hole  or  thereabouts  with  all  their  sails 
burnt,  &c.  &c. 

21st.  Two  Negroes  deserted  from  the 
enemy  report  them  strong,  Gen.  Lincoln 
with  the  rebel  army  having  joined  the 
French,  and  that  they  are  preparing  for  the 
attack ;  strengthening  our  works,  firing 
occasionally  on  the  enemy  to  disturb  them. 

2 2d.  The  enemy  still  opening  works  to 
the  left  fired  on  them  occasionally  from  the 
batteries. 

23d.  Strengthening  the  "works  and 
throwing  up  intrenchments  in  front  of  the 
different  corps  in  the  line. 

24th.  At  seven  in  the  morning  saw  the 
enemy  very  busy  intrenching  themselves  to 
the  left  of  the  barracks,  three  companies  of 
light  infantry  made  a  sortie  with  great 
spirit,  the  enemy  being  too  numerous 
obliged  them  to  retreat  under  the  fire  of 
our  batteries  with  the  loss  of  21  killed  and 
wounded  ;  Lieut.  McPherson  of  the  71st 
was  killed,  it  is  supposed  the  enemy  suf- 
fered considerably ;  the  enemy  fired  seve- 
ral cannon  in  our  line  from  2  eighteen 
pounders  and  some  4  pounders,  a  flag  was 
sent  to  bury  the  dead  on  both  sides,  in  the 
afternoon  the  enemy's  gallies  advanced  near 
the  works,  our  galleys  exchanged  several 
shot  with  them  and  returned  under  the  sea 
battery;  the  new  battery  behind  the  bar- 
racks finished  this  day,  mounted  with  two 
1 8  pounders,  two  9  pounders  and  field  pie- 
ces, throwing  up  intrenchments  in  front  of 
the  different  corps  in  the  French  lines, 
about  half  a  musket  shot  from  our  abbatis  ; 
the  pickets  exchanged  shots  the  greatest 
part  of  the  night,  we  throwing  shells  into 
their  works  and  firing  on  them  fror  our 
batteries  every  fifteen  minutes. 

25th.  The  French  throw  up  new  wo.  ks 
on  the  left  of  the  barracks,  in  which  they 


mounted  two  18  pounders  en  barbette,  but 
were  driven  from  them  by  our  batteries,  in 
the  evening  the  rebel  gallies  advanced  up 
to  the  Rose,  but  were  obliged  to  retire  by 
the  fire  from  the  Comet  and  Thunderer 
gallies ; — continue  throwing  shells  and 
firing  on  their  works  during  the  night. 

26th.  At  11  a.m.  the  enemies'  gallies  fired 
a  few  shot  at  the  Fort  on  the  left  of  the 
encampment  without  effect,  a  French  fri- 
gate advanced  to  Five  Fathom  Hole. 

27th,  at  3  a.m.  a  small  fire  of  musketry 
from  the  pickets ;  8  a.m.  a  flag  from  the 
French  with  private  letters  from  the  Bri- 
tish prisoners  :  destroyed  the  barracks  and 
carried  off* the  wood,  &c.  leaving  the  lower 
part  as  a  breastwork,  to  prevent  it  being 
fired  from  the  enemy,  continue  throwing 
shells  and  cannonading  the  enemys  works 
during  the  night. 

28th.  at  1  in  the  morning  a  small  firing 
between  the  picquets,  a  rebel  taken  close  to 
our  abattis,  about  2  another  firing  from  our 
picquets  ;  at  9  a.m.  a  French  frigate  moved 
up  the  Back  River  and  moored  her  stern 
and  head — every  thing  quiet  this  day,  the 
enemy  are  carrying  on  their  works.  8  p.m. 
the  Thunderer  galley  moved  near  the 
French  frigate  and  began  to  cannonade 
her,  the  frigate  did  not  return  her  fire. 

29th.  At  daylight  this  morning  saw  a 
new  entrenchment  on  the  left,  raised 
during  the  night  by  the  enemy,  within  half 
musket  shot  of  our  lines  ;  employed  throw- 
ing up  breastworks  to  the  right  and  left  of 
the  barracks,  fired  on  the  enemy's  works 
every  15  minutes  from  the  batteries  and 
howitzers  during  the  night. 

30th.  At  daylight  perceived  the  enemy 
working  and  extending  their  entrench- 
ments ;  at  7  a.m.  the  Thunder  galley  ad- 
vanced toward  the  French  frigate  on  the 
Back  River  and  fired  at  her,  she  did  not 
return  a  shot — the  Thunderer  returned, 
having  broke  the  platform  of  her  gun.  At 
10  a.m.  a  brig  came  up  to  Five  Fathom 
Hole,  the  rebel  gallies  on  their  former  sta- 
tion near  the  works  below;  the  Rose,  a 
boat  with  a  small  gun,  fired  at  the  Thun- 
derer without  effect,  a  launch  and  another 
boat  went  up  the  Back  River  ;  a  man  came 
I  in  from  the  enemy,  gives  no  satisfactory 


11 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Jan. 


intelligence  ;  some  firing  from  the  battery 
on  the  right,  and  the  armed  vessels  on  the 
enemy  at  Yamacraw,  as  well  as  from  the 
batteries  in  the  front  and  the  left  on  the 
French  intrenchments.  This  night  an  offi- 
cer of  Polaskie's  was  wounded  and  brought 
into  the  line  by  the  picquets. 

October  1st.  At  7  a.m.  the  French  fri- 
gate in  the  Back  River  fired  some  shot  to- 
wards the  town  and  at  the  negroes  on 
Hutchinson's  Island  ;  perceived  the  enemy 
in  front  and  on  the  left  busy  in  their  works, 
embrasures,  &c.  a  flag  from  us  to  the 
French  with  letters  from  the  wounded 
officer  taken  last  night,  still  employed  in 
strengthening  our  lines,  particularly  in 
front  ;  sent  out  of  the  lines  two  dragoons 
of  Polaskie's  legion  by  a  flag,  who  had 
been  detained  some  time  here,  and  received 
an  officer  of  the  same  legion  with  a  flag, 
Mons.  JBentoloso,  who  came  to  see  the  offi- 
cer that  was  wounded  and  brought  in  last 
night ;  employed  in  strongly  throwing  up 
a  new  battery  on  our  left,  to  be  mounted 
with  8  nine-pounders,  to  act  on'the  enemy's 
batteries ;  in  hourly  expectation  of  the 
attack;  this  afternoon  fresh  breezes  from 
E.N.E.  and  rain;  fired  during  the  night 
from  the  batteries  in  front,  and  threw  some 
shells  into  the  French  intrenchments. . 

2d.  Rainy  weather,  wind  E.N.E.  the 
enemy  still  working  in  their  intrenchments 
and  preparing  the  batteries ;  at  noon  the 
enemy's  gallies  advanced  near  the  sea  bat- 
tery and  began  to  cannonade,  as  did  the 
frigate  in  the  Back  River,  several  of  their 
shot  came  into  the  rear  of  the  camp  without 
doing  execution ;  the  Thunderer  returned 
a  few  shot,  the  sea  battery  did  not ;  a  de- 
serter from  Polaskie's  legion  reports  the 
enemy's  batteries  to  be  near  ready,  a  de- 
serter from  the  French  likewise,  with  the 
same  account ;  the  frigate  in  the  Back  Ri- 
ver fired  again  in  the  afternoon  without 
effect ;  threw  shells  and  fired  from  the  bat- 
teries into  the  French  intrenchments  to 
disturb  them  during  the  night. 

3d.  Rainy  weather,  wind  E.N.E,  the 
enemy  still  working  in  the  intrenchment 
and  compleating  their  batteries,  the  French 
frigate  firing  on  the  rear  of  the  camp  with- 
out  effect;    at  12  o'clock   this  night  the 


enemy  opened  the  bomb  batteries  and 
threw  several  shells  into  the  town  and 
camp,  at  day  break  they  opened  their  bat- 
teries and  fired  warmly  into  the  town,  but 
none  into  the  field. 

4th.  The  enemy  still  continue  their  fire 
from  the  bomb  and  other  batteries,  it  was 
returned  by  us. 

5th.  The  enemy  still  cannonading  the 
camp  and  town,  at  night  a  house  took  fire, 
but  it  went  out  without  communicating  to 
any  other  building,  the  frigate  and  gallies 
firing  as  usual ;  heard  a  cannonade  at  sea. 

6th.  The  enemy  still  firing  on  the  works, 
camp,  and  town ;  the  line  turned  out  at 
dawn  on  an  alarm  that  the  enemy  were 
approaching;  the  cannonade  and  bombard- 
ment continued  all  night. 

7th.  Still  continue  cannonading  and 
throwing  shells  on  both  sides,  the  enemy 
throwing  most  of  their  fire  towards  the 
town,  which  suffers  considerably ;  a  9 
pounder  in  our  battery  to  the  right  of  our 
barracks  burst  and  wounded  a  seaman  ; 
carpenter  employed  in  repairing  the  plat- 
form in  the  Ebenezer  battery,  which  had 
been  broke  by  the  shells.  At  7  at  night  the 
enemy  threw  several  carcases  into  the  town, 
and  burnt  one  house. 

8th.  The  enemy  fired  little  this  morning, 
but  during  the  night  cannonaded  and  bom- 
barded the  town  furiously. 

9th.  At  drum-beating  in  the  morning  the 
French  attacked  us  warmly  on  the  right 
and  endeavoured  to  storm  the  redoubt  and 
Ebenezer  battery,  the  grenadiers  of  the 
60th  regiment  advanced  to  support  them, 
and  after  an  obstinate  resistance  by  the 
French,  they  drove  them  back  with  great 
slaughter :  their  loss  is  reported  to  be  6  or 
700  killed,  wounded  and  prisoners;  our 
loss  Captain  Tarves  of  the  dragoons,  who 
died  nobly  fighting  on  the  parapet  of  the 
redoubt,  7  of  the  60th  killed  and  wounded, 
and  two  marines  killed  and  four  wounded. 
A  flag  from  the  French  to  bury  their  dead, 
which  was  granted ;  at  8  at  night  the 
French  beat  a  parley,  but  were  refused  by 
us  ;  they  fired  cannon  and  shells  during 
the  night  without  any  other  effect  than 
destroying  the  houses. 

10th.  This  morning  sent  a  flag  to  bury 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


15 


from   either  side  during  the 


their  dead,  the  Rebels  sent  one  for  the  same 
purpose  ;  the  truce  lasted  from  tea  till  four 
p.  m.,  the  French  fired  several  cannon  when 
it  expired.  Between  8  and  9  P.  M.  our 
picquets  fired  on  the  right  several  shots  ; 
the  lines  lay  on  their  arms  all  night,  and 
the  seamen  stood  to  their  cannon.  No 
other  n'rin 
night. 

11th.  This  morning  very  foggy,  no  alarm 
from  the  enemy,  our  line  very  alert  and  in 
high  spirits  ;  the  French  and  Rebels  sent 
in  liags  of  truce  during  the  greatest  part  of 
the  day ;  the  enemy  employed  burying 
their  dead,  carrying  off  their  wounded,  and 
searching  for  their  missing.  The  French 
take  off  all  their  cannon  and  mortars  in  the 
night,  leaving  only  some  small  field  pieces 
to  amuse  us,  our  whole  lines  in  spirits, 
ready  for  another  attack.  Several  deserters, 
French  and  Rebel,  come  in,  and  all  report 
that  the  enemy  are  moving,  and  that  their 
loss  in  the  attack  is  much  more  than  we 
imagined,  the  Rebels  miss  1300,  the  French 
loss  uncertain,  but  greater  than  the  Rebels, 
as  they  fought  like  soldiers,  and  were  killed 
and  wounded,  but  the  Rebels  loss  is  from 
desertion  immediately  after  the  defeat. 

12th.  The  French  amused  us  with  four 
cannon  shot  at  day  break,  more  deserters 
come  in, — say  they  are  retreating,  Count 
d'Estaing  was  at  the  attack  and  was  dan- 
gerously wounded  in  two  places,  and 
the  flower  of  the  French  army  killed  or 
wounded — Count  Polaskie  mortally  wound- 
ed. The  enemy  very  quiet  all  night,  open'd 
a  new  battery  on  the  right  of  three  4 
pounders. 

13th.  We  fired  a  gun  at  three  in  the 
morning,  the  French  returned  two  shot, 
the  whole  line  very  alert,  and  under  arms, 
a  flag  out  at  nine  to  return  the  wounded 
French  officers  and  soldiers — the  frigate  in 
the  Back  River  moved  down  at  high 
wTater — hear'd  several  guns  from  the  sea, 
which  we  suppose  signals  ;  more  deserters 
come  in,  wrho  reported  the  enemy's  loss  to 
be  great,  the  Rebel  militia  are  mostly  gone 
off,  and  the  rest  dispirited  and  ready  to 
march  to  Charles  Town  ;  our  batteries  in 
front  fired  on  the  enemy's  works  at  in- 
tervals during  the  night,  the  enemy  returned 


the  fire,  which  seemed 
gun  ;    nothing   more 


In 


come  from  one 
the 


material  during 
night-. 

14th.  More  deserters  from  the  French 
'  and  Rebels  who  make  the  same  report  as 
the  former — at  nine  this  morning  a  flag  out 
to  settle  an  exchange  of  prisoners ;  some 
information  gives  us  reason  to  suspect  a 
vigorous  attack  from  the  French,  as  soon 
as  they  have  got  off  their  heavy  baggage 
cannon,  sick  and  wounded — we  fired  at 
times  during  the  night  on  the  enemy's 
works,  they  returned  two  shot  only,  from 
two  small  pieces,  supposed  to  be  six 
pounders. 

15th.  The  enemy  very  quiet  this  morn- 
ing, we  could  not  hear  the  Rebels  revallie 
— the  French  beat  the  drums,  but  fired  no 
morning  gun  ;  a  light  ship  came  to  Five 
Fathom  Hole,  suppose  to  water.  Two 
gallies  joined  the  two  former  ones — more 
deserters  come  in  and  report  the  enemy  to 
be  on  the  retreat,  that  their  loss  the  morn- 
ing of  the  engagement  was  very  great, 
particularly  in  their  best  officers,  they  are 
very  sickly,  and  discontented  with  the 
Rebels  ;  the  regiment  Darmagnac  are  on 
their  march  to  Bewis,  with  baggage,  sick 
and  wounded,  the  night  quiet,  firing 
occasionally  from  the  grand  battery  on' the 
enemy's  entrenchment,  they  returned  3  or 
4  shot. 

16th.  The  French  beat  the  revallie,  the 
rebels  did  not ;  more  deserters  from  the 
French  confirming  the  former  reports  of 
their  great  loss  and  retreat,  we  are  how- 
ever on  our  guard.  The  frigates  in  the 
river  loose  their  topsails,  as  we  suppose,  to 
drop  down  and  cover  the  retreat  of  the 
French.  An  alarm  at  sunset,  that  the 
enemy  was  forming  in  our  front,  the  lines 
under  arms;  the  rebels  set  fire  to  some 
houses  on  our  right,  as  well  as  in  our 
front — our  armed  negroes  skirmishing  with 
the  Rebels  the  whole  afternoon,  we  fired 
occasionally  during  the  night  on  the 
enemy's  works  and  camp;  they  returned 
two  shot. 

17th.  The  French  beat  the  revallie,  the 
Rebels  did  not ;  heard  the  report  of  several 
cannon  ;  a  manager  of  Sir  James  Wright's 
from  Ogeeche,  reports  that  the  enemy  were 


16 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Jan. 


preparing  for  a  retreat,  that  they  lost  the 
day  of  the  attack  1500  men,  killed  and 
wounded,  and  the  desertion  very  great; 
fire  as  usual  at  the  enemy's  works,  they 
returned  three  shot. 

18th.  The  French  beat  the  revallie,  the 
Rebels  did  not,  but  were  heard  working  in 
the  woods,  the  armed  negroes  brought  in 
two  Rebel  Dragoons  and  eight  horses,  and 
kiiled  two  rebels  who  were  in  a  foraging 
party ;  only  one  deserter  this  day  from 
the  French,  who  gives  the  same  account 
as  the  former  ones ;  many  boats  observed 
passing  from  the  enemy's  vessels  and 
their  army — nothing  material  during  the 
night,  we  fired  as  usual  on  their  works,  and 
they  returned  three  shot  from  a  six  pounder, 
our  lines  very  alert  and  generally  on  their 
arms  ready  to  receive  the  enemy. 

19th.  The  French  beat  the  revallie,  the 
Rebels  not,  but  were  heard  cutting  in  the 
woods  ;  the  ship  that  came  to  Five  Fathom 
Hole  moved  down  the  river,  as  we  sup- 
posed, full  of  water  and  the  French  baggage. 

20th.  The  French  beat  the  revallie,  but 
did  not  fire  the  morning  gun ;  two  de- 
serters that  came  in  this  day,  say  the 
Rebels  marched  off  yesterday  evening, 
after  having  fired  their  camp  ;  the  frigate 
fell  down  lower,  but  the  wind  being  against 
her,  she  could  go  no  further. 


LETTERS  OF  GENERAL  JOHN  ARM- 
STRONG- OF  KITTANING  TO  GEN. 
WM.  IRYINE. 

Armstrong  made  himself  famous  by  his 
aifair  at  Kittaning,  and  was  a  man  of  parts. 
He  was  a  personal  friend  of  Washington, 
having  served  with  him  in  the  French 
war. 

His  correspondence  with  General  Irvine 
(for  which  our  readers  are  indebted  to  a 
descendant  of  the  latter,  who  obligingly 
favors  us  with  contributions  from  General 
Irvine's  papers)  possesses  an  interest  as  a 
portraiture  of  the  men  and  times,  indepen- 
dent of  the  historical  value  of  the  facts 
embraced. 

Philadelphia,  8rd  August,  1780. 

Dear  General, 

I  cannot  pass   so   favourable   an  oppor- 


tunity of  answering  your  kind  letter  as  that 
of  Coll  Johnston,  altho'  an  interview  would 
much  better  serve  to  disclose  or  unburthen 
the  mind  which  cannot  so  properly  be  done 
by  Pen  and  ink. 

Your  soldiers  shirts  are  by  this  time  I  hope 
gone  forward,  with  Overalls,  and  as  much 
dispatch  in  procuring  Shoes  as  can  well  be 
made.  As  you  are  now  to  have  but  a  fewe 
hints,  the  great  concern  ofanJEmpty  Trea- 
sury with  a  thousand  daily  demands,  forms 
the  front  line  of  my  highest  fears  and  deepest 
distress — we  want  at  this  moment  to  draw 
money,  produce,  transpor  ation,  &c.  from 
these  States  to  whom  we  are  already  deeply 
indebted,  and  whom  our  delinquency  in  pay- 
ment disenables  from  advancing  those  Taxes 
whereon  at  present  we  depend. — How  the 
scheme  of  business  and  Finance  contained 
in  the  resolution  of  the  18th  of  March  last 
will  operate  for  our  relief  is  yet  uncertain 
but  doubted  by  too  many,  for  altho'  it  is 
considered  by  many  good  judges  to  be 
at  once  just  and  wise  respecting  the  pub- 
lick  at  large,  yet  various  individuals  sup- 
pose themselves  injured  or  disappointed  by 
fixing  the  money  at  forty  to  one,  and  there- 
fore decry  the  measure.  Mr.  Laurens  by 
our  reverse  of  fortune  in  South  Carolina  has 
been  retarded  in  his  voiage  to  Holand  for 
which  place  he  sets  out  from  hence  in  a  few 
days  for  the  purpose  of  borrowing  money 
for  the  United  States.  Mr.  Sarel  was  set 
out  (before  yr.  letter  came  to  hand)'  for 
Holland  also,  in  order  to  procure  Cloathing 
for  the  Pennsylvania  line  of  our  army,  with 
some  other  necessaries  for  the  State,  which 
if  he  is  successful,  I  hope  may  be  of  some 
use  to  us.  Genl.  Greens  peremptory  resig- 
nation in  the  business  of  Qr.  M.  Gl or 

refusal  to  act  under  the  new  regulation 
for  that  department,  at  this  very  critical 
moment,  has  at  once  disappointed  and 
thrown  Congress  into  a  degree  of  vexatious 
distress  greater  than  can  well  be  expressed, 
or  has  yet  happened  in  regard  of  any  in- 
dividual, nine  tenths  of  the  difficulty  arises 
from  the  importance  of  the  present  moment. 
The  Committee  of  Congress  at  Camp  ap- 
pears to  make  Genl.  Greens  continuance  of 
absolute  necessity — so  that  if  he  is  retained 
the  measures  of  Congress  for   reforming 


1864] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


17 


that  department  must  be  rescinded,  &  the 
censures  of  the  publick  must  remain  agst. 
Congress,  as  deaf  to  their  remonstrances 
for  the  reformation  of  abuses.  The  remon- 
strance of  the  Genl.  Officers  was  this  morn- 
ing read  &  committed  to  a  respectable 
Committee,  the  greater  part  whereof  will  in 
my  opinion  meet  the  cordial  attention  of 
Congress,  who  are  as  well  disposed  to  do 
anything  in  their  power  that  is  in  itself 
right,  as  men  can  be. 

The  controversy  betwixt  you  &  Genl. 
Hand  gives  some  pain  to  all  your  friends 
that  I  have  heard  speak  of  it,  as  tending  to 
derange  many  things  now  established  & 
introduce  a  new  field  of  dispute  which 
cou'd  not  be  well  settled  again — these  and 
sundry  such  sentiments  prevail  at  the  Board 
of  war,  whom  it  is  said  are  possessed  of 
written  opinions  of  high  authority  which 
clearly  conclude  agst.  the  utility,  if  not  also 
agst.  the  right  of  your  claim  ;  for  they  will 
not  allow  that  the  Resolution  of  Congress 
for  securing  the  rank  of  Prisoners  extends 
to  your  case,  or  at  least  that  this  is  doubt- 
ful.— That  the  first  appointment  of  Genl. 
Officers  being  wholly  wTith  Congress,  be- 
longs not  to  the  ordinary  line  of  rank 
secured  by  the  resolution  to  which  we 
have  alluded.  I  cou'd,  especially  with  the 
consent  of  my  colleagues,  bring  this  matter 
before  Congress,  but  whether  brought  on 
in  this  way,  or  by  a  plain  &  dispassionate 
memorial  from  yourself,  the  immediate 
consequence  wou'd  be  a  reference  to  the 
Board  of  War,  and  from  thence  (as  far 
as  I  can  learn)  to  the  Commander-in-Chief 
and  a  Board  of  Officers  at  Camp.  I  have 
thought  it  necessary  to  write  you  thus 
plainly,  having  strong  apprehensions  that 
if  carried  to  the  uttermost,  it  will  ulti- 
mately go  agst.  you.  I  therefore  wish  you 
cou'd  either  reconcile  it  to  yourself  from 
what  you  may  have  learned  of  the  sense  ot 
others,  to  give  it  up,  or  to  write  me  soon, 
that  it  may  be  brought  to  a  period — be 
assured  that  sentiments  from  Camp,  and 
also  sentiments  formed  here  promise  no 
success  to  yr.  claim  in  the  present  ques- 
tion. I  hope  you  will  judge  right — and 
am  most  sincerely  yours. 

John  Armstrong, 
hist.  mag.     vol.  viii.         2 


The  present  state  of  our  Southern  De- 
partment is  very  forbiding,  the  letters  of 
Genl.  Gates  &  Baron  De  Calb,  draw 
the  picture  of  universal  want,  more  par- 
ticularly in  the  articles  of  money  &  pro- 
visions. Genl.  Green  having  so  peremptorily 
refused  the  necessary  service,  is  likely  to 
be  discharged  from  all  other — to-day  must 
end  this  disagreeable  matter.  I  beg  you 
will  present  my  best  wishes  to  the  gents, 
of  our  line.  I  intend  this  by  Coll  John- 
stone, together  with  a  conference  before 
he  sets  out.  j.  a. 

Carlisle,  80th  October,  1779. 

Dear  General, 

A  cold  joined  to  a  late  hour  disen- 
ables me  to  say  more  at  present  than 
that  I  reached  home  about  a  week  ago 
— and  found  Mrs.  Irwin  &  children,  with 
my  own  Family  also  in  usual  health — 
and  that  I  beg  you  will  favour  me  with  a 
line  on  the  prospects  of  an  investiture  of 
New  Yorke  which  by  the  way  I  consider 
through  the  unexpected  stay  of  the  Count 
&  many  other  circumstances,  as  abortive 
for  this  season. 

Before  this  time  I  hope  farther  provision 
is  made  for  the  subsistance  of  the  General 
Officers  of  the  Army,  which  at  leaving 
Congress  I  impressed  on  the  minds  of  some 
members  who  promised  suddenly  to  have 
it  on  the  carpet,  and  to  which  I  think 
there  wou'd  be  no  opposition.  If  auy 
uneasiness  shou'd  arise  to  you,  my  advice 
still  is  that  you  write  either  to  Congress 
directing  to  the  President  or  to  the  Board 
of  War — mentioning  only  the  facts  & 
your  confidence  that  justice  will  be  done 
you.  My  compliments  to  Coll  Hay — I 
am,  dear  General,  sincerely  yours, 

John  Armstrong. 

Wheat  £15  per  Bushel,  Indian  corn  9 
pounds  &c. 

I  suppose  Doctor  Shiell,  lately  from 
Dublin,  will  visit  the  Camp,  give  me  leave 
to  recommend  him  to  your  particular  no- 
tice— He  is  a  gentleman — a  genuine  Whig 
and  a  man  of  very  good  sense  and  breeding. 

Philada.,  17th  August,  17S0. 

Dear  Gbneral, 

By  Coll.  Johnston  I  had  the  pleasure 
of  writing   you   at   some   length  which  I 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Jan., 


hope  you  received — the  hearer  Captain 
Vanderhorst — otherwise  Vanross,  I  beg 
leave  to  recommend  to  your  civilities  & 
those  of  the  gentlemen  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania line. — He  is  a  gentn.  who  lately 
possessed  a  very  pretty  Fortune  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Charleston  from  whence 
he  has  been  obliged  to  ilee  with  great  loss, 
whoes  hospitallity  hath  often  been  wit- 
nessed by  Coll.  Coner  &  myself— he 
designs  only  a  visit  to  Camp,  wishes  the 
pleasure  &  curiosity  of  seeing  Our  Com- 
mander-in-Chief, then    returns    to    South 

Carolina 1  am  grieved  to  hear  of  the 

agitation  at  Camp  of  a  certain  point  of  de- 
licacy and  honr.  wherein  the  Officers  of 
the  Army,  but  more  particularly  those  of 
our  line  are  deeply  interested — having 
heard  this  matter  but  imperfectly,  shall 
only  take  the  liberty  of  making  two  short 
observations — I  hope  the  young  gentn. 
will  have  prudence  and  address  enough  to 
decline  the  honr.  of  that  particular  com- 
mand.* But  if  our  officers  must  make  a 
sacrifice,  please  to  remember,  it  is  not  to  an 
individual  only,  but  to  the  weal  &  safety  of 
many,  to  the  publick  good  of  these  Com- 
monwealths at  large — a  sacrifice  this,  which 
if  I  mistake  not,  is  second,  only  to  that 
which  we  owe  to  God  Himself.  My  Health 
has  been  in  jeopardy  of  late  by  excessive 
heat  business  and  confinement,  in  this  city 
where  many  of  late  hath  made  a  sudden 
exit  from  the  present  world — but  if  my 
health  is  spared  until  the  memorial  of  the 
General  Officers  is  carried  through,  Mr. 
McClane  being  now  come,  I  intend  to  re- 
tire, before  which  you  will  hear  from  me 
in  a  future  letter.  I  begin  to  doubt 
whether  the  2d  Division  of  the  F.  Fleet 
will  arrive  in  time,  but  still  hope  that  this 
Campaign  will  not  pass  over  without  some 
happy  event  to  these  States  &  laurels  to 
the  arms  of  America. 

I  am,  Dear  General, 

affectionately  yours, 

John  Armstrong. 
GenL  Irwin. 


*  Referring  to  the  appointment  of  Major  MePherson 
to  a  command  in  the  Light  Infantry  over  the  heads 
of  others. 


Carlisle,  16th  August,  1787. 

Dear  General, 

The  design  of  the  following  lines  as  you 
may  readily  conceive,  is  only  to  shew  that 
we  have  you  in  remembrance,  and  perhaps 
at  a  leisure  moment  to  draw  something 
better  from  you. 

There  are  no  less  than  ten  new  houses  of 
Stone  or  Brick  going  on  in  this  town  ;  and 
yet  money  is  almost  invisible — what  shall 
we  think  of  a  late  estimation  of  25,000£s 
due  on  the  Storekeepers  Books  of  this  town, 
distinct  from  all  other  debts  either  to  the 
publick  or  to  individuals !  is  it  not  high 
time  that  all  ranks  should  change  their 
gates,  two  years  more  in  our  present 
course,  must  sell  plantations  and  change 
property  very  fast  &  very  cheap — Some 
Storekeepers  —  Lawyers  &  Speculators, 
must  be  the  nabobs  of  this  country — we 
cry  out  against  an  aristocracy,  but  are 
practically  laying  the  foundation  of  it  with 
both  hands  I 

Our  country  thro'  the  favour  of  God, 
have  had  a  tolerable  good  crop,  and  a 
favourable  season  fore  securing  it ;  what 
quantity  thereof  will  go  to  the  payment  of 
publick  dues,  is  yet  unknown. 

I  had  a  late  visit  from  a  sensible  but 
rigid  Constitutionist — he  said  if  the  As- 
sembly altered  the  funding  law,  or  made 
any  discrimination  respecting  the  alienated 
certificates,  it  was  but  a  forerunner  of,  a 
previous  step  to  throwing  off  the  whole 
debt  I  I  asked  if  he  thought  the  State  able 
to  pay  the  whole  of  the  interest  agreeable 
to  the  law  ?  he  acknowledged  it  is  not  able, 
but  altho'  we  had  taken  too  much  debt 
upon  us,  it  is  only  owing  to  the  bad 
management  of  the  republicans,  whom  he 
thinks  has  opposed  the  best  measures  for 
a  discharge  of  the  debt.  I  thought  there 
was  powerfull  reasons  for  making  a  dis- 
tinction in  the  payment  of  interest,  due  on 
these  securities  at  least  in  point  of  time, 
and  perhaps  in  the  manner  of  doing  it  too, 
but  that  none  of  them  should  be  disavowed 
or  rejected — and  that  it  is  hard  to  suppose 
we  have  any  set  of  men  in  the  rank  of  legis- 
latures, capable  of  such  an  atrocious  de- 
gree of  robery  &  villany,  as  to  discard  the 
whole!  and   thereby  injure  a  great  many 


1864] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


19 


of  their  own  political  friends-  as  well 
as  others.  He  said  aristocracy  was  their 
object,  and  that  no  wreck  nor  ruin  would 
by  some  be  regarded  (if  like  Sampson  they 
themselves  should  even  die  with  the  Philis- 
tines) in  order  to  get  clear  of  the  humiliating 


Carlisle,  5th  January,  1793. 

Dear  Gexekal, 

I  now  acknowledge  &  thank  you  for 
your  favour  of  Nov r.  last.  The  point  res- 
pecting the  time  or  call  of  new  members  to 
a  seat  in  Congress  I  see  is  very  plain,  and 


line  of  republicanism  &c.  These  are  afflict- 1  most  probably  will  not  happen  before  the 
ing  considerations,  but  depraved  as  man-  time  you  mention — if  it  should,  no  doubt 
kind  are,  I  hope  they  would  not  go  these  the  President  will  some  way  notify  distant 
lengths,  but  if  any  of  our  citizens  are  so  |  members  before  hand.  I  have  shown  your 
totally  lost  to  reason  &  conscience,  there  is  letter  to  the  Doctor  with  which  he  is  Very 
a  farther  hope  that  they  will  not  be  per-  well  satisfied. 

mitted.  From  the  prevalence  of  these  kind  I  You  will  scarcely  be  able  to  recollect 
of  jealousies  amongst  ourselves  there  is  i  whether  you  franked  a  letter  for  Johnny 
much  to  fear.  Amongst  other  things,  howl  some  short  time  before  Mrs.  Irwin  went  to 
hard  may  we  suppose  it  to  be,  for  the  Con-  town  ?  I  sent  it  by  some  person  who  said 
vention  to  throw  out  any  thing  that  will  \  he  would  see  you,  I  remember  telling  him, 
give  general  satisfaction,  impossible,  but  if  he  found  you  at  leisure  to  give  my  coin- 
however,  or  rather  whatever  their  system  pliments  &  ask  you  to  throw  a  over  it — but 
may  be,  altho'  it  must  be  examined  both  by  ,  if  he  found  you  busie,  to  leave  it  in  the  post 
Congress  &  the  different  States,  and  per-  office  as  it  was,  but  cannot  recollect  who 
haps  may  either  require  or  endure  amend- 1  this  person  was — the  reason  I  mention  this 
ments ;  but  in  my  private  opinion,  it  trivial  matter  is,  that  by  a  late  letter  from 
ought  not  to  be  scaneel  with  an  eye  too  |  him,  he  complains  as  having  heard  nothing 
critical,  but  with  great  candour  and  many  j  from  me  since  my  last,  only  a  few  lines  I 
allowances,  nor  should  cold  water  be  pour-  had  wrote  to  his  wife, 
ed  upon  it,  because  such  opposition  might  j  We  are  much  elated  with  the  late  good 
naturally  produce  bad  consequences  among  news  from  France — and  happier  would  it 
the  people — because  it  is  apparent  enough  be  both  for  them  and  us,  did  our  expres- 
that  we  are  not  at  present  fit,  or  in  a  capa-  sions  of  joy  still  rise  higher  &  shew  them- 
city  to  adopt  the  most  perfect  system  of  selves  thro'  different  mediums  from  those 
Government — and  because,  an  indifferent  j  of  ringing  Bells,  lighting  tapers  <fc  washing- 
one  is  better  than  none — i  wish  how  many 'down  an  Oyster  Supper;  not  that  I  object 
ofyr.  body  may  be  thus  mild  in  yr.  an-|to  these  indue  measure,  but  we  should 
imadversions.  |  send  them  bread  to  eat,  and   gratefully  <fc 

We  expect  to  hear  from  you  soon — Mrs  J  publickly  acknowledge  the  real  author  of 


Irvine  &  the  Children  are  in  good  health 
I  wish  you  to  talk  farther  with  Genl.  Ver- 
non on  the  sale  of  our  College  land — the 
soil  I  believe  is  strong  &  well  watered. 
AVhat  have  you  done  with  yr.  Nagg,  or 
have  you  obtained  some  decent  old  pacer 
for  him — I  have  two  good  mares,  yet 
nothing  to  ride.     If  you  come  shortly  to 


their  mercys  and  our  own — this  check*ot 
these  combined  tyrants  (tho'  we  cannot 
call  it  more)  is  evidently  from  the  supreme 
lord  of  the  universe,  who  has  thrown  his 
hook  into  their  noses  and  turned  them 
back  by  the  May  they  came,  not  with 
laurels,  that  disdain  to  grow  in  such  a 
soil,  but    covered    with  a   double    coat    of 


Philadelphia  you  will  probably  come  home  shame !  the  policy  and  arms  of  France  has 


for  two  or  three  days. 

I  am  dear  General, 

affectionately  yours, 

Johx  Armstrong. 


no  doubt  been  a  mean  of  impeding  the 
diabolical  career  of  these  haughty  invaders, 
but  the  mortifying  blood  descended  from 
another  quarter;  and  if  the  -whole  scene 
end  well,  the  event  will  call  for  the  general 
adoration  &  thanks  of  this  nation.  Two 
things  however  have  a  tendency    to  dash 


20 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Jan., 


the  hopes  we  have  conceived  for  these  our 
distressed  friends — I  mean  the  gross  ignor- 
ance of  divine  revelation  expressed  in  some 
of  the  speeches  of  that  people  &  their  abuse 
of  Old  King  David,  once  a  greater  General 
than  any  in  France — also  the  report  of  the 
Prussians  marching  against  them — as  to 
the  former  (and  the  latter  may  not  be  true) 
altho'  infidellity  which  must  produce  bad 
morals  also  (if  this  be  the  prevailing  charac- 
ter of  the  nation)  is  indeed  the  very  worst 
system  that  can  attend  them,  yet  their 
cause  is  a  good  one,  and  not  the  cause  of 
France  only,  but  of  humanity  in  general 
therefore  there  is  ground  of  hope  from  a 
Sovereign  God  who  hates  oppression  and 
tyranny. 

I  hope  your  family  are  all  well,  the  child- 
ren recovered  of  their  complaint  in   their 
eyes  &  particularly  our  Grandson,  whom 
with  his  Mama,  my  wife  is  frequently  wish- 
ing back  again — all  is  quiet  at  your  house, 
Callender   keeps  his  College  hours  punc- 
tually, and  has  taken  a  part  in  a  wondrous 
play  lately  acted  here,  I  saw  it  not,  but  if 
report  may  be  credited,  no  part  nor  person 
failed,  and  in  point  of  dress  it  could  scarce 
be  surpassed — I  must  not  therefore  shade 
it's  beauty  by  an  awkward  attempt  to  de- 
scribe it,  nor  would  this  sheet  admit  the 
half — so  much  for  vanity — but  apropos — 
is  it  possible   that   the  new  playhouse  in 
Philadelphia  is  considered  of  so  much  im- 
portance as  to  justify  labour  on  the  Sab- 
bath day  ?  this  report  true  or  false,  origin- 
ated in  the  city — It  is  too  glaring  &  at- 
trocious  to  gain  credit  here ;  on  the  other 
hand,  the  report,  or  strong  suspicion  having 
been  brought  by  so  many  different  persons 
<fc  to  various  of  the  back  towns,  that  at 
best  it  is  but  a  disagreeable  story,  and  so 
improbable  that  I  have  hesitated  on   the 
bare  mentioning  of  it  even  to  you — as  the 
present  is  supposed  to  be  the  favourable 
season  of  application  on  behalf  of  our  Col- 
lege, and  as  I  know  you  are  wrote  to   on 
that  subject,  I  need  only  add,  that  a  suf- 
ficient  degree   of   dependance    is    placed 
upon     your     generalship    in    the    several 
branches    of    the     business — Mrs.     Arm- 
strong joines    in  our  best  wishes  to  your 
self    Mrs.    Irvine   &   the   Children — with 


dear  General  your  sincere  friend  &  hum- 
ble servant, 

John  Armstrong. 
There  are  two  young  lads  of  the  name 
of  Irvine  lately  from  the  Lurgg  in  Ire- 
land, of  whom  Mrs.  Irvine  can  tell  you 
somewhat — they  are  pretty  good  English 
scollars  decenter  than  common  from  that 
country  &  fit  to  write  either  in  an  office  or 
store — the  Elder  brother  is  lame  of  one  Leg 
the  younger  about  20  years  old  they  are 
grandsons  of  Ned  Armstrongs  of  Lisnaban 
&  appear  to  be  proper  objects  of  some  notice. 
I  have  mentioned  them  to  you  merely  at 
a  venture  in  case  any  little  opening  shou'd 
present  itself.  The  father  is  far  from  being  a 
mean  or  despicable  man,  but  has  not  that 
command  of  himself  that  is  sufficient  to 
resist  company  &  strong  drink.  I  pitty  him 
much  for  this — perhaps  he  may  reform,  he  is 
recommended  by  my  Br.  Andrew. 

-r^,  ^  Carlisle. 

Dear  General, 

Your  knowledge  of  Military  men  & 
things,  together  with  the  place  of  your 
present  residence,  will  undoubtedly  sub- 
ject you  to  some  trouble  in  presenting  the 
applications  for  Military  Commissions,  of 
various  candidates  of  your  acquaintance — 
but  this  trouble  is  now  to  be  expected  & 
ifbyityou  can  render  your  country  any 
real  service  I'm  persuaded  you  will  have 
pleasure  in  doing  it.  On  this  principle  it 
is,  I  now  take  the  liberty  of  recommending 
to  your  notice  &  assistance,  Mr.  John 
Steel  of  this  Town,  as  a  person  aparently 
well  formed  for  military  service. 

He  is  personable,  very  active,  has  some 
acquaintance  with  military  movements  & 
exercise,  a  genteel  appearance  &  possesses 
a  fine  constitution,  whereby  I  should  con- 
sider him  well  suited  to  the  Western  Ser- 
vice. With  respect  to  rank,  I  need  not 
tell  you,  that  all  men  look  as  high  as  they 
can  at  setting  out,  but  as  in  that  respect  all 
cannot  be  gratified,  they  must  be  content 
with  their  lot.  Mr.  Steel  has  been  very 
desirous  that  I  should  recommend  him  to 
you,  as  I  now  do  with  full  freedom — and 
am  dear  General 

Very  respectfully  yours, 

John  Armstrong. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


21 


Carlisle,  1793. 

Dear  General, 

The  design  of  this  is  only  to  prevent  an 
entire  forgetfulness ;  for  altho'  at  present 
if  I  count  right  you  are  a  few  lines  in 
arrears  with  me  I  mean  in  respect  of  num- 
ber, but  as  to  wright,  having  so  little  to 
say,  and  so  long  unable  to  say  that  little, 
my  claim  of  compensation  is  but  very  light. 

We  have  however  the  pleasure  of  hear- 
ing frequently  of  the  health  of  your  family, 
and  that  Armstrong  continues  his  progress 
in  length  and  breadth — indeed  he  has  been 
so  much  the  subject  of  enquiry,  that  poor 
Bill  and  his  little  Sisters  have  been  almost 
forgotten  ;  as  has  been  the  case  with  John 
&  Horatio  also,  in  preference  to  the  other 
poor  things  who  may  happen  to  be  favoured  I  ward  more  gradually,  with  others  of  more 


our  old  friend  the  president  &  think 
he  is  inevitably  puzzled,  whatever  may 
have  been  the  causes  thereof — The  report 
said  to  be  bro't  down  by  Coll.  Proctor  of 
the  ill  temper  of  the  Senecas  has  a  bad 
aspect.  I  hope  they  will  not  be  permitted 
to  strike,  if  they  should,  they  probably 
draw  Monseys,  Wyandotes  and  Delawares 
against  Pennsylvania. 

Is  there  any  efforts  for  the  College,  or 
any  openings  of  this  session  beyond  the 
report  of  a  committee  you  sent  Mr  Mont- 
gomery? I  heard  it  once  read  &  it  had 
to  me  the  same  appearance  as  that  of  the 
opening  of  roads  and  waters,  taking  up  too 
many  objects  at  once  ;  blending  things  of 
lesser  importance  &  better   brought  for- 


with  as  much  merit  as  they — but  parental 
weakness  is  of  an  antient  date  &  seldom 
out  of  the  need  of  amendment. 

The  killing  of  the  late  King  of  France, 
or  rather  the  hopes  of  not  killing  him,  is  a 
common  topic  here — and  some  of  us  regret 
why  Congress  &  our  President  have  not 
thrown  their  weight  into  the  scale  of  his 
life.  Two  things  appear  to  me  to  dash  our 
hopes  of  french  liberty,  tho'  they  may  not 
overthrow  it — one  is  the  sending  mission- 
aries, some  say  into  various  parts  of  Eu- 
rope, all  say  into  the  Belgic  provinces 
formally  &  publickly  to  seduce  the  subjects 
of  other  powers  and  induce  them  to  adopt 
their  political  creed — the  other  is  the  kill- 
ing of  Louis  Capet — which  I  consider  no 
more  a  national  object  to  the  people,  than 
to  decree  the  death  of  a  crow,  or  a  chicken 
on  the  dunghill !  on  these  two  points  I 
cannot  reason  on  this  bit  of  paper,  but 
think  I  see  an  ample  field  for  it,  of  which 
their  enemies  may  but  too  naturally  avail 
themselves — It  is  not  easie  to  clear  either 
of  these  possitions  of  moral  guilt ;  but  that 
they  are  replete  with  ill  policy  &  national 
indignity  I  have  no  doubt. 

We  have  been  talking  a  little  of  a  foreign 
nation  entitled  as  they  are  to  our  good 
wishes  and  more — but  what  think  you  of 
our  own  situation — things  seem  to  me  as 
stagnant,  or  in  an  indigested  state,  I  mean 
our  military  affairs,  nor  are  the  causes 
thereof  hard  to   discover — indeed    I    pity 


publick  concern,  requiring  a  more  imme- 
diate establishment.  The  great  plenty  of 
money  said  to  be  deposited  in  the  State 
treasury  had  induced  warm  expectations  of 
going  on  with  the  building.  We  hear 
Mrs.  Irwin  is  soon  expected  up — until  which 
time  My  wife  joins  in  our  respects  to  you 
all,  with  dear  General  your  sincere  friend 
and  humble  servant, 

John  Armstrong. 
Callander  is  in  health  I  saw  him  yester- 
day. 


HISTORICAL  NOTES  ON  SLAVERY  IN 
THE  NORTHERN  COLONIES  AND 
STATES. 

Continued  from  Vol.   VII.,  page  367. 
NO.    III. MASSACHUSETTS. 

The  colonists  of  Massachusetts  assumed 
to  themselves  "a  right  to  treat  the  Indians 
en  the  footing  of  Canaanites  or  Amalek- 
ites,"  Bancroft,  III.  408,  and  practically 
regarded  them  from  the  first  as  forlorn  and 
wretched  heathen — possessing  few  rights 
which  were  entitled  to  respect.  Cotton 
Mather's  speculations  on  their  origin  illus- 
trate the  temper  of  the  times. 

"We  know  not  When  or  How  these 
Indians  first  became  Inhabitants  of  this 
mighty  Continent,  yet  we  may  guess  that 
probably  the  Devil  decoy'd  these  miserable 
Salvages  hither,  in  hopes  that  the  Gospel 


22 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Jan., 


of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  would  never  come 
here  to  destroy  or  disturb  his  Absolute 
Empire  over  them."  Magnolia,  Booh  III. 
Part  III. 

The  instructions  from  the  Commissioners 
of  the  United  Colonies  to  Major  Gibbons, 
on  being  sent  against  the  Narragansetts  in 
1645,  further  illustrate  this  spirit. 

He  was  directed  to  have  "  due  re- 
gard to  the  honour  of  God,  who  is  both 
our  sword  and  shield,  and  to  the  dis- 
tance which  is  to  be  observed  betwixt 
Christians  and  Barbarians,  as  well  in  warres 
as  in  other  negociations."  It  was  indeed 
strange  that  men,  who  professed  to  believe 
that  God  hath  made  of  one  blood  all  na- 
tions of  men. for  to  dwell  on  all  the  face  of 
the  earth,  should  upon  every  occasion  take 
care  to  preserve  this  distinction.  Perhaps 
nothing  more  effectually  defeated  the  en- 
deavors for  Christianizing  the  Indians.  It 
seems  to  have  done  more :  to  have  sunk 
their  spirits,  led  them  to  intemperance,  and 
extirpated  the  whole  race."  Hutchinson 
Collection  of  Papers,  151. 

In  1646  the  Commissioners  of  the  United 
Colonies  made  a  very  remarkable  order, 
practically  authorizing,  upon  complaint  of 
trespass  by  the  Indians,  the  seizure  of  "  any 
of  that  plantation  of  Indians  that  shall  en- 
tertain, protect,  or  rescue  the  offender." 
The  order  further  proceeds,  "  And,  because 
it  will*  be  chargeable  keeping  Indians  in 
prisone,  and  if  they  should  escape,  they  are 
like  to  prove  more  insolent  and  dangerous 
after,  that  upon  such  seazure,  the  delin- 
quent or  satisfaction  be  againe  demanded, 
of  the  Sagamore  or  plantation  of  Indians 
guilty  or  accessory  as  before,  and  if  it  be 
denyed,  that  then  the  magistrates  of  the 
Jurisdiccon  deliver  up  the  Indians  seased  to 
the  party  or  parties  indamaged,  either  to 
serve,  or  to  be  shipped  out  and  exchanged 
for  Negroes  as  the  cause  will  justly  beare." 
Plymouth  Records,  IX.  VI. 

The  Commissioners  themselves  were 
not  blind  to  the  severity  of  this  proceeding, 
although  they  alleged  that  it  was  "just." 

There  are  here  two  features  of  historical 
importance  which  the  reader  will  not  fail  to 
notice,  viz.  the  export  for  trade  of  Indians 
for  Negroes,  and  the  measure  of  "justice" 


in  those  days  between  the  colonists  and  the 
natives. 

It  may  be  observed  that  in  these  notes 
we  have  not  drawn  the  lines  between  the 
Plymouth  Colony  and  that  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Bay.  In  this  connection  they  may 
justly  be  regarded  as  one,  indeed  they 
cannot  be  separated,  for  in  these  and  simi- 
lar proceedings,  to  quote  a  significant  pro- 
verb of  that  day,  "the  Plymouth  saddle 
was  always  on  the  Bay  horse." 

In  1658,  June  29,  certain  persons  were 
punished  by  fines  by  the  County  Courts  at 
Salem  and  Ipswich  for  attending  a  Quaker 
meeting  and  otherwise  "  syding  with  the 
Quakers  and  absenting  themselves  from 
the  publick  ordinances."  Among  them 
were  two  children,  Daniel  and  Provided 
Southwick,  sonne  and  daughter  to  Lawrence 
Southwick,  who  were  .lined  ten  pounds, 
but  their  fines  not  being  paid  and  the  par- 
ties (as  is  stated  in  the  proceedings)  "  pre- 
tending they  have  no  estates,  resolving  not 
to  worke  and  others  likewise  have  been  fyned 
and  more  like  to  be  fyned" — the  General 
Court  were  called  upon  in  the  following 
year,  May  11,  1659,  to  decide  what  course 
should  be  taken  for  the  satisfaction  of  the 
fines. 

This  they  did,  after  due  deliberation,  by 
a  resolution  empowering  the  County  Trea- 
surers to  sell  the  said  persons  to  any  of  the 
English  nation  at  Virginia  or  Barbadoes — 
in  accordance  with  their  law  for  the  sale 
of  poor  and  delinquent  debtors.  To  ac- 
complish this  they  wrested  their  own  law 
from  its  just  application,  for  the  special  law 
concerning  fines,  did  not  permit  them  to  go 
beyond  imprisonment  for  non-payment. 
Mass.  Laws,  1675,  p.  51  ;  Felfs  Salem, 
II.  581  ;  Mass.  Records,  IV.  i.  366  ;  Mass. 
Laws,  1675,  p.  6  ;  Bishop's  JV.  E.  Judged, 
85  ;  Hazard,  II.  563. 

The  father  and  mother  of  these  children, 
who  had  before  suffered  in  their  estate  and 
persons,  were  at  the  same  time  banished  on 
pain  of  death,  and  took  refuge  in  Shelter 
Island,  where  they  shortly  afterwards  died. 
Mass.  Records,  IV.  i.  367  ;  Hazard,  II. 
564  ;  Bishop,  83.  The  Treasurer,  on  at- 
tempting to  find  passage  for  the  children 
to  Barbadoes,  in  execution  of  the  order  of 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


23 


sale,  found  "  none  willing  to  take  or  carry 
them."  Thus  the  entire  design  failed,  only 
through  the  reluctance  of  these  shipmasters 
to  aid  in  its  consummation.  Bishop,  190  ; 
Sewef  s  Hist,  of  the  Quakers,  I.  278. 

Provided  Southwick  was  subsequently  in 
the  same  year,  in  company  with  several 
other  Quaker  ladies,  "  whipt  with  tenn 
stripes,"  and  afterwards  "  committed  to 
prison  to  be  proceeded  with  as  the  law  di- 
rects."    3Iass.  Records,  IV.  i.  411. 

The  indignant  Quaker  historian,  in  re- 
counting these  things  says,  "After  such  a 
manner  ye  have  done  to  the  /Servants  of 
the  Lord,  and  for  speaking  to  one  another, 
...  and  for  meeting  together,  ransacking 
their  Estates,  breaking  open  their  Houses, 
carrying  away  their  Goods  and  Gattel,  till 
ye  have  left  none,  then  their  wearing 
apparel,  and  then  (as  in  Plimouth  govern- 
ment) their  Land ;  and  when  ye  have  left 
them  nothing,  sell  them  for  this  which  ye 
call  Debt.  Search  the  Records  of  former 
Ages,  go  through  the  Histories  of  the  Ge- 
nerations that  are  past;  read  the  Monu- 
ments of  the  Antients,  and  see  if  ever  there 
were  such  a  thing  as  this  since  the  Earth 
was  laid,  and  the  Foundations  thereof  in 
the  Water,  and  out  of  the  Water.  ...  O 
ye  Rulers  of  Boston,  ye  Inhabitants  of  the 
Massachusetts!  What  shall  I  say  unto 
you?  Whereunto  shall  I  liken  yef  In- 
deed, I  am  at  a  stand,  I  have  no  Nation 
with  you  to  compare,  I  have  no  People 
Avith  you  to  parallel,  I  am  at  a  loss  with 
you  in  this  point ;  I  must  say  of  you,  as 
Balaam  said  of  Amalek  when  his  eyes 
were  open,  Boston,  the  first  of  the  Nations 
that  came  out  thus  to  war  against,  to  stop 
Israel  in  their  way  to  Canaan  from 
Egypt?"     Bishop's  N.  E.  Judged,  90. 

At  the  time  of  King  Philip's  War,  the 
policy  and  practice  of  the  Colony  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, with  regard  to  slavery,  had 
been  already  long  settled  upon  the  basis  of 
positive  law.  Accordingly  the  numerous 
"  captives  taken  in  war"  were  disposed  of 
in  the  usual  way.  The  notes  which  follow 
are  mainly  from  the  official  records  of  the 
colony,  and  will  be  sufficient  to  show  the 
general  current  of  public  opinion  and  action 
at  that  period. 


In  August,  1675,  the  Council  at  Ply- 
mouth ordered  the  sale  of  a  company  of 
Indians,  "being  men,  weomen,  and  chil- 
dren, in  number  one  hundred  and  twelve," 
with  a  few  exceptions.  The  Treasurer 
made  the  sale  "  on  the  countryes  behalfe." 
Plymouth  Records,  V.  173. 

A  little  later  the  Council  made  a  simi- 
lar disposition  of  fifty-seven  more  (Indians) 
who  "  had  come  in  a  submissive  way." 
These  were  condemned  to  perpetual  servi- 
tude, and  the  Treasurer  was  ordered  and 
appointed  "  to  make  sale  of  them,  to  and 
for  the  use  of  the  collonie,  as  opportunity 
may  present."     lb.  174. 

The  accounts  of  the  Colony  of  Massa- 
chusetts for  receipts  and  expenditures  dur- 
ing "  the  late  War" — as  stated  from  25th 
June,  1675,  to  the  23d  September,  1676, 
give  among  the  credits  the  following, 

By  the  following  accounts  re- 
ceived in  or  as  silver,  viz  : 

Captives  ;    for  188  prisoners  at 

war  sold  397.13.00 

Plymouth  Records,  X.  401. 

There  is  a  peculiar  significance  in  the 
phrase  which  occurs  in  the  Records — "  sent 
away  by  the  Treasurer."  It  means  sold 
into  slavery.     Mass.  Records,  V.  58. 

The  statistics  of  the  traffic  carried  on  by 
the  Treasurers  cannot  be  accurately  ascer- 
tained from  any  sources  now  at  command. 
But  great  numbers  of  Philip's  people  were 
sold  as  slaves  in  foreign  countries.  In  the 
beginning  of  the  war  Captain  Moseley  cap- 
tured eighty,  who  were  confined  at  Ply- 
mouth. In  September  following  one  hun- 
dred and  seventy-eight ( were  put  on  board 
a  vessel  commanded  by  Captain  Sprague, 
who  sailed  from  Plymouth  with  them  for 
Spain.     Drake,  224. 

These  proceedings  were  not  without  wit- 
nesses against  their  injustice  and  inhuma- 
nity. The  Apostle  Eliot's  indignant  re- 
monstrance is  a  glorious  memorial  of  his 
fearless  devotion  to  reason  and  humanity — 
to  which  neither  rulers  nor  people  of  Mas- 
sachusetts were  then  inclined  to  listen. 

"  To  the  Honorable  the  Governor  and 
Council,  sitting  at  Boston  this  13t.  of  the 
6t,  75,  the  humble  petition  of  John  Eliot, 


24 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Jan., 


Sheweth  that  the  terror  of  selling  away 
such  Indians  unto  the  Hands  for  perpetual 
slaves,  who  shall  yield  up  ym  selves  to  your 
mercy,  is  like  to  be  an  effectual  prolonga- 
tion of  the  warre,  and  such  an  exasperation 
of  them,  as  may  produce  we  know  not 
what  evil  consequences,  upon  all  the  land. 
Christ  hath  saide,  blessed  are  the  mercyfull 
for  they  shall  obtain  mercy.  This  useage 
of  them  is  worse  than  death  ...  it  seem- 
eth  to  me,  that  to  sell  them  away  for  slaves 
is  to  hinder  the  inlargement  of  his  [Christ's] 
kingdom  ...  to  sell  soules  for  money 
seemeth  to  me  a  dangerous  merchandize. 
If  they  deserve  to  die,  it  is  far  better  to  be 
put  to  death  under  godly  governors,  who 
will  take  religious  care,  that  meanes  may 
be  used,  that  they  may  die  penitently.  .  .  . 
Deut.  23,  15-16.  If  a  fugitive  servant  from 
a  Pagan  Master  might  not  be  delivered  to 
his  master  but  be  kept  in  Israel  for  the  good 
of  his  soule,  how  much  less  lawful  is  it  to 
sell  away  soules  from  under  the  light  of  the 
gospel,  into  a  condition,  where  theire  soules 
will  be  utterly  lost,  so  far  as  appeareth  unto 
man."  Plymouth  Colony  Records,  X. 
451-2 ;  Compare  Mather's  Magnalia, 
Book  VII.  109  (753),  concerning  the  neg- 
lect to  proselyte  the  Indians,  etc. 

There  is  nothing  to  show  that  "  the  Coun- 
cil gave  heed  to  the  petition  of  Eliot,"  but 
a  careful  examination  of  the  archives  dis- 
closed only  a  report  of  a  Committee  of  the 
General  Court,  dated  Nov.  5,  1675,  and 
adopted  by  the  Magistrates  and  Deputies 
the  same  day,  by  which  several  were  to  be 
sent  away.     MS.  Letter. 

Eliot  appears  also  to  have  been  the  first 
in  America  to  lift  up  his  voice  against  the 
treatment  which  Negroes  received  in 
New  England.  Towards  the  end  of  his 
life,  Cotton  Mather  states,  "  He  had  long 
lamented  it  with  a  Bleeding  and  Burning 
Passion,  that  the  English  used  their  Ne- 
gro's but  as  their  Horses  or  their  Oxen,  and 
that  so  little  care  was  taken  about  their 
immortal  Souls ;  he  look'd  upon  it  as  a  Pro- 
digy, that  any  wearing  the  Name  of 
Christians  should  so  much  have  the  Heart 
of  Devils  in  them,  as  to  prevent  and  hinder 
the  Instruction  of  the  ipoorDlackamores,  and 
confine  the  souls  of  their  miserable  Slaves 


to  a  Destroying  Ignorance,  meerly  for  fear 
of  thereby  losing  the  Benefit  of  their  Vas- 
salage ;  but  now  he  made  a  motion  to  the 
English  within  two  or  three  Miles  of  him, 
that  at  such  a  time  and  Place  they  would 
send  their  Negro's  once  a  week  to  him : 
For  he  would  then  Catechise  them,  and 
Enlighten  them,  to  the  utmost  of  his  Power 
in  the  Things  of  their  Everlasting  Peace  ; 
however,  he  did  not  live  to  make  much 
Progress  in  this  Undertaking.  Matter's 
Magnolia,  Book  III.  207  (325).  Compare 
also  p.  209  (327). 

In  1676,  November  4th,  it  was  ordered 
that  whereas  there  is  an  Acte  or  order  made 
by  the  Councell  of  War  bearing  date  July, 

1676,  prohibiting  any  male  Indian  captive 
to  abide  in  this  Jurisdiction  that  is  above 
fourteen  years  of  age  att  the  beginning  of 
his  or  their  captivity  and  in  case  any  such 
should  continue  in  the  Collonie  after  the 
time  then  prefixed  they  should  be  forfeit  to 
the  use  of  the  Gov1  this  Court  sees  cause  to 
ratify  and  confirme  that  order  and  acte,  and 
do  therefore  order ;  that  all  such  as  have 
any  such  Indian  male  captive  that  they 
shall  dispose  of  them  out  of  the  Collonie  by 
the  first  of  December  next  on  paine  of  for- 
feiting every  such  Indian,  or  Indians  to  the 
use  of  the  Collonie  ;  and  the  Constables  of 
each  town  of  this  Jurisdiction  are  hereby 
ordered  to  take  notice  of  any  such  Indian 
or  Indians  staying  in  any  of  the  respective 
towns  of  this  Colonie  after  the  time  pre- 
fixed and  shall  forthwith  bring  them  to  the 
Treasurer  to  be  disposed  of  to  the  use  of 
the  Government  as  aforesaid.  Plymouth 
Records,  XI.  242. 

There  were  a  few,  about  five  or  six,  ex- 
ceptions made  to  this  order,  in  favor  of  cer- 
tain Indians,  who  had  been  assured  by 
Capt.  Benjamin  Church  that  they  should 
not  be  sold  to  any  foreign  parts,  upon 
good  behavior,  &c.     lb.  242. 

The  Mass.  Genl.  Court  made  an  order  in 

1677,  24  May,  that  the  Indian  children, 
youths  or  girls,  whose  parents  had  been  in 
hostility  with  the  Colony,  or  had  lived 
among  its  enemies  in  the  time  of  the  war, 
and  were  taken  by  force,  and  given  or  sold 
to  any  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  jurisdiction, 
should  be  at  the  disposall  of  their  masters 


1864.] 


II I  S  T  O  R I  C  AL    MAGAZINE. 


25 


or  their  assign es,  who  were  to  instruct  tliem 
in  Civility  and  Christian  religion.  3Iass. 
Records,  V.  136.  Note  the  distinction  be- 
tween friendly  Indians  whose  children 
were  to  be  held  until  24  years  of  age,  both 
in  this  order  and  in  Plymouth  Records, 
V.  207,  223. 

The  Court,  in  the  following  year  (16*78), 
found  cause  to  prohibit  "  all  and  every  per- 
son and  persons  within  our  jurisdiction  or 
elsewhere,  to  buy  any  of  the  Indian  chil- 
dren of  any  of  those  our  captive  salvages 
that  were  taken  and  became  our  lawfull  j 
prisoners  in  our  late  warrs  with  the  Indians,  j 
without  special  leave,  liking  and  approba- 
tion of  the  government  of  this  jurisdiction." 
lb.  253. 

In  the  following  year  (1679)  the  follow- 
ing entry  appears  in  the  records : 

"  In  reference  unto  severall  Indians 
bought  by  Jonathan  Hatch  of  Capt.  Church, 
the  brothers  of  the  woman,  desireing  shee 
might  be  released,  appeared  in  Court  with 
the  said  Jonathan  Hatch,  and  came  to 
composition  with  her  for  the  freedom  of 
both  her  and  her  husband,  which  are  two 
of  the  three  Indians  above  named  ;  and  her 
brothers  payed  on  that  accompt  the  sume 
of  three  pounds  silver  mony  of  New  Eng- 
land, and  have  engaged  to  pay  three 
pounds  more  in  the  same  specie,  and  then 
the  said  man  and  woman  are  to  be  released  ; 
and  for  the  third  of  the  said  Indians,  it 
being  younge,  the  Court  have  ordered, 
that  it  shall  abide  with  the  said  Jonathan 
Hatch  untill  it  attains  the  age  of  24  years, 
and  then  to  be  released  for  ever."  Ply- 
mouth Records,  VI.  15. 

It  were  well  if  the  record  were  no  worse, 
but  to  all  this  is  to  be  added  the  baseness 
of  treachery  and  falsehood.  Many  of  these 
prisoners  surrendered  and  still  greater 
numbers  came  in  voluntarily  to  submit 
upon  the  promise  that  they  and  their  wives 
and  children  should  have  their  lives  spared 
and  none  of  them  transported  out  of  the 
country.  In  one  instance,  narrated  by  the 
famous  Captain  Church  himself,  no  less  than 
u  eight  score  persons"  were  "  without  any 
regard  to  the  promises  made  them  on  their 
surrendering  themselves,  carried  away  to 
Plymouth,  there  sold  and  transported  out 

HIST.    MAG.      VOL.    VIII.       3. 


of  the  country."      Church,  23,  24,  41,  51, 
57. 

Nor  did  the  Christian  Indians  or  Praying 
Indians  escape  the  relentless  hostility  and 
cupidity  of  the  whites.  Besides  other  cru- 
elties, instances  are  not  wanting  in  which 
some  of  these  were  sold  as  slaves,  and 
under  accusations  which  turned,  out  to 
be  utterly  false  and  without  foundation. 
Gookin's  Hist,  of  the  Christian  Indians. 

Some  of  them  are  probably  referred  to 
by  Eliot,  in  his  letter  to  Boyle,  Nov.  27, 
1683,  in  which  he  says,  "I  desire  to  take 
boldness  to  propose  a  request.  A  vessel 
carried  away  a  great  number  of  our  sur- 
prised Indians,  in  the  times  of  our  wars,  to 
sell  them  for  slaves;  but  the  nations,  whith- 
er she  went,  would  not  buy  them.  Finally, 
she  left  them  at  Tangier ;  there  they  be, 
so  many  as  live,  or  are  born  there.  An 
Englishman,  a  mason,  came  thence  to  Bos- 
ton, he  told  me  they  desired  I  would  use 
some  means  for  their  return  home.  I  know 
not  what  to  do  in  it ;  but  now  it  is  in  my 
heart  to  move  your  honour,  so  to  meditate, 
that  they  may  have  leave  to  get  home, 
either  from  thence  hither,  or  from  thence 
to  England,  and  so  to  get  home.  If  the 
Lord  shall  please  to  move  your  charitable 
heart  herein,  I  shall  be  obliged  in  great 
thankfulness,  and  am  persuaded  that  Christ 
will,  at  the  great  day,  reckon  it  among 
your  deeds  of  charity  done  unto  them,  for 
his  name's  sake."     M.  JET.  S.  Coll.,  III.  183. 

Cotton  Mather  furnishes  another  extract 
appropriate  in  this  connection. 

"  Moreover,  'tis  a  Prophesy  in  Dent.  28, 
68.  The  lord  shall  bring  thee  into  Egypt 
again  with  ships,  by  the  way  ichereof  I 
spake  unto  thee.  Thou  shalt  see  it  no  more 
again;  and  there  shall  ye  be  sold  unto 
your  Enemies,  and  no  Man  shall  buy  you. 
This  did  our  Eliot  imagine  accomplished, 
when  the  Captives  taken  by  us  in  our  late 
Wars  upon  them,  were  sent  to  be  sold,  in 
the  Coasts  lying  not  very  remote  from  Egypt 
on  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and  scarce  any 
Chapmen  would  offer  to  take  them  off." 
Mather's  Magnolia,  Book  III.,  Part  III. 

Mr.  Everett,  in  one  of  the  most  elabo- 
rate of  his  finished  and  beautiful  orations, 
has  narrated  the  story  of  two  of  the  last 


26 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Jan., 


Captives  in  that  famous  war,  in  a  passage 
of  surpassing  eloquence  which  we  venture 
to  quote : 

"  President  Mather,  in  relating  the  en- 
counter of  the  1st  of  August,  1676,  the  last 
but  one  of  the  war,  says  'Philip  hardly- 
escaped  with  his  life  also.  He  had  fled 
and  left  his  peage  behind  him,  also  his 
squaw  and  son  were  taken  captive,  and  are 
now  prisoners  at  Plymouth.  Thus  hath 
God  brought  that  grand  enemy  into  great 
misery  before  he  quite  destroy  him.  It 
must  needs  be  bitter  as  death  to  him  to 
lose  his  wife  and  only  son  (for  the  Indians 
are  marvellous  fond  and  aifectionate  to- 
wards their  children)  besides  other  rela- 
tions, and  almost  all  his  subjects,  and 
country  also.' 

"  And  what  was  the  fate  of  Philip's  wife 
and  his  son  ?  This  is  a  tale  for  husbands 
and  wives,  for  parents  and  children.  Young 
men  and  women,  you  cannot  understand  it. 
What  was  the  fate  of  Philip's  wife  and 
child  ?  She  is  a  woman,  he  is  a  lad.  They 
did  not  surely  hang  them.  No,  that  would 
have  been  mercy.  The  boy  is  the  grand- 
son, his  mother  the  daughter-in-law  of  good 
old  Massasoit,  the  first  and  best  friend  the 
English  ever  had  in  New  England.  Per- 
haps— perhaps  now  Philip  is  slain,  and  his 
warriors  scattered  to  the  four  winds,  they 
will  allow  his  wife  and  son  to  go  back — 
the  widow  and  the  orphan — to  finish  their 
days  and  sorrows  in  their  native  wilderness. 
They  are  sold  into  slavery,  West  Indian 
slavery!  an  Indian  princess  and  her  child, 
sold  from  the  cool  breezes  of  Mount  Hope, 
from  the  wild  freedom  of  a  New  England 
forest,  to  gasp  under  the  lash,  beneath  the 
blazing  sun  of  the  tropics !  '  Bitter  as 
death  ;'  aye,  bitter  as  hell !  Is  there  any 
thing, — I  do  not  say  in  the  range  of  hu- 
manity— is  there  anything  animated,  that 
would  not  struggle  against  this?"  JEve- 
rettfs  Address  at  Bloody  Brook,  1835 ; 
Church,  62,  63,  6V,  68. 

Well  might  the  poet  record  his  sympa- 
thy for  their  fate — 

"  Ah !  happier  they,  who  in  the  strife 
For  freedom  fell,  than  o'er  the  main, 
Those  who  in  galling  slavery's  chain 
Still  bore  the  load  of  hated  life, — 


Bowed  to  base  tasks  their  generous  pride, 
And  scourged  and  broken-hearted,  died  1" 

or  in  view  of  this  phase  of  civilization  and 
progress,  sigh  for  that  elder  state,  when 
all  were 

"  Free  as  nature  first  made  man, 
Ere  the  base  laws  of  servitude  began, 
When  wild  in  woods  the  noble  savage  ran." 

After  the  death  of  King  Philip,  some,  of 
the  Indians  from  the  west  and  south  of 
New  England  who  had  been  engaged  in 
the  war,  endeavored  to  conceal  themselves 
among  their  brethren  of  Penacook  who  had 
not  joined  in  the  war,  and  with  them  of  Os- 
sapy  and  Pigwackett  who  had  made  peace. 
By  a  "contrivance"  (as  Mather  calls  it) 
which  savors  strongly  of  treachery,  four 
hundred  of  these  Indians  were  taken  pri- 
soners, one  half  of  whom  were  declared  to 
have  been  accessories  in  the  late  rebellion, 
and  being  "  sent  to  Boston,  seven  or  eight 
of  them  who  were  known  to  have  killed 
any  Englishmen,  were  condemned  and 
hanged ;  the  rest  were  sold  into  slavery  in 
foreign  parts." 

Some  of  those  very  Indians,  who  were 
thus  seized  and  sold,  afterwards  made 
their  way  home,  and  found  opportunity  to 
satisfy  their  revenge  during  the  war  with 
the  French  and  Indians  known  as  King 
William's  War.  Belknap,  I.  143,  245; 
Mather's  Magnolia,  Book  VII.  55  (699). 

Edward  Randolph,  in  1676,  in  an  answer 
to  several  heads  of  enquiry,  &c,  stated  that 
there  were  "  not  albove  200  slaves  in  the 
colony,  and  those  are  brought  from  Guinea 
and  Madagascar."  Hutchinson's  Collec- 
tion of  Papers,  p.  485. 

Gov.  Andros  reported  that  the  slaves 
were  not  numerous  in  1678 — "not  many 
servants,  and  but  few  slaves,  proportionable 
with  freemen."      Col.  Hist.  III.  263. 

In  May,  1680,  Governor  Bradstreet  an- 
swered certain  Heads  of  Inquiry  from  the 
Lords  of  the  Committee  for  Trade  and 
Foreign  Plantations.  Among  his  state- 
ments are  the  following : 

"  There  hath  been  no  company  of  blacks 
or  slaves  brought  into  the  country  since  the 
beginning  of  this  plantation,  for  the  space 
of  iifty  years,  onely  one  small  Vessell  about 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


27 


two  yeares  since,  after  twenty  months 
voyage  to  Madagascar,  brought  hither 
betwixt  forty  and  fifty  Negroes,  most 
women  and  children,  sold  here  for  ten, 
£15  and  £20  apiece,  which  stood  the  mer- 
chant, in  near  £40  apiece :  Now  and  then, 
two  or  three  Negroes  are  brought  hither 
from  Barbados  and  other  of  his  Majestie's 
plantations,  and  sold  here  for  about  twenty 
pounds  apiece.  So  that  there  may  be 
within  our  Government  about  one  hun- 
dred or   one  hundred  and  twenty 

There  are  a  very  few  blacks  borne  here,  I 
think  not  above  six  at  the  most  in  a  year, 
none  baptized  that  I  ever  heard  of.  .  .  M. 
H.  S.  Coll.  III.  viii.  337. 

The  following  century  changed  the  re- 
cord. Many  "  companies"  of  slaves  were 
"brought  into  the  country"  and  the  in- 
stitution flourished  and  waxed  strong. 

The  royal  instructions  to  Andros,  when 
he  was  sent  out  in  1688,  as  Governor  of  New 
England,  required  him  to  "pass  a  law  for 
the  restraining  of  inhuman  severity  which 
ill  masters  or  overseers  may  be  used  by 
towards  the  Christian  servants  or  slaves  ; 
wherein  provision  is  to  be  made  that  the 
wilful  killing  of  Indians  and  Negroes  be 
punished  with  death,  and  a  fitt  penalty 
imposed  for  the  maiming  of  them."  Col. 
Doc.  III.  547. 

The  Law  of  1698,  chapter  6,  forbids 
trading  or  trucking  with  any  "  Indian, 
molato  or  negro  servant  or  slave,  or  other 
known  dissolute,  lewd,  and  disorderly  per- 
sons, of  whom  there  is  just  cause  of  sus- 
picion." 

Such  persons  were  to  be  punished  by 
whipping  for  so  trading. 

The  Law  of  1700,  chapter  13,  was  en- 
acted to  protect  the  Indians  against  the 
exactions  and  oppression,  which  some  of 
the  English  exercised  towards  them  "  by 
drawing  them  to  consent  to  covenant  or 
bind  themselves  or  children  apprentices  or 
servants  for  an  unreasonable  term,  on  pre- 
tence of  or  to  make  satisfaction  for  some 
small  debt  contracted  or  damage  done  by 
them."  Other  similar  acts  were  after- 
wards passed  in  1718  and  1725,  the  latter 
having  a  clause  to  protect  them  against 
kidnapping. 


In  1701,  the  Representatives  of  the  town 
of  Boston  were  "  desired  to  promote  the 
encouraging  the  bringing  of  white  ser- 
vants, and  to  put  a  period  to  Negroes 
being  slaves."     Drake's  Boston,  525. 

We  have  no  knowledge  of  the  efforts 
made  under  this  instruction  of  the  town  of 
Boston,  but  they  failed  to  accomplish 
anything.  Indeed,  the  very  next  enact- 
ment concerning  slavery  was  a  step  back- 
ward instead  of  an  advance  towards  re- 
form. 

The  law  of  1703,  chapter  2,  was  in 
restraint  of  the  emancipation  of  "  Molatto 
or  Negro  slaves."  Security  was  required 
against  the  contingency  of  these  persons 
becoming  a  charge  to  the  town,  and  "  none 
were  to  be  accounted  free  for  whom 
security  is  not  given."  This  act  was  still 
in  force  as  late  as  June,  1807,  and  con- 
tinued until  a  much  later  period  to  govern 
the  decisions  of  courts  affecting  the  set- 
tlement of  town  paupers. 

Chapter  4  of  the  same  year  prohibited 
Indian,  Negro  and  Molatto  servants  or 
slaves,  to  be  abroad  after  nine  o'clock  at 
night,  &c. 

The  Law  of  1705,  chapter  6,  "for  the 
better  preventing  of  a  Spurious  and  Mixt 
Issue,  &c. ;"  punishes  Negroes  and  Molat- 
toes  for  improper  intercourse  with  whites, 
by  selling  them  out  of  the  Province.  It 
also  punishes  any  Negro  or  Molatto  for 
striking  a  Christian,  by  whipping  at  the 
discretion  of  Justices  before  whom  he  may 
be  convicted.  It  also  prohibits  marriage 
of  Christians  with  Negroes  or  Molattoes — 
and  imposes  a  penalty  of  Fifty  Pounds 
upon  the  persons  joining  them  in  marriage. 
It  provides  against  unreasonable  denial  of 
marriage  to  Negroes  with  those  of  the 
same  nation,  by  any  Master — "  any  Law, 
Usage,  or  Custom,  to  the  contrary  not- 
withstanding." 

In  1780,  the  legislature  of  the  State  of 
Massachusetts  passed  an  "  Act  for  the 
orderly  solemnization  of  Marriage,"  by 
section  7  whereof  it  was  enacted  "  that  no 
person  authorized  by  this  act  to  marry 
shall  join  in  marriage  any  white  person 
with  any  Negro,  Indian  or  Mulatto,  under 
penalty    of   fifty    pounds;    and    all   such 


28 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Jan. 


marriages  shall  be  absolutely  null  and 
void." 

The  prohibition  continued  until  1843, 
when  it  was  repealed  by  a  special  "act 
relating  to  marriages  between  individuals 
of  certain  races." 

The  statute  of  1705  also  provided  an 
import  duty  of  four  pounds  per  head 
on  every  Negro  brought  into  the  Province 
from  and  after  the  1st  day  of  May,  1706, 
for  the  payment  of  which  both  the  vessel 
and  master  were  answerable.  A  drawback 
was  allowed  upon  exportation,  and  the 
like  advantage  was  allowed  to  the  pur- 
chaser of  any  Negro  sold  within  the 
Province,  in  case  of  the  death  of  his  Negro 
within  six  weeks  after  importation  or 
bringing  into  the  Province. 

In  1727,  the  traffic  in  slaves  appears  to 
have  been  more  an  object  in  Boston  than 
at  any  period  before  or  since,  and  in  the 
following  year  (1728)  an  additional  "  act 
more  effectually  to  secure  the  Duty  on 
the  importation  of  Negroes"  was  passed, 
by  which  more  stringent  regulations  were 
adopted  to  prevent  the  smuggling  of 
such  property  into  the  Province,  and  the 
drawback  was  allowed  on  all  negroes 
-dying  within  twelve  months. 

This  act  expired  by  its  own  limitation  in 
1735,  but  another  of  a  similar  character 
Avas  passed  in  1738,  which  recognised  the 
old  law  of  1705  as  being  still  in  force.  It 
reduced  the  time  for  the  drawback  on  the 
death  of  negroes  to  six  months  after  im- 
portation. 

Free  Negroes  not  being  allowed  to  train 
in  the  Militia,  an  act  passed  in  1707,  chap- 
ter 2,  required  them  to  do  service  on  the 
highways  and  in  cleaning  the  streets,  <fcc, 
as  an  equivalent.  The  same  act  prohibited 
them  to  entertain  any  servants  of  their 
own  color  in  their  houses,  without  per- 
mission of  the  respective  masters  or  mis- 
tresses. 

In  1712,  an  act  was  passed  prohibiting 
the  importation  or  bringing  into  the  Pro- 
vince any  Indian  servants  or  slaves.  The 
preamble  recites  the  bad  character  of  the 
Indians  and  other  slaves,  "  being  of  a 
malicious,  surley  and  revengeful  spirit; 
rude  and  insolent  in  their  behaviour,  and 


very  ungovernable."  A  glimpse  of  future 
reform  is  to  be  caught  in  this  act,  for  it 
recognises  the  increase  of  slaves  as  a 
"  discouragement  to  the  importation  of 
White  Christian  Servants.''  But  the  chief 
motive  of  the  act  was  in  the  peculiar  circum 
stances  of  the  Province  "  under  the  sor- 
rowful effects  of  the  Rebellion  and  Hos- 
tilities" of  the  Indians,  and  the  fact  that 
great  numbers  of  Indian  slaves  were  already 
held  in  bondage  in  the  Province  at  the  time. 

In  1727,  all  Indian,  Negro  and  Molatto 
servants  for  life  were  estimated  as  other 
Personal  Estate — viz:  Each  male  servant 
for  life  above  fourteen  years  of  age,  at 
fifteen  pounds  value ;  each  female  servant 
for  life,  above  fourteen  years  of  age,  at 
ten  pounds  value.  The  assessor  might 
make  abatement  for  cause  of  age  or  in- 
firmity. Indian,  Negro  and  Molatto  Male 
servants  for  a  term  of  years  were  to  be 
numbered  and  rated  as  other  property, 
and  not  as  Personal  Estate. 

In  1734  the  law  was  changed,  and  all 
Indian,  Negro  and  Molatto  servants,  as 
well  for  term  of  years  as  for  life,  were  in- 
cluded in  the  rateable  estates.  The  supply 
bills  for  1738,  1739,  1740,  directed  the 
assessors  to  estimate  Indian,  Negro  and 
Molatto  servants  proportion  ably,  as  other 
personal  estate,  according  to  their  sound 
judgment  and  discretion. 

An  Indian  girl  brought  fifteen  pounds, 
at  Salem,  in  August,  1710.  CoM.  Essex 
Institute.  I.  14.  The  highest  price  paid 
for  any  of  a  cargo  brought  into  Boston 
in  1727,  was  eighty  pounds.  Felfs  Salem  : 
II.  416. 

"The  Guinea  Trade,"  as  it  was  called 
then,  since  known  and  branded  by  all 
civilized  nations  as  piracy,  whose  begin- 
nings we  have  noticed,  continued  to 
flourish  under  the  auspices  of  Massachusetts 
merchants  down  through  the  entire  colonial 
period,  and  long  after  the  boasted  Declara- 
tion of  Rights  in  1780  had  terminated 
the  legal  existence  of  slavery  within  the 
limits  of  that  State.  Felt's  Salem  :  II.  230, 
261,  265,  288,  292,  296.  Those  who  are 
curious  to  see  what  the  instructions 
given  by  respectable  merchants  in  Mas- 
sachusetts to  their  slave  captains  were  in 


18G4.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


29 


the  year  1785  will  find  them  in  FelVs 
Salem,  II.  239-90  ;  probably  the  only  speci- 
men extant.  The  slaves  purchased  in  Af- 
rica were  chiefly  sold  in  the  West 
Indies,  or  in  the  Southern  colonies;  but 
when  these  markets  were  glutted,  and  the 
price  low,  some  of  them  were  brought  to 
Massachusetts.  The  statistics  of  the  trade 
are  somewhat  scattered,  and  it  is  difficult 
to  bring  them  together,  but  enough  is 
known  to  bring  the  subject  home  to  us. 
In  1795,  one  informant  of  Dr.  Belknap 
could  remember  two  or  three  entire  car- 
goes, and  the  Doctor  himself  remembered 
one  somewhere  between  1755  and  1765 
which  consisted  almost  wholly  of  children. 
Sometimes  the  vessels  of  the  neighboring 
colony  of  Rhode  Island,  after  having  sold 
their  prime  slaves  in  the  West  Indies, 
brought  the  remnants  of  their  cargoes  to 
Boston  for  sale.      Coll.  M.  H.  S.  I.  iv.  197. 

The  records  of  the  slave-trade  and  sla- 
very everywhere  are  the  same — the  same 
disregard  of  human  rights,  the  same  in- 
difference to  suffering,  the  same  contempt 
for  the  oppressed  races,  the  same  hate  for 
those  who  are  injured.  It  has  been  as- 
serted that  the  miseries  of  slavery  were 
mitigated,  and  that  especially  in  Massachu- 
setts, some  of  its  worst  features  were  un- 
known. But  the  record  does  not  bear  out 
the  suggestion. 

The  first  newspaper  published  in  Ame- 
rica illustrates  among  its  advertisements 
the  peculiar  features  of  the  institution  to 
which  we  refer,  and  in  its  scanty  columns 
of  intelligence  may  be  found  thrilling  ac- 
counts of  the  barbarous  murders  of  mas- 
ters and  crews  by  the  hands  of  their  slave 
cargoes.  The  case  of  the  Amistad  ne- 
groes had  its  occasional  parallel  in  the 
colonial  history  of  the  traffic — excepting 
that  the  men  of  New  England  had  a  sym- 
pathy at  home  in  the  17th  and  18th  cen- 
turies, which  was  justly  withheld  from 
their  Spanish  and  Portuguese  imitators  in 
the  19th.  As  the  advantages  of  adver- 
tising came  to  be  understood,  the  descrip- 
tions of  slave  property  became  more  fre- 
quent and  explicit. 

Negro  men,  women,  and  children  were 
mixed  up    in  the    sales  with   wearing   ap- 


parel, Gold  Watches  and  other  Goods — 
"  very  good  Barbados  Rum"  is  offered 
with  "a  young  negro  that  has  had  the 
Small  Pox" — and  competitors  offer  "  Likely 
negro  men  and  women  just  arrived" — 
"negro  men  new  and  negro  boys  who  have 
been  in  the  country  some  time,''  and  also 
"just  arrived,  a  choice  parcel  of  negro 
boys  and  girls."  "A  likely  negro  man 
bom  in  the  country  and  bred  a  Farmer, 
fit  for  any  service,"  "  a  negro  woman  about 
22  years  old,  with  her  boy  about  5  months," 
&c,  and  a  "likely  negro  woman  about  19 
years  and  a  child  about  six  months  of  age 
to  be  sold  together  or  apart"  must  conclude 
these  extracts. 

At  this  point  it  may  be  necessary  to 
interpose  a  caution  with  reference  to  the 
judgment  which  may  be  pronounced  against 
the  policy  which  has  been  illustrated  in 
these  notes ;  and  a  recent  writer  of  English 
history  has  so  clearly  stated  our  own  views 
that  his  language  requires  very  little  change 
here. 

It  would  be  to  misread  history  and  to 
forget  the  change  of  times,  to  see  in  the 
Fathers  of  New  England  and  their  suc- 
cessors mere  commonplace  slavemongers ; 
to  themselves  they  appeared  as  the  elect  to 
whom  God  had  given  the  heathen  for  an 
inheritance ;  they  were  men  of  stern  in- 
tellect and  fanatical  faith,  who  believing 
themselves  the  favourites  of  Providence, 
imitated  the  example  and  assumed  the 
privileges  of  the  chosen  people,  and  for 
their  wildest  and  worst  acts  they  could 
claim  the  sanction  of  religious  conviction. 
In  seizing  and  enslaving  Indians,  and  trad- 
ing for  negroes,  they  were  but  entering 
into  possession  of  the  heritage  of  the  saints  ; 
and  New  England  had  to  outgrow  the 
theology  of  the  Elizabethan  Calvinists 
before'it  could  understand  that  the  Father 
of  Heaven  respected  neither  person  nor 
color,  and  that  his  arbitrary  favor— if 
more  than  a  dream  of  divines — was  con- 
fined to  spiritual  privileges.  Compare 
Fronde's  Hist,  of  England:  viii.  480. 

It  was  not  until  the  struggle  on  the 
part  of  the  colonists  themselves  to  throw 
off  the  fast  closing  shackles  of  British 
oppression  culminated  in   open  resistance 


30 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Jan.. 


to  the  mother  country,  that  the  inconsis- 
tency of  maintaining  slavery  with  one 
hand  while  pleading  and  striking  for 
freedom  with  the  other,  compelled  a  re- 
luctant and  gradual  change  in  public 
opinion  on  this  subject. 

It  is  true  that  at  no  period  of  her  his- 
tory was  Massachusetts  without  her  "pro- 
testants"  against  the  wThole  system ;  but 
their  example  was  powerless  in  their  day 
and  generation.  The  words  and  thoughts 
of  a  Williams,  an  Eliot,  a  Sewall,  and  a  Dud- 
ley, fell  unheeded  and  unnoticed  on  the  ears 
and  hearts  of  the  magistrates  and  people  of 
their  day,  as  the  acorn  fell  two  centuries 
ago  in  the  forests  by  which  they  were 
surrounded.  e.  t.  e. 


JOHN  CAMPBELL, 


THE   PUBLISHER   OF   THE   FIRST   REGULAR   AMERICAN 
NEWSPAPER. 

On  looking  over  the  remarkable  collec- 
tion of  autograph  letters  and  other  historical 
documents  belonging  to  Peter  Force, 
Esq.,  relative  to  the  early  history  of  this 
country,  I  found  two  autograph  memorials 
of  John  Campbell,  who  started  the  first 
regular  newspaper  on  this  continent ;  they 
are  probably  unique.  With  the  kind  per- 
mission of  Mr.  Force,  I  have  made  exact 
copies  of  them  for  the  Historical  Maga- 
zine. 

As  New  York  has  recently  honored  the 
memory  of  her  first  printer  and  publisher, 
Wm.  Bradford,  a  short  sketch  of  the 
pioneer  Boston  newspaper  publisher  may 
be  excused.  It  appears  he  was  a  Scotch- 
man, the  Postmaster  of  Boston,  and  started 
the  Boston  News-Letter  "  April  17  to  24, 
1704."  It  was  printed  in  a  half  sheet  of 
old-fashioned  pot  paper,  in  small  pica  type. 
The  first  page  of  No.  1  is  filled  with  an  ex- 
tract from  "The  London  Flying  Post," 
respecting  the  Pretender  (who  styled  him- 
self James  VIII.  of  Scotland,)*  sending 
Popish  missionaries  from  France  into  Scot- 
land, by  which  the  kingdoms  of  England 
and  Scotland  were  endangered.  The 
Queen's  Speech  to  both  Houses    of  Par- 


liament on  the  occasion ;  a  few  articles 
under  the  Boston  head  ;  four  short  para- 
graphs of  marine  intelligence  from  New 
York,  Philadelphia,  and  New  London ; 
and  one  advertisement,  form  its  whole  con- 
tents. The  advertisement  is  from  Camp- 
bell, the  publisher  of  the  paper,  and  is  as 
follows : 

"The  News-Letter  is  to  be  published 
weekly ;  and  all  Persons  who  have  any 
Houses,  Lands,  Tenements,  Farmes,  Ships, 
Vessels,  Goods,  Wares,  or  Merchandises, 
&c  to  be  Sold  or  Lett ;  or  Servants  Run- 
away ;  or  Goods  Stoll  or  Lost  may  have  the 
same  Inserted  at  a  Reasonable  Rate  ;  from 
12d.  to  5s.  and  not  to  exceed  ;  Who  may 
agree  with  Nicholas  JBoone  for  the  same  at 
his  Shop  next  door  to  Major  Davis's, 
Apothecary  in  Boston  near  the  Old  Meet- 
ing House." 

The  News-Letter  was  carried  on  by 
Campbell  till  1722,  when  he  transferred 
his  interest  to  B.  Green.  The  latter  died 
in  1733,  when  the  paper  was  continued  by 
John  Draper,  his  son-in-law,  till  1762  ;  and 
after  several  changes,  its  publication  ceased 
in  1776,  when  the  British  evacuated  Bos- 
ton,— seventy-two  years  in  all.  It  was  the 
first  regular  newspaper  published  in  Ame- 
rica, and  the  only  one  printed  in  Boston 
during  its  siege.  Many  able  Tory  writers 
filled  its  pages  in  the  political  discussions 
that  culminated  in  the  American  Revolu- 
tion. 

Campbell,  the  original  proprietor,  died 
about  five  years  after  he  transferred  his 
right  to  Green.  His  death  is  thus  men- 
tioned in  the  News -Letter  of  March  7, 
1728: 

"  On  Monday  Evening  last,  the  4th  cur- 
rant, about  8  a  Clock  died  here  John 
Campbell,  Esq  Aged  75  Years,  formerly 
Post  Master  in  this  place,  Publisher  of  the 
Boston  News-Letter  for  many  Years,  and 
One  of  His  Majesty's  Justices  of  the  Peace 
for  the  county  of  Suffolk." 

Here  follow  Mr.  Campbell's  memorials : 

To  His  Excellency  Joseph  Dudley  Esqr. 
Capt  Generall  And  Governour  In  Chief  in 
and  over  Her  Maj's.  Province  of  New 
Hampshire  &c  And  to  the  Honble  Her 
Maj's.  Council 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


31 


The  Humble  Petition  of  John  Campbell, 
Post-Master  of  New  England, 
Showeth 

That  Whereas  yor.  Petitioner,  has  had 
a  yearly  Allowance  from  this  Government, 
the  better  to  enable  him  to  discharge  his 
Trust,  in  the  management  of  sd  Office, 
And  taking  due  care  of  the  Publick  Letters, 
which  saves  this  Colony  Considerably  in  a 
year,  seeing  that  the  Income  by  the  sd 
office  are  not  yet  able  to  allow  him  a  Com- 
petent Sallary  for  the  same, 

Your  Petitioner  also  having  last  year 
sett  on  Foot  a  Weekly  Letter  of  Intelli- 
gence for  Foreign  and  Domestic  occur- 
rences expecting  that  the  Income  thereby, 
being  sett  a  Moderate  Rate  would  be  suf- 
ficient to  defray  the  necessary  charge 
Thereof,  the  which  it  did  not  do,  And 
several  Gentlemen  Merchts.  and  others 
being  willing  it  should  be  continued,  have 
agreed  to  contribute  Toward  its  support, 
yet  notwithstanding  there  are  not  a  com- 
petent number  to  carry  it  on,  And  it  being 
found  of  Publick  use  and  service  to  the 
country. 

Your  Petitioner  therefore  most  Humbly 
Prays,  That  your  Excellency  and  Honble. 
Council  will  be  pleased  to  take  the  premises 
into  yor.  most  Mature  and  wise  considera- 
tion and  Grant  yor.  Petitioner  such  allow- 
ance and  Encouragement  as  may  enable 
him  in  the  discharge  of  both  Trusts. 

And  yor.  Petitioner  as  In  Duty  bound 
Shall  ever  Pray  being  always 

Yor.  Excellency's  and  Honours  most 
Humble,  most  obedient  and  faithful  Servant 

John  Campbell. 
[Endorsed] 

John  Campbell's  petition 
Postmaster 
1705. 

To  His  Excelly.  Joseph  Dudley  Esqr. 
Capt.  Generall  Govr.  In  Chief  In  and  over 
Her  Maj's.  Province  of  New  Hampshire 
&c  And  to  The  Honble  Her  Maje's  Council 

The  Humble  Petition  of  John  Campbell 
Post-Master  of  N.  England 
Showeth 

That  Whereas  your  Petitioner  has  had 
no  allowance  since  the  First  of  Febry. 
Seventeen  Hundred  &  three,  for  his  extra- 


ordinary Services  and  care  about  the  Pub- 
lic Letters,  in  giving  Due  dispatch  to  the 
same, 

Your  Petitioner  therefore  most  Humbly 
prays 

That  your  Excellency  and  Honours  will 
be  Pleased  to  take  the  same  into  your  most 
mature  Consideration  and  grant  your  Peti- 
tioner allowance  to  encourage  him  in  said 
Duty  for  the  future,  and  yor.  Petitioner  as 
in  Duty  bound  Shall  ever  pray,  being  all- 
ways 

Yor.  Excelly 's.  and  Honours  most  obe- 
dient &  faithful  servant 

John  Campbell^, 
[Endorsed] 

Petition 

John  Campbell 
RdMay  1705. 

Read  and  allowed  6th  in  Council. 

[The  sum  allowed  is  very  obscure ;  it  may 
be  6s.  or  £6.     It  looks  like  6ts  in  the  MS.] 

J.  B.  K. 

Washington,  D.C. 


EARLY  CONGRESSIONAL  CUSTOMS. 

The  late  movement  in  the  House  of  Re- 
presentatives for  inviting  Cabinet  Officers 
to  take  seats  in  the  House,  make  explana- 
tions, and  take  part  in  debates  relating 
to  their  particular  branches  of  the  Govern- 
ment, as  is  done  in  the  British  Parliament, 
brings  to  mind  the  early  practice  of  the 
Senate  on  this  subject. 

When  the  government  was  first  organ- 
ized under  the  Constitution,  in  New  York, 
in  1789,  it  was  customary  for  the  Senate  to 
sit  with  closed  doors  in  all  cases,  legislative 
and  executive.  This  practice  continued 
till  the  20th  of  February,  1794,  when  the 
contested  election  of  Albert  Gallatin  was 
under  discussion.  It  was  then  directed,  by 
a  vote  of  19  to  8,  "  that  suitable  galleries 
be  provided  for  the  Senate  chamber,  and 
that  the  same  be  opened  every  morning, 
except  in  such  cases  as  in  the  opinion  of  the 
Senate  require  secrecy." 

In  forming  treaties  and  in  making  ap- 
pointments, the  "  advice  and  consent"  of 
the  Senate  is  required  by  the  Constitution. 


32 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Jan., 


Washington  very  naturally  gave  these 
words  their  obvious  meaning,  and  thought 
the  advice  and  consent  should  be  obtained 
beforehand.  In  executive  sessions,  there- 
fore, he  attended  the  Senate  in  person,  and 
took  the  presiding  officer's  chair.  The 
latter  was  assigned  a  chair  on  the  floor 
of  the  Senate,  and  was  considered  as 
the  immediate  presiding  officer ;  he  put  all 
questions  to  the  Senators,  who  answered 
Aye  or  No.  The  President  consulted  the 
Senate  beforehand,  upon  the  negotiation 
of  Indian  Treaties,  and  had  the  Secretary 
of  War  present  to  give  all  necessary  expla- 
nations. The  other  Secretaries  attended 
the  Senate  when  required  to  bring  papers 
and  give  explanations  ;  a  method  now  sup- 
planted by  their  Annual  Reports.  The 
early  Senators  thought  the  former  mode 
the  best  to  obtain  the  exact  information 
wanted,  and  the  best  security  against  the 
appointment  of  incompetent  Secretaries. 

Other  customs  connected  with  the  inau- 
guration of  a  new  President  have  fallen  into 
disuse ;  such  as  the  proclamation  by  the 
Chief  Justice,  after  administering  the  oath, 
"  Long  live  George  Washington,  President 
of  the  United  States !" — the  President  then 
repairing  to  church  to  attend  divine  ser- 
vice, accompanied  by  both  Houses  of  Con- 
gress— then  re-conducted  to  his  own  house 
by  a  Committee  of  both  Houses — and  the 
Answer  to  the  Inaugural  Address  by  the 
House. 

Instead  of  taking  the  "  advice"  or  asking 
the  "  consent"  of  the  Senate  beforehand  in 
the  formation  of  treaties,  for  many  years 
they  have  been  generally  negotiated  with- 
out even  the  knowledge  of  Senators,  and 
then  their  ratification  urged  as  an  admi- 
nistrative measure. 

A  Col.  Fishbourne,  having  been  nomi- 
nated as  Collector  of  Savannah,  was  re- 
jected by  the  Senate  at  the  wishes  of  the 
Georgia  Senators,  who  preferred  another 
man.  Washington  was  evidently  annoyed 
by  this  rejection,  as  the  Colonel  had  been  a 
iavorite  officer  with  him  during  the  Revo- 
lution ;  and  it  is  asserted  he  never  presided 
at  any  more  executive  sessions,  and  the 
attendance  of  his  Secretaries  also  soon  fell 
into  disuse. 


When  John  Quincy  Adams  was  Secre- 
tary of  State  in  1822,  he  entered  the  House, 
it  was  said,  to  request  some  member  to 
make  a  call  for  a  certain  paper  connected 
with  his  famous  controversy  then  pending 
with  Jonathan  Russell  respecting  the  Fish- 
ery question  at  the  treaty  of  Ghent.  His 
political  opponents  in  the  violent  Presi- 
dential campaign  then  opening,  affected  to 
consider  his  presence  in  the  House  a  great 
violation  of  "  the  proprieties  of  his  posi- 
tion." 

President  Polk  consulted  the  Senate  in 
the  formation  of  the  Oregon  Treaty  of 
1846,  asking  their  advice  beforehand  on 
the  point  of  establishing  the  boundary  line 
with  Great  Britain  on  the  parallel  of  49°. 

Secretary  Chase  was  frequently  in  attend- 
ance in  one  of  the  Committee  rooms  of  the 
Senate  during  the  session  of  the  last  Con- 
gress, when  his  important  financial  mea- 
sures were  under  discussion.  How  much 
more  direct  and  satisfactory  for  the  Secre- 
tary to  have  been  present  in  the  House, 
and  given  all  necessary  explanations  in 
person.  j.  b.  e. 

Washington,  D.  O. 


|tate  anft  %mm. 


Phillis  Wheatley,  the  Negro-Slave 
Poet. — The  recent  appearance  in  print  of 
the  poetical  writings  of  Phillis,  the  negro 
servant  of  Mr.  John  Wheatley  of  Boston, 
leads  me  to  present  at  this  time  a  few  facts 
relating  to  this  remarkable  woman,  which 
are  not  generally  known,  and  which  have 
escaped  the  notice  of  her  biographers. 

Phillis  is  supposed  to  have  been  about 
seven  years  of  age  when  she  was  stolen 
from  her  parents  in  Africa  and  brought  to 
Boston  in  the  year  1761,  to  be  sold  as  a 
slave.  Fortunately,  at  that  time  a  bene- 
volent woman,  the  wife  of  John  Wheatley, 
a  tailor  dwelling  in  Boston,  was  in  need  of 
a  domestic  possessing  traits  of  disposition 
which  would  make  her  an  agreeable  com- 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


33 


panion  rather  than  a  drudge  and  servant 
of  all  work.  Phillis,  being  of  feeble  con- 
stitution, and  very  gentle  in  her  demeanor, 
appeared  to  be  just  the  person  Mrs.  Wheat- 
ley  required,  and  was,  therefore,  purchased 
of  the  slave-dealer  and  taken  home  ;  where, 
after  decent  clothing  superseded  her  mise- 
rable rags,  she  gave  evidence  of  vivacity  of 
genius,  a  superiority  of  intellect,  good  per- 
sonal appearance,  and  affectionate  disposi- 
tion, which  surprised  and  gratified,  not  only 
the  family  in  which  she  was  domesticated, 
but  also  the  principal  personages  of  the 
town,  who  were  frequent  visitors  to  Mr. 
Wheatley's  hospitable  mansion. 

The  family  consisted  then  of  Mr.  Wheat- 
ley,  his  wife  Susanna,  and  their  son  Na- 
thaniel and  daughter  Mary,  twins,  with  a 
few  slaves  who  had  grown  old  in  service, 
and  who  could  not  be  relied  upon  for  the 
time  when  the  young  folk  should  leave  the 
mansion  of  their  parents  to  become  the 
heads  of  other  families.  Miss  Mary,  then 
eighteen  years  old,  took  charge  of  the  new 
inmate  of  the  family,  and  so  rapid  was  the 
young  n egress  in  the  acquisition  of  learn- 
ing, that  in  less  than  a  year  and  a  half  after 
the  time  of  her  importation,  she  could  con- 
verse fluently  in  English,  a  language  she 
had  never  heard  spoken  before  she  was 
kidnapped,  and  could  read  and  correctly 
pronounce  the  most  difficult  passages  of 
the  sacred  writings ;  and  before  she  had 
been  under  pupilage  ten  years  she  wrote 
letters  and  poetry  that  astonished  the  lite- 
rary men  of  New  England,  who  were  then 
numerous,  and  had  acquired  for  the  metro- 
polis the  name  of  the  Modern  Athens. 

On  the  thirty-first  of  January,  1771,  when 
about  seventeen  years  of  age,  Phillis  was 
called  to  suffer  her  first  grief;  her  young 
mistress  was  taken  from  the  family  to  be- 
come the  wife  of  the  Rev.  John  Lathrop, 
the  pastor  of  the  second  church  in  Boston. 
The  event  may  have  led  her  to  the  step 
which  she  took  on  the  eighteenth  of  the 
following  August ;  for  then,  under  the 
simple  and  unpretending  name  of  Phillis, 
witt  no  surname  whatever,  she  became  a 
communicant  of  the  Old  South  Church  in 
Boston,  then  destitute  of  a  settled  minister. 


cellent  teachings  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Joseph 
Sewall.  About  this  time  Phillis  began  to  fail 
in  health,  and  in  the  fall  of  1773  her  de- 
cline became  so  apparent  that  by  the  advice 
of  friends  she  left  Boston  to  visit  England, 
in  company  with  Mr.  Nathaniel  Wheatley 
and  his  family,  he  going  to  London  to  open 
a  branch  of  his  mercantile  business,  which 
had  already  become  large  for  a  New  Eng- 
lander.  While  in  England  she  received 
much  attention  from  the  patrons  of  litera- 
ture ;  and  there  her  poems  were  published, 
and  were  bringing  her  into  considerable 
note,  when  she  was  recalled  to  Boston  to 
attend  her  mistress  in  her  last  hours. 

Mrs.  Wheatley,  her  kind  friend  as  well 
as  mistress,  died  in  the  sixty-fifth  year  of 
her  age,  on  the  third  of  March,  in  the  year 
1774,  and  Mr.  Wheatley  on  the  twelfth 
of  March,  1778,  aged  seventy-two.  This 
left  Phillis  alone.  Mary  was  the  wife 
of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Lathrop,  and  Mr.  Natha- 
niel was  married  and  residing  in  Lon- 
don. At  this  sad  hour  of  her  exist- 
ence she  became  acquainted  with  a  u  co- 
lored gentleman,"  John  Peters,  whom 
she  married  in  April,  1778,  about  a  month 
after  her  kind  master's  decease.  He  was 
indeed  a  colored  gentleman,  for  report  says 
of  him  that  he  kept  store,  wore  a  wig,  and 
carried  a  cane,  and  felt  himself  superior  to 
all  kinds  of  labor.  At  the  time  of  her  mar- 
riage she  was  styled  "  a  free  negro,"  and 
it  is  supposed  that  Mrs.  Lathrop,  who  be- 
came her  owner  at  the  decease  of  her  father, 
gave  her  her  freedom,  perhaps  in  words  si- 
milar to  those  of  the  Rev.  Increase  Mather, 
who  manumitted  his  slave  withthefollowing 
words  in  his  will  :  "It  is  ray  mind  and  will 
that  my  negro  servant  called  Spaniard  shall 
not  be  sold  after  my  decease,  but  I  do  then 
give  him  his  liberty — let  him  then  be  es- 
teemed a  4  i'vee  negro.'  " 

Sadder  times,  however,  came  to  Phillis. 
.V  few  months  later  she  lost  her  kind  young 
friend  ;  for  Mrs,  Lathrop  died  at  the  age 
of  twenty-five  on  the  twenty-fourth  of  Sep- 
tember, 1778,  and  she  was  left  entirely  to 
her  miserable  husband,  who  proved  to  be 
improvident,  failing  in  business,  and  be- 
too  lazv  to  do  anything  that  would 


coming 
but  which  had  lately  experienced  the  ex- 1  conduce  to  her  comfort  in  the  days  of  her 

HIST.  MAG.       VOL.  VIII.  4 


34 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Jan. 


sickness  and  sorrow.  In  the  summer  of 
1788  Mr.  Nathaniel  Wheatley  also  died, 
the  last  of  her  natural  protectors,  and  about 
this  time  she  lost  two  of  the  three  children 
born  to  her  while  she  temporarily  dwelt  in 
Wilmington,  Mass.  And  now  her  disease 
rapidly  increased,  and  on  the  fifth  of  De- 
cember, 1788,  at  the  early  age  of  thirty-one 
years,  poor  Phillis  Peters,  alias  Wheatley, 
drew  her  last  breath,  and  soon,  together 
with  her  last  offspring,  which  seemed  to 
have  been  left  till  then  to  make  the  occa- 
sion more  mournful,  was  carried  to  her  last 
earthly  resting-place,  without  one  of  the 
friends  of  her  prosperity  to  follow  her,  and 
without  a  stone  to  mark  her  grave. 

All  that  is  known  of  the  death  and  burial 
of  this  talented  person  may  be  summed  up 
in  the  following  notice  published  on  the 
Thursday  succeeding  her  decease,  in  the 
Independent  Chronicle:  "  Last  Lord's  day, 
died  Mrs.  Phillis  Peters,  (formerly  Phillis 
Wheatley,)  aged  31,  known  to  the  literary 
world  by  her  celebrated  miscellaneous  po- 
ems. Her  funeral  is  to  be  this  afternoon,  at 
4  o'clock,  from  the  house  lately  improved 
by  Mr.  Todd,  nearly  opposite  Dr.  Bulfinch's 
at  West  Boston,  where  her  friends  and  ac- 
quaintances are  desired  to  attend."  Could 
the  spot  of  her  burial  be  found,  there- could 
be  no  more  befitting  epitaph  than  the  words 
from  her  own  pen — 

Remember,  Christians,  negroes  black  as  Cain 
May  be  refined,  and  join  the  angelic  train. 

N.  B.  S. 


CURIOUS      LETTER     OP     CORNPLANTER,     THE 
INDIAN  CHIEF,  FROM  THE  IRVINE  PAPERS. 

Ginashadgo,  24  May,  1794. 

Sir: — I  have  Returned  home  safe.  I 
wrote  a  letter  to  you,  (hope  you  received 
it,)  in  Regard  to  the  British  sending  a  man 
to  Catarogaras  &  he  sent  for  me— I  went 
to  see  him,  not  him  alone,  but  likewise  the 
Moncyes  Respecting  the  man  that  was 
killed  at  French-creek  as  you  wrote  to  me 
concerning  that  bnisness. 

Brother  this  man  that  sent  for  me  to 
Catarogaias  wanted  to  know  what  we  were 
about,  it  seemed  to  him  as  if  we  were  hide- 
ing  ourselves,     I  spoke  to  him,  <fc  told  him 


the  reason  of  our  Hiding  our  selves — That 
the  White  People  think  that  we  are  No- 
body— I  have  told  him  every  thing  from 
the  Begining.  That  the  Six  Nations  could 
not  be  heard  By  any  Body — This  was  all 
passed  betwen  this  British  man  &  myself 
— his  Name  is  Wm.  Johnston. 

Brother  then  I  spoke  to  the  Moncyes  in 
Regard  of  your  writing  to  me  to  help  you, 
and  I  asked  their  minds  as  the  Tommy- 
hawk  was  Sticking  in  their  Heads. — Then 
the  Moneys  Spoke  &  told  me  they  was  not 
Drunk  about  this  affair — As  you  writ  to 
me,  and  told  me  You  wanted  to  make  our 
minds  easy  about  this  Affair. — As  you  Writ 
to  me  that  you  wanted  our  minds  easy — 
It  Shall  be  so — This  is  all  I  have  to  say  this 
present  time  about  it. 

As  I  went  there  every  thing  happened 
Right,  &  you  will  hear  a  little  what  Bears- 
Oil  Chief  said  as  he  was  sent  there  by  the 
Chiefs  of  Conniatt  (Conyaut)  I  send  You 
three  Strings  of  Wampum  given  to  me  by 
Bears  Oil  Chief  &  his  words  were  that  God 
almighty  had  mad  day  and  Night,  and 
when  he  saw  me  it  appeared  to  him  as  if 
it  was  Daylight — Brother  says  Bears  Oil, 
my  mind  is  very  uneasy  when  I  live  at 
Conneat  every  Summer  &  I  see  the  bad 
Indians  and  always  tell  them  not  to  inte- 
rupt  our  friends  this  Way. 

Bears  Oil  says  his  mind  is  very  uneasy 
and  the  Reason  is,  that  he  cannot  hardly 
keep  these  Western  Nations  back  any 
more,*  as  they  the  white  people  are  making- 
Forts  in  their  Country  and  another  thing 
Our  Worriors  &  Children  are  very  uneasy. 
They  say  that  they  cannot  go  out  of  Doors 
to  ease  themselves  for  Fear  of  Spoiling 
Gen1  Washington s  lands — &  that  may 
(which  must)  be  the  Reason  we  wiU  or  can 
(are  to)  be  Killed. — Bears  Oil  speeks  and 
says  he  was  sent  by  all  the  Chiefs,  &  they 
looked  out  which  was  the  best  way  for  him 
to  Go.  by  Water  their  was  a  lake  that  God 
almighty  had  made  for  every  Body  &  he 
hoped  that  Gen1  Washington  would  have 
Nothing  to  say  if  he  went  by  Water 

Now  Brothers  says  Bears  Oil  to  the  si.\ 
Nations  I  have  com  to  know  your  minds 
and  if  you  want  me  to  com  down  hear  to 
live,  I  shill  com,  and  I  send  you  five  strings 


>l 


<\ 


1864.J 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


35 


of  Wampum  as  his  speech  on  that  head — 
I  spoke  to  Bears  Oil  Chief  for  Wm.  Johns- 
ton to  help  him,  as  the  white  People  thinks 
Nothing  of  us,  Then  Johnston  spoke  and 
told  him  he  would  help  him,  and /or  (told) 
him  to  go  home  and  tell  his  Worriors  & 
Children  to  go  to  work,  plent  Corn  &  Git 
their  living — I  then  spoke  to  Bairs  Oil  my- 
self to  make  his  mind  Easy  &  go  home, 
and  if  he  See  (saw)  any  of  the  Western 
Nations  Going  to  war,  to  tell  them  not  to 
enterupt  any  Body  about  French-creek  or 
any  where  in  that  Country,!  and  if  he 
Should  see  them,  to  tell  them  to  go  Back, 
to  those  that  ware  at  war — I  told  Bears 
Oil  afterwards  that  if  You  dont  see  any  of 
them,  &  they  do  any  Mischief  we  cannot 
help  it — Then  after  that  I  Considered  & 
Dispached  Runners  to  Oswego  &  to  Buff- 
low-creek  &  to  the  Genessees  for  all  the 
Chiefs  to  Rise  and  Likewise  Gen1  Chapin 
Supiren*  of  Indian  affairs. 

Then  Mr  Johston  spoke  &  said  if  the  six 
Nations  went,  he  would  Go  with  them. — 
Their  is  but  Eight  Days  to  Com  when  they 
will  meet  at  tin's  Place  if  they  like  what  I 
have  said — Brothers  at  French-creek  if  it 
should  happen  that  they  dont  come  You 
must  not  Blame  me,  for  it  is  not  my  fault, 
Because  you  know  very  well  I  am  almost 
Tired  of  talking,  because,  none  of  you  will 
hear  me — It  will  be  but  a  few  Days  Before 
I  will  know  whether  they  are  Coming,  & 
if  they  are  Coming,  you  will  Know  it  Imea- 
deatly 

I  am  Your  friend  &  Brother 
his 
John  x  Obail 
mark 
(Cornplanter) 
j    Lieut.  John  Polhemus 

Commands  F  F 

I  wrote  you  Last  about  stoping  the 
Troops — I  hope  you  will  till  Affairs  is  (are) 
settled  X 


INDENTURE    OE   JOHN   PETER    ZENGER. 

[From  Indentures  of  Palatine  Children  in  Secretary  of  State's 
Office,  Albany,  N.  Y.] 


This  Indenture  made  the  Twenty  Sixth 
Day  of  October  Anno  Domini,  1710,  and 
in   the  Ninth    Year  of  the  Reign  of  our 


Sovereign  Lady  Anne  by  the  Grace  of  God 
of  Great  Britain,   France   and    Ireland, 
Queen,    Defender    of  the  Faith,  &c.     Be- 
tween   His    Excellency    Robert    Hunter, 
Esqr;    Capt.  General    and    Governour    in 
Chief  of  the  Provinces  of  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  and  Territories  depending  thereon 
in  America,  and  Vice-Admiral  of  the  same 
c&c.ofthe  one  part,  And    William  Brad- 
ford of  the  City  of  New  York  Printer  of 
the  other  part,  Whereas  his  said   Excel- 
lency in  Council  having   determined    the 
putting  out  of  the  Orphans  of  the  Palatines 
(and  some  of  those  other   Children  whose 
Parents  have  too  many  to  look  after  them 
and  mind  their  Labour)  for  a  certain  time, 
upon   the  Conditions  following,    (to  wit) 
The  Boys  till  they  arrive  at  the  Age  of 
Twenty  one  years,  and  the  Girls  till  they 
arrive  at  the  Age  of  Nineteen  years ;  The 
Persons  taking  them  entring  into  Inden- 
tures, and  Bond  with  Surety,  in  the  Secre- 
tary's Office,  to  provide  them  with  Good 
and  Wholesom  Meat,  Drink,  Lodging  and 
Cloathing,  and  at  the   Expiration    of  the 
time  to  Surrender  them  to  the    Govern- 
ment ;   his    Excellency   and    Council     en- 
gaging they   shall   respectively   serve    till 
they  arrive  at  the  Ages  aforesaid.     Now 
this    Indenture     Witnesseth,    That    John 
Peter    Zenger    of   the  Age   of    Thirteene 
Years  or   thereabouts,    Son    of  Hannah 
Zenger  Widow  One  of  the  Palatines  afore- 
said, of  his  own  free  and  Voluntary  Will  by 
the  Consent  of  his  said  Mother  and  also  By 
the  consent  and  approbation  of  his  Excel- 
lency, hath  put  him  self  out  to  the  said 
William  Bradford  his  Executors  and  Ad- 
ministrators with  him  and  them  to  dwell 
and  serve  from  the  day  of  the  date  hereof 
for  and  during  and  unto   the  full  end  and 
term  of  Eight  years  from  thence  next  en- 
suing and  fully  be  compleat  and  Ended,  for 
all    which  said  Term  of  Eight  years   the 
said   John  Peter  Zenger  the  said    William 
Bradford  his  Executors  and  Administra- 
tors well  and  truly  shall  serve   his  &  their 
Commands  lawful  and  honest  every  where 
he  shall  do  ;  The  Goods  oihis  said  Master 
his  Executors  or  Administrators  he  shall 
not  waste  or  destroy,  nor  from  the  Service 
of  his  said  Master  his  Executors  or  Ad- 


36 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[J, 


ministrators  day  nor  night  shall  absent  or 
prolong  him  self,  but  in  all  things  as  a  good 
and  faithful  Servant  shall  bear  and  behave 
him  self  towards  his  said  Master  his  Exe- 
cutors  &  Administrators  during  the  said 
Term   aforesaid.     And    the  said    William 
Bradford  for  him  self  his  Executors  and 
Administrators  and    every   of  them   doth 
Covenant,  Promise  and  Grant  to  and  with 
his  said  Excellency  and  his  Successors,  that 
he  the  said  William  Bradford  his  Execu- 
tors &  Administrators  shall  and  will  during 
all  the  said  Term  of  Eight  years  find  and 
provide  for  the   said   John  Peter  Zenger 
good,  sufficient  and  wholesom  Meat,  Drink 
and  Cloathing  ;  And  also  shall  and  will  at 
the  end  and  Expiration  of  the  said  Term  of 
Eight  years  Surrender  and  deliver  up  the 
said  John  Peter  Zenger,  well  Cloathed  to 
his  said  Excellency,  or  to  the  Governour  or 
Commander  in  Chief  of  the  said  Province 
of  New  York,  for  the  time  being.     In  Wit- 
ness whereof  his  said  Excellency  and  the 
said  William  Bradford  have  hereunto  In- 
terchangeably  set  their  Hands  and  Seals 
the  day  and  year  first  above  Written. 

Will  Bradford  [Seal.] 
Sealed  and  delivered  in  the 
Presence  of  {the  several  In- 
terlineations aforesaid  of  ye 
Words  Executors  and  Ad- 
ministrators being  first  In- 
terlined.) 

H.    WlLEMAN. 


The  Last  Survivor  of  Washington's 
Life  Guard. — Among  the  papers  of  my 
father  I  find  the  following  letter.  It  will 
be  remembered  that  about  1852  a  revolu- 
tionary soldier  named  Gibson  died  in 
Orange  County,  and  it  being  supposed  at 
the  time  that  he  was  the  last  of  the  Life 
Guard  of  Washington,  he  was  buried  in 
Greenwood  at  the  expense  of  one  of  the 
New  York  City  Regiments  and  with  mili- 
tary honor — having  lain  in  state  during  the 
day  prior  to  the  burial  in  the  Governor's 
Room  in  the  City  Hall.  He  claimed  for 
many  years  before  his  death  that  he  was 
not  only  one  of  the  Guard,  but  a  short 
time  before  his  decease  stated  to  the  Rev. 
Robert  Armstrong,  of  Newburgh,  that  he 


was  one  of  a  hundred  horsemen  (Life 
Guards)  who  escorted  Washington  to  Mt. 
Vernon  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution. 
Mr.  Armstrong  subsequently  published 
this  statement,  and  it  was,  I  think,  gene- 
rally credited.  My  father  (who  had  pre- 
viously published  several  articles  to  show 
that  the  Life  Guards  were  infantry  and 
not  mounted  men)  discredited  the  state- 
ment of  Gibson  as  to  the  escort  to  Mt. 
Vernon.  This  led  to  a  controversy  in  the 
Newburgh  papers  between  Mr.  E.  and  Mr. 
A.  as  to  the  fact  whether  the  Guards  were 
footmen  or  horsemen.  The  former  wrote 
to  George  Washington  Parke  Custis,  then 
at  Arlington  House,  detailing  the  state- 
ment of  Gibson  as  to  the  escort,  and  also 
asking  him  as  to  the  military  character  of 
the  Guards.  It  brought  the  following 
letter,  which  was  conclusive  upon  both 
points. 

The  real  survivor  of  the  Life  Guards  was 
Uzual  Knapp,  who  was  buried  at  the  Head 
Quarters  of  Washington  at  Newburgh.  The 
remains  of  his  wife  (whom  he  had  survived 
for  many  years)  were  subsequently  deposit- 
ed by  his  side.  The  graves  are  within  a 
few  steps  from  the  north-east  corner 
of  the  old  building.  A  portrait  of  Mr. 
Knapp  by  Charles  Rice,  Esq.,  hangs  in  the 
large  room  of  the  building.  I  believe  it  is 
the  only  likeness  ever  taken  of  him.  He 
was  an  exceedingly  intelligent  and  pleasant 
man,  of  small  stature,  though  compactly 
built,  and  with  one  of  the  finest  profiles  I 
ever  saw. 

Yours  truly, 

John  M.  Eager. 


Arlington  Hotrsis,  April  2,  1862. 

My  Dear  Sir, 

Yours  is  received.  The  story  told  by 
Gibson,  "the  old  Life  Guardsman,"  of 
Washington's  being  escorted  to  Mt.  Vernon 
in  1783  by  a  hundred  horsemen  is  a  fable. 

The  Life  Guards  was  a  corps  of  in- 
fantry. When  the  Chief  had  taken  leave 
of  his  officers  in  the  memorable  scene  at 
Francis'  Tavern,  he  proceeded  himself  on 
his  way  to  Annapolis,  then  the  seat  of  Go- 
vernment, and  there  to  resign  his  commis- 
sion, accompanied    only   by   two  aide-de- 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


37 


camps  and  three  serva?its.  Not  a  soldier 
of  any  sort!  He  tarried  with  Robert 
Morris — called  at  his  head-quarters  when 
v\  Philadelphia,  and  then  on  to  Annapolis. 

After  the  resignation  of  the  commission, 
Washington,  as  a  private  citizen,  accom- 
panied by  Colonel  Humphries  (one  of  his 
aide-de-camps  at  Yorktown),  called  at  my 
grandfather's,  the  Honorable  Benedict 
Calvert,  at  his  seat  in  Prince  George's 
County,  Maryland,  and  stayed  one  night,  and 
then  reached  Mt.  Vernon  on  the  next  day. 

During  the  journey  the  beloved  chief 
was  greeted  by  the  love,  gratitude,  and 
acclamation  of  the  people,  who  turned  out 
as  volunteers  to  bid  him  welcome  to  their 
hearts  and  homes,  and  everywhere  escort- 
ed him  from  place  to  place;  but  not  a 
single  Continental  soldier  escorted  him 
anywhere. 

Very  respectfully,  sir, 

your  obedient  servant, 

George  W.  P.  Custis. 
Hon.  Samuel  M  Eager,  Newburgh, 

New  York. 


Americanisms  in  German  English 
Dictionaries. — German  English  Diction- 
aries have  always  been  noted  as  receptacles 
for  slang,  inserted  not  as  slang  but  as 
genuine  English.  Taking  up  Elwell's  New 
and  Complete  American  Dictionary  of  the 
English  and  German  Languages,  New 
York,  1851,  I  have  been  amused  to  see 
what  amount  of  vulgarisms  has  been  thrust 
into  it  as  English. 

JVbt  by  a  jugfull,  is  favored  with  an  es- 
pecial heading. 

Clamshell,  is  given  as  one  of  the  equiva- 
lents of  mouth,  but  the  word  clam,  as  the 
name  of  a  shell  fish,  is  not. 

Boss,  is  given  as  a  noun  and  as  a  verb. 

Bubbler,  a  word  unknown  to  me,  is  given 
as  the  name  of  a  fish  in  Ohio. 

Buster. 

Burgoo,  is  given  as  a  preparation  of  oat- 
meal. 

Carpetwed,  as  a  creeping  plant. 

Cisco,  as  a  small  fish. 

Frough,  is  given  as  meaning  rancid. 

Fornient  is  interpreted  gegeniiber,  but  on 


looking  to  that  German  wrord  I  find  he  in- 
tended the  Irish  forninst  I 

Energize,  citizenize,  funkify,  noncom- 
mittalism,  and  many  similar  words  abound, 
and  the  pages  bristle  with  such  expressions 
as  fork  over,  hurry  up  the  cakes,  the  jig  is 
up,  jiminy,  killing,  to  kick  up  a  row, 
kinder,  kilter,  loaf,  lovyer. 

Spunk,  underwood,  improperly  called  in 
some  parts  punk,  is  given  only  in  the  incor- 
rect form. 

The  Indian  sled,  tabogan,  is  given  tar- 
boggin. 

The  book  is  worth  a  closer  examination 
than  I  have  taken  time  to  give  it,  by  any 
student  of  Americanisms.  i. 


The  Jurisdiction  of  the  Bishop  op 
London  in  America. — In  1*786,  Owen  Salis- 
bury Brereton,  Esq.,  exhibited  to  the  So- 
ciety of  Antiquaries  of  London  an  impres- 
sion of  a  seal  used  prior  to  the  reign  of 
George  I.  by  the  Bishop  of  London  for 
American  documents.  It  bore  the  legend, 
"  Sigillum  Episcopi  Londlnensis.  Pro 
comiss.  Americanis."  It  is  stated  in  Notes 
and  Queries  that  in  the  reign  of  George  I. 
this  question  was  referred  to  the  law  offi- 
cers of  the  crown  :  u  Whether  America 
was  so  far  to  be  deemed  within  the  diocese 
of  London,  that  the  bishop  thereof  had  all 
power  in  America  ?"  They  decided  that 
a  royal  patent  was  necessary  to  sustain 
such  a  power,  but  Dr.  Gibson,  Bishop  of 
London,  refused  to  take  out  a  patent. 

Revised  Statutes. — At  page  225,  vol. 
1,  of  the  5th  ed.  of  this  work,  the  beginning 
of  the  town  of  Lewis,  Essex  Co.,  is  stated 
to  be  "  where  the  river  Raquette  crosses 
the  town  line."  There  is  no  river  "Ra- 
quette" in  Essex  County.  The  river  of 
that  name  is  in  St.  Lawrence  Co.  The 
Essex  County  river  is  called  Boquet,  and 
it  ought  to  have  been  so  printed  in  the 
Statutes,  for  it  is  so  written  in  the  minute 
of  the  Board  of  Supervisors,  which  is 
quoted. 

In  the  same  vol.,.  p.  206,  the  town  of 
Gilboa  is  described  as  beginning  at  the 
mouth  of  the  "  Mauer"  Kill.  It  should  have 
been  printed  Manor  KM. 


38 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[j£ 


Resolved  Waldron's  will  was  proved 
1st  June,  1761.  He  left  the  following 
children :  John,  Jacob,  Adrian,  Anne, 
Elizabeth,  Peggy,  Caty.  Anne  m.  Strauts 
Springstein ;  Elizabeth  m.  Patrick  Kine ; 
Peggy  married  Abraham  Lent,  and  Caty 
m.  Alexander  Buleen.  Jacob  settled  even- 
tually at  Haverstraw,  Orange  County,  near 
Strong  Point,  on  lands  inherited  from  his 
father.  It  may  be  well  to  preserve  these 
particulars  of  the  descendants  of  one  of 
Gov.  Stuyvesant's  ambassadors  to  Vir- 
ginia, e.  b.  o'c. 

Clockville,  Madison  Co.,  N.Y. — This 
is  an  instance  where  the  misspelling  of  a 
word  destroys  the  only  link  whereby  cor- 
rect information  may  be  obtained  of  the 
origin  of  the  name  of  the  place.  It  was 
called  "  Klockville''  after  John  Klock,  the 
original  grantee  of  lot  No.  10  in  the  towm 
of  Lenox,  in  which  the  village  is  situated, 
and  has  no  connection  with  those  time- 
pieces called  "  clocks,"  as  one  would  be  led 
at  present  to  infer.  e.  b,  o'c. 

"  During  Men." — This  name,  as  I  was 
informed  by  the  late  Samuel  Stevens,  a  son 
of  Gen.  Ebenezer  Stevens,  of  Revolutionary 
memory,  was  used  to  distinguish  the  troops 
enlisted  to  serve  through  the  War  of 
Independence,  as  contra-distinguished  from 
those  called  out  for  a  limited  time. 

G.    G. 


An  Antient  Landmark. — One  Thomas 
Jones  petitioned  in  1709,  for  2000  acres  of 
land  in  Orange  County,  the  bounds  of 
which  are  described  as  beginning  "at  a 
certain  wiggwam  on  the  North  side  of 
Murderer's  Creek,  about  seven  miles  from 
its  mouth."  It  is  evident  from  this  that 
the  Indians  inhabited  the  Highlands  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Westpoint,  at  the  above 
date.  o'c. 


Throgs  Neck. — This  name  is  most  ab- 
surdly converted  into  "  Frogs  neck"  in 
the  Revised  Statutes  of  our  state.  It  is  de- 
rived from  that  of  JohnThrogmorton,  who 
obtained  a  patent  for  the  land  as  far  back 
as  1658.     It  is  about  time,  is  it  not,  that 


those  who  undertake  to  form  or  revise  our 
laws  should  know  something  of  the  early 
history  of  the  country  ? 


Earl  Bellomont  —  Joe  Daveiss. — 
Although  the  New  York  Colonial  History 
and  Colonial  documents  give  the  name  of 
Earl  Bellomont  correctly,  as  above,  in  ac- 
cordance with  his  own  custom,  for  I  have  his 
handsome  autograph  before  me,  the  earlier 
writers,  such  as  Hutchison,  and  even  some 
as  late  as  Grahame,  Sparks,  and  Hildreth, 
write  it  Bellamont.  The  title  is,  inverted, 
that  of  one  of  Napoleon's  Generals,  the 
Duke  of  Montebello,  and  exists  even  in 
England  in  the  French  form  Beaumont. 
How  the  incorrect  letter  came  in  is  not  easily 
explained. 

Jos.  H.  Daveiss,  who  was  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Tippecanoe,  in  1811,  and  after 
whom  several  counties  in  various  states 
have  been  named,  spelt  his  name  as  I  have 
written  it.  In  the  official  list  of  post-offices  it 
is  uniformly  spelt  Daviess.  These  particulars 
are  not  important,  but  it  is  pleasant  to  see 
names  correctly  printed. 

J.  B.    R. 

Washington,  D.  C 


Dying  in  the  Last  Ditch. — This  ex- 
pression, so  frequently  used  by  the  Rebels, 
originated  with  the  Prince  of  Orange,  in 
his  reply  to  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  in 
1679.  "There  is  one  certain  means,"  said 
the  prince,  answering  the  remark  that  the 
Commonwealth  was  ruined,  "  by  which  I 
can  be  sure  never  to  see  my  country's  ruin  ; 
I  will  die  in  the  last  ditch.''  Hume's  Hist. 
of  England,  vol.  iv.,   page  261. 

j.  w. 

Belfast,  Maine. 


A  Bibliographical  Anecdote. — The 
visitor  to  the  British  Museum  who  pauses 
at  Show-case  VIII.,  in  the  King's  Li- 
brary, where  specimens  of  the  early  English 
press  are  displayed,  may  notice,  quite  at 
the  end,  an  open  volume,  bearing  the  fol- 
lowing label: — 

"  The  book  of  St.  Alban's.  The  bokys 
of  Haukyng  and  Huntyng,  and  also  of 
Coot  armuris.  Written  by  Dame  Juliana 
Barnes,  or  Berners,  Prioress  of  Sop  well 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


39 


Nunnery.  Printed  at  St.  Alban's  in  1486. 
Bequeathed  by  the  Right  Hon.  Thomas 
Grenville." 

The  following  adventures  which  befell 
this  very  volume  before  it  found  its  present 
secure  resting-place,  are,  I  think,  worthy 
of  a  place  in  the  first  rank  of  bibliographi- 
cal romance. 

The  story  has  never,  so  far  as  I  know, 
been  published  ;  and  originally  formed  part 
of  a  letter  written  on  bibliographical  mat- 
ters by  the  Rector  of  Pilham,  in  184V,  to 
the  Rev.  S.  R.  Maitland.  By  the  kind  per- 
mission of  the  latter  gentleman,  I  have  been 
allowed  to  copy  it : — 

"In  June,  1844,  a  pedlar  called  at  a 
cottage  at  Blyton,  and  asked  an  old  widow 
named  Naylor  whether  she  had  any  rags 
to  sell.  She  said,  s  No  !'  but  offered  him 
some  old  paper;  and  took  from  a  shelf  The 
Booh  of  St.  AloanPs  and  others,  weighing 
9  lbs.,  for  which  she  received  nine  pence. 
The  pedlar  carried  them  through  Gains- 
boro',  tied  up  in  a  string,  past  a  chemist's 
shop,  who,  being  used  to  buy  old  paper  to 
wrap  drugs  in,  called  the  man  in;  and, 
struck  by  the  appearance  of  The  Boke, 
gave  him  three  shillings  for  the  lot.  Not 
being  able  to  read  the  colophon,  he  took 
it  to  an  equally  ignorant  stationer  and 
offered  it  to  him  for  a  guinea;  at  which 
price  he  declined  it,  but  proposed  that  it 
should  be  exposed  in  his  window  as  a 
means  of  eliciting  some  information  about 
it.  It  was  accordingly  placed  there,  with 
the  label — "  Very  old  curious  work."  A 
collector  of  books  went  in,  and  offered  2s. 
Qd.  for  it.  This  excited  the  suspicions  of 
the  vendor.  Soon  after  Mr.  Bird,  the 
Vicar  of  Gainsboro',  went  in  and  asked  the 
price,  wishing  to  have  a  very  early  spe- 
cimen at  a  reasonable  price;  not  knowing, 
however,  the  great  value  of  the  book. 
While  he  was  examining  the  book,  Stark, 
a  very  intelligent  bookseller,  came  in, 
to  whom  Mr.  Bird  at  once  ceded  the 
right  of  pre-emption.  Stark  betrayed 
such  visible  anxiety  that  the  vendor,  Smith, 
declined  settling  a  price.     Soon  after,  Sir  j 

C came  in,  and  took  the  book  to  col- 1 

late  ;  and  brought  it  back  in  the  morning,  j 
having  found  it  imperfect  in  the  middle,  I 


and  offered  hi.  for  it.  Sir  Charles  had  no 
book  of  reference  to  guide  him  to  its  value ; 
but  in  the  mean  time,  Stark  had  employed 
a  friend  to  obtain  for  him  the  refusal  of  it, 
and  had  undertaken  to  give  a  little  more 
than  Sir  Charles  might  offer.  On  finding 
that  at  least  hi.  could  be  got  for  it,  Smith 
went  to  the  owner  and  gave  him  two  gui- 
neas, and  then  proceeded  to  Stark's  agent 
and  sold  it  for  11.  Is.  Stark  took  it  to 
London,  and  sold  it  to  the  Rt.  Hon.  T. 
Grenville  for  *70  or  80  guineas. 

"It  must  now  be  stated  how  it  came  to 
pass,  that  a  book  without  covers  of  such  ex- 
treme age  was  preserved.  About  fifty 
years  since,  the  Library  of  Thonock  Hall, 
in  the  parish  of  Gainsboro',  the  seat  of  the 
Hickman  family,  underwent  great  repairs ; 
and  the  books  were  sorted  over  by  a  most 
ignorant  person,  whose  selections  seem  to 
have  been  determined  by  the  coat.  All 
books  without  covers  were  thrown  into  a 
great  heap,  and  condemned  to  all  the  pur- 
poses which  Leland  laments  in  the  sack  of 
the  Conventual  Libraries  by  the  visitors. 
But  they  found  favor  in  the  eyes  of  a  literate 
gardener,  who  begged  leave  to  take  what  he 
liked  home.  He  selected  a  large  quantity  of 
Sermons  before  the  House  of  Commons,  local 
pamphlets,  tracts  from  1680  to  1710,  opera 
books,  Ac,  &c.  He  made  a  list  of  them, 
which  was  afterwards  found  in  his  cottage ; 
and  No.  43  was  '  Catermouris.'  The  old 
fellow  was  something  of  a  herald,  and  drew 
in  his  books  what  he  held  to  be  his  coat. 
After  his  death,  all  that  could  be  stuffed 
into  a  large  chest  were  put  away  in  a  gar- 
ret ;  but  a  few  favorites,  and  The  Bohe 
among  them,  remained  on  the  shelves  of 
the  kitchen  for  years,  till  his  son's  widow 
became  so  stalled  of  dusting  them  that  she 
determined  to  sell  them." 

Here  ends  the  material  of  the  story. 
The  volume  was  afterwards  splendidly 
bound,  and  is  now  the  only  copy  in  the 
British  Museum. 


Description  of  a  Fashionable  Lady 
107  Years  Ago. — 

the  petition. 
Artful  Painter,  by  this  Plan 
Draw  a  Female  if  you  can 


40 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Jan. 


Paint  her  features  bold  and  gay, 
Casting  Modesty  away ; 
Let  her  Air  the  mode  express, 
And  fantastick  be  her  Dress  ; 
Cock  her  up  a  little  Hat 
Of  various  colours,  this  and  that ; 
Make  her  Cap  the  Fashion  new, 
An  Inch  of  Gauze  or  Lace  will  do ; 
Cut  her  hair  the  shortest  dock ; 
Nicely  braid  the  Forehead  Lock ; 
Put  her  on  a  Negligee, 
A  short  Sack  or  Sheperdee, 
Ruffled  up  to  keep  her  warm, 
Eight  or  ten  upon  an  Arm  ; 
Let  her  Hoop  extending  wide 
Shew  her  Garters  and  her  Pride. 
Her  Stockings  must  be  pure  and  white, 
For  they  are  seldom  out  of  sight. 
Let  her  have  a  high  heel'd  shoe, 
And  a  glittering  Buckle  too ; 
Other  Trifles  that  you  find, 
Make  quite  careless  as  her  Mind. 
Thus  equip'd  she's  charming  ware 
For  the  Races  or  the  Fair. 
New  York  City,  March  29, 1756. 


QUERIES. 

Negro  Burying  Ground. — There  was 
a  "Negro  burying  ground"  in  1738  upon 
a  place  called  Little  Neck,  in  the  town 
of  West  Farms,  Westchester  Co.  Does  any 
trace  of  it  remain  ? 


Epishemo. — Can  any  one  give  me  the 
derivation  of  this  word,  in  common  use  in 
Oregon,  meaning  the  housings  of  a  horse  ? 
I  have  looked  in  vain  in  French  and  Spa- 
nish dictionaries  for  a  word  from  which  it 
might  come. 


G.  G. 


O'Reilly  at  Algiers. — Can  any  of 
your  correspondents  give  an  account  of 
the  Spanish  expedition  which,  under  the 
command  of  an  Irishman,  General  Count 
O'Reilly,  and  of  an  English  Baronet,  went 
from  Carthagena  to  take  Algiers,  but  ac- 
cording to  Lord  Byron  (note  to  Don  Juan) 
instead  of  O'Reilly  taking  Algiers,  Algiers 
very  nearly  took  him?  What  was  the 
real  story?  p.  o. 


Letters  of  "  Patrick  Henry." — Who 
wrote  the  letters  to  Vice-President  Cal- 
houn, in  1826,  signed   "Patrick  Henry?" 


They  were  originally  published  in  Mr. 
Force's  National  Journal,  and  afterwards 
collected  in  a  pamphlet  of  96  pages.  They 
relate  to  Mr.  Calhoun's  course  as  presiding 
officer  of  the  Senate,  when  the  famous 
"  Retrenchment"  Resolutions  were  before 
that  body ;  and  John  Randolph,  for  day 
after  day,  indulged  in  those  well  remem- 
bered rhapsodies  of  hostility  to  the  adminis- 
tration without  reference  to  its  measures, 
outraging  all  decorum  by  his  gross  person- 
alities against  Mr.  Adams,  Mr.  Day,  and 
their  friends  both  in  and  out  of  Congress. 
As  far  as  Mr.  Day  was  concerned,  it  result- 
ed in  a  duel  between  himself  and  Mr.  Ran- 
dolph. 

Mr.  Calhoun's  course  was  severely  re- 
viewed in  a  series  of  letters  in  the  National 
Journal,  signed  "  Patrick  Henry."  They 
were  written  in  a  trenchant  style,  and  have 
abundant  evidence  of  the  pen  of  John 
Quincy  Adams,  to  whom  they  were  gene- 
rally inscribed  in  the  papers  of  the  day. 


Norris's  Journal  of  Sullivan's  Ex- 
pedition to  the  Genesee  Country,  1779. 
— I  have  the  original  manuscript  journal  of 
Major  James  Norris,  of  ~New  Hampshire, 
who  was  in  the  campaign.  It  covers  70 
foolscap  pages,  and  is  much  more  intelli- 
gent than  the  account  of  Grant.  (Hist. 
Mag.,  vol.  vi.,  page  233.)  Was  this  journal 
of  Isf orris  ever  published,  and  if  so,  when 
and  where  ? 


J.  w. 


Belfast,  Me. 


John  Paul  Jones. — Was  he  ever  allow- 
ed by  Congress  to  receive  a  title  from 
France,  and  if  so,  when  and  where  ? 

j.  w. 

Belfast,  Maine. 


Copperhead  :  When  was  the  term 
First  Used  ?  (Hist.  Mag.,  vol.  vii.,  page 
166). — As  applied  to  individuals  by  Irving, 
in  his  History  of  New  York.  "  The  Yan- 
kees sneeringly  spoke  of  the  round-crowned 
burglars  of  the  Manhattoes  as  the  Copper- 
heads.'' (See  the  author's  revised  edition, 
1849,  page  385).  In  the  modern  sense  of 
the  term  it  was  probably  first  used  by  E. 


18G4.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


4i 


W.  Flagg,  Esq.,  of  Bangor,  in  the  Maine 
Democratic  Convention,  in  August,  1861. 

j.  w, 

Belfast,  Me. 


M  Cease,  sude  Boreas,blustering  Rail 
er."  (Vol.  vii.,  p.  198.) — This  ballad  must 
have  been  well  known  as  early  as  1779,  lor 
it  is  contained  in  a  manuscript  collection, 
dated  "Wyoming,  Forty  Fort,  July  6, 
1779."  The  following  song  from  the  col- 
lection I  do  not  remember  to  have  seen 
before.  It  may  be  interesting  at  the 
present  time. 

Husbands  must  leave  their  loving  wives, 

And  spritely  youths  attend, 
Leave  their  sweet  hearts  and  goe  with  speed, 

Our  country  to  defend. 

May  their  heavens  guard  us  in  the  field, 

And  keep  us  safely  their ; 
We  Pray  the  Lord  to  be  our  Shield 

Where  thundering  Cannon  Roar. 

And  in  the  Great  Jehovah's  Name 

And  under  his  command, 
We  will  goe  forth  against  our  foe, 

While  they  Invade  our  Land. 

The  Cause  for  which  we  Do  Contend 

We  know  is  just  and  rite, 
Therefore  we  Pray  the  Lord  of  host 

to  Put  our  foes  to  flight. 

Our  Property  we  will  maintain, 

Our  rights  we'l  near  Resign ; 
They  Shan't  be  sold  for  glitering  gold, 

Nor  heaps  of  Spanish  Coine. 


J.   W 


Belfast,  Me. 


REPLIES. 

John  Simcock,  etc. — I  can  give  your 
correspondent,  u  Philadelphia,"  some  facts 
relating  to  three  of  the  persons  mentioned 
in  his  communication  : — John  Simcock, 
John  Cadwalader,  and  Nicholas  Newlin. 

John  Simcock,  of  Ridley,  Esquire,  came 
from  a  place  of  that  name  in  Cheshire  with 
Wm.  Penn  about  1682.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Provincial  Council  and  Assem- 
bly, and  sometimes  Speaker  of  that  body  ; 
a  Judge  of  the  Common  Pleas,  and,  after- 
wards, of  the  Supreme  Court ;  one  of  the 

HIST.    MAG.      VOL.    VIII.  5 


Of  this,  how- 


!  Commissioners  to  Settle  the  Maryland 
| boundary;  "and  Deputy  President  of  the 
Society  of  Free  Traders.  He  was  a  Qua- 
ker preacher,  and  was  at  one  time  fined 
£100  and  imprisoned  fifteen  months  for  bis 
religion.  He  was  a  large  landowner.  He 
died  in  1703,  aged  73.  His  son  John  was 
Deputy  Recorder  of  Chester  County,  and 
his  son  Jacob  was  Deputy  Register  Gene- 
ral under  James  Claypoole. 

The  John  Cadwalader  referred  to  is, 
doubtless,  the  Quaker  Preacher  of  that 
name.  There  was  a  John  Cadwalader  in 
the  Assembly,  I  suppose  it  was  the  same 
person.  The  Philadelphia  family  is,  I 
think,  descended  from  another  John  Cad- 
walader and  not  this  one. 
ever,  I  am  not  certain. 

Nicholas  Newlin,  of  Birmingham  and 
Concord,  Esquire,  was  an  English  gentle- 
man of  ancient  family,  and  came  to  Penn- 
sylvania from  Mt.  Mellick  in  1683.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Provincial  Council, 
and  a  Judge  of  the  Common  Pleas.  He 
died  in  1699  aged  70.  His  son,  Nathaniel 
Newlin,  of  Concord,  Birmingham,  and 
Newlin,  Esquire,  was  a  Justice  of  the 
County  Courts,  a  Member  of  the  Provincial 
Assembly,  Commissioner  of  Property,  one 
of  the  Trustees  of  the  General  Loan  Office 
of  the  Province,  etc.  He  married  in  1685 
Miss  Mary  Mildenhall,  of  Mildenhall  in 
Suffolk,  and  V»ied  in  1729  aged  70.  His 
son,  Nathaniel  Newlin,  of  Concord,  Bir- 
mingham and  Newlin,  Esquire,  was  a  Just- 
ice of  the  County  Courts,  and  Member  of 
the  Assembly.  Newlin  Township  was  first 
purchased  by  and  called  after  the  elder 
Nathaniel.  x, 


The  Redeemed  Captive  (vol.  vii.  p. 
382). — I  have  a  fragment  of  a  volume  con- 
taining only  56  pages.  The  running  title 
is  "  The  Redeemed  Captive  Returning  to 
Zion."  The  titlepage  of  the  work  itself  is 
gone,  but  that  of  the  sermon  is  as  follows : 
Reports  of  Divine  Kindness  :  |  or,  |  Re- 
markable Mercies  |  should  be  faithfully 
published,  |  for  the  |  Praise  of  God  the  Gi- 
ver. |  Set  forth  in  a  |  Sermon  |  preached  at 
Boston  Lecture  December  5,  1706.  |  By 
John  Williams  I  Pastor  of  the  Church  of 


42 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Jan., 


Christ  in  Deerfield,  |  soon  after  his  return 
from  a  doleful  captivity.  |  Psal.  107.  13, 
14,  15,  32  (quoted  in  full) ;  Psal.  34.  3 
(quoted  in  full).  |  New  London :  Re- 
printed and  sold  by  T.  Green,  1776.  | 

I  think  it  adds  one  to  the  list  of  editions 
given  by  g.  in  the  Magazine  for  Decem- 
ber. D.  W.  PATTERSON. 
West  Winsted,  Conn. 


Alden  Family  (vol.  vii.  355). — There 
were  families  of  this  name  seated  at  New- 
ton Longville,  Bucks,  and  Rickmansworth, 
Herts.,  in  1634;  and  their  pedigrees  are 
preserved  in  the  British  Museum.  I  do 
not  know  whether  they  were  connected 
with  the  American  family  or  not,  nor  how 
long  they  had  been  seated  at  this  place. 
Sims  gives  the  references  to  these  pedigrees 
in  his  Index  to  the  Herald's  Visitation  in 
the  British  Museum, 

x.  y.  z. 


New  York  Names. — Mr.  Strong,  of 
Irving,  N.Y.,  is  represented  as  saying 
(Hist.  Mag .,  vii.  313),  "he  has  not  been 
able  to  find  a  river,  creek,  lake  or  moun- 
tain in  our  state  that  now  bears  the  name 
of  any  herbivorous  animal."  By  turning 
to  the  map  of  Northern  New  York,  Deer 
River,  and  Moose  River,  and  Deer  Lake 
and  Moose  Lake  will  be  found  laid  down. 

e.  b.  o'c. 


LITERAKY  AND  ANTIQUAEIAK 


The  Life  of  Father  Antonio  Mar- 
gil. — A  very  uncommon  though  com- 
paratively recent  work  is  the  life  of  the 
Franciscan  Missionary  in  Texas  and  other 
parts  of  Mexico,  Father  Antonio  Margil  de 
Jesus.  It  is,  as  I  am  informed  by  one  of 
the  best  informed  scholars  in  the  Spanish 
part  of  our  history,  so  rare  in  Mexico  and 
Spain  that  he  met  with  but  two  copies 
in  his  investigations  in  both  countries,  and 


one  of  these  was  a  well  worn  one  in  the 
hands  of  the  Margil  family  at  Valencia.  It 
is  possible,  however,  that  its  strange  title 
may  have  caused  it  to  be  overlooked  in 
some  cases.     The  title  is  as  follows : 

El  Peregrino  |  Septentrional  Atlante  :  | 
Delineado  |  en  la  exemplarissima  Vida  |  Del 
Venerable  Padre  |  Fr.  Antonio  Margil  |  de 
Jesus  |  Fruto  de  la  floridissima  ciudad  de 
Valencia,  |  Hijo  de  su  Serafica  Observante 
Provincia,  Predicador  Missionero,  |  Notario 
Apostolico,Comissario  del  Santo  Oficio,Fun- 
dador, |  y  Ex-Guardian  de  tres  Colegios,  Pre- 
fecto  de  las  Misiones  |  de  Propagande  Fide 
en  todas  las  Indias  Occiden-  |  tales,  y  acla- 
mado  de  la  piedad  |  Por  nuevo  Apostol  de 
Guatemala  |  Dedicase  |  A  los  das  gloriosis- 
simos  Juanes  |  Bautista,  y  Evangelista  :  | 
A  expensas  de  un  amartelado  del  V.  P.  y 
de  la  Serafica  Religion.  |  Escrivela  |E1  Pa- 
dre Fr.  Isidro  Felix  de  Espinosa,  |  Predi- 
cador, y  Misionero  Apostolico,  Ex-Guar- 
dian del  Colegio  |  de  la  Santa  Cruz  de  Que- 
retaro,  su  Chro- 1  nista,  y  menor  Hijo.  |  Con 
Licencia  :  |  En  Valencia:  Por  Joseph  Tho- 
mas Lucas,  Impressor  del  Illustris- 1  simo 
Senor  Obispo  de  Teruel.  Ano  de  1742.  | 
Vendese  en  casa  de  Salvador  Fauli,  Li- 
brero,  en  la  Plaza  de  Villarrasa. 

It  is  a  quarto  of  426  pages  double  co- 
lumn. Title  and  preliminary  pages  un- 
folioed  10,  then  page  1  to  411,  412  blank, 
and  4  pages  Indice  without  folios. 

His  Texan  missions  are  described  on 
pages  248  to  265.  It  is  divided  into  three 
books,  two  of  which  are  historical,  the 
third  being,  as  is  usual  in  the  lives  of  saints, 
devoted  to  a  portrait  of  his  virtues,  each 
head  being  treated  separately. 

The  volume  contains,  moreover,  some 
very  curious  matter  relative  to  the  Pagan 
rites  secrelly  preserved  among  the  Indians. 

Father  Margil  was  born  at  Valencia 
Aug.  18,  1657,  and  died  at  Mexico  Aug. 
6,  1726. 


18G4.J 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


43 


CONNECTICUT. 
New  Haven  Historical  Society. — New  Ha- 
ven, Nov.  30,  1863.— The  New  Haven  Historical 
Society  held  their  first  annual  meeting  under  the 
charter  from  the  State  Legislature.  After  the 
usual  preliminaries  attending  such  meetings, 
Henry  Bronson,  M.D.,  read  a  paper  on  the  Cur- 
rency of  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut.  It 
began  with  an  introductory  concerning  the 
wants  of  all  communities,  whether  civilized  or 
barbarian,  of  a  medium  of  commercial  exchange, 
and  the  various  devices  which  have  been  adopted 
to  meet  such  want.  The  early  settlers  found  the 
aborigines  using  for  money  what  they  termed 
wampum,  consisting  of  several  kinds  of  shells, 
the  value  of  which  was  determined  by  its  light 
or  dark  color,  and  by  other  circumstances.  For 
many  years  this  wampum,  to  a  certain  extent, 
passed  current  among  the  settlers,  the  value  being 
determined  by  act  of  court.  The  Doctor  pre- 
sented many  highly  interesting  facts  concerning 
this  shell  money,  as  also  the  method  of  exchange 
in  commodities  in  those  early  days,  and  then 
passed  to  the  use  of  coin,  the  mode  of  coining — 
the  coin  being  hammered  out — and  the  gradual 
development  of  our  system  of  bills  of  exchange 
and  the  general  features  of  our  system  of  banking. 
The  report  of  Mr.  John  Collis,  the  Curator, 
was  read.  It  showed  that  there  had  been  re- 
ceived during  the  year  444  bound  volumes,  2,064 
pamphlets,  16  bundles  newspapers,  27  handbills, 
88  volumes  of  autograph  letters  and  manuscripts, 
70  volumes  manuscripts,  7  mounted  maps,  20 
framed  engravings,  34  other  engravings,  2  oil 
paintings,  1  bust,  59  curiosities,  7  pieces  ancient 
furniture. 

The  Treasurer's  report  shows  a  balance  in  hand 
of  $388  48. 

Mr.  White  was  elected  President,  Dr.  E.  E. 
Beardsley,  Vice  President,  Mr.  Horace  Day,  Se- 
cretary, and  Mr.  Nathan  Peck,  Treasurer.  The 
Directors  are  Messrs.  Leonard  Bacon,  Henry 
Bronson,  Wm.  A.  Reynolds,  Thos.  R.  Trow- 
bridge, Samuel  Punderson,  Elliott  T.  Foote, 
Henry  C.  Kingsley,  Chas  E.  English,  Elisha  L. 
Cleveland,  Chas.  R.  Ingersoll,  Edward  H.  L. 
Leffingwell. 

It  was  voted  that  a  book  be  procured  for  the 
reception  of  the  autographs  of  visitors. 


The  additions  to  the  library  for  the  past  month 
(in  all  1,066)  were  received  from  61  contributors  ; 
and  included  the  entire  publications,  in  uniform 
binding,  of  the  documents  of  the  first  and  second 
sessions  of  the  37th  Congress ;  those  of  the 
"  Loyal  Publication  Societies''  of  Boston,  New 
York,  and  Cincinnati;  the  entire  documents  of 
the  Territory  of  Colorado ;  the  Journal  of  the 
(seceding)  Convention  of  Louisiana,  in  English 
and  French,  with  Gayarre's  History  of  Lou- 
isiana, the  obliging  gift  of  Maj.  General  Banks; 
numerous  publications  on  the  war,  and  relics 
from  the  battle-field  of  Gettysburg,  etc. 

Of  the  correspondence  for  the  month  reported 
(nineteen  letters  received  and  seventy-one  writ- 
ten), letters  of  interest  W  re  read  from  Gen. 
Charles  B.  Stuart,  Geneva,  in.  Y.,  relative  to  ma- 
terial improvements  in  the  North-west;  from  the 
Hon.  John  Young,  M.P.P.,  Montreal,  in  regard 
to  the  Provincial  Documents  of  Canada;  also 
from  the  Hon.  Charles  Mason,  New  York  ;  Gov. 
J.  Evans,  of  Denver  City,  Col.,  and  George  Liver- 
more,  Esq.,  of  Massachusetts. 

The  following  were  then  elected  to  fill  the 
principal  offices  of  the  Society  for  the  ensuing 
year  : 

President,  Walter  L.  Newberry,  Esq. ;  Vice- 
Presidents,  Hon.  W.  B.  Ogden,  and  J.  Y.  Scam- 
mon ;  Treasurer,  Dr.  F.  Scammon ;  Rec.  Secre- 
tary and  Librarian,  William  Barry ;  Corres- 
ponding Secretary,    E.   B.  McCagg,   Esq.      The 


usual  Committees  of  Business,  Research,  etc., 
were  re-elected  with  slight  modifications. 

The  Society's  thanks  were  directed  to  be  re- 
turned to  the- editors  or  publishers  of  serials  for- 
warded to  the  Library  the  past  year. 

Nov.  24. — The  adjourned  annual  meeting  was 
held  at  the  private  residence  of  Mr.  Bross,  and 
was  numerously  attended  by  members,  with  their 
ladies  and  invited  guests. 

An  address  was  read  by  Mr.  J.  Y.  Scammon, 
presenting  a  historical  sketch  of  Banks  and 
Banking  in  Illinois ;  which  was  followed  by  the 
annual  report  of  the  Secretary,  reviewing  the 
transactions  of  the  year. 

The  following  summary  was  given  of  the  So- 
ciety's collections : 

For  the 
year, 


ILLINOIS. 
Chicago  Historical  Society. —  Chicago,  Nov. 
17,   1863. — The   annual  meeting  was  regularly 
held — W.  L.  Newberry,  Esq.,  President,  in  the 
chair. 


Unbound  books  and  pamphlets    .  9,779 

Files  of  serials .  197 

"     u  newspapers 48 

Old  and  rare  newspapers    ...  40 

Maps  and  charts 108 

Manuscripts 762 

Prints,  photographs,  etc.     ...  45 

Cabinets  single  and  collective  .     .  44 

Collections  of  miscellanies  ...  47 


Aggre- 
gate. 

12,829 

51,892 

1,573 

1,020 

320 

1,097 

1,242 

159 

73 

82 


44 


HISTORICAL   MAGAZINE. 


[Jan. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

New  England  Historic  Genealogical  Soci- 
ety.— Boston,  Wednesday,  Dec.  2. — A  stated 
meeting  was  held:  this  afternoon,  Rev.  Martin 
Moore,  Vice-President  for  Massachusetts,  in  the 
chair. 

Rev.  Caleb  Davis  Bradlee,  the  Corresponding 
Secretary,  reported  that  since  the  last  meeting 
letters  had  been  received  from  the  following  gen- 
tlemen accepting  the  membership  to  which  they 
had  been  elected,  viz. : 

Corresponding. — Hon.  G-eorge  P.  Fisherr  of 
Washington,  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
District  of  Columbia. 

Resident. — Thomas  Parsons,  M.D.,  of  Boston, 
Edward  S.  Moseley,  of  Newburyport,  and  Charles 
C.  Dana,  of  Boston. 

William  B.  Trask,  the  Historiographer,  read 
an  able  and  very  interesting  memoir  of  the  Right 
Honorable  John  Singleton  Copley,  Lord  Lynd-' 
hurst,  an  Honorary  Member  of  the  Society,  who 
died  in  London,  Oct.  12,  1863,  at  the  age  of  91 
years. 

John  H  Sheppard,  the  Librarian,  reported  as 
donations,  during  the  past  month,  21  volumes, 
33  pamphlets,  large  map,  and  three  photographs. 
These  photographs, which  represent  a  relic  recent- 
ly discovered  at  Valley  Forge,  were  sent  to  the  So- 
ciety by  John  A.  McAllister  of  Philadelphia,  who 
gave  this  account  of  the  relic: — "  A  few  weeks 
ago,  workmen  engaged  in  removing  the  founda- 
tions of  an  ancient  building  near  Washington's 
Head  Quarters  at  Valley  Forge,  found  what  ap- 
peared to  be  a  block  of  wood  three  inches  square. 
It  remained  among  the  rubbish  for  several  days, 
when  one  of  the  laborers  turned  it  over  and  disco- 
vered it  to  be  a  box.  This  outer  box  appears  to  be 
of  some  composition  metal  resembling  copper,  but 
somewhat  corroded.  On  removing  the  outside  box 
another  was  discovered  plated  with  silver,  and  in 
this  case,  carefully  packed  to  protect  it  from 
moisture,  was  a  miniature  beautifully  painted 
and  in  excellent  preservation.  The  miniature 
represents  a  person  in  an  embroidered  coat,  ruf- 
fled shirt,  and  powdered  wig,  and  from  the  cos- 
tume was  evidently  painted  between  1730  and 
1740.  The  painting  is  on  enamel  and  has  on  its 
edge  near  the  right  shoulder,  the  letters  hall, 
which  can  be  distinguished  in  the  photograph 
with  the  aid  of  a  powerful  magnifier.  The  house 
in  which  the  relic  was  discovered  is  said  to  have 
been  built  about  the  year  1770."  Mr.  Sheppard 
suggested  that  hall  might  be  the  name  of  the 
painter. 

After  the  transaction  of  the  ordinary  business 
the  meeting  was  dissolved. 


NEW  YORK. 

New  York  Historical  Society. — December, 
1863. — The  regular  meeting  of  the  Society  was 
held  m  the  Fire  Proof  Building,  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Dewitt  in  the  chair. 

Among  the  important  matters  transacted  was 
the  appointment  of  a  committee  to  nominate 
officers  for  the  election  in  January. 

Mr.  Moore,  the  librarian,  also  read  a  notice  of 
the  career  of  the  late  Judge  Macdonald,  and 
offered  a  series  of  resolutions  expressive  of  the 
regret  of  the  Society  for  the  loss  of  one  who, 
amid  the  annoyances  of  ill-health,  so  cheerfully 
devoted  himself  to  literary  and  historic  pursuits. 

The  paper  of  the  evening,  a  Memoir  of  Edward 
Lovington,  the  law-giver  of  Louisana,  was  read- 
by  Mr.  Charles  H.  Hunt,  and  was  an  interesting 
account  of  one  of  our  greatest  men. 

Among  the  donations  presented  were  the 
accounts  of  Washington's  executors,  rescued 
at  Fairfax  Court  House  by  Captain  James  B. 
Kirker,  and  presented  to  the  Society. 

Onondaga  Historical  Association. — Syra- 
cuse, Dec.  3. — Officers:  President,  Mr.  Clark; 
Vice-Pres.,  N.  B.  Smith;  Secretary,  R.  F. 
Trowbridge.  The  regular  meeting  was  held  at 
the  Society's  rooms,  President  Clark  in  the 
chair. 

A  number  of  contributions  to  the  library  and 
museum  were  reported. 

The  Secretary  read  a  letter  from  H.  C.  Van 
Schaack,  Esq.,  offering  to  present  an  unbroken 
file  of  the  New  York  Spectator  for  more  than 
twenty  years,  on  certain  terms,  which  were 
agreed  to  by  the  Board. 

A  communication  from  Prof.  Agassiz  having 
been  received,  Mr.  Smith  moved  that  the  Lecture 
Committee  be  instructed  to  circulate  a  sub- 
scription. 

Mr.  Noxon  introduced  Mr.  Griffin,  an  Indian, 
who  produced  a  number  of  Indian  curiosities. 
His  conversation  showing  him  to  be  intelligent ; 
he  was  employed  by  the  Board  to  secure  Indian 
relics  and  curiosities  for  the  Museum,  and  a 
sum  of  money  advanced  to  him  for  that  purpose. 

Mr.  Noxon,  from  the  Committee  on  Rooms, 
reported  the  bills  of  expenditure,  &c,  in  re- 
arranging the  rooms.  The  bill  of  D.  S.  &  S. 
P.  Geer  $32.29,  Alpetre  &  Hoffman  $95.41, 
E.  R.  Dandford  $24.60,  balance  of  Stoddard's 
account  $19.75,  Jas.  Noxon  $7.22,  were  audited 
and  ordered  paid. 

Mr.  Leach  reported  the  lease  as  drawn,  wnich 
was  accepted,  and  on  motion  the  President  or 
Vice-President  was  authorised  to  execute  it  on 
the  part  of  the  Association. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


45 


Mr.  Noxon  moved  that  an  insurance  cf  $1,000 
be  procured  on  the  property  of  the  Association. 

The  following  letter  was  read  by  the  Secre- 
tary : 

Syracuse,  N.Y.,  Dec.  3,  ^S. 
E.  F.  Trowbridge,  Esq.,  Sec'y  of  Onondaga  Co. 

Historical  Society,  &c.  : 

Dear  Sir: — Please  accept  in  behalf  of  the 
Onondaga  Historical  Society  the  accompanying 
portrait  and  biography  of  one  of  Onondaga's 
pioneers — Capt.  Oliver  Teall.  It  is  needless  for 
me  to  pronounce  a  eulogium  upon  his  charac- 
ter, for  he  was  too  well  known  throughout  this 
section  of  the  State  to  require  it  at  my  hands. 
Suffice  it  to  say  that  he  was  one  of  Nature's 
noblest  works — an  honest  man. 

Yours,  for  the  welfare  of  the  Association, 
Geo.  G.  Gardner. 

The  portrait  and  biography  were  received, 
and  the  thanks  of  the  Association  given  to  the 
donor. 

The  thanks  of  the  Association  were  also  voted 
to  several  other  donors,  and  the  Board  ad- 
journed. 


OHIO. 

Fire  Lands  Historical  Society,  New  London, 
December  9,  1863. — The  Society  convened  in  the 
M.  E.  Church  at  half  past  10  o'clock,  A.  M., 
and  was  called  to  order  by  Judge  S.  C.  Parker, 
Vice  President. 

The  minutes  of  the  Quarterly  Meeting  of  Fair- 
field were  read,  after  which  the  report  of  the  Se- 
cretary was  presented.  It  noticed  the  progress 
of  the  work  of  the  Society,  the  reception  of  pub- 
lications from  the  Essex  Institute  of  Salem, 
Mass.,  H.  A.  Smith,  Esq.,  of  Cleveland,  A.  Ban- 
ning Norton,  Esq.,  of  Mt.  Vernon,  and  Judge 
Parker,  of  Greenfield,  and  called  attention  to  the 
necessity  of  early  steps  to  secure  the  publication 
of  the  next  volume  of  the  Pioneer. 

Letters  were  read  from  Samuel  Holden  Par- 
sons, Esq.,  of  Middletown,  Conn.,  and  Rev.  John 
Seward,  of  Tallmadge,  Ohio.  The  former,  a 
grandson  of  Judge  S.  H.  Parsons,  the  first  Judge 
of  the  Northwestern  Territory,  suggested  some 
corrections  in  the  history  of  the  Fire  Lands 
grant,  in  the  3d  vol.  of  the  Pioneer,  from  docu- 
ments in  his  possession.  The  latter  gave  some 
additional  facts  concerning  his  Missionary  tour 
to  the  Fire  Lands  in  1819,  and  expressed  his  in- 
tention to  give  a  more  full  description  of  it  at 
some  future  time. 

The  names  of  standing  Historical  Committees 
of  the  several  townships  were  called,  and  the 
following  presented  reports:      Dr.   Skellenger, 


of  New  London — Sketches  of  Joseph  Seymour 
Menifield  and  Mrs.  Hendrix,  early  Settlers  of 
that  township.  D.  A.  Pease,  Norwalk — a  gene- 
alogical sketch  of  Rev.  Hezekiah  Ripley,  from 
whom  the  township  of  Ripley  was  named,  and  a 
letter  from  the  venerable  Thomas  D.  Webb,  of 
Warren,  relating  to  the  manner  in  which  the 
Fire  Lands  were  distributed  among  the  proprie- 
tors. Rev.  C.  F.  Lewis,  Wakeman — Indian  Re- 
miniscences, relating  in  particular  to  the  method 
of  manufacturing  canoes,  sap  troughs,  etc.,  of 
bark. 

The  following  special  Committees,  appointed 
to  secure  the  histories  of  the  townships  named, 
reported  their  work  as  in  progress  :  Greenwich, 
Luther  Mead ;  Richmond,  J.  H.  Niles ;  Ruggles, 
S.  C.  Sturtevant ;  Sherman,  D.  H.  Pease. 

The  Constitution  was  then  read,  and  thirty- 
nine  persons  became  members  of  the  Society. 
A  portion  of  the  last  Annual  Report  of  the  Se- 
cretary was  then  read  by  the  Rev.  C.  F.  Lewis, 
and  on  his  motion  the  Society  requested  the  press 
of  the  Fire  Lands  and  other  papers  circulating 
there  to  publish  it.  The  Society  also,  on  motion 
of  the  same,  voted  to  request  of  the  Rev.  L.  B. 
Gurley  a  copy  of  the  Poem  referred  to  in  his  ad- 
dress, for  preservation. 

The  President,  Piatt  Benedict,  Esq.,  having 
arrived,  made  a  few  appropriate  remarks  on  as- 
suming the  chair,  expressing  for  himself  and  the 
Society  their  gratification  at  the  interest  mani- 
fested at  this  meeting  by  the  citizens  of  New 
London,  as  well  as  of  Ruggles,  Rochester,  and 
other  adjoining  towns,  so  many  of  whom  were 
present. 

The  Rev.  John  Keep,  of  Oberlin,  then  deli- 
vered an  address  on  the  duty  and  advantages  of 
not  only  gathering  history  for  ourselves  and  pos- 
terity, but  of  living  it.  It  was  remarkable  for 
power,  variety,  and  originality,  and  held  the 
undivided  attention  of  the  crowded  audience  till 
its  close.  The  Society,  on  motion  of  Dr.  Skel- 
lenger, unanimously  requested  a  copy  for  publi- 
cation. The  Rev.  Mr.  Keep  also  presented  the 
Society  a  copy  of  the  book  containing  the  first 
sermon  ever  preached  in  New  England,  and 
also  accounts  of  the  first  prayer  meeting  and  first 
Thanksgiving  on  "  Wild  New  England  Shore;" 
a  book  entitled  "  Congregationalism  and  Church 
Action,"  and  last,  but  "  not  least,"  a  copy  of  the 
New  England  Primer,  edition  of  1691. 

Castalia  was  selected  as  the  place  for  the  next 
meeting,  March  9,  1864. 


46 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Jan., 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

The  American  Baptist  Historical  Society, 
was  founded  in  Philadelphia  about  ten  years  ago. 
It  aims  to  collect  whatever  remains  of  the  history 
of  the  Church,  and  especially  of  such  portions  of 
it  as  in  every  age  have  maintained  the  sentiments 
of  those  who  now  constitute  the  Baptist  deno- 
mination. Also  books  and  pamphlets  by  Baptist 
authors  on  any  subject,  all  religious  Baptist  peri- 
odicals, existing  or  extinct ;  likenesses,  autograph 
letters  and  manuscripts  of  British  ministers ;  and 
views  of  Baptist  churches  and  literary  institu- 
tions. 

The  Society  is  incorporated.  President,  Rev. 
Howard  Malcom,  D.D.,  LL  D.  Its  library  is  yet 
small,  embracing  about  1200  volumes,  7000 
pamphlets,  and  some  valuable  manuscripts.  Its 
constitution  connects  it  intimately  with  the 
American  Baptist  Publication  Society,  and  its 
room  is  in  their  building,  530  Arch  street,  Phila- 
delphia. 


VERMONT. 

The  Vermont  Historical  Society. — Mont- 
pelier, October  20,  1863. — At  the  annual  meeting 
of  this  Society,  October  20,  choice  was  made  of 
the  following  officers : 

Highland  Hall,  North  Bennington,  Presi- 
dent. 

Daniel  Kelloerg,  Brattleboro',  Rev.  William  H. 
Lord,  Montpelier,  George  W.  Benedict,  Bur- 
lington, Vice-Presidents. 

George  F.  Houghton,  Recording  Secretary. 

Albert  D.  Hager,  Proctorsville,  John  S. 
Adams,  Burlington,  Corr.  Secretaries. 

Charles  Reed,  Montpelier,  Librarian  and 
Cabinet- Keeper. 

George  B.  Reed,  Montpelier,  Treasurer. 

Rev.  John  A.  Hicks,  D.D.,  Burlington,  Rev. 
P.  W.  Shelton,  Montpelier,  Henry  Clark,  Esq., 
Poultney,  Rev.  P.  H.  White,  Coventry,  Dugald 
Stewart,  Middlebury,  and  John  B.  Perry,  Swan- 
ton,  Curators. 

The  Publishing  Committee  were,  on  motion, 
requested  to  publish  a  volume  of  Collections  as 
soon  as  sufficient  funds  were  raised  for  the  pur- 
pose. Dr.  David  P.  Holton  argued  the  import- 
ance of  preserving  a  careful  record,  not  only  of 
Vermont  officers,  but  of  all  the  men  who  had 
joined  the  Volunteers  from  Vermont.  Albert 
D.  Hager,  Esq.,  then  read  a  paper  on  the  "  Cop- 
per Mines  of  the  United  States  and  Canada." 
Several  valuable  donations  were  reported  from 
General  J.  Watts  de  Peyster,  of  Tivoli,  N.Y., 
Hon.  W.C.  Watson,  of  Port  Kent,  N.Y.,  H.  B. 


Dawson,  Esq.,  of  Morrisania,  Rev.  W.  H.  Lord, 
and  Dr.  Earl  Cushman,  of  Orwell.  Messrs.  L.  C. 
Kellogg,  A.  Clark,  Moses  Cheney,  Dr.  H.  F. 
Stevens,  and  A.  D.  Hager,  Esq.,  were  requested 
to  prepare  papers  on  given  subjects  to  be  read 
at  some  early  meetings  of  the  Society.  The 
subject  of  "  Ancient  Mining  in  the  Lake  Superior 
region"  was  assigned  to  Albert  D.  Hager,  Esq. 
In  the  evening  the  annual  address  was  delivered 
to  a  large  audience  in  the  Representatives'  Hall, 
by  General  J.  Watts  de  Peyster,  of  Tivoli,  N.Y., 
upon  the  subject  of  Secession  in  Switzerland. 
The  speaker  drew  a  line  of  comparison  between 
the  secession  of  Swiss  Cantons  and  the  Seceded 
States  of  the  American  Union.  He  traced  the 
war  for  the  preservation  of  the  Swiss  Republic, 
and  told  the  tale  of  the  triumph  of  those  braves 
who  triumphed  for  human  liberty.  General  de 
Peyster  predicted  a  similar  success  in  our  own 
country,  and  that  the  doom  of  the  rebels  in 
Switzerland  awaits  the  Southern  arch-rebel 
and  his  co-conspirators.  The  address  was  learned 
and  eloquent,  and  very  acceptable  to  the  large 
audience  assembled  at  the  State  House. 

The  President  then  introduced  Hon.  Winslow 
Watson,  of  Port  Kent,  N.Y.,  who  read  an  ela- 
borately prepared  and  interesting  paper  on 
"  The  Life  and  Services  of  Hon.  Richard  Skinner, 
Governor  of  Vermont  in  1820,  '21,  and  '22." 

Thanks  were  returned  to  the  speakers,  and 
copies  of  their  papers  solicited  for  the  archives 
of  the  Society. 

Luther  G.  Emerson,  Esq.,  of  Ontonogon, 
Michigan,  was,  on  motion,  elected  a  corres- 
ponding member  of  the  Society. 

The  next  special  meeting  of  the  Society  will 
be  held  at  Brandon,  January  27th  and  28th, 
1864,  and  the  summer. meeting  will  beholden  at 
St.  Johnsbury  in  the  month  of  June,  1864. 

The  Standing  Committees  for  the  year  1863-4 
are  constituted  as  follows : 

On<  Library  and  Cabinet — F.  W.  Shelton, 
Albert  D.  Hager,  and  Henry  Clark. 

On  Printing  and  Publishing — George  F. 
Houghton,  Charles  Reed,  and  Pliny  H.  White. 

On  Finance-^D&mel  Kellogg,  Albert  D. 
Hager,  and  Charles  Reed. 

To  Manage  and  Superintend  the  Historical  De- 
partment— W.  H.  Lord,  P.  H.  White,  and  Henry 
Clark. 

To  Manage  and  Superintend  the  Department  of 
Natural  History — George  W.  Benedict,  John  B. 
Perry,  and  John  A.  Hicks. 

To  Manage  and  Superintend  the  Department  of 
Horticulture — Daniel  Kellogg,  John  A.  Hicks, 
and  Dugald  Stewart. 


1S64.] 


HISTORICAL    MA  G  A  Z  I  X  E  . 


47 


fates  m  §uif. 


.4n  Address  delivered  at  the  Celebration  by  the 
New  York  Historical  Society  of  the  Tii'o  Hun- 
dredth Birth-day  of  Mr.  William  Bradford,  who 
introduced  the  art  of  Printing  into  the  Middle 
Colonies  of  British  America.  By  John  Wm. 
Wallace,  of  Philadelphia.  Albany :  Munsell, 
1863.  8vo. 

A  tribute  to  a  printer  most  fitly  calls  for  typo- 
graphic beauty,  and  Mr.  Wallace,  in  giving  his 
address  in  full,  inserting  the  parts  omitted  in 
delivery,  has  given  Mr.  Munsell  full  scope,  and 
must  certainly  feel  satisfied  with  the  edition 
which  he  has  privately  issued.  Of  the  address 
itself  we  need  not  speak.  Our  readers  are  to 
some  extent  already  acquainted  with  it. 

It  is  here  given  complete,  with  many  in- 
teresting notes,  including  a  well  merited  tribute 
to  the  Alban  disciple  of  Aldus. 

Mr.  Wallace,  in  his  enthusiastic  admiration 
of  our  first  printer,  has  gathered  all  the 
items  of  his  history,  and  gleaned  all  interest- 
ing information  as  to  the  issues  of  his  press,  but 
not  content  with  embodying  all  this  in  his 
address,  makes  it  in  itself  a  more  permanent 
monument. 

The  work  is  inscribed  to  the  honor  and  memory 
of  the  late  Mr.  Bradish,  and  we  have  seldom 
met  with  a  dedication  more  noble  in  idea  or 
more  appropriate  in  word. 


Journal  of  the  Expedition  against  Quebec,  undet 
command  of  Col.  Benedict  Arnold,  in  they  eat 
1776.  By  Major  Return  J.  Meigs ;  with  an 
Introduction  and  Notes  by  Charles  I.  Bush- 
nell.  New  York  :  Privately  Printed,  1864 
8vo.  pp.  57. 

The  readers  of  the  Magazine  will  recollect  a 
query  as  to  this  journal,  announced  on  the  title 
but  not  found  in  the  body  of  an  Ohio  work.  Mr. 
Bushnell  has  therefore  done  well  to  give  it  in 
this  attractive  form.  His  notes  elucidate  all 
obscurities  and  give  the  needed  information  as  to 
the  characters  that  figure  in  it.  There  is  a  dis- 
position, which  we  certainly  commend,  to  save 
these  Revolutionary  relics,  arid  gentlemen  could 
not  find  a  better  work  for  leisure  moments  and 
a  comparatively  small  expenditure  than  to  put 
them  beyond  all  possibility  of  loss,  as  Mr.  Bush- 
nell has  so  frequently  done. 

Historical  Sketch   of  Continental  Paper  Money. 

By  Samuel Breck.  Philadelphia:  8vo.  1863. 

This  is  a  timely  reprint  by  Mr.  Kline  of  the 
very  interesting  paper  of  the  late  venerable  Mr. 


Breck,  which  many  have  since  used  with  profit. 
As  the  original  pamphlet  was  printed  twenty 
years  ago,  it  has  become  quite  rare. 


The  Federalist :  A  Collection  of  Essays  written  in 
favor  of  the  Neiv    Constitution  as  agreed  upon 
by  the  Federal  Convention,  September  17,  1787. 
Reprinted  from  the  original  text,   with   an  His- 
torical Introduction  and  Notes.     By  Henry  P. 
Dawson.      In   two    volumes,    Vol.   I.     New 
York  :  Charles  Scribner,  1863. 
No  work  more  timely  than  that  which  Mr. 
Dawson  has  so  well  performed.     This  edition  of 
the  Federalist  is  a  national  boon.  At  the  moment 
when  broader   and  more  statesmanlike   discus- 
sions of  our  Constitution  must  occupy  the  public 
mind,   when  the  plan  of  a  new  government  will 
be   debated,    a  thorough  study    of  the  present 
Constitution  and  its  adoption  must  be  made. 

New  York  was  most  averse  to  the  new  Con- 
stitution, and  the  articles  of  Hamilton,  Madison, 
and  Jay  undoubtedly  won  over  the  State  and 
enabled  the  General  Government  to  commence. 
Mr.  Dawson,  as  part  of  his  plan,  presents  in  this 
volume  the  text  of  the  Federalist,  printed  from 
the  newspapers  on  which  it  originally  appeared, 
without  the  least  alteration,  and  with  such  notes 
only  as  the  authors  gave  at  the  time  :  a  second 
volume  will  contain  the  alterations  made  by  the 
authors  and  illustrative  notes,  with  a  full  and 
copious  index.  A  subsequent  volume  will  em- 
brace, under  the  title  of  the  Anti-Federalist,  the 
essays  which  these  of  Hamilton,  Madison,  and 
Jay  so  successfully  met. 

Mr.  Dawson,  in  giving  this  authentic  copy  ot 
the  Federalist,  renders  his  edition  of  the  highest  ■ 
authority :  this  great  service  is  increased  by  the 
valuable  introduction.  It  embraces  a  history 
of  the  circumstances  which  led  to  the  work, 
gives  a  full,  fair  statement  of  the  claims  as  to  the 
authorship  of  certain  numbers,  especially  18,  19, 
20,  48  to  57,  61  to  63,  and  a  table  showing  the 
various  claims.  A  full  bibliographical  account 
of  the  various  editions  of  the  work  completes  the 
history  of  the  Federalist. 

It  is  a  matter  of  gratification  that  an  edition 
has  at  last  appeared,  edited  by  one  so  thoroughly 
conversant  with  the  history  of  the  period,  so 
painstaking,  accurate,  and  critical.  It  is  the  only 
edition  to  stand  on  the  shelf  of  a  choice  library, 
and  is  one  that  few  libraries  can  dispense  with. 


A  Brief  and  True  Narrative  of  the  Hostile  Con- 
duct of  the  Barbarian  Natives  towards  the 
Dutch  Nation.  Translated  by  E.  B.  O'Cal- 
laghan.  8vo.  pp.  48.  Albany :  Munsell, 
1863. 

This  is  quite  an  interesting  little  tract  of  the 


43 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Jan.,  1864.] 


Dutch  times,  the  value  of  which  is  enhanced  by 
an  appendix  containing  the  treaty  of  1645,  cor- 
respondence in  regard  to  it,  opinions  of  Stuy- 
vesant,  La  Montagne,  Yan  Tierhoven,  a  list  of 
the  survivors  of  Van  de  Capelle's  Colony,  and 
the  Proclamation  of  January  27,  1656. 


A  Sketch  of  the  History  of  the  Episcopal  Church 
in  Portland,  Maine,  from  the  organization  of 
St.  PauTs  Church,  Falmouth,  Nov.  4,  1763,.  to 
the  Present  Time.  By  the  Eev.  W.  S.  Perry, 
M.A.  Portland:  1863. 
A  very  interesting  history  of  the  Episcopal 

Church  in  Portland  during  the  last  century.  Mr. 

Perry  is  too  thorough  a  historic  scholar  and  too 

polished  an  orator  to  fail  to  invest  his  narrative 

with  interest  and  value. 


Life  and  Letters  of  John  Winthrop,  Governor  of 
the  Massachusetts  Bay  Company  at  their  Emi- 
gration to  New  England,  1630.  By  Eobert 
C.  Winthrop.  Boston :  Ticknor  and  Fields, 
1864.    8vo.,  pp.  452. 

This  elegant  volume  is  the  first  part  of  the 
life  of  John  Winthrop,  written  with  all  the 
affectionate  interest  of  a  scholarly  descendant, 
but  in  no  spirit  of  what  might  have  been  excused 
as  a  laudable  pride.  The  narrative  is  told  mainly 
by  Winthrop  and  his  family  in  their  letters  and 
other  writings.  Apart  from  its  interest  as  a 
biography  of  one  of  the  great  men  of  American 
colonization,  as  a  picture  of  the  life  of  the  gentry 
in  England  at  the  time,  it  possesses  a  re- 
markable value  to  all  readers  here  and  in 
England. 

Another  thought  arises.  Where  is  the  vaunted 
gentleness  of  the  Virginian  and  more  southerly 
families  ?  How  stands  the  assumption  that  all 
at  the  South  are  descended  from  the  English 
gentry,  and  all  at  the  North  from  the  boors  ? 
What  Southern  State  can  give  us  a  life  of  its 
first  governor,  written  by  a  descendant  main- 
taining a  position  of  honor  and  distinction  in 
the  State  ? 


itisttlteitj. 


Mr.  C.  B.  Richardson,  the  publisher  of  this 
Magazine,  has  commenced  the  United  States  Ser- 
vice Magazine,  a  periodical  devoted  to  the  inte- 
rests, descriptive  of  the  progress,  and  illustrative 
of  the  honorable  services  of  the  United  States 
Army  and  Navy,  regular  and  volunteer. 


This  enterprise  has  been  undertaken  at  the 
solicitation  of  many  prominent  officers. 

It  is  under  the  editorial  care  of  Henry  Coppee, 
Esq.,  Professor  of  English  Literature  and  History 
in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  (Philadel- 
phia), whose  military  experience  and  literary 
attainments  are  sufficient  warrant  that  the  Ma- 
gazine will  be  rendered  .worthy  the  patronage  of 
all,  in  and  out  of  the  Service,  who  are  interested 
in  military  and  naval  affairs. 

Its  principal  articles  will  cover  the  entire  scope 
of  war  topics,  including  Modifications  and  In- 
ventions of  Arms  of  all  kinds;  Notes  on  the 
Organization  of  Armies  and  Navies ;  Historical 
Sketches  and  Illustrations ;  Interesting  Narra- 
tives of  Personal  Experience ;  Stories  of  Military 
and  Naval  Life;  Military  Hygiene,  and  such 
other  themes  as  are  directly  or  indirectly  con- 
nected with  the  great  subject.  The  Publisher 
has  the  pleasure  of  announcing  that,  in  this  de- 
partment, contributions  are  promised  by  many 
of  our  most  distinguished  officers,  and  other 
writers  of  the  highest  authority. 

Mr.  Faxon,  of  Hartford,  paid  a  soldier  $5  for 
a  lot  of  relics  from  the  Revolutionary  battle- 
ground before  Yorktown,  Va.  He  found  among 
the  articles  a  small  red  stone,  which  upon  clean- 
ing proved  to  be  a  garnet ;  and  a  further  inspec- 
tion revealed  the  interesting  fact  that  it  had 
once  formed  a  part  of  the  signet  ring  of  the  Mar- 
quis de  Rochambeau,  the  liberty  loving  com- 
mander of  the  French  army  in  this  country,  who 
acted  in  concert  with  Washington  in  plans  which 
won  for  us  the  battle  of  Yorktown.  It  contains 
the  noble  Count's  motto,  in  Latin,  and  his  family 
crest. 

On  the  19th  of  October,  1863,  the  St.  Jean 
Baptiste  Society  of* Quebec,  C.  E.,  inaugurated  an 
elegant  monument  on  the  heights  of  St.  Foy  to 
commemorate  the  battle  of  April  28,  1760 — the 
second  battle  of  Quebec  in  which  the  French  s> 
nearly  regained  the  colony.  It  is  a  bronzed 
metal  column  on  a  stone  base,  surmounted  by  a 
bronze  statue  of  Bellona,  presented  by  Prince 
Napoleon.  The  base  bears  the  inscription,  "  Aux 
braves  de  1760,  erigee  par  la  Societe  St.  Jean 
Baptiste  de  Quebec  1860 ;"  and  on  two  other  faces 
the  names  of  Levis  and  Murray.  It  stands  on  a 
beautiful  spot  on  the  brow  of  the  cliff  overhang- 
ing the  valley  of  the  St.  Charles.  The  successful 
erection  of  this  tribute  to  the  brave  of  the  last 
century  is  due  in  no  slight  degree  to  Dr.  Bardy. 


THE 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


Vol.  VIII.] 


FEBRUARY,  1864. 


[No.  2. 


<§mral  IMprtmtnt. 

NOTES  ON  SOME  PORTRAITS  OF  WASH- 
INGTON. 

BY    GEORGE    GIBBS. 

Masonic  Portrait  of  Washington. — 
Mr.  Charles  B.  Richardson,  the  publisher  of 
this  Magazine,  some  time  since  showed  me 
a  photograph  from  a  portrait  of  Washing- 
ton, representing  him  in  Masonic  Regalia. 
The  original  was  stated  to  be  by  an  artist 
named  Williams,  and  preserved  in  the 
lodge  at  Alexandria.  At  my  request  Mr. 
Benson  J.  Lossing  undertook  an  inquiry 
into  its  authenticity,  and  at  the  same  time  I 
addressed  a  letter  to  Mr.  C.  Cammack,  Sr., 
Grand  Treasurer  of  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia, for  the  same  purpose.  Mr.  Lossing  has 
obtained  from  Mr.  &  Hay  den  of  Athens, 
Bradford  Co.,  Pa.,  an  account  of  the  pic- 
ture, from  which  I  extract  the  following  : 

Mr.  Hayden  has  no  knowledge  of  the  ar- 
tist beyond  what  is  stated  in  the  records  of 
the  Alexandria  lodge,  by  which  it  appears 
that  in  August,  1793,  Mr.  Williams  offered 
to  compliment  that  body  with  a  portrait  of 
the  President  of  the  United  States,  provi- 
ded it  would  prevail  upon  him  to  sit,  and 
that  the  lodge  made  application  to  that  ef- 
fect accordingly.  In  October,  1794,  the 
portrait  was  received,  and  an  appropriation 
passed  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  artist 
in  going  to  Philadelphia  on  the  business. 
In  the  "  Recollections  and  Private  Memoirs 
of  Washington,"  p.  523,  there  is  a  mention, 
which  Mr.  Hayden  cites,  as  follows :  "  A  Mr. 
Williams,  a  painter  in  Crayons,  had  sittings 
about  1794,  and  made  a  strong  likeness, 
but  we  have  no  further  knowledge  of  him 
or  his  works."  He  is  undoubtedly  the  per- 
son referred  to  in  a  letter  to  Gov.  Lee  of 


Virginia,  dated  at  Philadelphia  in  July, 
1792,  at  which  time  Washington  declined 
to  sit,  but  it  would  appear  that  the  request 
of  Alexandria  lodge,  of  which  Washington 
had  formerly  been  Master,  subsequently 
prevailed  on  him.  Mr.  Hayden  has  seen  a 
copy  of  this  portrait  in  the  possession  of  a 
Baltimore  ledge,  and  surmises  that  others 
may  exist,  as  it  seems  to  have  been  the  ar- 
tist's expectation  to  make  them. 

The  authenticity  of  the  portrait  as  one 
taken  from  life  may  be  therefore  considered 
as  established.  It  represents  Washington 
as  bearing  greater  marks  of  age  than  any 
other  I  have  seen.  He  wears  the  apron, 
sash,  collar,  and  jewel  of  a  Past  Master  of 
Masons.  The  picture,  with  the  other  pro- 
perty and  archives  of  the  lodge,  has  been 
removed  since  the  rebellion  broke  out,  but 
they  are  said  to  be  insecurity.  The  apron, 
Mr.  Cammack  informs  me,  was  a  present  to 
Washington  from  Madame  de  la  Fayette. 
These  articles  all  belong  to  the  Alexandria 
lodge,  but  the  gavel  with  which  he  laid  the 
corner-stone  of  the  Capitol  at  the  city  of 
Washington  (which  he  did  in  regalia),  is 
now  in  the  custody  of  a  lodge  at  George- 
town. 

It  may  be  added  that  a  full  length  statue 
of  Washington  in  Masonic  dress  was  ex- 
ecuted by  Powers  just  before  the  rebellion, 
and  was  designed  to  be  erected  at  Frede- 
ricksburg. It  never  was  set  up,  however, 
and  is  now  concealed  somewhere  at  the 
South. 

The  Williams  portrait  is  now  being  pho- 
tographed from  Mr.  Richardson's  copy  by 
Fredericks  of  Broadway,  New  York,  where 
cartes  de  visite  can  be  obtained. 

THE    "PTEHLE"    PORTRAIT. 

A  well  known,  though  not  very  common 


HIST.  MAG.       VOL.  VIII. 


6 


50 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Feb., 


engraving,  is  one  of  quarto  size,  in  an  oval 
included  within  a  shaded  square,  "  publish- 
ed by  T.  Holloway,  and  the  other  propri- 
etors, May  21,  1*794,"  representing  Wash- 
ington  in    military   dress,    with   a  tablet 
beneath  of  Cornwallis's  surrender,  lettered 
"  Event  of  the  19th  of  Oct.,  1781,  at  York- 
town,  in  Virginia,"  and  with  the  following 
note,    "  The  English  Artist   has  followed 
the  lines  of  the  Print  in  the  French  origi- 
nal after  a  picture  by  Piehle,  on  account  of 
the  remarks  of  Mr.   Lavater."     The  fea- 
tures,   as   Mr.   Tuckerman   has   observed, 
would  not  be  recognised  for  those  of  Wash- 
ington.    I  have   never   seen   the   French 
print,  but  am  able  to  give  a  clue  to  the  pic 
ture  by  "Piehle."     Dr.  Charles  Beck,  of 
Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  informs  me  that 
it  was   formerly   the   property   of  a   Mr. 
Streckeiser,  of  Basle,  in  Switzerland,  and 
now  belongs  to  his  daughter,  Mrs.  Righi- 
ner.     The  late  Theodore  Parker,  who  saw 
the  picture  when  travelling  in  Europe,  re- 
quested Dr.  Beck  to  procure  a   copy,  and 
that  gentleman  caused  two  to  be  executed, 
one  of  which  he   retains  himself.     It  is  a 
small  painting,  and  bears  the  following  in- 
scription ;  "  Le  General  Washington,  Peint 
d'apres    nature   a   Philadelphie,    par    N. 
Piehle  en  1783."     The  family  account  of  it 
is  that  it  was  purchased  in  a  shop  in  Paris 
during  the  French  Revolution. ,  This  is  in 
all  probability  one  of  those  by  C.  W.  Peale. 

brown's  statue  in  union  square. 
The  head  in  this  is  taken  from  a  marble 
duplicate  of  Houdon's  bust,  originally  ex- 
ecuted by  that  artist  for  the  Hon.  Rufus 
King,  which  came  into  the  possession  of 
the  late  Col.  George  Gibbs,  and  is  now  the 
property  of  the  Hon.  Hamilton  Fish. 

WAX  MEDALLIONS  OF  WASHINGTON. 

I  have  recently  seen  a  profile  photograph 
of  Washington,  purporting  to  have  been 
taken  from  "  the  wax  original  by  Mrs. 
Wright."  Having  in  my  possession  a  wax 
medallion  of  Washington,  apparently  its 
counterpart,  I  am  anxious  to  ascertain 
upon  what  authority  the  one  referred  to  is 
ascribed  to  that  artist. 

This  portrait,  which  is  in  about  half  the 
actual  relief,  and  is  encased  in  a  deep  oval 


frame,  is  nine  inches  in  height,  including 
head  and  bust,  and  represents  Washington 
with  much  the  same  profile  as  in  Houdon's 
marble.  The  hair  is  drawn  back  from  the 
forehead,  curled  at  the  side,  and  tied  with  a 
ribbon  in  a  very  long  queue.  A  military 
cloak  is  thrown  back  over  the  shoulder  so 
as  to  exhibit  the  epaulette,  upon  which  are 
three  four-pointed  stars.*  The  lappel  of 
the  coat  is  buttoned  back,  showing  the 
waistcoat,  and  a  very  prominent  shirt  frill. 
The  profile  looks  to  the  right. 

The  Mrs.  Wright  in  question  is  undoubt- 
edly Mrs.  Patience  Wright,  an  American 
who  pursued  her  art  in  England,  as  a  mo- 
deller in  wax  during  the  war  of  the  Revo- 
lution, where  she  made  herself  useful  to  her 
country  by  transmitting  valuable  informa- 
tion to  Franklin,  then  in  Paris.  A  short  bio- 
graphical notice  of  her  may  be  found  in 
Dunlap,  and  an  amusing  anecdote  in  El- 
kanah  Watson's  "  Men  and  Times  of  the 
Revolution."  In  a  note  to  a  letter  of 
Franklin,  by  William  Temple  Franklin 
(Works  of  Franklin,  vol.  vi.)  she  is  styled 
Mehitable  Wright,  but  Dunlap  writes  her 
name  as  Patience  on  the  authority  of  her 
own  letters,  and  says  that  she  was  also 
called  Sybilla,  as  she  professed  to  predict 
future  events.  The  following  letter  from 
her  to  Jefferson  is  published  by  Dunlap. 

MRS.  WRIGHT  TO  JEFFERSON. 

London,  at  the  Wax  Work, 
Aug.  14,  1785. 

"  Honoured  Sir:  I  had  the  pleasure  to 
hear  that  my  son  Joseph  Wright  had  paint- 
ed the  best  likeness  of  our  Hero,  Wash- 
ington, of  any  painter  in  America ;  and  my 
friends  are  anxious  that  I  should  make  a 
likeness,  a  bust  in  wax,  to  be  placed  in  the 
State  house,  or  some  public  building  that 
may  be  erected  by  Congress.  The  flatter- 
ing letters  from  gentlemen  of  distinguished 
virtues  and  rank,  and  one  from  that  Ge- 
neral himself,  wherein  he  says:  '  He  shall 
think  himself  happy  to  have  his  bust  done 
by  Mrs.  Wright,  whose  uncommon  talents, 
&c,  &c.J  make  me  happy  in  the  prospect 
of  seeing  him  in  my  own  country. 


*  Mr.  Klias  Dexter  also  has  a  photograph,  apparent- 
ly from  one  of  these  medallions,  in  which  the  stars 
have  five  poinls. 


1864. 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


51 


"I  most  sincerely  wish  not  only  to  make  1787,  by  her  modelling  in  wax.  The 
the  likeness  of  Washington,  but  of  those  younger  daughter  married  Hopner,  the 
Jive  gentlemen  who  assisted  at  the  signing  rival  of  Stuart  and  Lawrence  as  a  portrait 


the  treaty  of  peace,  that  put  an  end  to  so 
bloody  and  dreadful  a  war.  The  more  pub- 
lic the  honours  bestowed  on  such  men  by 
their  country,  the  better.  To  shame  the 
English  king,  I  would  go  to  any  trouble 
and  expense  to  add  my  mite  in  the  stock 
of  honour  due  to  Adams,  Jefferson,  and 
others,  to  send  to  America ;  and  I  will,  if 
it  is  thought  proper  to  pay  my  expense  of 
travelling  to  Paris,  come  myself  and  model 
the  likeness  of  Mr.  Jefferson ;  and  at  the 
same  time  see  the  picture,  and  if  possible 
by  this  painting,  which  is  said  to  be  so  like 
him,  make  a  likeness  of  the  General.  I 
wish  likewise  to  consult  with  you,  how  we 
may  honour  our  country  by  holding  up  the 
likenesses  of  her  eminent  men,  either  in 
painting  or  wax  work.  A  statue  in  marble 
is  already  ordered,  and  an  artist  gone  to 
Philadelphia  to  begin  the  work  {Houdon). 
This  is  as  I  wished  and  hoped." 

It  is  to  be  inferred  from  this  letter  that 
she  had  not  at  its  date  (1785)  executed 
any  model  of  Washington.  Certainly  she 
could  not  have  done  so  from  life,  for  she 
had  never  seen  him,  and  according  to  Dun- 
lap  she  died  during  the  same  year. 

Mrs.  Wright's  son,  Joseph,  not  only  ex- 
ecuted a  portrait,  well  known  among  those 
taken  of  Washington,  but  as  mentioned  by 
Watson,  took  a  cast  of  his  face  in  plaster  in 
the  year  1784,  and  Washington,  in  describ- 
ing the  operation,  mentioned  that  an  im- 
pulse to  smile  "gave  his  mouth  a  slight 
twist  or  compression  of  the  lips  observable 
in  the  busts  Wright  afterwards  made." 
Whether  the  busts  thus  spoken  of  were  in 
wax,  or  what  other  material,  I  cannot  find. 
They  are  not,  I  believe,  mentioned  in  the 
catalogues  of  the  Washington  portraits. 
There  is  nothing  peculiar  in  the  mouth  of 
the  one  I  have. 

Besides  this  son,  Mrs.  Wright  had  two 
daughters,  of  whom  Dunlap  says:  "The 
elder  married  an  American  of  the  name  of 
Piatt,  and  inheriting  some  of  her  mother's 
works  and  talent,  returned  to  this  country 
and  died  here.  Mrs.  Piatt  made  herself 
well  known  in  New  York  about  the  year 


painter."  It  might  be  conjectured  that  the 
medallion  in  question  was  by  Miss,  instead 
of  Mrs.  Wright,  but  I  should  judge  from 
Dunlap's  expression  that  she  had  married 
before  her  return  to  America. 

I  trust  that  some  correspondent  will 
ascertain  by  whom  the  medallion  really 
is  ;  how  many  copies  of  it  there  are,  what 
other  works  by  the  same  hand  exist,  and 
finally  if  any  authentic  modellings  by  Mrs. 
Wright,  her  son  Joseph,  or  her  daughter 
Mrs.  Piatt,  are  yet  to  be  found.* 


OPERATIONS  IN  MAINE  IN  1779. 

JOURNAL  FOUND  ON  BOARD  THE  HUNTER,  CONTI- 
NENTAL SHIP,  OF  EIGHTEEN  GUNS. 

Monday,  19th  of  July,  1779. — The  fleet 
sailed  from  Nantasket  road  this  morning, 
consisting  of  16  armed  vessels,  with  about 
20  transports. 

Wednesday,  2\st. — We  arrived  at  Town- 
send  about  sunset,  where  1000  militia  were 
in  readiness  to  embark,  including  those 
that  came  from  Boston  in  the  transports 
under  command  of  General  Lovel. 

Friday,  23d. — The  troops  embarked  on 
board  the  transports. 

Saturday,  24th. — This  morning  we  sailed 
from  Townsend,  Or  Booth-Bay  Harbour, 
and  favoured  by  a  pleasant  N.W.  gale,  ar- 
rived at  Penobscot  Bay,  anchoring  under 
four  islands,  about  one  league  above  Owl's 
Head. 

Sunday,  25th. — We  made  sail,  and  about 
two  o'clock  came  up  to  the  entrance  of  a 
harbour  called  Magebagiduce,  about  12 
leagues  from  the  sea,  where  lay  at  anchor 
three  British  ships,  viz.  the  North  of  20 
guns,  the  Albany  of  18,  and  the  Nautilus  of 
1 8,  &c.  On  the  north  side  of  the  harbour 
was  the  British  flag  displayed  from  a  large 


*  There  is  a  notice  of  "Wright's  bust  in  a  letter  from 
"Washington  to  Mrs.  Wright,  dated  June  26,  1785 
(H.  M.  vii.  65),  but  it  throws  no  additional  light  on 
the  subject  of  the  medallions. 


52 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Feb., 


fort  on  a  regular  eminence,  below  which 
were  two  batteries,  on  the  south  side  ano- 
ther battery  was  forming ;  the  whole  made 
a  pretty  formidable  appearance.  Some  of 
our  largest  ships  passed  by  the  harbour's 
entrance  several  times  within  reach  of  their 
cannon,  and  discharged  a  number  of  broad- 
sides at  the  ships  and  fortresses,  which 
were  returned  with  great  vigour  and  intre- 
pidity ;  in  the  meantime  our  transports 
came  to  anchor  about  one  mile  above,  co- 
vered by  the  ship  Sally  and  brig. 

Monday,  26th. — Our  ships  in  turn  ap- 
proached the  harbour's  mouth  several 
times  in  the  course  of  the  day,  within  three 
quarters  of  a  mile  of  the  British  encamp- 
ment, and  discharged  many  cannon,  receiv- 
ing an  equal  number  M7ith  little  annoyance, 
excepting  one  unfortunate  shot  which  over- 
set one  of  our  boats,  as  they  were  landing 
some  troops  on  the  south  point,  out  of 
which  Major  Littlefield  and  two  privates 
were  drowned.  They  pursued  their  object 
with  great  activity,  and  dispossessed  the 
British  party  of  their  unfinished  fort,  killing 
one  man ;  after  which  our  troops  finished 
it  and  brought  several  18-pounders  to  bear 
upon  the  ships,  which  caused  them  to  be 
removed  further  up.  This  evening  our 
ships  came  to  anchor  in  a  line  across  the 
harhour's  mouth. 

Tuesday,  21th. — A  council  of  war  was 
held  this  day  on  board  the  Commodore's 
frigate,  the  result  of  which  was  that  the 
marines  from  all  the  ships  should  join  the 
troops  and  land  under  cover  of  the  Hunter 
and  Sky-Rocket ;  pursuant  to  which,  about 
two  o'clock  at  night,  the  ships  came  to  an 
anchor  within  musquet  shot  of  the  place 
assigned  for  the  landing  the  men,  being 
the  north  side  of  the  harbour  on  a  beach 
just  above  which  arose  a  very  high  hill  full 
of  trees,  brush,  and  craggy  rocks,  where 
two  or  three  hundred  Highlanders  and 
some  Britons  lay  in  ambush. 

Wednesday,  2bth. — About  four  o'clock 
in  the  morning  the  two  ships  began  to  fire 
into  the  woods,  which  was  continued  al- 
most incessantly  for  about  half  an  hour, 
that  the  troops  might  have  the  opportunity 
to  land  without  being  annoyed  ;  as  soon  as 
the  boats  had  landed  our  men  (who  were 


in  number  about  six  or  seven  hundred)  the 
Britons  from  the  hill  fired  upon  them  and 
killed  16  men,  and  wounded  as  many  ;  our 
men  with  great  resolution  returned  the 
fire,  ascended  the  almost  impassable  preci- 
pice, routed  them  and  took  possession  of 
the  hill,  killing  (as  they  supposed)  about  as 
many  as  they  lost,  and  taking  a  few  prison- 
ers ;  from  thence  they  advanced  to  a  bat- 
tery near  the  large  fort,  and  possessed 
themselves  of  it,  with  considerable  artillery 
and  baggage.  The  action  continued  near 
an  hour  with  great  spirit  and  resolution  on 
both  sides ;  the  party  that  ascended  the 
hill  and  put  the  Britons  to  flight  were 
chiefly  marines,  consisting  of  about  one 
hundred ;  the  Captain  of  marines  and  eight 
privates  belonging  to  the  Warren  were 
killed.  The  troops  are  this  day  engaged 
in  building  a  breastwork  near  the  large 
fort,  to  which  all  those  that  fled  had  re- 
sorted. Several  of  our  men  have  been 
wounded  in  the  course  of  this  day  by  shot 
from  the  fort.  A  number  of  cattle  are 
taken  and  brought  on  board  the  ships. 

Thursday,  29th. — Our  troops  continue 
to  fortify,  p.  m.  All  the  ships  are  ordered 
to  anchor  within  the  mouth  of  the  harbour, 
where  they  were  considerably  annoyed  and 
some  men  wounded  by  shot  from  the  fort. 
The  prisoners  inform  us,  that  the  fort  and 
shipping  contain  about  1000  men,  much  ar- 
tillery, and  two  years'  provision.  The 
prospect  of  succeeding  appears  at  present 
very  dubious,  the  British  ships  are  removed 
further  up  the  harbour  out  of  our  reach. 

Friday,  30th. — Our  troops  continue  to 
fortify  without  much  annoyance  within  half 
a  mile  of  the  British  fort. 

Saturday,  31st. — This  day  the  Commo- 
dore, in  consultation  with  the  Captains  of 
the  fleet,  is  concerting  a  plan  for  all  the 
marines  to  go  ashore  about  midnight,  un- 
der the  command  of  Captain  Burke,  and 
in  conjunction  with  the  land  troops,  to 
attack  a  breastwork  on  a  point  near  the 
British  shipping  just  below  their  fort,  think- 
ing by  taking  that,  the  communication 
would  be  cut  off  between  the  fort  and 
ships. 

Sunday,  August  1st. — The  attack  was 
made  about  2  o'clock  at  night  with  great 


1864] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


53 


vigour  and  resolution,  and  notwithstanding 
the  arduous  opposition  that  was  made  with 
cannon  and  small-arms,  they  were  obliged 
to  desert  the  breastwork  in  a  little  time 
and  repair  to  the  fort.  We  lost  about 
fifteen  men,  and  had  as  many  wounded 
dangerously,  killing  and  wounding  (as  is 
supposed)  about  as  many  of  the  British 
party;  after  being  in  possession  of  the 
place  it  was  found  impracticable  to  main- 
tain without  much  annoyance  from  the  fort 
and  ships,  therefore  after  destroying  a  few 
hogsheads  of  rum  and  dismounting  the 
three  nine-pounders  in  it,  we  resigned  it  to 
them  again. 

Monday,  2d. — Major  Sawyer  and  the 
Second  Lieutenant  of  the  Vengeance,  with 
several  others,  died  this  day  of  their 
wounds. 

Tuesday,  3d. — Many  shells  as  well  as 
shot  are  thrown  from  our  fort  into  the 
British. 

Thursday,  5  th. — Many  cannon  are  dis- 
charged thi3  day  from  our  fort  into  the 
British. 

Friday,  6th. — A  signal  from  the  Com- 
modore was  displayed  for  all  the  Captains 
of  the  fleet  to  come  on  board  to  consult 
about  attacking  the  British  shipping  and 
fort ;  the  result  was,  that  if  the  General 
would  attack  the  fort  with  his  army,  which 
consisted  of  about  1200  men,  including 
officers,  a  number  of  the  largest  ships 
should  go  into  the  harbour  and  attack  the 
shipping.  The  plan  was  sent  to  the  General 
for  approbation. 

Saturday,  1th. — The  above  plan  was  not 
conceded  to  by  the  General,  supposing 
that,  as  his  army  consisted  chiefly  of  mili- 
tia that  were  undisciplined,  he  should  be 
defeated  in  the  attempt,  therefore  the  con- 
clusion was  to  continue  the  siege  till  intel- 
ligence could  be  obtained  from  Boston 
respecting  reinforcement.  Several  boats 
were  discovered  to  be  landing  men  from 
the  British  ships  on  the  south  part  of  the 
harbour  above  our  small  breastwork,  which 
were  prevented  by  the  landing  of  about 
100  men  from  our  ships  near  by,  in  the 
mean  time  a  skirmish  commenced  between 
a  party  of  our  men  near  our  three-gun  bat- 
tery on  the  north  6ide  of  the  harbour,  and 


about  100  regular  troops  who  were  near 
their  two-gun  battery,  tho'  they  were  not 
near  enough  to  inspire  each  other ;  the 
British  party  soon  retired  to  their  fort, 
after  which  some  of  our  people  set  fire  to  a 
number  of  houses  and  large  barns  near  the 
fort,  which  were  soon  entirely  consumed. 
The  procedure  was  judged  to  be  conducted 
with  great  imprudence,  as  it  would  only 
have  a  tendency  to  distress  the  poor  inha- 
bitants ;  previous  to  the  landing  of  the 
British  boats  the  Commodore  and  the  Cap- 
tain of  the  Hampden  had  landed  in  the 
same  place  to  view  the  land,  who  were 
obliged  to  flee  into  the  woods,  losing  their 
barge. 

Sunday,  Sth. — The  Commander  returned 
to  his  ship  about  ten  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing, after  much  fatigue,  travelling  through 
the  woods. 

Monday,  9th. — A  signal  was  displayed 
from  the  Commodore  for  all  Captains  to 
come  on  board,  to  consult  what  measures 
should  be  most  advisable ;  after  much  de- 
bate and  vote  passed  for  the  ships  to  go 
into  the  harbour,  and  attack  the  British 
ships,  though  it  was  judged  by  the  Com- 
modore and  many  others,  that  the  attack 
would  be  attended  with  great  risque  and 
danger  of  having  our  ships  much  injured, 
as  we  should  be  exposed  to  the  fort,  which 
we  could  not  in  the  least  annoy.  The  con- 
dition of  this  vote  was,  that  the  General 
should  attack  the  British  fort  at  the  same 
time,  which  was  sent  to  him  for  concur- 
rence. A  general  uneasiness  is  discovered 
through  the  fleet  at  being  detained  so  long, 
many  desert  from  the  ships  every  night. 

Tuesday,  10th. — Consultation  was  at- 
tended upon  this  day  on  board  the  Com- 
modore ;  the  result  of  which  wras,  that  an 
attack  should  be  made  the  ensuing  day,  by 
the  ships  entering  the  harbour,  and  the  land 
forces  attacking  the  British  fortress  at  the 
same  time. 

Wednesday,  11th. — The  General  not  be- 
ing ready  for  the  proposed  attack,  thought 
proper  to  advance  out  upon  a  plain  between 
the  British  citadel  and  the  harbour  to  ma- 
noeuvre his  men,  being  about  750,  leaving 
about  500  in  the  fort,  a  detached  party  of 
250  proceeded  to  the  small  battery  near 


54 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Feb 


the  S.E.  point  to  excite  the  British  troops 
to  attack  them  from  their  citadel ;    after 
they  had  paraded  themselves  in  the  bat- 
tery, about  fifty-five  regular  troops  sallied 
from  their  citadel,  and  advancing  with  reso- 
lution and  intrepidity,  put  the  whole  party 
to  flight,  without  discharging  a  gun  ;  they 
-pursued  them  to  the  main  body,  and  then 
discharging  a  volley,  drove  the  whole  se- 
ven hundred  and  fifty  into  the  fort,  in  the 
greatest  confusion  imaginable — the  officers 
damning  their  soldiers,  and  the  soldiers  their 
officers  for  cowardice,  many   losing   their 
implements  of  war,  &c.     The  Captains  of 
our  ships  were  invited  to  see  this  grand 
manoeuvre  of  the  militia  troops.     The  de- 
tached   British   party   returned,    exulting 
with  loud  huzzas.     A  Council  was  convened 
this   night  by  the   General  in  camp,  the 
result  of  which  was,  That  he  judging  his 
army  was  not  sufficient  to  oppose  the  Bri- 
tish on  account  of  their  inexpertness  and 
want  of  courage,  and  not  being  in  expect- 
ation of  any  reinforcement,  thought  it  high- 
ly advisable,  with  the  advice  of  his  officers, 
to  raise  the  siege.      This  being   transmit- 
ted the  ensuing  morning  (Thursday,  12th) 
to  the  Commodore,  a  general  council  with 
the  Captains  of  the  navy  were  held  in  camp, 
passing  a  vote  to  continue  the  siege,  not- 
withstanding they  thought  themselves  in- 
adequate to  the  attempt  proposed ;  that  is, 
of  encountering  the  Britons  in  the  field,  so 
as  to  give  our  fleet  an  opportunity  of  at- 
tacking the  ships.     For  unless  the  General 
could  possess  himself  of  the  point  near  the 
British  ships,  it  would  not  be  advisable  for 
our  ships  to  go  in,  as  they  would  be  ex- 
posed to  the  fort  and  artillery  run  down 
from  the  point,  which  would  annoy  us  to  a 
very  great  degree  ;   as  the  harbour  is  so 
narrow  that  we   cannot   readily   get   out 
again, — therefore   the   plan   for   the  ships 
going  in  has  proved  abortive. 

Friday,  13th. — Very  great  uneasiness 
appears  throughout  the  fleet  at  being  thus 
detained  at  the  risk  of  British  reinforce- 
ments arriving,  and  the  prospect  of  reduc- 
ing the  place,  either  by  sea  or  land,  was  so 
dubious.  Three  weeks  have  now  elapsed 
since  our  siege  began,  and  little  or  nothing 
is  effected  to  our  advantage.     In  the  mean 


time  our  opponents  are  fortifying,  and  have 
compleated  a  very  formidable  citadel, 
where  they  are  secure  against  us ;  which 
at  our  arrival  was  only  a  breastwork,  con- 
taining five  or  six-pounders,  which  then,  in 
all  probability,  we  could  have  reduced  very 
easily,  as  also  their  shipping,  as  they  have 
since  acknowledged;  in  the  course  of  which 
time  thirteen  or  fourteen  councils  of  war 
have  been  held,  resolving  one  day  to  at- 
tack, and  the  next  day  reversing  their 
schemes.  The  Commodore  complaining 
that  the  General  is  backward,  and  the  Ge- 
neral that  the  fault  is  in  the  Commodore ; 
the  people  censuring  both,  and  are  deter- 
mined, unless  something  is  directly  done, 
that  is  either  to  attack  vigorously  or  raise 
the  siege  (preferring  the  former)  that  they 
would  leave  the  ships,  and  not  risk  an  at- 
tack by  a  superior  force  which  was  daily 
expected.  While  matters  are  thus  alter- 
cating, five  or  six  British  ships  hove  in 
sight,  making  a  formidable  appearance, 
which  has  thrown  our  fleet  and  army  into 
great  consternation,  the  ships  are  all  heav- 
ing up,  the  land  forces  embarking  onboard 
the  transports,  waiting  to  see  what  force 
this  consists  of,  and  consulting  how  to  es- 
cape if  the  force  should  be  superior,  con- 
cluding to  attempt  an  escape  by  the  west 
side  of  Long  Island,  or  run  the  ships  ashore 
and  betake  ourselves  to  the  woods. 


THE  HESSIANS  IN  THE  REVOLUTION.* 

That  the   Indo-European  or  Caucasian 
race  is  the  leading  family  of  mankind, 
': — the  heir  of  all  the  ages  in  the  foremost  files  of 

time ;" 

and  that  its  Germanic  branches,  more 
or  less  pure — whether  unmixed  Teuton, 
Anglo-Saxon,  Franco-Celtic,  or  Composite 
American — furnish  its  file-leaders  and  the 
champions  of  every  genuine   and  prolific 


*  Die  Deutschen  Huelfstruppen  in  Nordamerika- 
nischen  Befreiungskriege,  17 7 0  bis  1783.  Von  Max 
von  Eelking. 

The  German  Auxiliary  Troops  in  the  North  Ameri- 
can War  of  Independence,  1776  to  1783.  By  Max 
von  Eelking.  Hanover,  1863.  Two  vols.  8vo.,  pp. 
397  and  271. 


18G4.J 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


55 


thought  of  modern  days — these  are  truths 
which  we  hold  to  be  as  evangelical  as  that 
Liberty,  Equality,  and  Fraternity,  cor- 
rectly understood,  are  the  birthright  and 
the  destiny  of  the  whole  human  species. 
Numerous  are  the  means  which  it  has 
pleased  Divine  Providence  to  employ  in 
disseminating  over  the  earth  this  goodly 
seed  of  Teut:  their  love  of  travel  and 
adventure,  not  loath  to  take  the  kindred 
Norman  graft  of  piracy,  so  palpable  in  our 
British  brethren;  their  assimilative  tend- 
encies, whereby  they  make  themselves 
everywhere  at  home,  even  as  they  once 
Germanized  the  Eternal  City  while  Roman- 
izing themselves  ;  their  habits  of  industry, 
wherewith,  as  their  own  poet  says,  they 

"  Gather  on  every  plain  honey  thejr  know  not  for 
whom;" 

their  loyalty  to  their  chiefs,  which  leads 
them  to  make  their  prince's  foreign  quarrel 
their  own  domestic  grief,  and  his  shrewd 
policy  their  plain  interest. 

The  hated  Hessian  of  our  Revolutionary 
war  came  hither  to  fight  against  our  fathers 
under  this  last  influence.  He  had  been 
brought  up  by  the  good  old  rule  and  sim- 
ple plan  to  "  fear  God  and  honor  the  king," 
for  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  the  potent  "  Ho- 
bespierre  d  chevcd,"  had  not  yet  leavened 
with  new  ideas  the  European  lump.  The 
type  and  representative  hero  of  these  old- 
fashioned  docile  men  might  well  be  seen  in 
their  commander-in-chief,  Lieutenant-Gen- 
eral  Baron  von  Knyphausen,  sitting,  as  he 
is  depicted  in  the  attractive  production 
before  us,  on  a  rock  in  front  of  Fort  Wash- 
ington, New  York  Island,  holding  his 
watch  in  his  hand  till  the  one  halt-hour 
which  he  had  granted  the  besieged  Colonel 
Magaw  for  capitulation  should  expire,  and 
looking  down  with  contemptuous  abhor- 
rence on  the  captured  rebel  standards  as 
they  were  successively  laid  at  his  feet. 
The  "  blinde  Hess,''  even  now  not  famed 
for  insight,  as  this  his  standing  title  shows, 
must  then  have  thought  it  the  height  of 
sentimental  absurdity  that  his  fidelity  to 
the  sovereign,  who,  in  profound  king-craft, 
had,  by  solemn  treaty,  sold  him  to  Great 
Britain,  should  be   imputed  to  him  as  the 


!  baseness  of  a  hireling.  This  feeling,  excu- 
sable in  the  anxious  patriots  of  those  preg- 
nant days,  has  long  subsided  and  given 
place  to  an  enlightened  curiosity  to  learn 
from  trustworthy  German  authorities  the 
details,  from  their  own  point  of  view,  of 
their  countrymen's  share  in  resisting  our 
great  appeal  to  arms. 

Now  appears  the  worthy  Captain  von 
Eelking — already  favorably  known  to  us 
as  author  of  "  The  Life  and  Actions  of 
General  von  Riedesel,"  commander  of  the 
Brunswickers  in  Burgoyne's  expedition — 
with  his  two  excellent  volumes,  which  go 
very  far  toward  satisfying  our  desire.  If 
we  can  be  allowed  to  pun,  we  will  say  that 
he  bears  an  appropriate  family-name,  for 
the  Eel  is  well  known  to  be — forgive  us, 
Max ! — a  scavenger  of  the  waters,  or,  more 
delicately  speaking,  a  gleaner  of  neglected 
matter,  and  Max  is  a  king  among  such  lite- 
rary eels.  He  gives  a  list  of  no  fewer  than 
thirty-eight  manuscripts — principally  dia- 
ries kept  by  officers  during  the  war — which 
have  been  made  use  of  by  him  as  sources 
of  information.  This  being  the  fact,  the 
work  has  that  inimitable  freshness  and  life- 
like movement  which  can  never  pertain  to 
a  stately  history  compiled  from  second- 
hand materials.  The  Life  of  Riedesel  has, 
we  believe,  been  overlooked  by  translators, 
and  is,  therefore,  accessible  only  in  German. 
That  such  should  be  long  the  case  with  the 
book  which  we  are  considering,  w^e  think 
quite  impossible.  It  must,  from  its  subject 
and  the  merit  of  its  execution,  eventually 
take  rank,  when  Anglicized,  as  a  standard 
and  essential  complement  of  all  narratives 
of  the  war. 

Many  an  interesting  observation  on  the 
city  of  New  York  and  its  vicinity,  during 
that  fateful  period,  enlivens  this  new  con- 
tribution to  American  historic  literature. 
A  few  of  these  remarks  we  purpose  to 
translate,  by  way  of  whetting  the  appetite 
of  the  antiquarian  reader,  till  some  pains- 
taking linguist  serve  him  up  a  full  repast  in 
the  guise  of  a  complete  version.  After  an 
ocean-passage,  on  which  the  Hessians  were 
so  crowded,  herring-like,  between  decks, 
that  the  oldest  man  was  placed  at  their 
right  wintx   to  {rive  a  word  of  command 


56 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Feb., 


when  they  had  all  lain  till  one  side  was 
"  ripe,"  whereat  all  turned  over  on  the 
other  side,  the  troops  disembarked,  in 
August,  1776,  on  Staten  Island. 

"  On  landing,  the  Hessians  were  most 
joyously  welcomed  by  the  English,  as  a 
long-desired  aid,  with  salvos  of  cannon  and 
musketry.  The  officers,  in  particular,  vied 
one  with  another  to  meet  the  Germans  in 
a  friendly  manner,  and  invited  them  into 
their  tents.  General  von  Heister  was  asked 
to  dinner  by  the  British  commander-in-chief. 
The  English  camp  was  on  a  rocky  height 
advantageously  situated  with  a  splendid 
view  of  the  harbor  of  New  York,  and 
over  a  part  of  the  interior  country,  as  well 
as  over  the  adjacent  American  camp  on 
Long  Island.  The  wonderful  scenery,  and 
the  charm  of  novelty,  after  the  long,  mono- 
tonous, and  toilsome  voyage,  cheered  up 
officers  and  men." 

"  Immediately  on  their  arrival,  the  Ger- 
man officers  were  obliged  to  have  every- 
thing of  silver  removed  from  their  uniforms, 
as  the  British  had  already  done.  The  ob- 
ject was  to  make  them  less  easily  recogniz- 
able by  the  dreaded  riflemen,  who  were 
especially  fond  of  aiming  at  officers."  P. 
27,  vol.  i. 

We  have  next  a  sketch  of  the  condition 
of  affairs  in  America  at  that  moment,  in- 
cluding curious  pen-and-ink  portraits  of  the 
two  brothers,  Lord  Richard  and  Sir  Wm, 
Howe.  Has  a  faithfully  minute  biography 
of  the  former,  in  succeeding  years  one  of 
England's  greatest  naval  heroes,  ever  been 
written  ?  We  think  not.  He  it  was,  who, 
as  we  recall  to  mind  from  our  anecdotal 
odds  and  ends,  bore  among  the  sailors  the 
nickname  "  Black  Dick,''  from  his  swarthy 
and  serious  countenance,  and  in  whose 
honor,  doubtless,  after  his  great  victory 
over  the  French  fleet  off  Ushant,  June  1, 
1794,  was  drunk  the  queer  and  very  apt 
toast,  "First  and  Second  of  David's 
Third !"  which  the  sagacious  reader  may 
interpret  for  himself.  A  veracious  life 
of  the  admiral,  comprising,  of  course,  pro- 
per notice  of  his  brother,  the  popular, 
good-natured,  bon-vivant  general,  who, 
fortunately  for  the  American  cause,  filled 
a  position  originally  destined  for  that  Ben- 


gal tiger,  Lord  Clive,  would,  if  well  related 
by  some  judicious  countryman  of  theirs, 
hardly  fail  to  afford  us  important  facts  as 
wrell  as  amusing  gossip.  We  are  disposed 
to  class  with  Carlyle's  "books  which  are 
no  books,"  the  pompous  and  decorous 
"  Life  of  Richard  Earl  Howe,  KG.,  Ad- 
miral of  the  Fleet,  and  General  of  Marines  ; 
by  Sir  John  Barrow,  Bart,  F.R.S.,"  where- 
in wre  read  that  the  mother  of  the  two 
Howes  wras  "Mary  Sophia  Charlotte, 
daughter  of  Baron  Kielmansegge,  Master 
of  the  Horse  to  George  I.,  when  Elector 
of  Hanover,  by  Sophia  Charlotte,  daughter 
of  Count  Platen,  of  the  Empire;"  whereas 
it-  is  no  secret  that  she  was  the  natural 
child  of  the  Hanoverian  "Defender  of  the 
Faith,"  Richard  and  William  being  thus, 
with  a  bar  sinister,  cousins-german  to  King 
George  the  Third's  Father,  Frederick, 
Prince  of  Wales. 

The  battle  of  Long  Island  was  now  im- 
pending, and  some  of  the  newly  arrived 
Hessians  relieved  a  portion  of  the  English 
troops  hitherto  posted  on  Staten  Island, 
but  destined  to  take  part  in  that  action. 
This  movement  gives  occasion  for  a  de- 
scription of  Staten  Island  and  its  inhabitants 
and  neighbors  at  that  date  : 

"  Von  Stirn's  brigade  received  the  order 
to  move  forward  upon  the  Jersey  Sound, 
an  arm  of  the  sea  which  separates  the  is- 
land from  the  mainland,  and  there  to 
relieve  the  35th  English  regiment  and  a 
part  of  the  5th.  In  the  morning  of  the 
19th  of  August  the  brigade  began  its  march, 
their  tents  and  baggage  being  packed  in 
wagons.  The  singular  vehicles,  small, 
painted  red,  and  drawn  by  two  little 
horses  driven  by  a  negro,  appeared  to  the 
good  Hessians  new  and  strange  enough. 
When  the  brigade  arrived  at  its  destined 
place,  the  English  officers  had  the  politeness 
to  invite  the  Germans  to  dinner.  The  relief 
took  place  at  nightfall.  The  advanced  posts 
were  stationed,  which  stood  very  near  to 
and  opposite  those  of  the  enemy  on  the 
other  side  of  the  narrow  sound.  The  entire 
brigade  was  distributed  along  the  shore  in 
small  detachments.  The  regiment  of'body- 
guards  took  its  position  at  Amboy  Ferry. 
The  camp  was  pitched  in  two  lii.e;,  but  in 


181>4.J 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


57 


a  few  days  had  to  be  moved  some  distance 
backwards,  as  the  Americans  fired  across 
from  the  other  side  with  their  long  rifles. 
The  out-posts  being  more  and  more  molest- 
ed in  this  way,  Grenke,  lieutenant  of  artil- 
lery, was  directed  to  pitch  a  few  cannon- 
balls  into  Amboy,  after  which  the  Americans 
behaved  more  quietly." 

4  The  width  of  the  sound  might  be  a 
little  over  three  hundred  paces.  The 
Americans  on  the  other  shore,  who  here 
saw  for  the  first  time  the  dreaded  German 
strangers,  collected  themselves  in  crowds 
on  the  bank,  more  to  satisfy  their  curiosity 
than  to  await  a  demonstration  from  this 
side.  A  Hessian  officer  says  in  his  journal : 
4  They  stretched  their  necks  mighty  long. 
Some  among  them  were  in  uniform,  but 
the  most  in  the  dress  of  a  promiscuous 
rabble.' » 

"  The  landing  of  the  foreign  re-enforce- 
ments had  spread  no  slight  terror  among 
the  Americans,  Especially  did  they  fear 
the  Germans,  whom  they  imagined  to 
be  half  devils.  A  large  part  of  the  in- 
habitants had  therefore  fled  with  the 
greatest  haste  into  the  principal  towns, 
particularly  to  New  York,  leaving  their 
property,  and  even,  to  some  extent,  money 
and  valuables.  This  dread  was  further 
increased  when  the  troops  took  possession 
by  force  of  the  quarters  assigned  them, 
and  refused  at  first  by  the  obstinate  in- 
habitants." 

"  The  soldiers  had  been  most  urgently 
commanded  by  their  superiors  to  exercise 
the  greatest  moderation  towards  the  people, 
even  those  of  hostile  sentiments ;  for  the 
hope  of  an  amicable  arrangement  of  differ- 
ences was  still  cherished,  and  it  was  desired 
to  spare  'his  Majesty's  subjects'  as  much 
as  possible,  and  avoid  everything  that 
might  irritate  them  still  more." 

44  Such  was  the  serious  wish  of  the  Ger- 
man generals  as  well  as  the  British.  But 
this  moderation  was,  in  many  instances, 
not  recognized;  the  billeted  soldiers  were 
met  in  the  rudest  manner,  nay,  there  was 
even  a  disposition  to  kick  them  at  once  out 
of  doors,  which  naturally  gave  occasion  to 
all  sorts  of  collisions  and  excesses,  since 
officers  and  men  considered  themselves  to 

HIST.   MAG.      VOL.    VIII.  1 


be  at  war  in  an  enemy's  country.  When 
the  first  fear  and  excitement  of  the  popula- 
tion had  passed  away,  and  they  perceived 
that,  after  all,  they  had  no  robbers  or  can* 
nibals  to  deal  with,  the  fugitives  gradually 
returned,  and  were  not  a  little  surprised, 
not  only  to  find  their  dwellings  just  as  they 
had  left  them,  but  also  their  furniture,  uten- 
sils— aye,  even  money  and  valuables,  for 
the  Germans,  accustomed  to  discipline  as 
they  were,  demanded  no  more  than  was 
due  to  them.  The  mutual  relations  now 
assumed  a  more  agreeable  aspect,  and  not 
unfrequently  some  rank  liberal  treated 
his  billeted  inmate  better  than  a  guest, 
and  carefully  tended  the  sick  or  wounded 
soldiers." 

44  The  portions  of  country  thus  taken 
possession  of,  situated  in  a  mild  climate, 
had,  with  their  rich  and  changeful  natural 
beauties,  joined  to  their  great  fertility,  the 
appearance  of  a  paradise.  The  finest  fruits, 
the  most  fragrant  and  beautiful  flowers, 
grew  here  almost  wild.  Everywhere  neat 
and  cheerful  country-houses  and  villages 
met  the  eye,  and  newly-founded  towns 
which  were  manifestly  growing.  Almost 
universally,  prosperity,  even  luxury,  pre- 
vailed among  the  inhabitants,  who  with 
slight  toil  gained  an  easy  and  abundant  re- 
turn. Almost  every  little  farmer  had  his 
cabriolet  and  his  black  servants.  Although 
Staten  Island  and  Long  Island  had,  since 
the  beginning  of  the  war,  been  occu- 
pied, now  by  our  side,  now  by  the 
American,  and  had,  therefore,  been  dis- 
puted points,  yet  this  had  left  scarcely  a 
trace  behind.  The  newly  arrived  Germans 
wondered  greatly  how  it  could  occur  to 
people  thus  living  in  superfluity  and  com- 
fort to  rebel  against  a  government  under 
which  they  were  apparently  so  well  off. 
And  how  trifling  were  the  imposts  and 
taxes  in  this  country  compared  with  those 
of  the  German  States  !  The  country-noble- 
man in  Germany  lived  hardly  so  much  at 
his  ease  in  his  castle  as  the  most  ordinary 
agriculturist  did  here  upon  his  farm."  Pp. 
30-32,  vol.  i. 

But  military  marauding  is  a  genuine 
German  practice,  as  the  verb  4t  to  maraud" 
is  a  genuine  German  word,  derived  from 


58 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Feb 


the  old  Counts  of  Merode,  noted  freeboot- 
ers in  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  whose  castle 
we  have  seen  between  Aix-la-Chapelle  and- 
Cologne.  The  national  trait  developed 
itself  in  the  subsequent  stage  of  the  con- 
test, when  reconciliation  had  become  hope- 
less, and  it  was  no  longer  thought  worth 
while  to  treat  the  insurgents  with  forbear- 
ance. More  particularly  was  this  absence 
of  restraint  observed  while  Knyphausen 
commanded  the  garrison  of  New  York  dur- 
ing Sir  Henry  Clinton's  successful  expedi- 
tion to  the  South.  It  was  the  celebrated 
winter  of  17*79-80,  concerning  whose 
severity  we  gain  from  Eelking  some  new 
facts : 

"  The  ice  on  the  East  River  was  eight- 
een feet  thick,  a  thing  without  precedent. 
The  soldiers  had  to  chop  up  old  ships,  and 
even  fell  the  trees  in  the  beautiful  walks 
and  gardens,  as  the  only  means  of  procur- 
ing necessary  fuel.  A  small  board  cost 
from  six  to  eight  pence."     P.  83,  vol.  ii. 

For  the  privations  and  anxieties  of  this 
season,  during  which  the  city  was  accessi- 
ble to  the  enemy  on  every  side,  the  ice 
being,  as  is  well  known,  strong  enough  to 
bear  the  transportation  of  heavy  artillery 
from  New  York  to  Staten  Island,  Knyphau- 
sen, early  in  the  ensuing  spring,  indemni- 
fied his  men  by  a  plundering  excursion  to 
Hackensack.  The  detachment  consisted 
of  English,  Hessians,  and  Bayreuthers. 
Among  the  latter  was  a  certain  musketeer, 
Doehla,  who  has  left  on  record  the  follow- 
ing naive  account  of  his  winnings  : 

"  We  gained  considerable  booty,  as  well 
in  money,  silver  watches,  silver  plates  and 
spoons,  as  also  in  furniture,  good  clothes, 
fine  English  linen,  silk  stockings,  gloves, 
and  cravats,  with  other  costly  silk  stuff, 
satin,  and  dry  goods.  My  plunder,  which 
I  safely  brought  back  with  me,  amounted 
to  two  silver  watches,  three  silver  buckle- 
rims,  a  pair  of  woman's  woolen  stockings, 
a  pair  of  man's  mixed  summer  stockings, 
two  shirts  and  four  chemises  of  fine  English 
linen,  two  fine  table-cloths,  one  silver  table- 
spoon, and  one  silver  teaspoon,  five  Spanish 
dollars  and  six  York  shillings  in  money. 
The  rest,  namely,  eleven  ells  of  fine  linen, 
and  over  two  dozen  silk  handkerchiefs,  with 


six  silver  plates  and  a  silver  goblet,  all  tied 
together  in  a  bundle,  I  had  to  throw  away 
and  leave  to  the  pursuing  army,  on  account 
of  the  long  and  rapid  march."  P.  86, 
vol.  ii. 

The  city  of  New  York,  as  it  existed  in 
those  days,  seems  to  have  struck  the 
strangers  with  admiration.  Even  at  an 
advanced  period  of  the  war,  when  much 
injury  and  mischief  must  have  been  already 
done,  troops  are  represented  as  marching 
with  music  through  its  "  beautiful  streets" 
to  occupy  their  camp  near  Corlaer's  Hook. 
(p.  48,  vol.  ii.)  In  the  night  between  Sept. 
20  and  21,  1776,  one-third  of  the  town  had 
been  reduced  to  ashes  by  a  conflagration 
which  American  writers  agree  in  deeming 
accidental,  but  which  our  author  views  as 
undoubtedly  the  act  of  a  fanatic  mob.  He 
expresses  his  surprise,  too,  that  no  attempt 
has  ever  been  made  to  give  it  the  color  of 
a  great  national  sacrifice,  which  the  burn- 
ing of  Moscow  is  wrongly  supposed  to 
have  been.  As  early  as  the  winter  of 
1776-7,  the  British  army  being  encamped 
about  one  mile  north  of  the  city,  in  two 
masses,  the  left  wing  on  the  Hudson  and 
the  right  on  the  East  River,  the  sidewalks 
had  begun  to  lose  that  peculiar  ornament 
for  which  the  New  York  of  former  days 
was  so  distinguished. 

"  Owing  to  the  impending  want  of  fuel, 
many  of  the  beautiful  trees  had  been  cut 
down,  which  stood  along  the  houses,  on 
both  sides  of  the  streets,  and  were  wont  to 
yield  a  cooling  shade  amid  the  heat  of  the 
sun."     P.  103,  vol.  i. 

From  his  authorities  Eelking  proceeds  to 
describe,  as  follows,  the  situation  of  things 
in  New  York  at  that  time  : 

"  On  the  harbor  stood  Fort  St.  George, 
a  quadrangular  work,  with  four  bastions  and 
mounted  with  twenty  guns.  Not  far  from 
it  lay  the  former  Government  House  and  a 
chapel,  in  ruins  since  1741,  both  buildings 
having  been  demolished  in  the  Negro  In- 
surrection of  that  epoch.  Wooden  barracks" 
for  the  reception  of  the  garrison  had  now 
been  built  within  them.  Another  fortifica- 
tion of  stone  was  situated  beneath  the 
former,  on  the  water-side,  extending  along 
the  point  of  the  island,  and  mounting  ninety 


1864] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


59 


cannon.  It  was  particularly  intended  for 
the  defence  of  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson. 
Along  the  East  River  stretched  the  fine 
streets,  Queen  and  Water  streets,  in  which 
wealth  and  luxury  had  chiefly  gathered,  for 
here  lived  the  foremost  men  of  the  mercan- 
tile class  in  houses  like  palaces." 

"  Many  churches  served  as  prisons  for 
the  many  prisoners.'' 

"  As  everywhere,  so  in  New  York,  par- 
ties were  at  bitter  variance.  In  spite  of 
the  stagnation  of  business,  and  although 
many  families,  the  loyal  as  well  as  the 
liberal,  had  fled  when  the  change  occurred, 
yet  great  prosperity  manifestly  existed.  At 
the  helm  of  municipal  affairs  now  stood 
royalists  only,  consisting  of  one  mayor, 
seven  aldermen,  and  as  many  members 
from  the  people.  The  city  was  divided 
into  seven  wards.  Most  of  the  male  citizens 
were  impressed  as  militia,  and  provided 
with  arms  for  the  defence  of  the  town. 
Willingly  would  the  Germans  have  taken 
up  their  winter-quarters  in  this  great,  rich, 
and  every  way  agreeable  place,  but  Howe 
assigned  to  a  portion  of  them  another 
station."     Pp.  103-104,  vol.  i. 

Things  wore  another  look  in  the  season 
of  1*782-3,  just  before  the  cessation  of  hos- 
tilities : 

-  "  On  York,  Staten,  and  Long  Islands, 
hard  work  on  the  fortifications  was  kept 
steadily  up  during  the  winter,  for  another 
attack  was  expected  here  from  the  Ame- 
ricans and  French.  When  the  weather 
was  too  cold  for  digging,  fascines  and  other 
things  were  got  ready.  Each  German 
regiment  gave  daily  150,  or  even  200  men 
to  the  labor.'' 

'"On  the  8th  of  January,  the  regiment 
of  Body-Guards  and  Prince  Carl's  regiment 
marched  to  MacGowan's  Pass,  where  the 
newly-built  barracks  for  these  troops  had 
just  been  finished.  Here,  too,  intrenching 
went  on  without  cessation.  The  greatest 
activity,  however,  was  shown  in  and  around 
New  York.  'This  little  island' — says 
Dinklage's  diary— ;  is  being  completely 
turned  up.  On  every  hill  is  a  redoubt. 
No  other  trees  than  fruit  trees  are  to  be 
seen  upon  it,  and  even  these  are  no  longer 
spared.     The   beautiful  groves   an*1   walks 


are  no  more :  in  a  word,  the  exquisite 
loveliness  of  this  island  has  been  converted 
into  fearful  ruin.  It  pains  a  well-disposed 
man  to  see  destroyed  in  one  day  what  it 
will  take  generations  to  restore."  Pp.  166- 
7,  vol.  ii. 

We  have  already  expressed  our  desire 
that  this  work  may  be  translated.  We  also 
trust  that  it  may  be  well  edited.  It  is  full 
of  blunders  which  no  one,  perhaps,  but  a 
New  Yorker  is  capable  of  thoroughly  rec- 
tifying. Take,  for  instance,  the  passages 
last  quoted.  Without  dwelling  on  Eel- 
king's  comparatively  venial  ignorance  that 
MacGowan's  Pass  is  on  New  York  Island, 
at  the  northern  extremity  of  the  Central 
Park,  we  think  he  should  have  known  that 
the  Negro  Plot  of  1741  was,  like  the  Popish 
Plot  in  England  in  1678,  a  panic  rather 
than  a  reality.  The  only  burning  con- 
nected with  it  was  that  of  the  thirteen 
wretched  blacks  who  were  in  this  manner 
savagely  put  to  death  where  Pearl  (then 
Queen)  street  intersects  the  present  Chat- 
ham.* The  "  Province  House,''  so  called, 
the  building  referred  to  by  our  author  as 
in  ruins,  was  accidentally  consumed  at  mid- 
night, Dec.  17,  1773.  The  family  of  Gov- 
ernor Try  on,  who  occupied  it  as  his  official 
residence,  escaped  with  difficulty,  his 
daughter  leaping  from  the  second  story 
window,  and  her  maid,  who  was  afraid  to 
follow  her,  losing  her  life.  No  great  criti- 
cal stress  is  to  be  laid  on  his  mere  peculiari- 
ties and  mistakes  in  spelling,  though  laugh- 
able and  too  frequent :  Wallaboud  for 
Wallabout ;  Heights  of  Guiana  for  Heights 
of  Go  wan  us ;  Woodberrey  ;  Vallay-Forge ; 
New-Wark  ;  Terrytown  ;  Verglants-Point 
for  Verplanck's  Point ;  and  many  others. 
Who,  we  should  like  to  know,  was  the 
"treacherous  Oberst  John,"  or  Colonel 
John,  of  whom  we  find  the  following  tale, 
quite  new  to  us,  in  Eelking's  account  of  the 
battle  of  Long  Island  ?  Probably  a  Jones, 
whose  honesty  would,  it  seems,  have  been 
improved  if  Timothy  Titcomb's  letters  to 
that  numerous  family  had  been  in  his  days 
given  to  the  world : 

*  But  the  church  and  buildings  in  the  fort  were 
burned  at  the  time,  and  this  fire  as  well  as  others  laid 
to  the  Negroes.— En.  H.  M. 


61 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Jan. 


"  Colonel  John,  of  the  rebels,  is  dead.  A 
grenadier  took  him  prisoner,  and  magnani- 
mously granted  him  his  life,  telling  him  to 
go  to  the  battalion  in  the  rear,  for  the 
grenadier  was  a  flanker.  The  colonel 
wanted  cunningly  to  murder  his  captor 
from  behind,  and  stealthily  drew  a  pistol, 
but  only  wounded  the  arm  of  the  gren- 
adier, whereat  the  latter  regaled  him  with 
three  or  four  bayonet  thrusts."  Pp.  40-1, 
vol.  i. 

But  this  writer  has  been  betrayed  into 
more  serious  inaccuracies.  Not  content 
with  one  great  fire  at  New  York  in  the 
autumn  of  1776,  the  same  conflagration 
which  we  have  already  mentioned,  he  treats 
us  to  another,  Nov.  20,  in  which,  as  he  as- 
serts, Trinity  church  was  destroyed.  This 
is  altogether  imaginary  and  surprisingly 
confused.  Trinity  church  was  burned,  with 
much  of  the  lower  part  of  the  city,  on  the 
night  of  Sept.  20-21;  and  the  patriots  on 
the  other  side  of  the  Hudson,  at  Paulus 
Hook,  now  Jersey  City,  are  said  to  have 
raised  a  loud  hurra  as  its  steeple  sank  into 
the  flames.  Our  friend  Eelking  gives  the 
following  strange  version  of  the  occur- 
rence : 

"  A  portion  of  the  exasperated  populace 
had  assembled  on  the  hill  of  St.  Paul's 
church,  and  contemplated  with  cannibal- 
like mirth  and  rough  jests  the  destructive 
progress  of  the  mighty  flames.  A  wild 
shout  of  joy  accompanied  the  fall  of  the 
tower  of  that  fine  old  English  house  of 
God."     P.  56,  vol.  i. 

"  Paulskirche"  and  "  Paulus  Hook"  are 
here  very  curiously  confounded.  Our  old 
St.  Paul's  still  stands  as  it  stood  before  the 
Revolution  ;  and  its  spire,  added,  we  think, 
since  that  period,  but  in  the  graceful  Eng- 
lish taste  of  Wren,  Gibbs,  and  their  school, 
really  shames  the  two  hideous  abortions  in 
white  stone  and  brown,  which  deform  the 
upper  part  of  the  Fifth  avenue. 

This  is  not  the  only  error  of  fact  we  have 
detected  in  the  work.  But  we  have  done 
with  censure.  The  book  is  a  good  book, 
valuable  as  well  as  entertaining,  and,  when 
carefully  translated,  revised,  and  anno- 
tated, will  be  acknowledged  by  the  Ameri- 
can public  to  contain  exact  as  well  as  ani- 


mated pictures  of  the  men  aad  things  of 
old. 


THE  DAKK  DAYS  AND  ExiRTH  QUAKES 
IN  CANADA. 

In  the  year  1785,  several  so  called  "  dark 
days"  occurred  in  Canada,  and  excited 
much  apprehension  among  the  ignorant 
and  speculation  among  the  learned.  Low- 
er Canada  only  was  peopled  by  civilized 
man  at  that  time,  so  that  we  have  no 
account  of  the  "dark  days"  in  Upper 
Canada. 

It  is  recorded  in  the  Quebec  Gazette  of 
October  20th,  1785,  that  on  Sunday,  Octo- 
ber 16th,  1785,  it  was  so  dark  soon  after 
ten  in  the  morning  that  printing  from 
ordinary  type  could  not  be  read.  The 
phenomena  are  described  with  some  degree 
of  minuteness  by  Chief  Justice  Sewell. 

"On  October  9th,  1785,  a  short  period 
of  obscurity  occurred  at  Quebec  about 
four  in  the  afternoon,  and  during  its  con- 
tinuance the  sky  in  the  north-east  quarter 
of  the  heavens  exhibited  a  luminous  appear- 
ance upon  the  line  of  the  horizon  of  a 
yellow  tinge.  On  the  15th  there  was  a 
repetition  of  the  same  phenomena  at  a  little 
earlier  hour,  with  violent  gusts  of  wind, 
lightning,  thunder,  and  rain,  accompanied 
as  on  the  9th.  The  morning  of  October 
16th  was  perfectly  calm,  and  there  was 
thick  fog.  Towards  nine  o'clock  a  light 
air  from  the  north-east  sprang  up,  which 
increased  rapidly.  The  fog  by  ten  o'clock 
was  entirely  dissipated  ;  black  clouds  were 
then  seen  rapidly  advancing  from  the 
north-east,  and  in  half  an  hour  print  could 
not  be  read.  The  darkness  lasted  for  about 
ten  minutes.  At  twelve,  a  second  period 
of  obscurity  took  place;  then  a  third,  and 
a  fourth,  and  fifth,  at  intervals :  at  half- 
past  four  it  was  dark  as  midnight." 

Four  distinct  accounts  of  similar  pheno- 
mena are  recorded  by  Chief  Justice  Sewell* 
as  occurring  on  July  3rd,  1814.     One  from 


*  "A  Few  Notes  on  the  Dark  Days  of  Canada." 
By  the  Honorable  Chief  Justice  Sewell,  President  of 
the  Library  and  Historical  Society  of  Quebec. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


61 


the  pen  of  an  officer  of  the  Royal  Engi- 
neers, supposed  to  be  Captain  Payne,  taken 
from  Tulloch's  Philosophical  Magazine, 
describes  the  appearances  at  the  Bay  of 
Seven  Islands,  above  Anticosti,  on  July 
2nd  and  3rd.  A  second  describes  what 
occurred  on  the  2nd  at  Cape  Chat,  from 
observations  made  by  some  officers  who 
were  on  board  the  transport  "  Sir  William 
Heathcott,"  which  lay  the  whole  of  the 
day  at  anchor  in  the  river  St.  Lawrence  at 
that  point.  The  third  contains  some  addi- 
tional observations  respecting  the  appear- 
ances on  July  2nd,  made  on  that  same  day 
in  another  ship,  which  also  lay  off  Cape 
Chat.  And  the  last  relates  to  the  pheno- 
mena which  were  observed  by  the  Chief 
Justice  himself  upon  the  banks  of  New- 
foundland. 

On  July  3rd,  twenty  miles  from  the  Bay 
of  Seven  Islands,  the  clouds  appeared  to 
be  coming  rapidly  from  the  northward; 
the  atmosphere  was  thick  and  hazy,  and  at 
night  the  darkness  excessive.  About  9 
p.m.  a  sort  of  dust  or  ashes  commenced 
falling,  and  continued  during  the  night; 
towards  the  morning  the  whole  atmosphere 
appeared  red  and  fiery  to  a  wonderful 
degree,  and  the  moon,  then  at  the  full,  not 
visible  ;  the  appearance  through  the  cabin 
windows  and  crystal  lights  singular  in  the 
extreme,  as  if  surrounded  by  a  mass  of 
fire  ;  the  sea  sparkling  much,  and  in  a  man- 
ner not  usual  in  these  latitudes.  On  the 
following  day  the  sea  was  found  to  be 
covered  with  ashes,  the  wind  having  died 
away  to  a  dead  calm  early  in  the  morn- 
ing. 

A  bucket  of  water  taken  up  appeared  as 
black  as  writing  ink ;  the  ashes,  from  the 
quantity  which  had  fallen,  "  appeared  as  if 
those  of  burnt  wood?"* 

On  July  4th  the  ashes  were  still  observed 
to  be  falling  in  small  quantity.  "  The  ashes 
collected  on  deck  appeared  to  be  those  of 
burnt  wood,  but  darker  and  more  heavy 
than  the  ashes  of  a  tobacco  pipe." 

The  narrative  of  the  officers  who  were 
on  board  the  transport  "Sir  William 
Heathcott''  states  that  on  July  2nd,  1814, 
there  was  a  heavy  fall  of  ashes  and  sand. 
The  wind  blew  gently  from  the  north  shore 


of  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  third  account 
states  that  on  July  2nd,  when  off  Cape 
Chat,  for  three  days  previously  some  ashes 
and  smoke  had  been  observed,  but  on  the 
second  no  symptoms  of  burnt  wood  were 
seen  ;  but  at  2.30  p.m.  of  that  day  the  sun 
was  obscured,  and  a  total  darkness  set  in, 
which  continued  until  about  sunset. 

The  Chief  Justice's  own  observations 
were  as  follows:  "July,  1814 — Sunday — 
A  most  extraordinary  day.  In  the  morn- 
ing dark  thick  weather,  and  fog  of  a  deep 
yellow  color,  Which  increased  in  density 
and  color  until  four  o'clock  p.m.,  at  which 
hour  the  cabin  w\as  entirely  dark,  and  we 
dined  by  candle-light ;  the  binnacle  also 
was  lighted  shortly  after." 

The  relative  positions  of  the  different 
observers  at  the  time  when  the  phenomena 
described  in  the  preceding  paragraphs 
occurred,  show  that  the  northerly  wind 
which  blew  on  July  2nd  carried  clouds  of 
ashes,  sand,  smoke,  and  vapor  across  the 
river  St.  Lawrence,  in  a  line  from  the  Bay 
of  Seven  Islands,  to  Cape  Chat,  and  then 
by  the  westerly  wind  wThich  set  in  on  the 
night  of  July  2nd  across  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence  and  the  island  of  Newfoundland 
to  the  great  banks,  and  on  July  3rd  enve- 
loped the  vessel  in  which  the  Chief  Justice 
was  sailing  in  the  same  obscurity  in  which 
the  other  ships  off  the  Canada  coast  were 
shrouded  on  the  preceding  day. 

Chief  Justice  Sewell  attributes  these 
phenomena  to  volcanic  action  rather  than 
to  an  extensive  conflagration.  He  says: 
"  As  to  the  conflagration  of  a  forest,  the 
facts  of  which  we  are  in  possession  do  not 
appear  to  warrant  a  belief  that  such  can  be 
the  cause.  It  seems  impossible  to  suppose 
that  the  conflagration  of  a  forest  could 
have  produced  a  mass  of  smoke  so  dense 
and  so  extensive  as  to  overspread,  as  it  did 
in  October,  1785,  the  surface  of  a  territory 
exceeding  certainly  300  miles  in  length, 
and  probably  200  miles  in  breadth,  and 
producing  at  its  utmost  longitudinal  extre- 
mity, and  at  mid-day,  the  obscurity  of  the 
darkest  night.  And  as  the  whole  of  the 
cause  of  this  obscurity  proceeded  appa- 
rently from  the  Labrador  country,  where 
forest   trees    are  few  in  number,   stunted 


62 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Feb. 


in  size,  and  spread  in  isolated  patches  over 
a  general  surface  of  rock,  it  is  the  more 
improbable.'' 

The  Chief  Justice  inclines  to  the  view 
that  the  phenomena  of  the  "  Dark  Days  of 
Canada  "  are  to  be  attributed  to  an  active 
volcano  in  the  Labrador  Peninsula,  and 
he  draws  attention  to  the  coincidence  in 
the  narratives  of  the  different  observers 
quoted,  and  those  which  are  mentioned  by 
Charlevoix  in  his  description  of  the  earth- 
quake in  1663  :  "  A  Tadoussac,"  says  Char- 
levoix, "  II  pleut  de  la  cendre  pendant  six 
heures  " — torn.  i.  p.  367  ;  also  on  page  336, 
he  adds,  "Une  poussiere  qui  s'eleva  fut 
prise  pour  une  fumee  et  fit  craindre  un 
embrasement  universel.'' 

Tadoussac  was  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Saguenay  River.  The  Chief  Justice 
also  states  that  among  the  Indian  tribes  on 
the  north  shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence  a 
traditional  belief  of  the  existence  of  a  vol- 
cano in  the  Labrador  country  is  said  to 
prevail. 

In  his  journal  of  a  voyage  in  the  country 
of  the  Papinachois,  a  Montagnais  tribe  on 
Lake  Manicouagan,  in  1664,  Henry  Nouvel, 
a  Jesuit  missionary,  states  that  on  May  11 
he  arrived  at  a  river  which  the  Indians 
called  Kouakueou,  and  saw  the  effect  of 
the  earthquake  on  the  rivers,  the  water 
which  flowed  in  them  being  quite  yellow, 
and  preserving  this  color  until  they  min- 
gled with  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  same 
effect  was  noticed  on  Bersamites  River,  and 
the  Indians  dare  not  venture  on  them  in 
their  canoes. 

He  also  relates  that  the  earthquake  had 
such  a  powerful  effect  upon  an  Indian  con- 
jurer named  Ouiskoupi,  that  he  renounced 
his  craft  and  gave  up  his  medicines  to  the 
missionary,  who  burnt  them.* 

Lieutenant  Ingall,  who  explored  the 
country  between  the  St.  Maurice  and  the 
Saguenay  in  1828,  states  that  the  opinion 
very  generally  prevails,  borne  out  by  tradi- 
tion, that  an  active  volcano  is  somewhere 
in  existence  among  the  mountains  south- 
east of  the  Saguenay,  but,  he  adds,  it 
wants  the  confirmation  of  ocular  proof,  for 

*  Relation  des  Jesuitcs. 


not  one  of  the  Indians  who  traverse  those 
regions  in  search  of  game  has  ever  seen 
the  slightest  appearance  of  fire  issuing  from 
the  earth,  nor  did  Lieutenant  Ingall  hear  of 
any  scoriae  or  vitrified  rock  having  been 
discovered  in  the  country.*  Without 
doubt  the  coast  between  Cape  Tourmente 
and  Malbay  is  frequently  troubled  with 
shocks  of  earthquakes,  but  whether  these 
shocks  are  occasioned  by  the  working  of 
some  neighboring  volcano  is  a  matter  of 
mere  speculation.  Nor  does  the  appear- 
ance of  the  land  bear  evidence  of  there 
having  ever  existed  a  volcano  to  the  south 
of  the  River  Saguenay,  as  from  the  well- 
known  fertility  of  decomposed  lava  we 
should  find  a  very  different  soil  from  that 
hitherto  discovered.  If  a  volcano  is  at  the 
present  period  in  a  state  of  active  opera- 
tion, I  should  be  much  more  inclined  to 
suppose  it  seated  among  the  unexplored 
mountains  of  Labrador,  to  the  north-east 
of  the  Saguenay  or  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence. 

In  October  1785  the  obscurity  extended 
so  as  to  comprehend  on  one  side  Frede- 
rickton,  New  Brunswick,  and  on  the  other 
Montreal.  A  ship,  the  Adamant,  was  on 
the  morning  of  Oct.  16th  off  the  end  of  the 
island  of  Anticosti.  There  it  was  then 
clear  weather;  but  towards  the  west  the 
ship's  company  saw  a  heavy  black  cloud, 
and  by  twelve  on  the  same  day  had  sailed 
into  it,  and  very  shortly  afterwards  found 
themselves  in  darkness. 

In  1828  Captain  F.  H.  Baddely,  R.  E., 
was  engaged  by  the  Canadian  government 
in  exploring  the  Saguenay  country,  and  in 
his  Report,  which  was  published  at  the 
time,  he  states  that  Malbay  or  Murray  Bay, 
on  the  St.  Lawrence,  90  miles  below  Que- 
bec, has  long  been  remarkable  for  the 
frequency  of  earthquakes. 

Shocks  are  most  frequent  in  January  or 
February ;  they  occur  about  nine  or  ten 
times  a  year.  "It  is  not,"  says  Captain 
Baddely,  "  perhaps  generally  known  that 


*  Remarks  on  the  Country  lying  between  the 
Rivers  St.  Maurice  and  Saguenay,  on  the  north  shore 
of  the  St.  Lawrence.  By  Lieutenant  Ingall,  1.1th 
Regiment.  Transactions  of  the  Literary  and  Philo- 
sophical Society  of  Quebec,  1830.     Vol.  II. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


63 


there  exists  highly  respectable  evidence  of 
a  volcanic  eruption  having  happened  some- 
where in  the  rear  of  St.  Paul's  Bay,  not  far 
from  Murray  Bay.  No  one,  we  think,  will 
feel  disposed  to  doubt  the  fact  after  perusing 
the  following  account  of  it,  with  which, 
through  the  politeness  of  Messrs.  Gagnon 
and  Chaperon,  we  have  been  furnished.  It 
is  the  former  gentleman  who  writes  : 

"  In  the  place  of  a  journal,  which  hap- 
pens to  be  lost,  receive  the  following  : — 

"  Tuesday,  December  6,  1791. — At  St. 
Paul's  Bay,  and  at  other  neighbouring 
places,  at  about  a  quarter  after  seven,  a 
severe  earthquake  was  felt ;  the  whole  night 
was  disturbed  by  small  ones  repeated  at 
intervals,  and  by  a  sudden  shaking  running 
towards  the  east.  The  shocks  were  felt  for 
forty-one  days,  from  two  (shocks)  to  five  a 
day.  On  Monday,  December  5th,  the 
shocks  were  fully  one-third  weaker  than 
those  of  the  3rd  ;  the  others  were  only 
small  ones,  or  rumbling  noises,  the  weather 
being  always  gloomy.  Before  the  night  of 
the  26th,  27th,  I  had  not  yet  remarked  any 
eruption  or  thick  smoke,  at  times  curling 
into  a  flame.  The  temperature  at  a  quarter 
after  seven  in  the  evening  was  11°  above 
zero  by  the  thermometer  of  Reaumur  (plus 
56°.7  of  Fahrenheit)  ;  the  next  morning 
the  heat  had  risen  to  21°  (plus  79 J  of 
Fahrenheit).  Two  mountains  near  my 
dwelling  at  some  40°  north-west  have  a 
valley  between  them,  so  that  you  may  see 
beyond  them.  It  is  by  this  valley  or  pas- 
sage that  I  saw  a  continual  eruption,  mixed 
with  smoke  and  flame,  which  appeared 
very  plain  on  the  horizon,  at  other  times 
struggling  among  themselves,  as  if  too 
oppressed  in  their  issue.  I  have  remarked 
several  times  that  this  eruption  is  always 
followed  by  shocks  of  earthquake  the  same 
day,  and  when  it  fails  a  dark  and  yellowish 
day  follows.  ^  When  the  earthquake  arises 
you  can  predict  that  it  is  going  to  be  so 
much  the  nearer  as  this  agitated  smoke 
struggles  to  get  out.  Some  persons  to 
whom  I  had  shown  these  preparations  of 
the  earthquake,  warned  me  in  their- turn 
that  in  a  moment  the  earth  would  shake. 
And  the  effect  confirms  it.  Finally,  on  this 
night  of  the  26th,  27tb,  a  most  beautiful 


spectacle  was  produced.  The  whole  atmo- 
sphere was  in  flames  and  agitated,  one's  face 
suffered  from  the  heat,  the  weather  was 
very  calm,  the  eruption  continued  the 
whole  night  with  flames.  The  certain 
approach  of  the  earthquake  is  known, 
when,  by  the  passage  between  the  moun- 
tains, you  see  a  cloud,  or  smoke,  quiet  or 
agitated,  and  on  the  left  and  right  the 
horizon  is  perfectly  clear." 

"  A  fall  of  ashes  covering  the  snow  in 
1791  was  also  within  the  recollection  of 
many  of  the  inhabitants  of  St.  Paul's  Bay. 

The  list  of  earthquakes  on  the  next  page 
which  have  occurred  in  Canada  is  from  the 
Catalogue  prepared  by  Mr.  Mallet  for  the 
British  Association.* 

The  number  of  earthquakes  which  have 
visited  Canada  since  its  discovery  by  Euro- 
peans has  been  at  least  twenty-nine,f  but  it 
is  highly  probable  that  this  enumeration 
falls  far  short  of  the  actual  occurrences  of 
this  phenomenon.  Respecting  the  fire 
mountain  of  the  Nasquapees  north  of  Lake 
Manicouagan,  about  200  miles  from  the 
coast,  too  little  is  known  to  assert  posi- 
tively that  it  is  an  active  volcano.  The 
name  is  suggestive,  although  it  is  probable 
that,  from  the  long  intercourse  between 
many  families  of  this  people  and  the  fur 
traders,  such  a  remarkable  feature  of  the 
country  would  have  been  known  to  them. 

Lake  Manicouagan  was  visited  by  a 
Jesuit  missionary  in  1664,  but  although  he 
mentions  the  earthquakes,  he  does  not  men- 
tion the  fire  mountain. 

Assuming  that  there  existed  in  the  great 
peninsula  of  Labrador  no  other  combusti- 
ble material  besides  the  stunted  trees,  there 
would  be  good  ground  for  attributing  the 
u  Dark  Days  of  Canada"  to  some  other 
agency  than  that  of  burning  vegetable  mat- 
ter ;  but  when  we  reflect  that  the  country 
is  almost  everywhere  covered  with  a  thick 
coat  of  lichens  and  mosses  where  these 
have  not  been  burnt,  and  that  they  are  even 
better  adapted,  when  dry,  to  burn  with 
extraordinary  rapidity,  and  afford  during 


*  Quoted  in  Notes  on  the  Earthquake  of  October, 
1360.     By  J.  TV.  Dawson,  LL.D.,  F.G.S. 

\  Notes  on  the  Earthquake  of  October,  1860. 


64 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Feb., 


their  combustion  a  greater  cloud  of  smoke 
than  forest  trees,  it  will  be  apparent  that 
the  precise  element  for  producing  the  phe- 
nomena of  smoke  and  ashes  existed  in  the 
Labrador  Peninsula  to  a  remarkable  degree. 
Dry  caribou  moss  burns  with  wonderful 
rapidity,  as  we  found  to  our  cost ;  it  also 
emits  dense  volumes  of  smoke,  and  leaves 
behind  a  great  quantity  of  ash  and  char- 
coal. There  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that 
the  table-land  of  the  Labrador  Peninsula 
was  covered  with  forests  centuries  ago,  for 
the  missionary  before  mentioned,  Henri 
Nouvel,  states  that  an  Oumamiois  chief 
told  him  that  in  the  country  north  of  Lake 
Manicouagan  the  trees  were  very  small, 
and  there  was  no  birch  bark  to  make 
canoes.     The  whole  of  the  burnt  country 


near  the  table-land  through  which  I  passed 
in  1861  is  still  covered  with  this  charcoal 
and  ashes,  where  sand  forms  the  sub- 
stratum :  from  the  rocks  they  have  been 
washed  away  by  rains,  but  on  the  sandy 
flats  they  form  still  a  black  cake.  The 
occurrence  of  sulphur  in  the  ashes,  as 
described  by  the  writer  in  the  Quebec 
Gazette  of  October  27th,  ]  785,  is  proble- 
matical. 

After  having  witnessed  the  combustion 
of  caribou  moss  on  a  large  scale,  and  the 
appearance  of  the  burnt  country  on  the 
borders  of  the  great  table-land  of  Labrador, 
I  am  inclined  to  the  opinion  that  the  "Dark 
Days  of  Canada"  were  the  result  of  a  vast 
conflagration  in  the  interior  of  the  Labra- 
dor Peninsula,  and  that  the  materials  which 


Year.  Month.  Remarks. 

1663     February  5         .         .         .         •  Very  violent. 

1665  "24 Tadoussac  and  Murray  Bay,  violent. 

"         October  15 Violent. 

1672     March  and  April* 

1732     September5 

1744    May  16      .         .         .         .         .         .     Quebec. 

1755     October Unusual  rise  and  fall  of  the  water  of  Lake  Ontario. 

1791     December Severe  shocks  at  St.  Paul's  Bay. 

1796     February A  violent  shock. 

]816     September  9 A  severe  shock  at  Montreal. 

"  "         16 A  second  shock,  less  violent. 

1818  October  11 Felt  near  Quebec. 

1819  August  15 At  St.  Andrews. 

"      November  10 At  Montreal,  slight,  followed  by  an  awful  storm  with  rain — 

impregnated  with  matter  like  soot. 

1821     February  At  Quebec,  a  slight  shock. 

1823     May  30 On  shore  of  Lake  Erie. 

1828     August  20 

1831     July  14 At  Murray  Bay,  Beauport,  &c.  "Walls  and  chimneys  thrown 

down  at  the  former  place. 
1833     March  and  April         ....     Severe  shocks  at  Murray  Bay. 

1840  September  10  .         .         .         .At  Hamilton. 

1841  Spring Said  to  have  been  felt  at  Quebec. 

1842  November  8  and  9  Montreal,  Three  Rivers,  <fcc. 
1844           "                "            ....     Montreal. 

1847  "  "  " 

1856  May  1 At  Ottawa  and  its  vicinity. 

1857  October In  the  Upper  Province. 

1858  January  15 At  Niagara, 

"      May  10  .        .         .         .         .At  Richmond,  slight. 

1859  "  At  Metis  (Lower  St.  Lawrence). 

1860  October  17 Yery  violent  at  the  River  Ouelle,  and  other  places  in  the 

Lower  St.  Lawrence ;  chimneys  were  thrown  down,  and 
walls  damaged. 

1861  July  12 Violent  at  Ottawa,  throwing  down  chimneys. 

*  This  earthquake  was  observed  by  Pere  Francois  de  Crepieul,  in  the  country  north  of  Tadoussac,  and  is 
recorded  by  him  in  a  letter  dated  June  2,  1672.  The  Pere  says  that  it  was  the  continuation  of  the  terrible 
earthquake  of  1662,  "which  has  not  since  ceased  in  this  quarter  of  the  north,  although  it  is  felt  but  little 
and  at  intervals." — Relation  de  la  Nouvelle  France  en  VAnnee  1672.    , 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


65 


assisted  most  in  feeding  the  fires  were  the 
lichens  and  mosses  which  grow  in  such  rich 
and  extraordinary  luxuriance  and  beauty  in 
that   desolate    country.      The   astonishing 
speed  with    which  fire   runs  through  the 
moss  has  been  described  by  several  writers, 
and   tli ere  is   no  valid  reason  why  a  fire 
should  not  stretch  from  Hudson's  Bay  to 
the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  in  a  few  days, 
as  far  as  the  combustible  nature  of  the  fuel 
is  concerned ;  but  its  progress  is  arrested 
by  the  presence  of  lakes,  many  and  broad, 
and  the   swamps  by  which  many  of  them 
are   terminated.     A  broad  sheet  of  flame 
stretching  for  many  miles  across  is  at  once 
divided  by  a  lake,  and  as  these  lakes  often 
occur  one  after  another  for  many  miles,  the 
fires  are  broken  and  become  local  in  their 
effects,  except  in  certain  cases  when  the 
direction  of  the   wind  changes  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  distribute  them  more  wildly. 
A  fire  in   the  Labrador  Peninsula,  where 
the  trees  are  few  and  far  between,  very 
much  resembles  a  fire  in  the  prairies ;  but 
owing  to  the  extraordinary  dryness  of  the 
caribou  moss  it  spreads  with  much  greater 
rapidity.     It  would  be  impossible  to  escape 
from   an   approaching   sheet  of   flame    in 
Labrador  by  speed.     The  only  plan  is  to 
scrape  the   moss  from  a  few  square  yards, 
which  is  done  with  the  utmost  ease,  as  it 
adheres  to  the  rock  or  soil  very  loosely, 
and  then  to  lie  down  upon  the  bare  earth. 
The  smoke  arising  from  a  fire  made  by  this 
material  is  very  penetrating.     The  air  is 
filled  with  6ne  dust  arising  from  the  ashes  ; 
and  on  sandy  plains,  where  the  lichens  and 
mosses  are  deep,  and  other  varieties  besides 
the  caribou  lichens  exist  in  abundance,  the 
charcoal  that   remains  behind  covers  the 
soil  with  a  uniform  mantle  of  black.     If  a 
volcanic  eruption  had  taken  place  since  the 
time  when  Canada  was   discovered,  it  is 
probable   that  the  early  missionaries,  the 
Couriers  des  Bois,  the  fur  traders,  or  the 
officers  of  the   Hudson's   Bay   Company, 
would  have   recorded   the  phenomena  or 
learnt  the  fact  from  Indians.     Still  it  must 
be    acknowledged    that   the    term    "fire 
mountains,"  common  among  the  Nasqua- 
pee  Indians,  taken  in  connection  with  the 
earthquakes  which  have  visited  the  region 

HIST.    MAG.      VOL    VIII.  8 


of  the  Lower  St.  Lawrence  from  time  to 
time,  and  the  testimony  of  Monsieur  Gag- 
non,  is  quite  sufficient  to  turn  attention  to 
the  probability  of  such  an  occurrence 
having  taken  place  in  recent  times  and  the 
possibility  of  its  renewal. 


LETTER  OF  GENERAL  WASHINGTON, 
ACCEPTING  THE  FREEDOM  OF  THE 
CITY  OF  NEW  YORK. 

To  the  Horible.  the  Mayor,  Recorder,  Al- 
dermen and  Commonalty  of  the  City 
of  New  York. 

Gentlemen, 

I  received  your  address,  and  the  freedom 
of  the  city  with  which  you  have  been 
pleased  to  present  me  in  a  golden  Box, 
with  the  sensibility  and  gratitude  which 
such  distinguished  honors  have  a  claim  to. 
The  flattering  expression  of  both  stamps 
value  on  the  acts ;  and  calls  for  stronger 
language  than  I  am  master  of  to  convey 
my  sense  of  the  obligation  in  adequate 
terms. 

To  have  had  the  good  fortune,  amidst  the 
vicissitudes  of  the  long  and  arduous  contest, 
"  never  to  have  known  a  moment  when  I  did 
not  possess  the  confidence  and  esteem  of  my 
country" — and  that  my  conduct  should  have 
met  the  approbation,  and  obtained  the 
affectionate  regard  of  the  State  of  New 
York  (where  difficulties  were  numerous 
and  complicated),  may  be  ascribed  more  to 
the  effect  of  divine  wisdom,  which  had  dis- 
posed the  minds  of  the  people,  harassed 
on  all  sides,  to  make  advances  for  the  em- 
barrassments of  my  situation,  whilst  with 
fortitude  and  patience  they  sustained  the 
loss  of  their  capital,  and  a  valuable  part  of 
their  territory — and  to  the  liberal  senti- 
ments and  great  exertion  of  her  virtuous 
citizens  than  to  any  merit  of  mine. 

The  reflection  of  these  things  now,  after 
the  many  hours  of  anxious  solicitude  which 
all  of  us  have  had,  is  as  pleasing  as  our 
embarrassments  at  the  moment  we  encoun- 
tered them  were  distressing,  and  must 
console  us  for  past  sufferings  and  per- 
plexities. 


66 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Feb., 


I  pray  that  Heaven  may  bestow  its 
choicest  blessings  on  your  city.  That  the 
devastations  of  war,  in  which  you  found  it, 
may  soon  be  without  a  trace.  That  a  well 
regulated  and  beneficial  commerce  may 
enrich  your  citizens — and  that  your  State 
(at  present  the  seat  of  empire)  may  set 
such  examples  of  wisdom  and  liberality  as 
shall  have  a  tendency  to  strengthen  and 
give  permanency  to  the  Union  at  home, 
and  credit  and  respectability  to  it  abroad. 

The  accomplishment  whereof  is  a  remain- 
ing wish  and  the  primary  object  of  all  my 
desires. 

G°*  Washington. 


gtofcs  mi  %ffl$n. 


NOTES, 

The  Temple,  the  Hasbkouck  House, 
etc. — The  building  called  the  "  Temple," 
in  which  Washington  read  to  his  officers 
the  address  in  answer  to  the  "  Newburgh 
Letter"  (see  Historical  Magazine,  vol.  vii, 
page  351),  was  built  upon  the  ridge  east  of 
the  Cranberry  Meadow,  south  of  Snake 
Hill,  a  short  distance  back  of  Newburgh. 
The  land  on  which  it  stood  was  owned  by 
Jabez  Atwood,  and  now  by  the  heirs  of 
David  Moore.  It  was  constructed  of 
palisades  split  from  oak  logs,  and  was 
about  thirty-five  feet  square,  one  story 
high,  and  had  a  high,  square  roof.  The 
floor  was  close  to  the  ground.  It  remained 
in  good  condition  for  several  years  after 
the  close  of  the  war,  and  was  occupied  as 
a  dwelling  by  a  poor  family.  There  are 
no  traces  of  the  building  left,  and  have  not 
been  for  more  than  fifty  years.  At  the 
time  it  was  built  the  army  lay  in  three 
divisions  (though  the  first  and  third  might 
properly  be  called  but  one)  in  the  imme- 
diate vicinity  as  follows  : 

The  First  Division  on  the  upland,  west 
of  what  is  now  called  u  the  square,"  and  on 
the  land  owned  by  the  father  of  Isaac 
Hamilton,  Esq.,  of  Albany. 


The  Second  Division  (which  was  the 
main  force)  was  encamped  on  the  east  and 
west  of  the  Cranberry  Meadow,  and  south- 
west from  the  farm  of  James  Patten. 

The  Third  Division  on  the  east  portion 
of  the  farm  of  the  late  John  R.  Caldwell. 
After  the  army  was  disbanded,  a  num- 
ber of  families  took  possession  of  the 
barrack  which  had  been  erected  by  these 
divisions,  and  occupied  them  until  they 
became  unfit  by  reason  of  decay  for  further 
use.  No  portion  of  these  buildings  now 
remain.  The  material  of  their  construction 
was  the  same  as  that  of  the  Temple. 

At  the  time  the  divisions  were  so  encamp- 
ed, General  and  Mrs.  Washington  stayed  at 
the  stone  house  of  the  Hasbrouck  family,  in 
the  south  part  of  the  village  of  Newburgh. 
The  room  occupied  by  them  was  in  the 
north-east  corner  of  the  house.  It  is  said 
that  Col.  Pickering  died  in  the  north-east 
room,  but  I  have  never  been  able  to  trace 
the  tradition  satisfactorily.  Hamilton,  La- 
fayette, and  Burr  were  staying  there  also. 
Gen.  Knox  had  bis  quarters  at  the  time  in 
the  low,  long  stone  house  which  is  still 
standing  near  "  the  square."  Mrs.  Wash- 
ington remained  at  the  Hasbrouck  House 
more  than  a  year,  it  is  said.  I  was  so  in- 
formed by  the  late  Jonathan  Hasbrouck,  of 
Newburgh,  from  whom  the  State  of  New 
York  acquired  its  present  title  to  the  pro- 
perty. When  Mrs.  Washington  left  the 
house,  at  the  close  of  the  war,  she  presented 
to  Mrs.  Hasbrouck  her  chair,  which  she  had 
brought  from  Mount  Vernon.  It  is  very 
plain  and  simple,  has  quite  a  high  back  and 
low  seat,  and  was  painted  green.  It  has 
passed  to  the  fourth  generation,  and  is  now 
owned  by  Mrs.  William  R.  Eager,  of  Great 
Bend. 

Washington  took  final  leave  of  many  of 
his  officers  on  the  green  in  front  of  this  old 
house  at  the  close  of  the  war.  The  build- 
ing was  thoroughly  repaired  at  the  expense 
of  the  State  when  it  purchased  it.  The 
interior  is  substantially  as  it  was  at  the 
close  of  the  Revolution.  Many  valuable 
revolutionary  relics  have  been  presented 
and  deposited  in  the  rooms.  Some  of  the 
most  valuable  of  them  were  presented  by 
Enoch  Carter,  Esq.,  of  Newburgh.    One 


18G4.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


67 


of  the  silver  spurs  of  Major  Andre,  a  lock.      The  6th  day  of  April,  old  style. 

of  the  hair  of  Washington,  and  many  other  This   is   the    mark   of  Wame  X   tappack, 

rare  curiosities  adorn  the  walls  and  shelves.  Sachem. 

The  gun  of  Harvey  Birch  (the  American  |  This  is  the  mark  of  X  Minnequahem. 

Spy,   who  gave  the   English  cow-boys  so  This  is  the  mark  of  x  Attewaram. 

much  trouble)  was  there  at  one  time/  j  This  is  the  mark  of  x  Oramysy. 

John  M.  Eager.      I  This  is  the  mark  of  X  Rammyeraen. 


N.  Y. 


This  is  the  mark  of  x  Pauwangum. 
This  is  the  mark  of  X  Kameneck. 


Indian    Deed     for    Canarise,    Long  [  This  is  the  mark  of  x  Wauaclyck. 
Island.— The  following  translation,  made ;      This  done  by  me,  the  constable,  as  witness, 
by  me,  from  the  Dutch  records  on  file  in  the  |  Minne  Johannes,  1665. 

Clerk's  office  in  Flatland,  Kings  Co.,  of  the  j  On  the  date  of  the  ||  April,  the  purchase 
Indian  purchase  of  Canarise,  and  of  the!  of  the  Indians,  the  first  payment  m 
amount  paid  for  the  Nicolls  and  Lovelace  |  _  wampum  .  .  600* 

patents,  I  send  to  you  for  publication,  if 


deemed  of  sufficient  importance. 

T.  G.  Bergen. 

On  this  23rd  day  of  April,  1665,  was 
agreed  as  follows,  to  wit: — Wametappack, 
Sachem  of  Canaryssen,  and  Rammieracy, 
Minneguahum,  Camenuck,  Panwangum, 
and  Attewaram,  lawful  owners  of  Canary- 
sen  and  the  appendages  thereto  appertain- 
ing, have  agreed  and  sold  to  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  town  of  Amesfoort  a  parcel  of 
land  lying  on  Long  Island,  by  and  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  village  of  Amesfoort,  begin- 
ning by  the  west  side  of  "  Muskyttehool," 
at  a  certain  marked  tree  ;  thence  stretching 
to  where  the  end  of  the  Flats  come  by  the 
two  trees  situated  on  the  north  side  of  said 
Flats  to  a  certain  marked  tree ;  from  thence 
to  the  Fresh  Kill  meadows,  stopping  at  the 
path  from  the  Great  Flatts  to  the  Fresh 
Kill  meadows,  and  stretching  in  the  Flats, 
with  all  meadows,  kills,  and  creeks  therein 
contained  ;  and  that  for  the  sum  of  one 
hundred  fathoms  wampum,  one  coat,  one 
pair  stockings,  four  adz's,  two  cans  of 
brandy,  and  one  half  barrel  of  beer,  with 
condition  that  the  purchasers,  once  for 
always,  a  fence  shall  set  at  Canarysen  for 
the  protection  of  the  Indian  cultivation, 
which  fence  shall  thereafter  by  the  Indians 


One  coat  comes  to  .  .  .  .60 
One  pair  of  stockings     ...  6 

One  pair  shoes  .  .  .  .  .16 
Four  adz's     .         .         .         .         .  16 

Two  cans  brandy  ....  8 
One  half  barrel  beer       ...  15 

"  Paid  for  the  patent  of  Richard  Nickel- 
son  to  Matys  Nickel,  one  hundred  schepel 
wheat." 

"  Paid  for  the  patent  of  Franszoos  Loflys 
to  Matys  Nickelson,  twenty  schepel 
wheat."  f 


Southern  Currency. — The  following 
advertisement,  from  a  North  Carolina 
paper,  is  curious  as  a  proof  of  the  worth- 
lessness  of  the  money  there,  and  the  long- 
headed prudence  of  the  Friends  : 

New  Garden  Boarding  School. — The 
53d  session  of  New  Garden  Boarding 
School  opened  the  16th  day  of  11th  month 
instant,  and  will  continue  2.0  weeks. 
Board  and  washing  will  be  furnished  by  the 
month  for  133  pounds  of  flour,  25  pounds 
of  pork,  and  2^  bushels  of  corn,  or  the 
equivalent  in  money. 

The  tuition,  per  session  of  20  weeks,  may 
be  paid  by  250  pounds  of  flour,  35  pounds 
of  pork,  and  4  bushels  of  corn,  or  the 
equivalent  in  money. 

The  school  will  be  under  the  charge  of 
be  maintained,  and  the  land  which  becomes  |  N>reus  Mendenhall  as  principal  teacher, 
inclosed  in  fence  shall,  by  the  Indian  own-  j a,,d  Jonathan  E.  Cox  and  wife,  Superin- 
ers    above-mentioned,    all   their   lives,    be  j  tenderits. 

used,  to  wit,  by  Wametappack,  the  Sachem,  I      Hth  month  30,  1863. 

with  his  two  brothers.     All  done  without    ~  *  Probably  guilders  (40c). 

fraud  or  deceit.  f  Schepels  are  equal  to  bushels. 


68 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Feb. 


Carondelet. — Vide  Poche. — Caronde- 
let,  in  Missouri,  was  formerly  called,  from  its 
povetry,  Yide  Poche  {Empty  Pocket),  and 
these  lines  commemorate  its  origin : 


VIDE   POCHE. 

In  seventeen  hundred  and  sixty-seven 

Delor  de  Tragette,  a  man  of  renown 
(To  his  name  all  honor  and  praise  be  given), 

Laid  out  the  foundation  of  Vide  Poche  town; 
And,  tho'  ninety  odd  years  have  passed  away, 
Vide  Poche  stands  there  at  this  very  day. 

Near  the  river's  brink,  'neath  a  young  elm  tree, 
The  Frenchman  erected  his  cabin  small, 

That  the  dancing  waters  his  eye  might  see, 
As  they  swept  the  base  of  the  white  bluff  tall ; 

And  could  hear  the  song  of  the  voyageur 

By  the  echoes  repeated  far  and  near. 

And  a  few  friends  went  with  the  good  Tragette, 
And  built  their  snug  cabins  hard  by  his  own, 

Made  of  rough-hewn  logs  that  on  end  were  set, 
With  roofs  that  ran  up  to  a  sharpened  cone ; 

"While  hazel  bushes,  mud,  gravel,  and  straw 

Stopped  the  cracks  secure  from  the  winter's  blow. 

They  planted  their  corn  in  the  month  of  May, 

Their  gardens  with  gumbo  were  green  in  the  spring ; 

They  caught  the  cat-fish  that  wallowing  lay 
At  the  river's  bottom,  with  horse-hair  string ; 

And  the  huge  bullfrog  that  croaked  in  the  pond 

Made  a  dish  of  which  they  were  very  fond. 

When  the  autumn  came  they  gathered  their  crops, 
And  Lent  being  over  they  had  a  dance ; 

And  tradition  says  that  those  Vide  Poche  hops 
Were  merry  as  any  e'er  seen  in  France ; 

For  a  King  and  Queen  were  managers  then, 

And  a  Vide  Poche  boy  was  the  prince  of  men. 

But  now  times  have  changed,  and  the  gay  Tragette 
Has  passed  from  the  earth  with  all  his  gay  friends  ; 

Their  grand-children  only  can  now  be  met, 
But  the  elm  tree  still  in  majesty  bends 

Like  a  mourner  drooping  o'er  friends  loved  well; 

Could  it  speak,  what  a  tale  that  elm  could  tell ! 

The  cabins  are  gone  of  these  early  days, 
The  fields  are  barren,  the  gardens  in  weeds; 

The  bullfrogs  no  more  from  the  green  pond  gaze, 
The  mud-cat  secure  in  the  water  feeds ; 

The  yellow  Des  Peres,  in  its  'hoarse  debouche, 

Sings  a  wild,  sad  dirge  for  the  old  Vide  Poche. 

The  bluff  which  the  French  boys  so  loved  to  climb 
Mas  been  cut  away  for  the  iron  steed ; 

The  river,  that  bristled  with  snags  sublime, 
Is  lashed  by  the  steamer  that  flies  with  speed ; 

And  the  railroad  car,  with  conductors  smart, 

Has  taken  the  place  of  the  old  French  cart. 


New  houses  of  brick,  and  "  ivory  "  streets, 

Are  seen  where  once  were  the  cabins  and  lanes ; 

And  one  of  the  finest  of  country  seats 
Is  Monti  Pice  with  its  Gothic  vanes ; 

The  dry  dock  is  there  by  the  river's  side, 

And  steamers  by  scores  to  the  shore  are  tied. 

'Tis  Vide  Poche  no  more,  but  Carondelet, 
With  its  city  council,  its  Marshal  and  Mayor ; 

How  would  it  astonish  good  old  Tragette, 

Could  he  come  to  life  and  once  more  be  there ; 

For  the  "  empty  pocket  "  is  filling  fast, 

And  ancient  Vide  Poche  has  itself  surpassed ! 


Dialects  of  the  Mutsun  Language  of 
California. — The  late  Mr.  Turner  called 
attention  to  this  language  in  the  Magazine 
some  years  since  ;  and  since  Ethnology  met 
so  severe  a  loss  by  his  death,  Arroyo's 
Grammar  and  Vocabulary  have  been  pub- 
lished. The  language  was,  for  a  Califor- 
nian  one,  wide-spread,  and  it  may  be  well 
to  preserve  in  the  Magazine  the  following 
vocabulary  of  the  Indians  at  the  Mission  of 
Santa  Cruz,  a  Mutsun  dialect.  It  was 
prepared  in  September,  1856,  by  Padre 
Juan  Cornelias,  for  A.  S.  Taylor,  Esq.,  and 
given  in  his  Indianology  paj)ers  in  the 
California  Farmer. 

The  words  are  evidently  to  be  pro- 
nounced as  Spanish. 


ENGLISH. 

INDIAN. 

ENGLISH. 

INDIAN. 

God 

Guilac 

avelones  or 

wicked  spiril 

;  uten 

ear-shells 

tupsesh 

man 

chares 

white 

loscmin 

woman 

quitchguema  black 

murtusmin 

boy 

alashu 

red 

patiamin 

girl 

mujash 

blue 

murium 

infant,  child 

alashu 

yellow 

lachcamin  ' 

father 

apnan 

green 

neru 

mother 

anan 

great,  big 

oo-tres 

husband 

maco 

small,  little 

niuma 

wife 

haunan 

strong 

tuise 

son 

innish 

old 

juhoc-nish 

daughter 

ca 

young 

cotocma 

brother 

ternan 

good 

ursheshmin 

sister 

utec 

bad 

hutesmin 

head 

uri 

handsome 

amshosmin 

hair 

tapor 

ugly 

ectes 

face 

chamus 

live,  life 

ash-ho-udra 

forehead 

tima 

dead,  death 

semoshti 

ear 

echo 

cold 

tarshi 

eye 

hin 

warm,  hot 

cai 

nose 

us 

I 

can 

mouth 

ueper 

thou 

uaia 

tongue 

lasa 

he 

neppe 

tooth 

sit 

we 

maxent 

beard 

ayes 

you 

aiha 

1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


69 


ENGLISH.  INDIAN. 

neck  harcos 

arm  ysu 

hand  spalmish 
Indian  shoes   sholoc 

bread  missoy 
pipe,  calumet  torejo 

tobacco  macher 

sky,  heaven  chara 

sun  ishmen 

moon  char 

fingers  rarash 

nails  tur 

body  uara 

belly  ramaina 

leg  coro 

feet  hatash 

toes  rorash 

bone  chaie 

grasshopper  urua 
condor  or  vulture  cayas 

whale  chime 

heart  mini 

blood  payan 
town,  village  puebla 

chief  uit-tres 

friend  onient 

house,  hut  rua 

kettle  amamsha 

arrow  chemo 

bow  liti 

knife  chippi 

star  usi 

day  tujish 

light  charco 

night  muruch 

darkness  heuep 

morning  munsha 

evening  we-ac-say 

spring  etuenpire 

summer  elau 

autumn  puty 

winter  asir 

wind  taris 

lightning  uilep 

thunder  chura 

rain  amani 

snow  wacani 

hail  yopoc 

fire  yuelec 

crow  sharac 

bear  ores 
turkey-buzzard  humish 

water  si 

ice  ucani 

earth,  land  pire 

«ea  calay 

river  rumay 

lake  hoicol 

valley  ruum 

hills,  sierra  satos 

mountain  huya 

island  tepeol 


ENGLISH.  INDIAN. 

this  neppe 

that  hemit 

all  nappi 
many,  much  yasir 

who  atu 

near  amatica 

to-day  naja 

yesterday  uican 
to-morrow     munsa 

yes  eje 

no  ec  ka 

east  yachmu 

west  arras 

north  tamarte 

south  ramay 

one  impech 

two  uthin 

three  caphan 

four  catuash 

five  mishur 

six  saguen 

seven  tupuytuc 

eight  usatis 

nine  neu-ku 

ten  I-esh 
eleven        imheshwacaiish 

twelve  utheniish 

thirteen  capan-ush 

fourteen  catush  ush 

fifteen  mishur-iish 

sixteen  saquen  iish 

seventeen  tupuy-tac-iish 

eighteen  natis-tish 

nineteen  ni-koo-ish 

twenty  uthin-i-uesh 

thirty  cappan-iuesh 

forty  catuash-uiesh 

fifty  mishar-iuesh 

sixty  saquen-iuesh 

hundred  tappan 

eat  amay 

drink  uit 

run  uricay 

dance  chitte 

go  hui-coo 

sing  shane 

sleep  echen 

speak  aiua 

see  hiri  ri 

love  hasan 

kill  nimi 

walk  chaumespi 

salt  aues 

wild-cat  toroma 

elk  tibu 

deer  toch 
mud-tortoise  aunishmin 

fly  mumura 

eagle  nuppi 

musketo  cash  up 

feather  lipos 

wings  uima 


ENGLISH.  INDIAN. 

stone,  rock  e-ni 

tree  luspin 

leaf  tapash 

grass  guay 

herb  guay 

oak  arue 

pine-tree  gireni 

flesh,  meat  ris 

beaver  gupi 

wolf  umu 

coyote  mayan 

dog  hichas 

fox  yurig 
squirrel  (ground)  ejh 

rabbit  wiren 

hare  cheyes 

bird  winac 

goose  patch 

duck  epe 

pigeon  molmol 

Cal,  quail  acas 

hawk  cacrui 

sea-muscles  sharo 

fish  helai 


ENGLISH.  INDIAN. 

wild  oats        tapoc 
acorns  rapac 

salmon  hurac 

name  racat 

lime  uani 

affection         nunco 
sit  taurait 

stand  corhonmi 

come  uate 

earthquake    ymi 
eclipse  nanup 

name  racat 

morter  (to  pound 

acorns  etc.)semhoshmin 
sardines         tupur 
tule  or  bullrushes  haa-le 
cloud  risha 

fog  puhay 

humming-bird  umanu 
chenati,  or 

blackbird    sucrin 
serpent,  or  snake  mumana 
culebra,  or 

rattlesnake  hinchirua 


The  rancherias  of  Indians  near  this  Mis- 
sion, all  within  eight  or  ten  miles  of  Santa 
Cruz,  among  which  this  vocabulary  was 
spoken,  were :  Aulintac,  the  rancheria  pro- 
per to  the  Mission ;  Chalumii,  one  mile 
north-west  of  the  Mission;  Hottrochtac, 
two  miles  north-west  of  the  Mission  ;  Wal- 
lanmi ;  Sio  Cotchmin  ;  Shoremee ;  Onbi ; 
Choromi ;  Turami ;  Payanmin  ;  Shiuguer- 
mi  :  Hauzaurni. 


Historical  Reminiscence  of  Buffalo. 
— The  patient  research  of  our  townsman, 
L.  K.  Haddock,  Esq.,  has  brought  to  light 
many  historical  events  connected  with  the 
early  settlement  of  the  country  bordering 
on  the  lakes.  The  commerce  then  and  now 
compared  shows  the  giant  strides  that  have 
been  made  in  the  onward  march  of  pro- 
gress, and  the  incidents  given  in  the  fol- 
lowing communication  will  be  of  general 
local  interest : 

Mr.  Editor — At  your  request  I  copy 
from  my  note-book  some  items  respecting 
the  now  "  Great  West."  I  have  corre- 
sponded with  many  of  our  historical  cele- 
brities with  a  view  to  make  this  narrative 
more  complete,  but  have  gained  no  addi- 
tional facts.  It  is  possible  that  the  descen- 
dants  of  the   persons   named    may    have 


70 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Feb. 


papers  or  letters  which  will  give  us 
valuable  information.  I  presume  Gen. 
Amherst's  and  Bradstreet's,  and  Henry 
White's  papers  are  still  extant.  Can  any 
of  your  readers  oblige  me  with  an  inspec- 
tion of  Evan's  Essays,  or  Mante's  history 
of  the  late  war  ? 

I  find  mention  made  of  the  Gladwin 
Chippewa,  Capt.  Robinson,  Lady  Charlotte, 
and   the   Beaver  being  on  Lake   Erie  in 

mi. 

Sterling  &  Porteus,  merchants  of  De- 
troit, sent  down  the  lake  on  board  the 
Charlotte,  in  September,  fifty  packs  of  fur. 

The  Beaver  was  a  new  vessel,  belonging 
to  Commodore  Grant.  She  was  lost  in 
May,  near  Sandusky,  with  £3,000  of  furs, 
and  17  men. 

It  is  quite  probable  that  Lewis  Gage, 
who  was  appointed  Ensign  35th  Regt., 
20th  February,  1766,  when,  and  ever  since 
he  had  been  in  command  of  the  lakes,  was 
Captain  of  the  Beaver,  and  was  lost  with 
her. 

This  year  Campbell,  Phyn  &  Ellice,  of 
Schenectady,  with  Sterling  &  Porteus,  of 
Detroit,  built  the  Angelica,  of  45  tons.  J. 
&  A.  Stewart,  of  New  York,  furnished  the 


riggim 


Richard     Wright,      of   Wood 


Bridge,  near  New  York  City,  was  the 
Captain.  Wages  £120  per  annum.  She 
was  a  very  successful  vessel,  and  Grant  & 
Robinson  were  very  angry,  and  tried  to 
purchase  Campbell's  interest,  which  was 
one-sixth.  Upon  Lake  Ontario  was  the 
Charity,  conveying  stores  to  Edward  Pol- 
lard, sutler,  at  Niagara,  and  flour  for  the 
use  of  the  garrison,  which  was  ground  by 
"  Jilles  Funda."  Amongst  the  supplies 
ordered  from  New  York  was  a  hat  from 
Jewes,  the  Comstock  of  New  York,  two 
firkins  of  butter,  and  three  pounds  of  green 
tea.  James  Munier,  Postmaster  at  Al- 
bany. 

In  1772,  the  Charity,  on  Lake  Ontario, 
John  Leighton,  master,  did  not  earn  enough 
to  pay  her  crew.  The  freight  on  sheep 
across  Lake  Ontario  was  7  shillings.  Mr. 
Pollard,  sutler,  at  Niagara,  is  making 
money,  and  sends  Nancy  to  New  York, 
which  she  "  likes  very  well,"  and  Masters 
Ned  and  Bob  to  that,  then  as  now,  famous 


seat  of  learning — Schenectady.  T.  De 
Couagne,  interpreter  at  the  Fort,  sends 
his  son  to  the  same  place.  "  He  is  a  very 
decent  lad."  Mr.  Pollard  consoles  himself 
for  the  absence  of  his  children  by  playing 
billiards.  Is  advised  to  make  butter  and 
cheese  if  the  expense  of  keeping  cows  is 
not  too  great.  Writes  to  New  England 
for  a  Yankee  laborer.  Is  not  able  to  get 
newspapers — the  ^Express  was  not  then  in 
existence,  I  think.  Major  Ethrington  is  in 
command  at  Niagara.  "  He  is  an  old 
soldier,  and  the  depth  of  his  understanding 
past  finding  out." 

Pfister  and  Stedman  have  come  to  some 
accommodation.  The  latter  having  the 
carrying  trade  around  the  Falls.  Duffin  is 
to  engage  the  men  and  Stedman  is  to  keep 
tavern.  At  Fort  Erie,  Rutherford  is  in 
command.    Norman  McLeod,  Commissary. 

General  Gage  has  given  permission  to 
build  a  store-house  at  Fort  Erie. 

Two  of  the  King's  vessels  are  to  remain 
at  Fort  Erie  till  the  10th  regiment  goes 
up.  Binnerman  and  Graves  command 
these.  The  sloop  Betsy  is  sailed  by  Captain 
Friend.  This  is  her  third  year  on  Lake 
Erie. 

At  Detroit  are  James  Porteus,  formerly 
from  Crieff,  Perth  Co.,  Scotland  ;  James 
Sterling,  Gordon,  and  McComb,  Hugh 
Boyle,  Lieuts.  George  McDougal  and 
John  Hay,  Abbott,  and  Edgar. 

John  Thompson,  of  New  York,  sends  a 
Negro  to  Detroit  to  be  sold  on  his  account. 
Upon  his  arrival  methinks  I  hear  the  hon- 
est old  Scotchman  James  Porteus  exclaim  : 

"We  start  to  think  that  hapless  race 
Must  shape  our  good  or  ill ; 
That  laws  of  changeless  justice  bind 
Oppressor  with  oppressed; 
And,  close  as  sin  and  suffering  joined, 
We  march  to  Fate  abreast." 

Alexander  Grant  winters  at  Detroit ;  he 
has  usually  spent  his  winters  in  New  York. 
Rumor  will  have  him  entangled  in  the 
meshes  of  a  net  set  by  the  beautiful  Miss 
Thereasea  Barth. 

John  Askin  is  located  at  Mackinaw. 

Mr.  Norbury,  a  Russian,  holding  a  com- 
mission in  the    GOth  -Reffiment    at  Maeki- 


18G4.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


11  aw,   goes    to    Lake    Superior    with    A. 
Henry. — Buffalo  Express. 


The  Last  Wild  Buffalo  in  Ohio. — 
In  the  last  century  this  animal  ranged  ex- 
tensively over  the  southern  half  of  the  ter- 
ritory, now  embraced  in  the  State  of  Ohio. 
Two  were  killed  in  the  forks  of  Symmes 
Creek,  near  the  south-eastern  corner  of 
Jackson  Co.,  in  the  year  1800,  and  were 
the  last  ever  discovered  within  these 
limits.  Up  to  that  period  extensive  fields 
of  the  wild  cane  or  gigantic  reed  were 
common  in  the  valleys  of  the  Great  and 
Little  Miamia  rivers,  and  the  paroquett 
and  swallow-tailed  hawk  were  then  com- 
mon birds.  All  of  them  have  long  since 
disappeared  from  these  localities.  k. 

Cleveland,  O.,  Jan.  8, 1864. 


Poughkeepsie. — In  a  volume  of  Dutch 
records,  entitled  "Notarial  Paperz,  1677- 
1695,"  preserved  in  the  office  of  the  Clerk 
of  Albany  County,  is  to  be  found  a  deed  of 
gift  under  date  of  5th  May,  1683,  of  which 
the  following  is  an  extract : —  *  *  "  Een 
seeckere  hooglantsche  Wilt  (genaemtMas- 
sany)  De  welcke  bekent  midts  deesen  uyt 
een  Vrye  gift  gegeeven  to  hebben  Een 
Bouwery  aen  Pieter  Lassingh  (Lassen), 
Ende  Een  Bouwery  den  Jan  Smeedes 
Jonge  glasemaeker  En  Een  Val  aen  Strant 
ora  een  Moolen  op  te  setten, — de  Val  is 
gcnaemt  Pooghkepesingh, — ende  het  Landt 
is  genaemt  Minnissingh,  geleegen  aende 
Oost  Wal  van  de  Rivier"  (Hudson) ;  *  * 
which  may  be  translated  as  follows  : 

*  *  A  certain  Highland  Indian  (named 
Massany),  who,  by  these  (present),  acknow- 
ledges that  he  has  given  as  a  free  gift,  a 
bouwery  to  Peter  Lassingh  (or  Lassen), 
and  a  bouwery  to  John  Smeedes  Jonge, 
glass  maeker  (glazier) ; — and  a  fall  on  the 
shore  to  set  a  mill  upon  ;  the  fall  is  named 
Pooghkepesingh  ;  and  the  land  is  named 
Minnissingh,  lying  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
River  (Hudson). 

This  seems  to  be  the  original  conveyance 
from  the  native  proprietor  of  the  plot  of 
ground  now  occupied  by  the  city  of 
Poughkeepsie. 

This  fact  may  be  familiar  to  the  local 


antiquaries  of  the  place,  but  to  most  of  the 
readers  of  the  Magazine,  doubtless,  it  is 
new.  The  noisy  water-fall  may  appro- 
priately be  called  Pooghkeepesingh,  but 
surely  the  beautiful  word  Minnissingh 
should  not  have  been  lost ;  it  should  have 
been  retained  as  the  name  of  the  city. 

J.  p. 

Schenectady,  June  4, 1864. 

Curious  Origin  of  a  Christian  Name. 
— In  Canada,  Delima  is  a  common  and 
rather  pretty  name  for  girls.  Its  origin 
would  not  easily  be  suspected.  A  clergy- 
man from  France  had  a  child  brought  to 
him  to  baptize,  and  was  requested  to 
christen  it  by  this  name.  "  This  is  not  a 
fit  name,"  was  his  reply.  "You  should 
give  her  the  name  of  some  saint."  *'  But,  M. 
le  Cure,  it  is  a  saint's  name."  "  No,  there 
is  no  such  saint  in  the  calendar."  M  Why, 
M.  le  Cure,  don't  you  know  Ste.  Rose  de 
Lima?"  He  certainly  did,  and  found  that 
people  finding  Rose  de  Lima  too  long, 
dropped  Rose,  and  ran  Delima  together. 

A. 


The  American  Editions  of  the  Re- 
deemed Captive,  condensed  from  Hist. 
Mag.,  vol.  vii.  p.  382-4,  with  additions  and 
corrections. 

1.  (Copies  in  library  of  Mass.  Hist.  Soc, 
Am.  Antiq.  Soc,  etc.)  Boston,  1707. 

2.  ufThe  second  edition."  Boston:  T. 
Fleet,  for  Samuel  Phillips. 

3.  Spoken  of  by  6r.,  but  not  seen  or 
traced. 

4.  Edited  by  T.  Prince  (not  seen).  Bos- 
ton, 1758. 

5.  "  The  fourth  edition."  New  London : 
T.  Green  (N.D.),  1772. 

6.  uThe  fifth  edition."  Boston:  John 
Boyle,  1774. 

7.  "  The  fifth  edition."  New  London : 
T.  Green  (N.D.),  1780. 

8.  "The  fourth  edition."  Greenfield: 
T.  Dickman,  1793. 

9.  "The  sixth  edition."  Boston:  Sam- 
uel Hall,  1795. 

10.  "The  sixth  edition."  Greenfield: 
T.  Dickman,  1 800. 

11.  New  Haven :  W.  W.  Morse,  1802. 


72 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Feb. 


12.  Brookfield:  Hori  Brown,  1811. 

13.  Greenfield:  C.  J.  J.  Ingersoll,  1837. 

14.  Northampton  :   1853. 

We  have  some  reason  to  suppose  that 
one  or  more  editions  were  printed  in 
Philadelphia  or  New  York  before  the  year 
1800,  but  we  have  not  seen  them. 

A  pamphlet  with  the  following  title  be- 
longs to  the  same  family  as  the  Redeemed 
Captive  : 

"A  Sermon  preached  at  Mansfield 
(Conn.),  August  4th,  1741,  at  a  time  set 
apart  for  Prayer  for  the  Revival  of  Religion ; 
and  in  behalf  of  Mrs.  Eunice  (the  Daughter 
of  the  Reverend  Mr.  John  Williams), 
who  was  there  on  a  visit  from  Canada, 
where  she  has  been  in  a  long  captivity. 
By  Solomon  Williams,  A.M.,  Pastor  of  the 
First  Church  in  Lebanon." 

Boston :  Printed  by  S.  Kneeland  and 
T.  Green,  1742. 

It  appears  from  the  sermon  that  Eunice 
Williams,  her  Indian  husband,  and  two 
children  were  present  on  the  occasion 
which  drew  together  "  such  a  numerous 
audience,"  and  the  aim  was  (Eunice  being 
a  Catholic)  "  to  find  some  way  for  her  de- 
liverance from  the  snares  and  thick-set 
stratagems  of  the  Devil,  and  make  her  a 
monument  of  Glorious  and  Almighty 
Grace." 

But  tradition  says  that  Eunice  would  not 
be  converted,  but  preferred  to  return  to  (in 
the  language  of  the  preacher)  "  the  bar- 
barous and  heathen  people  among  whom 
she  had  lived  for  thirty-eight  years ;  a 
people  bred  up  in  Popish  superstitions, 
blindness  and  bigotry." 

h.  o. 


Borrowing  Names  of  Places — In- 
teresting Letter  from  Doctor  O'Cal- 
laghan. — At  a  late  meeting  of  the  Onon- 
daga Historical  Association,  the  following 
interesting  letter  by  Dr.  O'Callaghan  was 
read: 

Albany,  Nov.  19,  1863.  * 

Dear  Sir — I  received  only  late  last  even- 
ing your  kind  invitation  to  attend  the  first 
meeting  of  the  Onondaga  Historical  So- 
ciety, which  is  to  take  place  this  evening, 
at  Historical  Hall,  Syracuse. 


I  beg  to  congratulate  you,  as  I  do  most 
sincerely,  on  the  event ;  and  I  have  no  doubt 
of  the  future  prosperity  of  your  Society  and 
of  its  success  in  rescuing  from  oblivion 
much  that  will  prove  valuable  both  to  the 
local  and  general  historian.  Already  New 
York,  Buffalo,  Brooklyn,  Kingston,  and 
Ulster  county  are  engaged  in  the  good  work, 
and  the  county  of  Westchester  is,  as  I  am 
informed,  about  to  organize  a  similar 
society  to  yours.  Livingston  county,  too, 
has,  I  am  told,  its  Historical  Society. 
Through  the  labors  of  these  several  as- 
sociations, public  opinion  will  be  so  enlight- 
ened, and  public  taste  so  directed  as  to 
relieve  our  maps  and  geographies,  in  time, 
I  hope,  from  many  of  the  out-of-place  names 
which  have  been  imposed  on  our  cities  and 
towns,  when  a  false  hankering  after  Euro- 
pean and  classical  nomenclature  distorted 
and  vitiated  rules  that  ought  properly  to 
have  been  observed  at  the  time. 

Our  mountains,  our  hills,  our  lakes,  our 
valleys,  and  our  streams  are  purely  and 
exclusively  American.  God  gave  them  in 
all  their  sublimity  and  beauty  to  America. 
It  seems  to  me  that  they  ought  to  be  dis- 
tinguished by  names  identified  with  the 
history  of  the  country. 

Europe  borrows  not  names  for  her  classic 
lands  from  America.  Why  then  go  to 
Italy,  Greece,  or  elsewhere  for  names  to 
designate  the  hunting  grounds  and  homes 
of  the  Iroquois  of  New  York,  or  to  dis- 
tinguish the  spot  where,  as  Mr.  Street 
beautifully  expresses  it,  the  pioneer  felled 
the  forest  and  let  in  the  first  ray  of  sunlight 
on  the  soil? 

Your  labors  will  avail  much  in  correct- 
ing the  false  taste  here  indicated. 

It  would  afford  me  great  pleasure  to 
attend  your  meeting,  but  want  of  leisure 
and  pressure  of  duties  which  cannot  be 
neglected,  must  plead  my  excuse. 

With  best  wishes  for  your  success  and 
kind  regards  to  each  member  of  your  so- 
ciety, 

I  remain,  Dear  Sir, 

Yours  very  respectfully, 
E.  B.  O'Callaghan. 

R.  F.  Trowbridge,  Esq.,  Rec.  Sec,  On. 
Hist.  Soc,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


73 


Immigration  from  New  England  to 
the  State  of  New  York. — Surveyor- 
General  De  Witt  to  Governor  Clinton. — 
[Land  Papers,  See's  Office,  Alb.,  vol.  1., 
p.  79.] 

'Albany,  15th  April,  1791. 

Sir — Almost  every  day  the  New  Eng- 
land People  make  application  to  me  for 
Lands,  in  the  20  Townships — some  of  them 
witli  Money  in  their  pockets  raised  for  the 
purpose  of  purchasing.  I  can  neither  get 
rid  of  their  Questions  or  give  them  satis- 
factory answers.  I  am  obliged  to  tell  them 
that  these  lands  will  be  shortly  advertised 
for  sale,  but  that  the  mode  and  terms  are 
left  by  Law  to  the  discretion  of  the  Com- 
missioners of  the  Land  Office.  Many  of 
them  will  settle  immediately  and  run  the 
risque  of  purchasing  afterwards.  Numbers 
of  them  who  have  gone  thither  with  the  ex- 
press view  o£  making  pitches  and  prepare 
places  to  which  to  remove  their  families, 
are  exceedingly  anxious  to  have  the  oppor- 
tunity of  buying.  I  think  it  will  be  the 
interest  of  the  State  to  give  them  two  or 
three  years  time  for  the  payment  of  a  part 
of  the  purchase  money. 

I  am,  Sir,  your  Excy.'s 
Most  obedt.  Servant, 

M.  De  Witt. 

Governor  Clinton. 

[The  20  townships  above-mentioned  are 
principally  in  the  present  counties  of  Madi- 
son and  Chenango.  The  words  in  italic 
are  so  marked  in  the  original. — e.  b.  o'c] 


Syracuse. — This  is  the  most  ancient 
white  settlement  west  of  Albany.  It  dates 
as  far  back  as  1056,  in  which  year  a  num- 
ber of  Frenchmen  planted  a  colony  on  the 
margin  of  Lake  Onondaga,  whose  salt 
springs  had  been  discovered  in  1654.  The 
site  of  this  colony  is,  we  understand,  a  spot 
of  remarkable  prettiness ;  and  what  is  par- 
ticularly interesting  is  the  fact  that  the 
spring  mentioned  in  the  French  account  of 
the  settlement,  still  flows  from  the  side  of 
the  hill  upon  which  the  missionaries  erect- 
ed their  chapel  and  the  soldiers  their  little 
fort.  It  is  known  at  this  day  as  the  "Je- 
suit Well." 

It   is  now  in  contemplation  to  erect  a 

hist.  mag.     vol.  vin.         9 


monument  over  this  spring,  in  commemo- 
ration of  the  discovery  of  the  Salt  Springs 
and  the  founding  of  the  first  European  set- 
tlement in  Central  New  York.  Those 
familiar  with  the  enterprise  and  public 
spirit  of  the  citizens  of  Syracuse  have  no 
doubt  that  an  undertaking  so  laudable  will 
be  worthily  carried  out, 

e.  b.  o'c. 


Resolved  Waldron. — In  the  paragraph 
in  the  last  number  of  the  Historical  Maga- 
zine on  this  person  the  words  Strong  Creek 
ought  to  have  been  printed  "  Stony  Creek." 

John  Brown's  Tract. — This  famous 
summer  resort  for  sportsmen  and  tourists 
lies  partly  in  Lewis,  but  mostly  in  Herkimer 
County.  It  is  a  wild,  mountainous  re- 
gion, interspersed,  however,  with  lakes 
and  deep  valleys.  When  first  laid  out 
under  the  directions  of  Simon  De  Witt, 
Surveyor-General,  it  was  divided  into  eight 
townships,  which  were  made  in  a  manner, 
by  their  names,  representatives  of  all  the 
virtues  required  by  the  inhabitants  of  that 
region  to  realize  a  living  there ;  for  they 
were  called  Unanimity,  Frugality,  Per- 
severance,  Sobriety,  Regularity,  Enterprise^ 
Economy,  and  Industry. 


Letter  of  Lafayette  to  Gen.  Knox 
in  1781. — The  original  of  the  following 
letter  is  in  the  hands  of  W.  F.  Bacon,  Esq., 
Theological  Seminary,  Bangor,  Maine : 

Forks  of  York  River,  August  18, 1781. 

My  dear  Sir— In  spite  of  the  24r's,  the 
mortei  s,  and  the  whole  noisy  Hellish  train 
of  your  siege  artillery,  I  want  you  to  hear 
the  voice  of  a  friend  whose  attachment  to 
you  deserves  some  share  in  your  affection. 
I  realy  Believe  I  possess  it,  my  good  friend, 
and  notwithstanding  your  silence,  I  am 
sure  you  feel  for  me  in  every  transaction  of 
this  most  difficult  command. 

last  campaign  I   was  sighing  for    .... 

j  This  campaign  I  was  trembling  for  them  as 

!  in  the  Beginning. 

There  was  no  difference  between  a  skir- 

j  mish    and  a   Battle — a  Battle  and  a  total 

I  defeat,  we   were  so  lucky  as  to  escape  an 
action   and    keep   ourselves  clear   of  that 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Feb, 


mounted that  wasgallopping 

around  us.  Then  we  had  our  turn,  and 
for  many,  many  mile  had  the  pleasure  to 
occupy  his  lordship's  Hd.  quarters.  You 
had  accounts  of  the  two  skirmishes.  I 
thought  all  was  over,  and  owing  to  your 
siege  of  New  York,  I  anticipated  great 
deal  of  ease  and  happiness.  Indeed,  I 
could  not  help  growing  jealous,  and  began 
to  think  of  a  visit  to  your  Batteries,  But 
soon  found  there  was  in  this  quarter  work 
enough  for  me,  great  deal  to  much  indeed 
for  my  youth  and  the  means  that  I  have. 

Lord  Cornwallis  Having  not  succeeding 
in  land  journeyings,  has  undertaken  a  water 
voyage.  I  thought  first  the  man  was  going 
to  New  York,  then  to  Pottomack,  or  Bal- 
timore, But  on  a  sudden  he  entered  York 
River,  and  is  at  York  and  Gloster  out  of 
our  reach,  refreshing  his  troops  and 
meditating  mischief.  York  is  on  high 
ground,  surrounded  with  creeks  and 
marshes  available  by  one  high  a  .  .  .  . 
this  to  my  surprise  he  does  not  fortify. 
Gloster  is  a  neck  of  land  projecting  into 
the  River,  and  very  useful  to  the  defeat  of 
shipping,  these  my  lord  is  fortifying.  Ports- 
mouth is  not  evacuated,  so  that  he  is 
divided  in  three  points,  two  of  which  I 
confess  are  the  same  thing.  But  should  a 
naval  superiority  come  great  advantages 
might  be  obtained  in  this  quarter.  I  wish 
my  dear  friend  our  conduct  may  have 
met  with  your  approbation.  I  wish  both 
from  esteem  and  friendship. 

At  the  present  I  am  trying  to  conjure  up 
a  cavelry  to  collect  levies,  to  arm  and  as- 
semble militia,  to  replenish  our  few  con- 
tinentals,— to  have  a  part  of  them  in  re- 
diness  to  Reinforce  General  Green,  and  am 
waiting  at  that  fork  of  York  River  to 
oppose  either  way  His  lordships  ma- 
nuievers  .     p     .     . 

Lord  Cornwallis  abilities  are  to  me  more 
alarming  than  his  superiority  of  forces.  I 
ever  had  a  great  opinion  of  him,  our  papers 
call  him  a  Mad  Man.  But  was  any  ad- 
vantage taken  of  him  when  he  commanded 
in  person  ?  To  speak  plain  English,  I  am 
devilish  afraid  of  him. 

Major  Cush  Having  gone  to  the  North- 
ward, we  are  in  want  of  an  artillery  field 


officer.  Had  Ctn-  Lamb  been  only  a 
Major,  I  should  have  asked  for  him.  I 
wish  Ctn-  Stephens  might  make  it  con- 
venient to  return. 

My  most  respectfull  and  affectionate 
compliments  to  Mrs.  Knox.  I  am  so  im- 
prudent as  to  take  the  liberty  to  address  a 
kiss  to  Lucy  and  a  paternal  one  to  my  son. 
Adieu. 

Yours  for  ever, 

Lafayette. 

General  Knox. 


Quebec  in  1*701. — In  a  manuscript  en- 
titled "  Lettres  Canadiennes"  is  the  follow- 
ing description  of  Quebec  in  1701  : 

The  curiosity  of  learning  and  knowing, 
so  common  to  all  mankind,  made  me  ex- 
amine Kebec  closely  on  my  arrival.  This 
town  is  situated  2000  leagues  from  France. 
It  is  divided  into  the  upper  and  lower 
town.  In  the  latter  reside  the  merchants 
and  those  who  trade  by  sea.  The-  houses 
are  all  built  quite  comfortably  of  a  black 
stone  as  fine  and  hard  as  marble.  The 
roadstead  is  defended  by  a  large  platform 
in  the  middle,  which  is  level  with  the  water, 
so  that  hostile  vessels  could  not  be  at 
anchor  without  being  badly  handled  as 
well  by  the  cannon  of  this  platform  as  by 
those  of  a  fort  which  commands  the  city 
and  harbor,  on  one  of  the  most  precipitous 
points. 

From  the  lower  to  the  upper  town  there 
is  a  road  which  winds  around  imperceptibly 
for  carts  and  waggons,  which  have  never- 
theless much  difficulty  in  ascending.  The 
upper  town  is  situated  at  an  extraordinary 
height. 

The  house  of  the  viceroy  or  governor- 
general  is  in  the  upper  town  in  the  most 
prominent  point.  It  is  one  hundred  and 
twenty  feet  long,  and  two  stories  high, 
with  several  pavilions  which  form  additions 
in  front  and  behind,  with  a  terrace  of 
eighty  feet  overlooking  the  lower  town 
and  the  river  below,  whence  you  can  de- 
scry all  that  you  desire  to  see. 

The  governor-general  who  now  resides 
in  this  castle  is  called  M.  C.  Chevalier  de 
Caillieres,  formerly  governor  of  the  city  of 
Montreal,   sixty    leagues    above    Quebec. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


75 


This  gentleman  is   respected  and  beloved  New    York:    T.    and    J.   Swords,    1796, 
both  by  the  French  and  the  Indians,  who  8vo.   16  pp.  ;  of  the    visits    in    1798,  Mr. 


equally  regard  him  as  the  common  father 
of  all  the  inhabitants  of  Canada.  To  him 
we  are  indebted  for  all  the  fortifications  of 
the  country,  which  have  been  erected  by 
his  care.  All  persons  of  distinction  also 
reside  in  the  upper  town.  There  is  a 
bishop  and  canons  whose  chapter  is  com- 
plete. There  is  also  a  fine  seminary  and 
several  churches,  among  which  that  of  the 
Jesuits  and  that  of  the  Recollects  are  the 
first.  This  last  faces  the  castle,  and  is  the 
most  modern  in  the  country.  The  cloister 
of  these  good  fathers  is  lighted  on  all  sides 
with  stained  glass  windows  bearing  the 
arms  of  several  benefactors  of  the  house. 
The  intendant's  office  alone  is  badly  situated 
on  a  low  spot  near  the  little  river. 

The  city,  upper  and  lower,  is  situated 
between  two  considerable  mountains,  one 
higher  than  the  other.  One  is  called  Cap 
au  Diamants,  because  an  extraordinary 
quantity  is  found  on  the  rocks,  which  are 


Hardie  published  an  account  that  I  have 
not  seen;  of  those  in  1799  and  1803,  I 
know  no  accounts  published  at  the  time  ; 
of  that  of  1805,  there  is  "  An  Account  of  the 
Malignant  Fever  which  prevailed  in  the 
city  of  New  York,  during  the  Autumn  of 
1805."  By  James  Hardie.  New  York : 
South  wick  and  Hard  castle,  1805,  8vo. 
196  pp. ;  of  the  last  great  visit  there  is 
"  An  Account  of  the  Yellow  Fever  which 
occurred  in  the  city  of  New  York  in  the 
year  1822,  to  which  is  prefixed  a  brief 
sketch  of  the  different  pestilential  diseases 
with  which  this  city  was  afflicted  in  the 
years  1798,  1799,  1803,  and  1805,"  <fec.,  by 
James  Hardie.  New  York :  Samuel 
Marks,  1822,  12mo.,  120  pp. 

The  reports  of  Dr.  Miller  to  the  governor 
in  1803  and  1805,  contain  accounts  for  those 
years,  but  I  do  not  know  that  they  were 
printed  separately. 

Many   medical    treatises    on    the   fever 


not  surpassed  in  beauty  by  real  diamonds,  appeared  during  these  visitations,  or  after 


and  only  lack  hardness.  The  other  moun 
tain  is  called  Saut  au  Matelot,  so  termed, 
because  during  the  first  times  of  the  esta- 
blishment of  the  French  in  this  colony,  a 
sailor  who  went  too  near  the  brink  went 
down  in  spite  of  himself.  Around  this  last 
mountain  a  little  river  runs  by  the  inten- 
dant's.— JOAbeille. 


Accounts  or  the  Yellow  Fever  in 
New  York. — The  city  of  New  York  was 
several  times  visited  by  this  dreadful 
scourge,  which  had  become  habitual  at 
New  Orleans  till  a  beast  removed  the 
beastly  things  which  engendered  it.  Of 
the  first  visit,  in  Aug.,  Sept.,  and  Oct., 
1791,  there  is  a  dissertation  by  Dr.  J.  S. 
Addom  ;  of  that  of  1 793,  I  know  no  special 
account ;  of  that  of  1795,  there  is  "  A  brief 
Account  of  the  Epidemical  Fever  which  late- 
ly prevailed  in  the  city  of  New  York,"  <fcc., 
by  M.  L.  Davis.  New  York:  1795,  8vo. 
66  pp. ;  and  also,  "  An  Account  of  the 
Epidemic  Fever  which  prevailed  in  the 
city  of  New  York  during  part  of  the  Sum- 
mer and  Fall  of  1795,"  by  Richard  Bayley. 


them,  as  "  Inquiry  into  the  cause  of  the 
prevalence  of  the  Yellow  Fever  in  New 
York,"  by  Dr.  Valentine  Seamen ;  "  Ori- 
gin of  the  Pestilential  Fever,"  by  Dr. 
E.  Smith  ;  "  Manley's  Dissertation  on  the 
Yellow  Fever,"  etc.  A. 


"Sir  Christopher  Gardiner,  Knight 
of  the  Golden  Melice. — Hon.  Robert 
C.  Winthrop,  in  his  remarks  at  a  meeting 
of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  in 
1858,  was,  I  believe,  the  first  to  suggest 
that  the  "melice,"  which  has  puzzled  so 
many  readers  of  Winthrop's  Journal,  and 
given  occasion  to  much  fanciful  specula- 
tion, was  nothing  more  than  the  Italiati 
milizia,  or  French  miliee,  applicable,  in 
either  language,  to  any  order  of  knight- 
hood. Thus,  the  vocab.  della  crusca,  with 
other  significations  of  milizia,  gives  "  per 
ordine  di  grade  cavalleresco." 

Mr.  Winthrop  does  not,  however,  appear 
to  have  been  aware  that  the  title  assumed 
by  this  English  adventurer  was  literally 
translated  from  the  Italian  "  Cavaliere 
della  milizia  aureata,"  or  the  correspond- 
ing   French,    M  Chevalier    de    la     miliee 


16 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Feb. 


doreef  the  proper  designation  of  a  Papal 
order  formerly  in  high  repute,  and  which 
is  more  popularly  known  as  "  Knights  of 
the  Golden  Spur"  (Cavalieri  dello  Sperone 
d'oro).  The  diploma  of  a  knight  of  this 
order  names  him  "  Auratae  niilitise  equitem, 
ac  Aulae  Lateranensis  et  Palatii  Apostolici 
comitem,"  etc.,  with  permission  to  bear 
"  torquem  aureum,  et  ensem,  et  aurata 
calcaria  (Bonanni,  Catalog o  delli  Ord. 
JEquest.  e  Milit.,  16).  This  honor  was 
conferred  by  the  Pope  in  person  (or  some- 
times by  a  nuncio,  or  prelate  of  the  highest 
Papal  court),  "  on  official  persons,  learned 
men,  artists,  and  other  persons  who  had 
rendered  service  to  the  State,  or  whom  the 
Holy  Father  selected  for  such  distinction, 
and  even  upon  foreigners.  Neither  rank 
nor  station,  but  simply  the  profession  of 
the  Roman  Catholick  Religion,  is  required 
as  a  qualification  to  receive  it"  (Carlisle's 
Orders  of  Knighthood,  p.  292).  Anciently 
this  ranked  first  among  the  Papal  orders 
of  merit,  and  Knights  of  the  Golden  Militia 
took  precedence  of  Knights  of  Malta.  But 
even  in  Sir  Christopher's  time,  the  suspi- 
cion that  the  honor  was  to  be  obtained  for 
money  had  somewhat  depreciated  its 
value  ;  and  now  the  rights  and  privileges  of 
the  knights  are  merely  nominal.  Some 
twenty  years  ago  the  Abbe  Glaire  was 
created  "Chevalier  de  la  Melice  doree" 
by  Gregory  XVI.,  in  recognition  of  his 
services  to  the  Church,  in  the  compilation 
of  the  "Encyclopedic  Catholique." 

It  is  not  probable  that  the  name  of  the 
order  or  its  source  was  known  to  Gov.  Win- 
throp  and  his  fellow-magistrates,  which  was 
well  for  Sir  Christopher's  interests,  perhaps. 
So  patent  evidence  of  his  being  a  favorite 
son  of  Rome  would  hardly  have  been  regard- 
ed as  a  title  of  honor  by  the  good  people  of 
the  Bay,  or  induce  them  to  judge  the 
English  knight  more  leniently  in  the  mat- 
ters whereof  he  was  accused. 


J.    H.  T. 


Hartford,  Conn. 


[There  are,  we  think,  knights  of  this 
order  in  the  United  States  at  present ; 
among  others,  the  Rev.  Charles  Constan- 
tine  Pise,  of  Brooklyn,  well  known  as  a 
poet  and  polished  writer,] 


Semmes  on  Privateering. — The  famous 
captain  of  the  Alabama,  whose  career  has 
been  so  destructive  to  our  shipping  and 
may  prove  so  expensive  to  England,  thus 
discourses  of  privateering  in  his  "  Service 
afloat  and  ashore  :" 

"  General  Salas  made  strenuous  efforts  to 
get  afloat  a  number  of  privateers  which 
should  prey  upon  our  commerce.  If 
Mexico  had  been  a  maritime  people,  this 
would  have  been  her  true  policy,  A  few 
fast-sailing  vessels,  distributed  in  different 
seas,  and  officered  and  manned  by  bold 
fellows  in  the  pursuit  of  plunder,  might 
have  inflicted  incalculable  injury  upon  us. 
This  system  of  predatory  warfare,  more 
than  any  other,  equalizes  the  strength  of 
nations  on  the  wrater.  Fleets  and  heavy- 
armed  ships  are  of  no  avail  against  the 
lighter  heels  and  more  erratic  wanderings 
of  this  description  of  force.  But  Mexico 
had  no  materials  whereon  "to  operate.  To 
render  privateering  available  to  her,  under 
the  laws  of  nations,  it  was  necessary  that 
at  least  a  majority  of  the  officers  and  crew 
of  each  cruiser  should  be  citizens ;  not 
citizens  made  ad  hoc,  in  fraud  of  the  law, 
but  bona  fide  citizens ;  and  any  vessel 
which  might  have  attempted  to  cruise 
under  a  letter  of  marque  and  reprisal,  with- 
out this  essential  requisite,  would  have  be- 
come, from  that  moment,  a  pirate.  As 
Mexico  had  never  possessed  any  marine, 
military  or  commercial,  worth  the  name, 
and  as  what  little  she  had  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  war  had  been  taken  from  her 
by  our  cruisers,  she  found  it  impossible  to 
fulfil  this  condition,  except  to  a  very  limited 
extent.  President  Salas,  in  order  to  over- 
come the  difficulty,  endeavored,  contrary 
to  the  good  faith  which  should  exist  among 
nations,  even  when  at  war,  and  in  violation 
of  the  plainest  principles  of  common  sense, 
to  manufacture  citizens  for  the  occasion. 
For  this  purpose  he  issued  blank  certificates 
of  naturalization  to  the  Mexican  consuls  at 
Havana  and  other  places,  with  directions 
to  these  officers  to  fill  them  up  with  the 
names  of  any  adventurers  that  might  offer, 
irrespective  of  those  great  principles  so  well 
understood  and  practised  upon  by  all  civil- 
ized  nations,  in  a  procedure  of  such  mo- 


1864.] 


II ISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


77 


ment Every  foreigner  "who 

might  have  undertaken  to  prey  upon  our 
commerce  would  have  been  deemed  to  be, 
and     would     have    been     treated,    as     a 

pirate There  is  a  growing 

disposition  among  civilized  nations  to  put 
an  end  to  this  disreputable  mode  of  war- 
fare under  any  circumstances.  It  had  its 
origin  in  remote  and  comparatively  bar- 
barous ages,  and  has  for  its  object  rather 
the  plunder  of  the  bandit  than  honorable 
warfare.  The  cruisers  being  private  vessels, 
fitted  out  for  speculation,  and  officered  and 
manned  generally  by  unscrupulous  and  un- 
principled men,  it  is  impossibe  for  the 
government  which  commissions  them  to 
have  them  under  proper  control.  Bonds 
and  penalties,  forfeiture  of  vessel,  etc.,  are 
entirely  powerless  to  restrain  the  passion 
of  cupidity  and  revenge  when  once  fairly 
aroused.  From  the  nature  of  the  materials 
of  which  the  crews  of  these  vessels  are 
composed — the  adventurous  and  desperate 
ot  all  nations — the  shortness  of  their  cruises, 
and  the  demoralizing  pursuit  in  which  they 
are  engaged,  it  is  next  to  impossible  that 
any  discipline  can  be  established  or  main- 
tained among  them.  In  short,  they  are 
little  better  than  licensed  pirates ;  and  it 
behoves  all  civilized  nations,  and  especially , 
nations  who,  like  ourselves,  are  extensively 
engaged  in  foreign  commerce,  to  suppress 
the  practice  altogether." 

Early  Spanish  Missionaries  in  Texas. 
— I  find,  in  a  curious  account,  mention  made 
of  the  following  Texas  missionaries :  Fa- 
ther Jose  del  Rio,  52  years  on  the  mission, 
chiefly  in  Texas  and  Sonora ;  F.  Cayetano 
Aponte  y  Lis  (a  native  of  Pontevedra, 
came  to  America  in  1730,  died  May  25,  | 
1791,  aged  93),  ten  years  in  Texas;  F. 
Esteban  de  Salazar,  a  native  of  Cascajares, 
a  missionary  in  Texas  and  Sonora,  died 
August  6,  1797,  aged  77;  Father  Juan 
Saenz  de  Gumiel,  a  native  of  Mendavia, 
eight  years  in  Texas,  twice  Guardian  of] 
the  College  of  Queretaro,  died  March  11, 
1807,  aged  83 ;  Father  Antonio  Perera 
died  at  Queretaro,  April  16,  1698;  Father 
Antonio  Margil  died  August  6,  1726;  Fa- 
ther Felipe  Guillen,  a  native  of  Piles  in  the 


kingdom  of  Valencia,  came  to  America  in 
1770,  two  years  in  Texas,  killed  by  the  In- 
dians in  Sonora,  April  27,  1778;  Father 
Francis  Casanas  de  Jesus  Maria,  born  at 
Barcelona  in  1656,  entered  the  order  at 
the  age  of  14  ;  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  College  of  Queretaro ;  missionary  in 
Campeachy,  Texas,  and  New  Mexico  ;  killed 
by  the  Apaches  in  New  Mexico  in  1696  ; 
Father  Jose  Guadalupe  Ramirez  dePrado, 
born  at  the  mission  de  las  Palmas  in  the 
Sierra  Gorda,  near  Mexico,  27  years  in 
Texas,  died  at  Queretaro,  August  19,  1777, 
aged  72,  having  been  55  years  in  the  order ; 
Father  Juan  Salvador  de  Amaya,  sent  to 
Texas  about  1728,  remained  24  years;  died 
there  November  17,  1752.  J.  de  c. 


Slavery  in-  New  York. — It  is  some- 
what curious  to  find  slavery  recognised  as 
existing  in  New  York,  in  the  ordinances 
revised  in  1845,  and  in  force  till  1859,  yet 
such  is  the  fact ;  and  a  fine  of  $25  imposed 
upon  any  pawn-broker,  dealer  in  second- 
hand articles,  or  keeper  of  a  junk  shop, 
dealing  with  a  slave. 

Michel  Gauvin. — In  his  tour  from 
Hartford  to  Quebec,  Professor  Silliman 
says : — 

"  Our  driver  (to  the  Falls  of  Montmo- 
rency) was  Michel  Gauvin,  a  very  intel- 
ligent and  obliging  young  man,  a  French. 
Canadian,  who  spoke  both  English  and 
French  ;  and  his  horse  (an  iron  grey)  was 
one  of  that  small  but  hardy  breed  which, 
being  in  this  country  left  in  their  natural 
state,  are  extremely  stout  and  courageous, 
and  carry  the  heavy  calash  and  three  men 
apparently  with  more  ease  than  our  horses 
draw  our  chaises  and  two  grown  per- 
sons." 

Mr.  Michel  Gauvin,  who  is  now  ad- 
vanced in  age,  is  one  of  the  most  respect- 
able citizens  of  Quebec.  He  has  fully  re- 
alized the  good  prognostics  of  the  worthy 
professor,  has  been  at  the  head  of  a  large 
livery  stable  for  many  years,  and  is  still 
one  of  the  proprietors  of  the  winter  stage 
line  between  Quebec  and  Montreal,  on 
the  north   shore,  a  concern  which  is  not, 


18 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Feb 


however,  so  flourishing  since  the  opening 
of  the  railroad  on  the  north  shore. 

p.  c. 


QUERIES. 

Brothers-german — Capt.  John  Camp- 
bell petitions  for  a  grant  of  land  for  his 
"  brothers-german,"  Archibald  and  Alexan- 
der Campbell.  I  do  not  find  the  word  in 
Webster's  Dictionary.  Is  it  synonymous 
with  step-brother  ?  o'c. 

Pater  Vaer. — A  suit  was  brought  in 
the  court  at  New  Amsterdam  in  1646  by 
Pater  Vaer  for  the  possession  of  a  negro 
wench  he  had  purchased  from  one  John 
Wilcox.  The  judgment  of  the  court  was 
that  Wilcox  should  satisfy  the  Swedish 
Governor  and  Pater  Vaer.  In  what  sense 
is  Pater  used  here,  and  who  was  he  ?     o'c. 


Webster  and  Smith's  Journal  of  the 
Voyage  of  the  Hankey. — In  1796  or 
thereabout,  Noah  Webster  and  Dr.  E.  H. 
Smith  published  at  New  York  a  journal  of 
the  voyage  of  the  ship  Hankey  from  Bu- 
lam  to  Grenada.  Where  can  a  copy  be 
found  ?  s. 


the  City  of  New  York  (ed.  1845,  p.  342, 
ed.  1859,  p.  330),  I  find  this  word  in  this 
phrase  :  No  person  shall  cast  any  anchor, 
grappling  or  killick  (ed.  1859,  killock)  into 
or  near  any  of  the  docks,  &c.  What  does 
it  mean,  and  what  is  its  origin  ? 


Henry  Francisco. — In  his  interesting 
tour  from  Hartford  to  Quebec  (New 
Haven,  1820),  Professor  Silliman  has  a 
chapter  under  the  title  the  "  Old  Man  of 
the  age  of  Louis  XIV." 

When  did  Henry  Francisco,  the  person 
referred  to,  die  ?  Where,  and  in  what 
manner  ? 

When  Professor  Silliman  saw  him  on 
the  Salem  road,  two  miles  from  White- 
hall, he  was  said  to  be  134  years  of  age, 
and  said  he  was  born  in  France,  in  a  place 
which  he  pronounced  something  like  Essex. 

Was  Francisco  (which  is  not  a  French 
name)  his  real  name  ?  Was  it  not  rather  a 
nick-name  from  his  being  French  ? 

In  that  case,  what  was  his  real  name, 
and  where  and  when  was  he  really  born  ? 


Horseheads. — This  is  the  name  of  a 
new  town,  erected  in  Chemung  county  in 
1854.  Can  any  of  the  readers  of  the  Hist. 
Mag.  explain  its  origin  ? 


Thariolin. — The  last  Huron  of  pure 
blood  at  the  mission  of  Lorette,  near  Que- 
bec, bore  the  name  of  Thariolin.  His 
portrait  was  painted  about  1840  by  Pla- 
mondon.  Can  any  reader  inform  us  where 
it  is  preserved  ? 

Barbastro's  Account  of  Sonora. — 
The  Franciscan  Father,  Francis  Antonio 
Barbastro,  who  was  one  of  the  first  Fran- 
ciscans in  Sonora  after  the  expulsion  of  the 
Jesuits,  and  who  died  June  22,  1800,  at 
Aconchi,  among  the  Opatas,  left  a  history 
of  Sonora.     Does  it  still  exist  ? 


Introduction  of  the  Honey  Bee. — 
When  and  by  whom  was  the  first  colony 
of  honey  bees  introduced  into  North  Ame- 
rica? 

They  evidently  were  cultivated  in  New 
Jersey  as  early  as  the  year  1683  (vide 
Hist.  Mag.,  vol.  vi.,  page  268)  ;  and,  ac- 
cording to  Peter  Kalm,  in  1748,  they  had 
become  wild  in  Pennsylvania,  but  had  not 
then  extended  their  flights  westward  be- 
yond the  Blue  Ridge,  which  is  the  eastern 
range  of  the  Alleghanies. —  Vid.  Halm's 
Travels,  vol.  i.,  page  22 6. 

K. 

Cleveland,  O.,  January  8, 1864. 


Killick-Killock. — In  the  Ordinances  of 


Doctor  Cowpry's  Journal. — A  diary 
kept  by  Dr.  Cowdry,  Surgeon  of  the  U.  S. 
frigate  Philadelphia  during  the  captivity 
and  enslavement  of  her  officers  and  crew 
by  the  Tripolitans,  from  October  21st, 
1803,  to  June  3d,  1805,  was  published  in 
a  series  of  numbers  in  the  American  Mer- 
cury, at  Hartford,  Ct.,  in  the  autumn  of 
the  last-named  vear. 


1364.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


Was  it  subsequently  republished  in  a 
more  permanent  form,  and  has  it  been 
preserved  ? 

K. 

Cleveland,  O.,  January  8th,  1864 


Authors  of  Whim  Whams. — In  1828, 
a  collection  of  sketches  in  prose  and  poetry 
was  published  under  the  following  title  : — 
"  Whim  Whams.     By  Four  of  Us." 

•  So  prolyficke  is  our  penne 
Ye'll  think  therre  be  a  score  of  us  ; 
But,  on  ye  wordes  oi*  gentilmenne, 
Therre  be  only  Four  of  Us. 

"We'll  make  ye  smyle,  or  make  ye  sighe, 
Thenne,  what  can  ye  want  more  of  us? 
Ye  can't  doe  better  than  to  buye 
This  littell  Boke,  by  Four  of  Us. 


Madrigals  of  Ancient  Mynstrelsie. — 
Boston :  Published  by  S.  G.  Goodrich, 
1828.  18mo.  pp.  204.  I  would  like  to 
ascertain  the  names  of  the  authors  or 
author  of  this  volume. 

About  the  same  time  that  this  book  ap- 
peared, a  volume  of  about  the  same  size, 
and,  if  I  recollect  aright,  of  a  similar  cha- 
racter, was  published  by  Bowles  and  Dear- 
born, of  Boston,  under  the  title  of 
u  Ps  and  Qs."  This  latter  work  is  said,  in 
the  Booh  of  the  Zockes,  p  114,  to  have 
been  the  joint  production  of  Charles  H. 
Locke,  Joseph  H.  Buckingham,  Edwin 
Buckingham,  and  Siles  P.  Holbrook.  All 
of  these  gentlemen,  except  the  second,  are 
now  dead,  I  think. 

Boston. 


File 
any  of 


op  the  Northern  Whig. — Can 
your  correspondents  inform  me 
whether  a  file  of  the  "Northern  Whig," 
or  any  other  paper  published  in  Hudson, 
N".  Y.,  during  the  year  1814,  is  in  existence, 
and  if  so,  where  can  it  be  found?  The 
knowledge  of  this  is  of  great  importance  to 
the  querist ;  and  he  would  be  much  oblig- 
ed for  any  communication  throwing  light 
upon  this  question.  w.  l.  s. 


tion  of  this  little  work?  I  have  one  pub- 
lished at  Newark  in  1826,  by  Benjamin 
Olds,  and  have  seen  a  later  one  printed  at 
Brooklyn,  but  desire  an  exact  description 
of  the  first  edition  or  account. 


REPLIES. 
Curious  Hexameters  (vol.  v.  p.  188). 
— The  translation  seems  to  be  by  supply- 
ing est  in  some  places  and  quod  in  one. 
What  was  to  be  is  what  is ;  what  was  not 
to  be,  is  what  is  to  be ;  to  be,  what  is  not 
to  be  ;  what  is,  is  not  to  be  what  shall  be. 


The  Wonderful  History  of  the 
Morristown  Ghost. — Can  any  one  give 
a  bibliographical  account  of  the  first  edi- 


Peck  on  Universalis^:  (vol.  vii.  p. 
380). — We  cannot  give  X.  Y.  Z.  any  in- 
formation concerning  the  author,  but  the 
title  of  his  work  is  as  follows : 

"A  Short  Poem  containing  a  Descant 
on  the  Universal  Plan,"  etc.  Second  edi- 
tion. Keene,  N.  H.  Printed  by  John 
Prentiss,   1802. 

Also,  third  edition:  And  over,  N".  H.  : 
Printed  by  E.  Chase,  1820. 

Also,  Boston.  Printed  for  Nathl.  Cov- 
erley,  1818. 

It  is  intended  as  a  satire  on  the  doctrine 
of  Universal  Salvation,  and  the  following 
extract  will  give  an  idea  of  the  style  of  the 
author : 

"  Huzzah  I  brave  boys — loud  be  our  joys, 
Your  sins  shall  be  forgiven  ; 
O  skip  and  sing,  our  God  and  King 
Will  bring  us  all  to  heaven. 


0  charming  news  to  live  in  sin, 
And  die  to  reign  with  Paul ; 

'Tis  so,  indeed,  for  Jesus  bled 
To  save  the  devil  and  all." 


B.    S. 


Kentaienton  (vii.  p.  380).— Will  P. 
show  from  what  book  he  makes  his  query  ? 
There  is  no  place  in  Ohio  having  any  such 
name,  but  the  context  may  show  where  it 


was. 


J. 


Butternuts  (vii.  122,  197.) — The  expla- 
nation on  page  122  is  correct  as  to  the  ap- 
plication of  the  name,  but  wrong  as  to  the 


80 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Feb. 


reason.  Household  manufactures  have 
been  preserved  at  the  South  to  a  much 
greater  extent  than  at  the  North,  and  hence 
the  source  of  supply  for  clothing.  The 
bark  of  the  black  walnut  tree,  but  more 
generally  the  hulls  of  the  nuts,  are  used  for 
coloring  brown  ;  the  butternut  is  not 
much  used  ;  for  making  a  yellow  color 
the  bark  of  the  hickory  is  used. 

In  1822,  when  it  was  still  a  common 
thing  for  farmers  and  country  laborers  to 
go  down  to  New  Orleans  in  flat-boats  with 
their  own  crops,  or  on  a  trading  voyage,  it 
was  easy  to  tell  from  what  State  the  boatmen 
came,  by  the  color  of  their  linsey.  Ohio 
was  blue  and  white ;  Kentucky,  blue  mixed 
with  black  and  white,  and  twilled ;  Indi- 
ana was  yellow  ;  Illinois  and  Missouri 
were  not  so  much  known. 

When  the  Northern  soldiers  saw  the 
brown  color  of  the  Confederate  dress, 
they  supposed  that  it  was  butternut,  and 
so  called  them.  j.  h.  j. 

LFkbana,  Ohio,  Jan.  25, 1864. 


is  not  exactly  a  term  of  endearment,  though 
that  feeling  may  sometimes  enter  into  it. 
The  term  denotes  power,  trustiness,  and 
something  more.  Of  a  man  who  is  vigor- 
ous and  efficient,  it  will  be  said  :  "  He's  a 
hoss" — "  he\s  all  hoss."  It  enters  also  into 
the  common  phrase  of  the  Mississippi  Boat- 
men in  old  time  :  "  half  horse,  half  alliga- 
tor:'' j.  h.  j. 

Ukbana,  Ohio,  Jan.  23, 1864. 


LITERARY  AND  ANTIQUARIAN. 


"Jo  Daviess"  (viii.  p.  38). — In  Decem- 
ber, 1831,  I  was  at  Baltimore,  as  a  member 
of  the  Clay  Convention,  and  sitting  with 
Col.  Samuel  W.  Davies,  who  was  a  delegate 
from  Cincinnati,  he  told  me  this  :  That  the 
first  time  he  ever  went  to  New  York,  and 
the  Eastern  cities  (I  think  he  said  Philadel- 
phia), he  was  sitting  alone  in  his  room  at 
the  Hotel ;  a  man  entered  his  room  and  said, 
"  You  spell  your  name  Davies  ?"  "  Yres, 
that  is  the  way  my  father  always  spelled  it, 
and  I  follow  him."  "  By  God,  I  almost 
knew  that  I  was  wrong.  I  was  sure  that  it 
ought  to  have  an  e  in  it,  but  I  have  got  it 
wrong."  This  was  Joseph  Hamilton  Da- 
viess ;  this  was  the  beginning  of  an  acquaint- 
ance between  them  which  continued  during 
the  life  of  that  eccentric  genius,      j.  h.  j. 

Ukbana,  Ohio,  Jan.  1864. 


"Old  Hoss"  (vii.  p.  98).— J.  F.  J. 
asks  if  this  word  is  really*  a  corruption  of 
the  word  horse.  The  pronunciation  was 
very  common  at  the  South,  and  was  and 
is  still  preserved  in  the  epithet  "  Old 
Hoss,"  which  may  have  been  applied  to 
Washington,  but  not  to  him  peculiarly.     It 


Patrons  of  Literary  Enterprises  in 
New  York,  etc.,  about  One  Hundred 
Years  ago. — The  return  of  Captain  James 
Cook  from  his  first  famous  voyage  of  dis- 
covery, in  1771,  caused  as  great  a  stir 
among  the  curious  as  almost  any  event 
since  the  return  of  Sir  Francis  Drake  from 
his  voyage  of  circumnavigation.  The 
whole  world  was  impatient  to  learn  the 
events  of  the  great  expedition,  and  means 
were. at  once  taken  to  gratify  so  laudable  a 
curiosity.  In  Colonial  America  there  was 
quite  as  much  anxiety  to  learn  the  details 
of  the  great  voyage  as  in  the  mother  coun- 
try, and  we  might  venture  to  say  even 
more.  It  was  very  important  that  a  man 
qualified  should  be  employed  to  draw  up 
the  account.  Dr.  John  Hawkesworth  was 
then  enjoying  considerable  literary  reputa- 
tion ;  from  making  watches  he  turned  his 
attention  to  study,  and  soon  acquired  an 
extensive  reputation  by  the  "  Adventurer," 
and  Archbishop  Herring  had  conferred  on 
him  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws.  He 
was  applied  to  to  write  the  history  of  the 
voyage,  and  he  undertook  it  for  the  snug 
sum  of  six  thousand  pounds.  We  think  it 
was  a  snug  sum,  because  he  had  every  aid 
from  the  well-kept  journal  of  Captain  Cook, 
with  the  help  of  the  papers  of  the  learned 
Joseph  Banks,  afterwards  Sir  Joseph 
Banks,  F.R.S. 

How  well  Dr.  Hawkesworth   executed 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


81 


his  task  does  not  come  within  the  scope  of 
this  paper  to  consider ;  but  our  impression 
is,  that  it  did  not  come  fully  up  to  what 
was  expected  ;  and  that  after  a  lew  years 
it  found  but  few  readers.  However,  it 
was  full  and  minute,  and  that  was  what 
was  at  tirst  desired.  Therefore,  no  sooner 
had  a  copy  of  Dr.  Ha wkes worth's  two 
ponderous  quartos  reached  the  hands  of 
the  well-known  publisher,  James  Rivington, 
than  he  made  preparations  for  reissuing 
the  work  in  New  York.  Mr.  Rivington 
at  once  issued  his  proposals  to  print  the 
work  by  subscription,  in  two  moderate 
sized  octavos.  A  copy  of  his  edition  is 
now  before  us,  as  evidence  that  he  carried 
out  his  intention.  There  is  further  evi- 
dence that  Mr.  Rivington  was  pretty  well 
patronized  in  the  undertaking,  for  his  list 
of  patrons'  names,  published  immediately 
after  the  title-page,  occupies  seventeen 
pages.  This  brings  us  to  the  main  object 
of  this  paper,  which  was  to  say  something 
upon  the  patronage  of  literary  enterprises 
about  one  hundred  years  ago. 

The  imprint  of  Rivington's  edition  is 
simply  "New  York:  Printed  by  James 
Rivington,  1774."  The  first  four  pages  of 
subscribers'  names  are  taken  up  with  those 
■  living  in  the  city  and  vicinities  of  New 
York,  and  in  New  Jersey."  This  part  of 
the  list  is  of  great  historical  interest,  as 
indeed  are  the  names  on  all  the  seventeen 
pages  ;  but  to  an  old  resident  of  New  York, 
those  at  the  commencement  of  the  list  must 
be  peculiarly  so.  Some  one  might  do  good 
service  by  preparing  notices  of  them  for 
the  Historical  Magazine.  There  are  one 
hundred  and  fifty-six  names  on  the  four 
pages,  a  few  of  which  follow  : — "  The  Rev 
Myles  Cooper,  LL.D.,  President  of  King's 
College ;  Capt.  Anthony  Rutgers,  Isaac 
Ogden,  Esq.,  of  New-Ark ;  the  Honourable 
Charles  Apthorpe,  Esq.,  Mr.  Richard 
Deane,  Capt.  John  Montresor,  Mr.  Peter 
Keteltas,  Capt.  Cornelius  Haight,  Mr. 
Theophilact  Bache,  Mr.  Samuel  Verplank, 
Mr.  Nicholas  Hoffman,  Mr.  Jacobus  Van 
Zandt,  Rev.  Charles  Inglis,  Dr.  Mitchell, 
of  his  Majesty's  Hospital ;  James  Delancy, 
Esq.,  Mr.  Bernard  Romans,  Mr.  John 
Andrew  Johnston,  of  Perth  Amboy ;  Mr. 

HIST.    MAG.       VOL.    VIII.  10 


William  Smith,  printer  ;  Mr.  John  Serjeant, 
of  Stockbridge ;  Mr.  James  Havens,  of 
Shelter  Island ;  Capt.  John  Freebody,  of 
Rhode  Island  ;  John  Livingston,  Esq.,  the 
Rev.  T.  B.  Chandler,  D.D.,  Mr.  Okey 
Hoogland,  of  Bordenton ;  Mr.  Benjamin 
Ledyard,  Mr.  Francis  Allison,  Practitioner 
of  Physick  in  New  London ;  Dr.  John 
Sparhawk,  of  Philadelphia ;  Lindley  Mur- 
ray, Esq.,  the  Rev.  John  Ogilvie,  D.D., 
Capt.  Alexander  Grant,  commanding  his 
Majesty's  vessels  on  the  great  Lakes ;  John 
Tabor  Kemp,  Esq.,  his  Majesty's  Attorney 
General  for  the  Province  of  New  York ; 
Ensign  John  Blennerhassett,  of  his  Majes- 
ty's 10th  Regiment ;  Dr.  James  Mont- 
gomery, Surgeon  to  ditto ;  Mr.  Commissary 
McLean,  at  Niagara;  Mr.  Ephraim  Van 
Veghton,  of  Albany;  Mr.  Alexander 
Fraser,  of  Niagara ;  Mr.  John  Stedman, 
of  ditto ;  Mr.  Philip  Stedman,  of  ditto ; 
Elisha  [Elias?]  Boudinot,  Esq.,  of  New 
York ;  Jacob  Le  Roy,  Esq.,  John  Foxcroft, 
Esq.,  his  Majesty's  Post  Master  General ; 
Col.  Cleveland,  commanding  his  Majesty's 
Royal  Artillery  in  North  America ;  Abra- 
ham Ogden,  Esq.,  of  Morristown ;  the 
Hon.  William  Axtell,  Esq.,  Mr.  Vivian 
Davenport,  Mr.  Abraham  Beekman,  the 
Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Sterling,  Dr. 
Ogden,  of  Long  Island  ;  Mr.  Henry  Cuyler, 
Col.  Barnard,  commanding  the  Royal 
Regiment  of  Welch  Fusileers ;  Mr.  Thomas 
Udall,  of  Islip  ;  Nicholas  Gouverneur,  Esq., 
at  Mount  Pleasant,  New  Jersey ;  Hector 
St.  John,  Esq.,  of  Orange  County ;  Richard 
Washington,  Esq."  These  are  all  we  have 
space  for.  Of  course  many  passed  over 
have  as  good  claim  for  notice  as  these. 
Those  will,  doubtless,  at  some  time  receive 
due  attention. 

We  next  have  "List  of  Subscribers' 
Names  at  Philadelphia  and  its  Vicinities," 
occupying  two  pages.  Then  "Names  at 
Newbern,  North  Carolina,"  in  number 
fifty-seven.  This  list  looks  much  like  one 
made  up  at  random  in  N.  C.  a  few  years 
past.  Then  comes  a  long  list  of  four  pages 
"from  Kingston,  in  Jamaica."  Then  a 
short  list  "  from  Westmoreland,  in  Savan- 
nah Le  Mar,  in  Jamaica."  Next  a  list  "  at 
Antigua,"  of  about  thirty.    A  small  list  of 


82 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Feb. 


five  from  Pensacola.  Then  a  list  "  in  Bos- 
ton, in  the  Province  of  Massachusetts,  and 
its  Vicinities."  It  would,  doubtless,  gratify 
many  if  we  could  give  the  list  entire,  but 
we  can  only  say  it  consists  of  forty-two 
names,  the  first  of  which  is  "  Honoura- 
ble John  Adams,  Esq."  We  see,  also,  Mr. 
Lewis  Deblois,  Tristram  Dalton,  Esq.,  of 
Newbury  Port ;  William  Tudor,  Esq., 
Captain  Jabez  Hatch,  Mr.  William  Bur- 
beck,  Col.  John  Erving,  Col.  Phips,  Cam- 
bridge ;  William  Witmore,  Esq.,  Salem ; 
Rev.  Aaron  Whitney,  Northfield  ;  Josiah 
Quincy,  Esq.,  Braintree ;  Rev.  Zabdiel 
Adams,  Lunenburg;  Hon.  James  Hum- 
phreys, Esq.,  Weymouth;  Mr.  Nathaniel 
Waterman. 

Among  the  Connecticut  subscribers  we 
notice  the  names  of  Silas  Deane,  Esq.,  of 
Weathersfield ;  Christopher  Leflingwell, 
Esq.,  of  Norwich ;  and  the  Rev.  Simon 
Waterman,  of  Wallingford. 

"  At  Quebec"  there  was  a  goodly  num- 
ber of  patrons,  as  also  uin  the  Great  Nine 
Partners."  On  the  seventeenth  and  last 
page  of  the  subscribers  is  a  list  "  at 
Dominica,"  among  which  are  some  well- 
known  surnames,  as  Tench,  Tyson,  Bernard, 
Cameron,  Fowle,  and  Wentworth.  The 
"  Rev.  Mr.  Zubly  lived  then  in  Savannah, 
Ga.  He  subscribed  for  '  six  sets.'  "  "  Mr. 
John  Anderson,  Printer,  New  York,"  and 
"  Mr.  Thomas  Updike  Fosdick,"  close  the 
list.  It  may  be  difficult  for  readers  in 
general  to  locate  the  "  Great  Nine  Part 
ners,"  as  modern  Gazetteers  do  not  men- 
tion such  a  place.  It  was  in  the  Province 
of  New  York,  adjacent  to  Connecticut, 
extending  to  the  Hudson  river,  in  which 
were  afterwards  the  towns  of  Amenia, 
Clinton,  Stanford,  and  Washington. 

Nothing  has  been  said  about  the  sub- 
scribers in  several  places.  It  may  be  well 
to  remark  that  the  list  of  Philadelphians  is 
quite  respectable,  and  would  probably  con- 
siderably out-number  the  present  list  of 
subscribers  to  the  Historical  Magazine. 
The  first  name  is  that  of  "  His  Excellency 
William  Franklin,  Esq.,  Governour  of  New 
Jersey."  The  next  is  "  the  Honourable 
James  Hamilton,  Esq.,"  then  "  Joseph  Gal- 
loway, Esq.,  Speaker  of  the  Honourable 


House  of  Assembly."  Oddly  enough  we 
find  among  the  "  Kingston,  Jamaica"  names, 
"  Benjamin  Franklin,  Esq." 

In  this  connection  we  will  inquire  what 
is  the  earliest  work  published  in  this  coun- 
try containing  a  list  of  its  patrons  ?       G. 


Soxiriies  an&  iljttr  f  imtop. 


ILLINOIS. 

Chicago  Historical  Society. — January  19, 
1864,  the  regular  monthly  meeting  was  held, 
the  President,  W.  L.  Newberry,  Eq.,  in  the 
chair. 

The  additions  to  the  Library  for  the  past  two 
months  (2,289,  of  which  206  were  bound  books) 
included  extensive  publications  from  Rev.  Joseph 
Allen,  D.D,,  of  Massachusetts,  from  Mr.  Consul 
Eastman,  of  Bristol,  England,  in  behalf  of  mem- 
bers of  the  Society  of  Friends,  in  Great  Britain, 
embracing  comprehensive  serials  and  pamphlets 
of  religion,  benevolence,  and  reform ;  and  nume- 
rous other  sources. 

To  the  cabinet,  among  others,  were  contributed 
a  piece  of  canvass,  believed  to  be  a  relic  of  the  dis- 
astrous expedition  of  Sir  John  Franklin,  brought 
by  Mr.  R.  Kennicott,  from  a  scientific  tour  in 
the  extreme  North.  Mr.  J.  A.  McAlister  obli- 
gingly presented  a  copy  of  the  print  entitled 
"Congressional  Pugilists,"  Philadelphia,  1798. 
Mr.  Consul  Eastman  forwarded  specimens  of  sea- 
weeds from  "  Bristol  Channel,"  and  a  beautiful 
piece  of  carved  wood  from  the  "  Screen"  sepa- 
rating the  choir  and  the  chancel  of  the  parish 
church  in  Wrington,  Somerset,  England,  where 
Hannah  More  worshipped — believed  to  be  500 
years  old. 

Files  of  the  "  Deseret  News,"  vol.  2  to  12th 
inclusive,  bound,  were  received  from  Great  Salt 
Lake  City  ;  also  the  Mormon  Bible,  first  edition, 
Palmyra,  1830. 

The  correspondence  for  two  months  (49  let- 
ters received,  and  128  written)  was  submitted. 
Mr.  A.  J.  Hill,  U.  S.  A.,  announced  his  intended 
publication  of  an  exclusively  "  aboriginal"  map 
of  Minnesota,  designating  mounds,  Indian  vil- 
lages, trails,  &c,  with  a  complete  restoration  (as 
far  as  possible)  of  aboriginal  names  of  localities, 
etc. 

W.  H.  Smith,  Esq.,  of  Nashville,  Tenn.,  for- 
warded for  the  Society's  collections,  two  origi- 
nal letters  of  Andrew  Jackson ;  in  one  of  which 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


83 


the  writer  freely  expressed  (in  1845)  his  impres- 
sions of  a  late  President  of  the  United  States. 

A  letter  was  read  asking  aid  to  an  intended 
i  history  of  the  "  Kankakee  Valley,"  in  Illinois. 

Hon.  H.  S.  Baird,  of  Green  Bay,  presented  to 
the  Society  manuscript  copies  of  two  papers  pre- 
pared by  him,  one  on  the  Settlement  of  Green 
Bay,  the  other  on  the  North  American  Indians. 

A  monograph  on  the  u  Siege  and  Capture  of 
Island  No.  10,"  prepared  by  Mr.  G.  P.  Upton, 
an  eye-witness,  was  obligingly  presented  by  that 
gentleman.  It  gives  a  complete  view  of  the 
principal  operations  resulting  in  the  reduction  of 
that  formidable  post. 

The  Hon.  J.  B.  French,  of  Lowell,  Mass.,  for- 
warded the  annual  report  for  1863,  of  the  month- 
ly and  yearly  rain-fall  at  Laconia,  at  the  outlet 
of  Lake  Winnipiseogee,  N.  H.,  also  at  Lake  Vil- 
lage, four  miles  south,  on  the  s  me  stream. 
The  yearly  aggregate  was  at  the  former  52.35 
inches ;  at  the  latter,  48.31  inches.  (Blodgett 
gives  the  mean  annual  rain-fall  at  Chicago,  at  30 
inches.) 

The  Treasurer's  report  for  the  last  year  sub- 
mitted, exhibited  a  total  expenditure  for  the 
year  of  $1,363.94,  leaving  a  balance  in  hand  of 
$172.61.  Outstanding  indebtedness  would  pro- 
bably be  met  by  the  balance  in  the  treasury  and 
the  collection  of  unreceived  dues. 

The  Society's  "  Investment  Fund,"  recently 
commence  1,  now  amounts  to  $1,800. 

George  F.  Eumsey,  Esq.,  was  elected  Trea- 
surer. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

Boston  Numismatic  Society. — Boston,  Mass., 
January  7. — The  annual  meeting  of  this  Society 
was  held  on  Thursday,  and  was  very  well  attend- 
ed. Several  donations  were  received,  and  the 
annual  reports  of  the  officers  were  presented. 
The  Treasurers  report  showed  a  balance  of 
money  to  the  credit  of  the  Society,  and  the  Cura- 
tor stated  the  number  of  coins  and  medals  to 
be  about  one  thousand,  among  which  are  seve- 
ral rare   pieces.  A  committee  was  appointed  to 

present  a  list  of  officers  for  the  present  year ;  |  paid  the  ordinary  expenses,  leaving  the 
they  reported  the  former  board  for  re-election,  '  entirely  free  from  debt,   and  a  balance  in  the 
which  was  the  pleasure  of  the  Society.     The  offi-  treasury  of  $45.25.     The  permanent  funds  dur- 


knovvn ;  a  half-dime  of  1802,  one  of  five,  the 
whole  number  believed  to  exist  at  present,  or 
rather  known  to  collectors  to  exist,  and  a  New 
York  copper  of  1787,  with  the  head  of  George 
Clinton,  which  is  by  far  the  finest  of  the  half- 
dozen  known.  The  collection  also  contained 
other  rare  varieties  of  New  York  coppers,  unu- 
sually perfect  specimens  of  early  dimes,  and  rare 
patterns  prepared  at  the  U.  S.  Mint,  but  never 
adopted  for  the  coinage.  Mr.  Seavey  also  show- 
ed the  two  half-eagles  by  the  acquisition  of  which 
he  had  completed  his  series  of  the  issues  of  gold 
of  the  United  States.  Other  gentlemen  exhibit- 
ed coins  of  less  value  and  interest.  The  meeting 
was  an  unusually  pleasant  and  successful  one. 

Dorchester  Antiquarian  and  Historical 
Society. — Dorchester,  Jan.  22. — At  the  twenty- 
second  annual  meeting  of  this  Society,  on  Friday, 
officers  were  elected  as  follows : 

President — Edmund  P.  Tileston.  Curators — 
Edmund  J".  Baker,  Charles  M.  S.  Churchill,  Sam- 
uel Blake.  Corresponding  Secretary — Ebenezer 
Clapp.  Librarian — Edward  Holden.  Assistant 
Librarian — Samuel  Blake.  ChronoJogist — Na- 
thaniel W.  Tileston.  In  the  increase  of  the  library 
and  cabinet  and  in  finances,  the  Society  was 
shown  to  be  in  good  condition. 

New  England  Historic  Genealogical  Socie^ 
ty. — Boston,  Jan.  6. — The  annual  meeting  was 
held  at  three  o'clock  this  afternoon,  at  the  So- 
ciety's rooms,  No.  13  Bromfield-street,  President 
Lewis  in  the  chair. 

The  report  of  the  Corresponding  Secretary 
showed  that  since  the  last  meeting  letters  accepts 
ing  membership  had  been  received  from  Charles 
O.  Whitmore,  of  Boston,  D.  P.  Corey,  of  Mai- 
den, Augustus  Thorndike  Perkins,  of  Boston,  as 
resident  members ;  and  Hon.  Win.  M.  "Wilson,  of 
Greenville,  Ohio,  Buckingham  Smith,  of  New 
York,  as  corresponding  members. 

The  report  of  the  Librarian  showed  that  since 
the  last  annual  meeting  there  had  been  received 
327  volumes,  1192  pamphlets,  and  44  manu- 
scripts, maps,  and  charts. 

The  report  of  the  Treasurer  showed  that 
during  the  past  year  the  ordinary  receipts  have 

ociety 


cers  are  therefore  as  follows :  President — Dr. 
Winslow  Lewis.  Vice-President  and  Curator — 
Jeremiah  Colburn.  Treasurer — Henry  Daven- 
port.    Secretary — Wm.  S.  Appleton. 

Mr.  Seavey  exhibited  a  sma'l  parcel  of  very 
choice  and  valuable  American  c  >ins.  Among 
them  were   a   silver  dollar  of  1794,  the  finest 


ing  the  same  period  have  been  increased  $2500, 
all  of  which  has  been  or  may  properly  be  placed 
in  the  hands  of  trustees,  and  the  income  thereof 
only  annually  expended. 

The  Committee  on  Lectures  and  Essays  re- 
ported that  there  had  been  fourteen  papers  read 
before  the  Society  at  its  monthly  meetings  dur- 


84 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Feb. 


ing  the  past  year,  seven  of  which  have  been 
published,  and  most  of  the  others  will  soon  ap- 
pear in  print,  all  of  which  were  read  by  members 
of  the  Society. 

The  Committee  on  Life  Memberships  reported 
that  thirty-four  life  members  have  been  added 
during  the  past  year,  and  proposed  that  the 
proceeds  thereof  be  made  a  permanent  fund,  the 
principal  and  interest  and  any  additions  to  be 
devoted  to  procuring  a  permanent  location  for 
the  Society. 

The  Trustees  of  the  Bond  Fund  reported  that 
the  property  remained  much  the  same  as  last 
year. 

The  Trustees  of  the  Barstow  Fund  reported 
that  the  Society  during  the  past  year  had  again 
been  indebted  to  the  liberality  of  John  Barstow, 
Vice-President  of  this  Society  for  Rhode  Island, 
for  a  donation  of  five  hundred  dollars.  The 
prudence  and  foresight  of  the  donor  have  been 
such  that  no  change  in  the  investments  has  been 
made.  With  the  income  of  this  fund,  which  is 
devoted  to  the  preservation  of  the  library,  150 
volumes  have  been  bound  during  the  past  year, 
a  fact  of  real  value  to  the  society,  and  there  is 
now  a  balance  unappropriated  of  $21.81. 

The  committee  appointed  to  prepare  biogra- 
phies of  deceased  members  reported  that  the 
work  was  progressing  favorably,  and  that  in  the 
course  of  the  present  year  the  society  would 
probably  have  within  its  archives  properly  pre- 
pared memoirs  of  all  or  nearly  all  its  deceased 
members. 

The  report  of  the  Historiographer  showed 
that  during  the  past  year  there  had  deceased 
fifteen  members  of  the  society ;  of  these  the 
memoirs  of  fourteen  had  been  read  before  the 
society. 

The  report  of  the  Finance  Committee  showed 
the  society  free  from  debt  and  its  finance,  in  a 
flourishing  condition. 

A  donation  of  $1000  was  received  from 
William  B.  Towne,  of  Brookline.  Whereupon 
the  following  resolutions  were  adopted : — 

Resolved,  That  the  thanks  of  this  Society  be 
tendered  to  Wm.  B.  Towne,  Esq.,  for  his  liberal 
donation  of  one  thousand  dollars,  and  that  in 
accordance  with  his  request  this  money  be 
funded. 

Resolved,  That  this  fund  be  called  the  Towne 
Memorial  Fund,  and  that  the  proceeds  be  applied 
in  the  manner  suggested  by  the  donor.  The 
Trustees  of  the  Barstow  Fund  were  made  Trus- 
tees of  this  fund. 

Appropriate  resolutions  were  offered  by  Fre- 
deric Kidder,  and  adopted  by  the  society,  to  the 
memory  of  the  late  Lieut.-Governor  H.  W. 
Cushman,  of  Bernardston,  who  it  is  understood 


has  made  a  bequest  of  his  library  an<J  the  balance 
of  the  edition  of  the  Cushman  Genealogy  to  the 
Society. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Whitmore,  it  was  voted 
that  a  committee  of  five  be  appointed  by  the 
Chair,  with  full  power  to  solicit,  in  the  name  and 
in  behalf  of  the  Society,  information  in  regard 
to  the  early  settlers  of  New  England,  to  arrange 
and  preserve  such  information,  and  to  mature  a 
plaa  for  its  publication  by  the  Society ;  also, 
that  the  committee  be  empowered  to  fill  all 
vacancies  and  to  elect  additional  members. 

Wm.  H.  Whitmore,  Wm.  B.  Trask,  Rev.  F. 
A.  Whitney,  Abner  C.  Goodell,  and  John  W. 
Dean,  were  appointed  a  committee  by  the  Chair 
for  that  purpose. 

The  President,  Dr.  Lewis,  then  delivered  an 
elaborate  and  very  interesting  address,  which 
will  probably  be  published. 

The  following  officers  were   elected  for  the 


ensuing  year: — 

President — Winslow  Lewis, 


A.M. 


,,..,,.,,  M.D.,  of 
Boston.  Vice-Presidents — Massachusetts,  Rev. 
Martin  Moore,  A.M.,  of  Boston ;  Maine,  Hon. 
John  Appleton,  A.M.,  of  Bangor;  New  Hamp- 
shire, Hon.  Samuel  D.  Bell,  LL.D.,  of  Manches- 
ter ;  Vermont,  Henry  Clark,  of  Poultney ; 
Rhode  Island,  John  Barstow,  of  Providence; 
Connecticut,  Rev.  F.  W.  Chapman,  A.M.,  of 
Ellington.  Honorary  Vice-Presidents— New  York, 
Hon.  Millard  Fillmore,  LL.D.,  of  Buffalo;  New 
Jersey,  Hon.  Joseph  C.  Hornblower,  LL.D.,  of 
Newark ;  Pennsylvania,  N.  Chauncey,  A.M.,  of 
Philadelphia;  Maryland,  S.  F.  Streeter,  A.M., 
of  Baltimore  ;  Ohio,  Hon.  Elijah  Hayward,  A. 
B.,  of  McConnelsville ;  Michigan,  Hon.  Lewis 
Cass,  LL.D.,  of  Detroit;  Indiana,  Hon.  Ballard 
Smith,  of  Terre  Haute;  Illinois,  Hon.  John 
Wentworth,  A.M.,  of  Chicago  ;  Wisconsin,  Hon. 
I.  A.  Lapham,  LL.D.,  of  Milwaukee ;  Iowa,  Rt. 
Rev.  Henry  W.  Lee,  D.D.,  of  Davenport;  Dis- 
trict Columbia,  Hon.  G.  P.  Fisher,  of  Washing- 
ton. Corresponding  Secretary — Rev.  Caleb 
Davis  Bradlee,  A.M.,  of  Roxbury.  Recording 
Secretaries — Edward  S.  Rand,  Jr.,  A.M.,  of 
Boston ;  H.  Alger,  Jr.,  A.B.,  of  Cambridge, 
Assistant.  Treasurer — William  B.  Towne,  of 
Brookline.  Historiographer — William  B.  Trask, 
of  Dorchester.  Librarian — John  H.  Sheppard, 
A.M.,  of  Boston. 

Directors  —  Rev.  Martin  Moore,  A  M.,  of 
Boston  ;  Joseph  Palmer,  A.M.,  M.D.,  of  Boston  ; 
Hon.  George  W.  Messinger,  of  Boston ;  John 
Barstow,  of  Providence,  R.  I. ;  Rev.  H.  M. 
Dexter,  A.M.,  of  Boston.  Committee  on  Lec- 
tures and  Essays — William  Reed  Deane,  of  Brook- 
line ;  Rev.  F.  W.  Holland,  A.M.,  of  Cambridge ; 
Rev.  Washington  Gilbert,  A.M.,  of  West  New- 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


85 


ton;  Hon.  C.  Hudson,  A.M.,  of  Lexington; 
Rev.  E.  F.  Slnfter,  of  Boston.  Committee  on 
Finance — Frederic  Kidder,  of  Boston;  Hon. 
George  W.  Messinger,  of  Boston ;  John  M 
Bradbury,  of  Boston ;  J.  W.  Candler,  of  Brook- 
line.  Committee  on  the  Library — Jeremiah  Col- 
burn,  of  Boston ;  Rev.  Abner  Morse,  A.M.,  of 
Boston;  E.  R.  Humphreys,  LL.D.,  of  Boston; 
G.  Mountfort,  of  Boston. 

Tite  American  Statistical  Association. — 
Boston,  January  15. — The  twenty-fourth  annual 
meeting  of  this  Association  was  held  this  after- 
noon, the  President,  Dr.  Jarvis,  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  Walley  made  some  statements  relative  to 
the  condition  of  the  banks  in  the  United  States 
during  the  past  year,  and  concluded  with  a  few 
remarks  upon  the  probable  working  of  the  new 
National  Banking  System. 

Mr.  Walker  spoke  of  the  value  of  diagrams  in 
illustrating  statistics,  and  exhibited  some  that  he 
had  prepared  himself  to  show  the  bank  statistics 
of  this  country  in  the  year  1856. 

Mr.  Mason,  the  Treasurer,  made  his  annual 
report,  by  which  it  appeared  that  the  receipts 
for  the  last  year  had  exceeded  the  expenditures 
by  $83.90,  and  that  there  was  a  balance  in  the 
treasury  of  $297.03.  This  does  not  include  the 
legacy  of  George  C.  Shattuck,  M.D.,  LL.D., 
formerly  president  of  the  Association,  which  re- 
mains invested  as  when  received. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  then  chosen  as 
officers  for  the  current  year : 

President — Edward  Jarvis,  M.D.,  of  Dorches- 
ter. Vice-Presidents — Hon.  Amasa  Walker,  A.M., 
of  North  Brookfield,  and  J.  Wingate  Thornton, 
A.M.,  of  Boston.  Corresponding  Secretary — 
Joseph  E.  Worcester,  LL.D.,  of  Cambridge. 
Recording  Secretary — John  Ward  Dean,  of  Bos- 
ton. Treasurer — Lyman  Mason,  A.M.,  of  Bos- 
ton. Librarian — David  Pulsifer  of  Boston. 
Counsellors — Hon.  Samuel  H.  Walley,  A.M.,  of 
Boston ;  Ebenezer  Alden,  M.D.,  of  Randolph ; 
and  George  S.  Hale,  A.M.,  of  Boston. 

After  the  adjournment  of  the  Society,  the 
Board  of  Directors  held  a  session,  at  which  Ed- 
ward Jarvis,  M.D  ,  J.  Wingate  Thornton,  A.M., 
and  Rev.  Rufus  Anderson,  D.D.,  were  chosen 
the  Publishing  Committee  for  1864. 


The  Old  Colony  Historical  Society. — Taun- 
ton, January  4. — At  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
Society,  reports  were  presented,  by  the  Corre- 
sponding Secretary  of  the  acceptance  of  mem- 
bership by  several  gentlemen,  and  by  the  Com- 
mittee on  the  Library  of  the  completion  of  a 
catalogue  of  its  books,  pamphlets,  and  MSS.,  and 
of  the  donations  of  several  valuable   volumes. 


Officers  for  the  year  were  chosen  as  fol- 
lows : 

President — Hon.  John  Daggett,  of  Attleboro. 
Vice-Presidents — Rev.  Mortimer  Blake,  and  Hon. 
Samuel  L.  Crocker,  of  Taunton.  Directors — Abi- 
jah  M.  Ide,  Esq.,  Hon.  Horatio  Pratt,  of  Taunton ; 
John  S.  Brayton,  Esq.,  and  Hon.  P.  W.  Leland, 
of  Fall  River;  Ellis  Ames,  Esq.,  of  Canton,  Col. 
Ebenezer  W.  Pierce,  of  Freetown.  Correspond- 
ing Secretary — Rev.  Charles  H.  Brigham,  of 
Taunton.  Recording  Secretary — Edgar  H.  Reed, 
Esq.,  of  Taunton.  Treasurer — Hodges  Reed, 
Esq.,  of  Taunton.  Librarian — Ezra  Davol,  Esq., 
of  Taunton. 

Rev.  M.  Blake  presented  a  paper  on  u  The 
Ante-Hollandic  History  of  the  Pilgrims,"  in 
which  were  discussed  the  recent  contributions 
to  that  history  by  Rev.  Dr.  Waddington,  of  Lon- 
don, H.  C.  Murphy,  the  late  George  Sumner, 
and  others.  The  topic  received  a  lengthy  and 
interesting  consideration. 

After  arrangements  for  the  next  meeting, 
adjourned. 


NEW  YORK. 

Buffalo  Historical  Society. — Buffalo,  No- 
vember.— At  the  meeting  for  November,  M.  Fill- 
more, President  in  the  Chair,  and  Guy  H.  Salis- 
bury, Secretary,  Mr.  Salisbury,  as  Corresponding 
Secretary,  made  a  written  report : 

The  deaths  that  have  occurred  during  the  past 
month  in  the  families  of  old  residents,  are  as  fol- 
lows :  Oct.  7th,  Mrs.  Mary  Mulford  Mills,  aged 
74,  widow  of  Rev.  James  H.  Mills.  In  1818, 
she  accompanied  her  husband  to  his  field  of  mis- 
sionary labor,  in  the  infant  settlements  of  West- 
ern New  York.  Oct.  29th,  James  G.  Hoyt, 
aged  58,  a  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court.  Judge 
H.  was  a  member  of  this  Society,  and  the  third 
that  has  deceased  since  its  organization.  Nov. 
7th,  Charles  Howland,  aged  63. 

There  have  been  500  copies  of  the  amended 
constitution  and  by-laws  printed,  with  a  list  of 
the  officers  and  names  of  the  members  of  the 
Society,  which  are  ready  for  delivery  to  the 
members,  who  can  procure  them  of  Guy  H.  Sal- 
isbury, Secretary,  at  its  rooms,  No.  7  Court 
street. 

Dr.  Jas.  P.  White,  from  the  committee  to 
whom  was  referred  the  subject  of  resuming  the 
weekly  Club  meetings  of  the  Society,  submitted 
a  report  recommending  that  such  meetings  be 
held  at  the  residence  of  some  member,  on  every 
Monday,  except  the  Monday  preceding  the 
I  second  Tuesday  of  each  month.  The  President, 
I  Vice  President,  or  a  Chairman  pro  tern.,  to  pre- 


86 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Feb. 


side  at  each  meeting,  and  the  Secretary  to  keep 
a  brief  record  of  its  proceedings,  with  a  list  of 
members  present,  and  preserve  the  papers  read 
for  the  archives  of  the  Society.  The  regular 
business  to  commence  at  8  o'clock,  and  consist  in 
the  reading  of  papers,  by  appointment  at  a  pre- 
vious meeting,  or  voluntary  written  communica- 
tions, by  any  member,  of  which  notice  shall  have 
been  given  at  the  last  previous  meeting,  and  in 
such  discussions  as  may  be  elicited  by  such 
paper  or  communications.  There  is  also  to  be, 
at  each  meeting,  some  subject,  appropriate  to  the 
objects  of  the  Society,  named  for  consideration 
and  discussion  by  the  Club,  at  its  next  meeting 
— religious  or  political  topics  being  expressly 
excluded.  Every  member  is  desired  and  expect- 
ed to  attend  all  the  meetings,  and  any  member 
may  invite  to  any  of  the  meetings  a  non-resi- 
dent friend.  The  report  of  the  committee  was 
adopted,  and  on  motion  of  0.  G.  Steele,  the  first 
meeting  of  the  Club  was  appointed  to  be  held  at 
the  residence  of  M.  Fillmore,  on  Monday  even- 
ing, Nov.  16. 

At  the  request  of  Mr.  Fillmore,  Lewis  F. 
Allen  consented  to  prepare  a  paper  to  be  read 
at  the  first  meeting  of  the  Club,  on  the  Rise  and  J  places  it  is 
Fall  of  the  Great  Lakes.  Mr.  Fillmore  suggest-  institutions, 
ed  as  a  subject  for  discussion  incidental  thereto 
— "  Did  those  Lakes  ever  empty  their  waters 
into  the  Mississippi ;  and  what  are  the  evidences 
as  to  such  fact  ?" 

The  President  mentioned  that  Peter  Force,  at 
Washington,  had  a  very  large  and  important  col- 
lection of  papers  and  documents  relative  to  the 
history  of  public  events  and  national  affairs, 
which,  not  being  in  a  fire-proof  depository,  are 
liable  at  any  time  to  be  destroyed,  and  the  de- 
struction of  which  would  be  a  public  loss,  wholly 
irreparable.  He  thought  it  would  be  proper  for 
the  Historical  Societies  of  the  country  to  unite 
in  a  petition  to  Congress,  that  this  collection  be 
purchased  by  the  Government,  if  Mr.  Force 
could  be  induced  to  thus  dispose  of  it. 

On  motion  of'L.  F.  Allen,  the  President  of  this 
Society  was  requested  to  address  a  letter  to  Mr. 
Force  on  the  subject,  and  report  his  reply,  when 
received. 

The  President  made  some  remarks  on  the 
importance  of  obtaining  additional  subscriptions 
from  fifty  members,  for  a  term  of  five  years,  to 
ensure  adequate  funds  for  the  objects  of  the 
Society.  Oa  a  resolution,  introduced  by  Mr. 
Fillmore,  the  subject  was  referred  to  a  commit- 
tee of  three,  to  report  at  the  next  monthly  meet- 
ing. The  President  named  as  such  committee 
Dr.  Jas.  P.  White,  G.  G.  Steele,  and  Dennis 
Bowen. 

N.  K.  Hall,  from  the  committee  to  which  was 
referred  the  subject   as  to  the  time  when   the 


annual  dues  of  members  shall  commence,  report- 
ed that  the  payment  of  the  initiation  fee  should 
be  deemed  sufficient  for  the  calendar  year  in 
which  the  member  is  elected,  and  his  dues  should 
therefore  not  commence  until  the  January  next 
succeeding  such  election  ;  and  when  a  member 
is  elected  after  the  1st  of  October,  his  initiation 
fee  shall  be  in  full  for  the  next  calendar  year. 

On  motion  of  L.  F.  Allen,  Mr.  Fillmore,  Geo.  W. 
Clinton,  and  Jno.  B.  Skinner  were  constituted 
a  committee  to  procure  the  Annual  Address 
to  be  delivered  before  the  Society  on  the  second 
Tuesday  in  January  next,  as  required  by  the 
Constitution. 

December, — At  the  meeting  for  December,  M. 
Fillmore,  President,  in  the  Chair,  and  Guy  H. 
Salisbury,  Secretary,  the  following  were  among 
the  proceedings  had : 

Mr.  Salisbury,  as  Corresponding  Secretary, 
made  a  written  report. 

There  have  been  recent  applications  made  to 

the  Secretary  for  copies  of  the  Constitution  and 

By-laws   of   this    Society,   from   the   cities   of 

Schenectady,  Oswego,  and  Cleveland,  at  which 

contemplated   to    organize  similar 

It  is  a  fact  now  scarcely  known,  that  as  early 
as  1844,  an  Historical  Society  was  initiated  in 
this  city,  by  a  few  spirited  young  men,  who  had 
weekly  meetings,  and  kept  the  Society  alive  for 
a  year  and  a  half.  Alexander  J.  Sheldon,  who 
was  the  first  President  of  the  "  Red  Jacket  His- 
torical Society,"  as  it  was  styled,  has  deposited 
with  the  Buffalo  Historical  Society  the  record 
book  of  this  earlier  institution,  containing  its 
Constitution  and  By-laws,  the  names  of  its  mem- 
bers, the  proceedings  had  at  its  meetings — pre- 
senting matters  of  much  interest.  Among  the 
names  of  its  members,  who  are  yet  living  and 
residing  here,  are — A.  J.  Sheldon,  Wm.  H.  Walk- 
er, Edward  Bristol,  DeWitt  C.  Weed,  Wm.  C. 
Sweet,  Chas.  R.  Walker,  Geo.  Truscott,  Jas.  G. 
Dudley,  Robert  Williams,  Wm.  T.  Wardwell, 
Bronson  C.  Rumsey,  Henry  Bristol,  Dexter  P. 
Rumsey,  Franklin  Williams,  Stephen  D.  Cald- 
well, George  B.  Webster,  Everard  Palmer.  A 
committee  was  appointed  by  the  u  Red  Jackets" 
to  write  up  a  history  of  Buffalo,  but  no  progress 
was  reported. 

The  first  of  the  weekly  meetings  of  the  His- 
torical Club,  for  the  present  season,  Avas  held  at 
the  residence  of  the  President,  Mr.  Fillmore,  on 
the  17th  of  November,  at  which  Lewis  F.  Allen 
read  a  paper  on  the  "  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Great 
Lakes."  The  second  meeting  was  at  0.  G. 
Steele's,  November  23d,  when  a  paper  was  read 
by  C.  F.  S.  Thomas,  entitled  "Reminiscences  of 
the  Press  of  Buffalo  from  1835  to  18G3."     The 


18(54.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


87 


third  meeting  was  at  Thomas  C.  Welch's,  Novem- 
ber 30th,  when  Guy  H.  Salisbury  read  a  paper 
on  the  "Early  History  of  the  Press  of  Erie 
County." 

The  President  reported  that  he  had  addressed 
a  letter  to  Peter  Force,  Esq.,  of  Washington,  in 
reference  to  a  sale  of  his  Historical  Collection  to 
the  Government,  but  had  received  no  answer. 

The  President  also  reported  that  Rev.  Dr. 
Hosmer  had  kindly  consented  to  deliver  the 
Annual  Address  before  the  Society,  on  the  12th 
of  January  next. 

N.  K.  Hall,  from  the  committee  to  whom  it  had 
been  referred  to  consider  what  measures  should 
be  taken  to  obtain  a  Local  History  of  each  town 
in  the  county,  submitted  a  report,  recommend- 
ing that  suitable  efforts  be  made  to  procure  the 
organization  of  such  Societies.  The  report  was 
accompanied  by  the  draft  of  a  circular,  to  be 
signed  by  the  President  and  Corresponding  Se- 
cretary, which  the  committee  suggest  be  sent  to  a 
number  of  the  prominent  citizens  of  each  town 
in  the  county,  with  copies  of  the  Constitution 
and  By-laws  of  the  Society.  The  report  and 
circular  were  adopted. 

The  President  suggested  that  the  map  made  by 
the  late  Judge  Augustus  Porter,  of  the  "  Phelps 
and  Gorham  Purchase,"  should  be  procured  for 
the  Society,  and,  on  motion  of  L.  F.  Allen,  the 
President  was  requested  to  address  Hon.  A.  S. 
Porter,  of  Niagara  Falls,  for  the  purpose  of 
obtaining  such  of  the  papers,  etc.,  of  Judge  Por- 
ter as  may  be  properly  preserved  by  this 
Society. 

On  motion  of  L.  F.  Allen,  Judge  Clinton  was 
requested  to  endeavor  to  procure  for  this  Socie- 
ty the  stone  intended  by  Major  Noah,  in  1825, 
as  the  corner-stone  of  his  proposed  city  of 
"  Ararat,"  on  Grand  Island. 

The  President  thought  that  Mr.  Allen  should 
write  a  history  of  the  stone,  and  matters  con- 
nected, for  the  Society;  and,  on  motion  of 
Judge  Clinton,  Mr.  A.  was  requested  to  prepare 
such  a  paper. 

On  motion  of  L.  F.  Allen,  the  Treasurer  and 
Corresponding  Secretary  were  appointed  a  com- 
mittee to  make  arrangements  for  the  delivery  of 
the  Annual  Address,  and  the  election  of  officers, 
on  the  12th  of  January  next. 

Long  Island  Historical  Society. — Brooklyn, 
January  7,  1864. — At  a  regular  meeting  of  the 
Society  held  at  its  rooms,  the  Rev.  Dr.  West 
presided.  The  Librarian,  Dr.  H.  R.  Stiles, 
announced  the  receipt  of  79  works,  and  a  por- 
trait of  Gen.  Meade.  The  paper  of  the  evening 
was  an  interesting  one  on  "  President  Monroe, 
his  Administration    and    Doctrine,"    by    Rev. 


I  Joshua  Leavitt,  D.D.  The  officers  of  the  Socie- 
ty are,  President — James  Carson  Brevoort.  First 
Vice-President — John  Greenwood.  Second  Vice- 
President — Charles  E.  West.  Foreign  Corre- 
sponding Secretary — Henry  C.  Murphy.  Home 
Corresponding  Secretary — John  Winslow.  Re- 
cording Secretary — A.  Cook  Hull.  Treasurer — 
Charles  Congdon.    Librarian — Henry  R.  Stiles. 

New  York  Historical  Society. — New  York, 
January  5. — The  annual  business  meeting  of  the 
Society  was  held  in  its  building  on  Second  Ave- 
nue. As  usual,  the  reports  were  made  by  the 
different  officers  and  by  the  Executive  Commit- 
tee. The  treasurer's  report  showed  receipts  dur- 
ing the  year  to  the  amount  of  $13,600.  The 
Society  is  thus  seen  to  be  in  a  highly  flourishing 
condition,  the  number  of  resident  members,  who 
pay  the  annual  fee  of  five  dollars,  and  life  mem- 
bers, being  1800  ;  of  correspondent  and  hono- 
rary members  there  are  3803  more. 

During  the  year  1400  books  and  pamphlets 
were  added  to  the  library. 

The  annual  election  then  took  place,  and  the 
following  officers  were  chosen  : 

President — Frederic  De  Peyster.  First  Vice- 
President — Thomas  De  Witt,  D.D.  Second  Vice- 
President — Benjamin  R.  Winthrop.  Foreign  Cor- 
responding Secretary — George  Bancroft,  LL.D. 
Domestic  Corresponding  Secretary — Samuel  Os- 
good, D.D.  Recording  Secretary — Andrew  War- 
ner. Treasurer — Benj.  H.  Field.  Librarian — 
George  H.  Moore. 


RHODE  ISLAND. 


Rhode  Island  Historical  Society. — The  an- 
nual meeting  of  the  Rhode  Island  Historical 
Society  was  held  at  the  Cabinet,  the  President 
in  the  chair. 

The  reports  of  the  Cabinet  Keepers  of  the 
Northern  and  Southern  Districts  were  presented, 
read,  and  placed  on  file. 

A  letter  relative  to  the  exhumation  of  Indian 
bones  on  the  line  of  the  Newport  Railroad  was 
read  and  ordered  to  be  placed  on  file. 

The  annual  report  of  the  Treasurer  was  pre- 
sented and  ordered  to  be  placed  on  file. 

Upon  motion  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Stone,  the 
thanks  of  the  Society  were  presented  to  J. 
Wingate  Thornton,  of  Boston,  for  a  donation 
of  original  manuscripts  relative  to  the  priva- 
teer Yankee  ;  also,  to  the  Second  Employment 
Society,  for  a  manuscript  history  of  that  institu- 
tion from  its  commencement,  and  to  Miss  Eva 
Owen  for  the  beautiful  manner  in  which  the 
manuscript  is  presented. 


88 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Feb.  1864. 


The  following  named  gentlemen  were  elected 
officers  for  the  ensuing  year  : 

President — Albert  G.  Green.  First  Vice-Pre- 
sident— Samuel  Gr.  Arnold.  Second  Vice-Presi- 
dent— George  A.  Brayton.  Secretary — Sidney  S. 
Rider.  Treasurer — Welcome  A.  Greene.  Cabi- 
net Keeper  and  Librarian  for  the  Northern  Dis- 
trict— Edwin  M.  Stone.  Cabinet  Keeper  and 
Librarian  for  the  Southern  District — Benj.  B. 
Howland.  Committee  on  the  Nomination  of  Mem- 
bers— E.  M.  Stone,  Wm.  Gammell,  J.  A.  How- 
land.  Audit  Committee — Amherst  Everett, 
Wm.  H.  Helme.  Committee  on  Buildings  and 
Grounds — Albert  G.  Green,  S.  W.  Lothrop, 
John  A.  Howland.  Committee  on  Lectures — Sid- 
ney S.  Rider,  Thos.  A.  Doyle,  R.  P.Everett. 


States  0n  $Mhs. 

Sketch  of  Education  in  Upper  and  Lower  Ca- 
nada, 1864.  By  J.  George  Hodgins,  LL.B., 
F.R.G.S. 

A  vert  valuable  sketch ;  comprises  much  in  a 
small  space.  Of  recent  matters  it  furnishes 
many  valuable  tables  and  statements  well  worthy 
the  examination  of  those  interested  in  the  his- 
tory of  education  here.  In  Canada  religious 
schools  have  been  maintained,  and  have  answered 
well.  Late  revelations  in  New  York,  and  more 
extensive  suppressions,  seem  to  show  that 
we  have  excluded  Christianity  to  introduce 
paganism. 

On  page  12  we  find  the  following :  "  The 
Franciscans  had  a  good  many  elementary  schools 
for  boys  before  the  conquest."  What  is  the 
authority  for  this  ? 


Island  down  to  the  period  when  the  letters 
commence. 

The  whole  work  is  most  creditable,  written 
with  grace  and  spirit,  and,  to  all  appearances,  as 
impartial  as  it  is  dignified.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
interesting  personal  narratives  of  the  war,  and 
reflects  great  credit  on  Mr.  Stone. 

The  value  of  the  work  is  enhanced  by  an 
index. 

The  appendix  contains  an  abridged  history  of 
all  the  R.  I.  regiments,  prepared  with  great  care. 


Rhode  Island  in  the  Rebellion.  By  Edwin  W 
Stone,  of  the  First  Regiment  Rhode  Island 
Light  Artillery.  Providence  :  G.  H.  Whitney, 
1864.     120,  398. 

Were  we  to  be  critical,  we  should  object  to 
this  title  for  the  sake  of  the  State,  for  we  believe 
that  Rhode  Island  had  no  part  or  lot  in  the 
Rebellion,  and  has,  as  Mr.  Stone  shows,  given 
the  said  Rebellion  pretty  hard  knocks  for  so 
small  a  state. 

The  work  is  mainly  a  series  of  letters,  from 
December,  1861,  to  the  summer  of  1863,  com- 
prising a  full  account  of  the  operations  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  especially  of  the 
Rhode  Island  regiments.  The  introduction, 
which  is  extremely  well  written,  embraces  a 
succinct    history   of    the    services   of     Rhode 


The   Annals  of  Iowa ;    a  Quarterly  Publication, 
by   the  State  Historical   Society   at  Iowa    City. 
~No.  V.    January,  1864.    Davenport. 
This  periodical  opens  its  second  year,  still  con- 
tinuing, however,  the  first  volume.  It  contains  a 
sketch    of   Colonel    D.   J.    Wilson,    6th  Iowa 
Cavalry,  and  of  Brig.-Gen.  B.  S.  Roberts,  a  hero 
of  two  wars ;  a  continuation  of  the  history  of 
Scott  County ;  a  portrait  and  sketch  of  Hon. 
Hiram    Price;    and    many    other    interesting 
articles.     We   are  happy   to   see   that  Iowa  is 
sustaining  this  creditable  record  of  its  history. 


The  house  of  Dr.  J.  S.  M.  Ramsey,  at  Meck- 
lenbutg,  near  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  was  destroyed 
by  fire  recently,  and  with  it  the  only  collection 
of  materials  from  which  a  complete  history  of 
Tennessee,  from  its  earliest  settlement,  could  be 
written.  Dr.  Ramsey  made  the  collection  with 
great  care. 

Mr.  Charles  S.  Fellows,  of  Bangor,  Maine, 
is  preparing  a  Genealogy  and  Biography  of  the 
Fellows  family,  and  invites  correspondence  from 
all  who  bear  the  names  of  Fellows,  Fellowes,  or 
Felloe,  and  especially  copies  of  family  records, 
monumental  inscriptions,  etc. 

A  Historical  Society  has  been  formed  at 
Yankton,  in  Dakota  Territory,  under  the  name 
of  the  Dakota  Historical  Society.  We  hope  to 
receive  its  charter  and  issues  to  announce  to  our 
readers. 

We  were  recently  surprised  to  find  an  article 
from  our  columns  translated  into  a  periodical 
printed  at  Rome,  TJie  Chronicles  of  the  Francis- 
can Missions. 

We  are  indebted  to  the  new  and  superior 
literary  paper,  The  Round  Table,  for  the  article 
on  the  Hessians,  and  to  The  British  American 
Magazine  for  an  article  on  Earthquakes. 


THE 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


Vol.  VIII.] 


MARCH,  1864. 


[No.  3. 


©mral  §Mprtnunt. 


LONG   ISLAND. 

BY    W.    ALFRED    JONES,    A.  M., 
Librarian  of  Columbia  College. 

Read  before  the  Long  Island  Historical  Society,  November  5, 
1863. 

It  may  seem  almost  an  act  of  presumption 
to  attempt  an  historical  sketch,  much  less 
a  detailed  account,  of  Long  Island,  topo- 
graphical and  statistical,  within  the  ordinary 
limits  of  a  lecture, — as  a  full  consideration 
of  any  one  of  the  numerous  topics  of  this 
paper  would  exhaust  the  time  and  patience 
of  the  most  complaisant  audience.  Any- 
thing like  copiousness  of  detail  or  thorough- 
ness of  treatment  is,  consequently,  quite 
out  of  the  question.  Our  utmost  endeavor 
wrill  be  to  aim  at  presenting  a  very  brief, 
very  rapid,  and  yet  tolerably  comprehen- 
sive, sketch  of  the  notabilia,  men  and 
things,  of  Long  Island, — a  portion  of  the 
Empire  State  far  too  little  known,  except 
to  native  Long-Islanders,  residents  of  long 
standing,  or  those  who,  from  business  con- 
nections, social  ties,  or  pleasure  excursions, 
have  become  somewhat  acquainted  with  her 
varied  resources  and  manifold  attractions. 

It  is,  moreover,  with  no  affectation  of 
modesty,  that  we  undertake  this  task  (a 
labor  of  love  though  it  be),  when  we  reflect 
on  our  avowed  incompetence,  compared 
with  certain  gentlemen  here  present,  who, 
from  birth,  ampler  information,  and  the 
nature  of  their  researches,  are  far  better 
litted  to  treat  this  subject,  and  yet  wmose 
Vavorable  suffrages  we  should  be  most  anx- 
ious to  gain.  Since  no  one  has,  however, 
thought  it  expedient  to  present  such  a  mere 
summary  as  we  propose  to  give — unwilling, 

HIST.  MAG.       VOL.  VIII.  11 


perhaps,  to  be  at  the  pains  to  condense 
within  a  sketch,  what  might  be  so  much 
more  attractively  amplified  into  a  volume— 
we  beg  the  forbearance,  and  deprecate  in 
advance  the  criticism,  of  any  student,  his- 
torical or  antiquarian,  who  might  complain 
of  the  very  superficial  and  discursive  nature 
of  this  essay. 

Though  a  native  New-Yorker,  yet,  as 
the  descendant  of  Long-Islanders,  we  take 
a  special  pride  and  interest  in  the  Island, 
and  all  that  relates  to  it.  On  this  ground, 
too,  we  seem  to  feel  a  certain  claim  on 
your  kindness,  and  confess  a  desire  to  con- 
nect our  name,  again,  with  the  home  of 
our  fathers. 

The  historical  importance  of  Long  Island 
has  never  been  overrated.  Next  to  the 
city  of  New  York,  it  is  the  oldest  portion 
of  the  State  that  had  been  visited  and 
settled  by  Dutch  and  English.  Previous  to 
the  Revolution,  Long  Island  constituted 
the  oldest  and  most  important  part  of  the 
colony.  A  century  ago  the  population  of 
Long  Island  (says  Prime)  was  more  than 
that  of  the  city  of  New  York,  and  more 
than  one-third  that  of  the  province.  At 
the  commencement  of  this  century,  Long 
Island  was  still  a  most  important  part  of 
the  State. 

To  the  student  of  political  history,  the 
antiquary,  the  humorist,  the  sportsman, 
the  invalid,  and  the  traveller  for  pleasure, 
Long  Island  holds  out  many  and  various 
attractions. 

Pier  history,  colonial  and  revolutionary  ; 
the  Indian  tribes  (her  original  proprietors) ; 
the  settlement  of  her  towns;  their  quaint 
nomenclature ;  her  old  churches  and  houses ; 
the  manorial  grants  of  the  Suffolk  and 
Queens  County  patentees ;  the  quaint  Eng- 
lish reminiscences  of  the  east  end,  and  the 


90 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[March, 


picturesque  relics  of  the  Dutch,  in  the 
western ;  the  romantic  hardships  of  the 
whale  fishery,  and  the  bold  race  of  men  it 
nurtures— are  all  topics  of  interest. 

The  celebrated  men,  too,  who  first  drew 
breath  in  this  favored  region,  and  those 
who  in  later  life  retired  here  to  enjoy  a 
calm  and  happy  old  age,  are  worthy  of 
being  recorded. 

We  shall  attempt,  concisely  enough,  to 
touch  upon  all  these  points,^for  we  can 
do  little  more, — and  we  must  again  declare 
that  the  present  paper  is  but  introductory 
to  the  historical  course  that  will  follow,  and 
is  intended  to  bear  the  same  relation  to 
it  as  a  preface  to  the  volume  of  history. 

On  the  arrival  of  the  European  colonists, 
thirteen  tribes  of  native  Indians  were 
found  in  possession  of  the  Island.  At  pre- 
sent a  mere  handful  of  half-breeds  remain 
(more  negro  than  Indian)  of  the  once 
powerful  and  predominant  Montauks,  and 
but  a  meagre  remnant  of  the  Shinnecock 
tribe,  settled  on  a  Government  reservation 
at  Shinnecock.  The  only  skirmish  of  any 
consequence  between  the  Indians  and  the 
white  inhabitants  occurred  in  1653,  at  Fort 
Neck  (the  seat  of  the  Floyd  Jones  family), 
the  famous  Captain  John  Underhill  being 
the  victor. 

The  colonial  history  of  Long  Island  to 
the  period  of  the  Revolution  is  occupied 
(in  its  earlier  records)  with  Indian  difficul- 
ties; afterwards  with  civil  protests  of  the 
Dutch  against  the  Duke  of  York's  govern- 
ment ;  with  party  politics  and  local  dis- 
putes. On  the  establishment  of  the  English 
colonial  dominion  on  Long  Island,  the 
Duke's  laws  (which  tradition  declares  to 
have  been  drawn  up  by  no  less  a  personage 
than  Lord  Chancellor  Clarendon,  the  great 
historian)  were  promulgated  for  the  go- 
vernment of  the  province,  and  became  the 
established  code.  The  Dutch  bad  pre- 
viously governed  the  western  end  for  near- 
ly half  a  century. 

During  the  era  of  the  Revolution — 
throughout  almost  the  entire  war — the 
Island  was  held  by  the  British.  It  contained 
many  patriotic  citizens,  however,  who  se- 
cretly gave  "  material  aid  "  to  their  fellow- 
countrymen,  in   nearly  its  whole  extent; 


and  on  its  soil  at  least  one  important  action 
was  fought — the  Battle  of  Long  Island,  at 
Govvanus — from  which  the  masterly  retreat 
to  New  York  was  conducted  with  such 
signal  success. 

The  principal  towns  on  Long  Island 
Were  settled  almost  contemporaneously  by 
the  Dutch  and  English,  at  either  end  of  the 
Island,  about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth 
century.  South  old  was  the  first  town 
settled  on  Long  Island — 1640.  Memorials 
of  the  original  colonists  are  to  be  found  in 
the  very  few  old  houses  and  churches  still 
remaining — antiquarian  relics  of  that  early 
period. 

The  principal  of  these  (so  far  as  we  can 
learn)  are  the  Cortelyou  house  atGowanus 
— the  headquarters  of  Lord  Stirling  at  the 
Battle  of  Long  Island;  the  old  stone  house 
at  New  Utrecht,  in  which  General  Wood- 
hull  died ;  the  Bowne  house  at  Flushing ; 
the  Young's  place  at  Southold;  the  old 
stone  cottage  at  Ravenswood ;  and  the 
Fort  Neck  mansion,  built  by  Judge  Thomas 
Jones,  the  loyalist,  just  previous  to  the 
Revolution. 

In  Flatbush  and  in  Brooklyn  were  stand- 
ing, at  the  commencement  of  the  present 
century,  and  even  later,  houses  of  equal  or 
greater  antiquity,  not  to  omit  the  old  brick 
house  built  by  Major  Thomas  Jones,  at 
Massapequa,  1696,  and  removed  1835, — 
the  property,  at  that  time,  of  Hon.  David 
S.  Jones.  At  South  Hampton  and  at  East 
Hampton  several  very  old  houses  are  yet 
standing. 

A  few  quite  ancient  houses  of  worship 
are  still  to  be  found.  The  Presbyterian 
meeting-house  at  East  Hampton ;  the  Caro- 
line Church  at  Setauket  (the  oldest  Epis- 
copal church  on  Long  Island) ;  and  the 
Quaker  meeting-house  at  Flushing — the 
oldest  house  of  worship  on  Long  Island, 
built  1690 — are  the  principal. 

The  Long  Island  Historical  Library  is 
still  limited.  Its  history  and  antiquities 
have,  to  be  sure,  been  explored  and  dis- 
cussed, compiled  and  commented  upon, 
but  not  as  they  should  be.  A  brief  yet 
comprehensive,  a  classical  but  yet  familiar, 
narrative  remains  to  be  written.  Thomp- 
son's volumes  contain  the  material  for  a 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


01 


history,  and  disclose  the  sources  for  further  I  Cobbett's  Year  on  Long  Island,  as  might 

be  expected,  is  fresh  and  racy  in  point  of 
style  and  sarcasm  ;  most  readable  for  agri- 
cultural remarks  and  general  observations 
on  character  and  manners.  He  saw  com- 
paratively little  of  the  Island;  chiefly  the 
neighborhood  of  North  Hempstead,  where, 
at  Hyde  Park,  the  seat  of  the  Ludlows, 
this  book  was  written,  1817,  as  well  as  his 
English  Grammar,  the  most  popular  work 
of  its  class  ever  published. 

The  late  Wni.  P.  Hawes,  a  lively  writer 
and  a  genuine  humorist,  has  left  capital 
Long  Island  sketches — local,  sporting,  and 
familiar.  His  biographer,  the  late  Wm. 
Henry  Herbert,  the  accomplished  scholar, 
litterateur,  and  sportsman,  has  left,  in  Notes 
on  Fishing  to  the  American  reprint  of  the 
Complete  Angler,  some  pleasant  references 
to  Long  Island,  as  well  as  in  his  larger 
works  on  fishing,  shooting,  and  the  horse. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Prime's  compilation  is 
chiefly  important  as  an  outline  of  the  ec- 
clesiastical history  of  Long  Island,  though 
it  also  presents  the  fruit  of  antiquarian 
research.  This  work  is  replete  with  im- 
portant facts,  and  is  drawn  up  with  accu- 
racy in  a  compact  form. 

Mr.  Onderdonk's  valuable  book  of  cut 
tings,  the  "Incidents  of  the  Revolution  on 
Long  Island,"  may  be  regarded  as  interest- 
ing MSS.  for  the  future  historian,  if  indeed 
that  classical  scholar  and  loving  chronicler 
of  the  past  does  not  himself  perform  a 
duty  to  which  he  is  fully  competent — that 
of  condensing  his  vivid  facts  and  historical 
illustrations,  running  through  three  or 
four  compact  historical  chapters,  into  a 
succinct  narrative. 

Mrs.  Sigourney  has  essayed  a  poetical 
flight,  we  believe,  off  Montauk — a  species 
of  spirit-of-the-cape  episode — and  with  her 
we  conclude  the  list  of  literary  and 
historical  illustrations  of  Long  Island. 
From  time  to  time,  newspaper  correspon- 
dents send  a  letter  up  to  town  from  their 
summer  retreats,  but  into  this  extensive 
class  of  literature  we  want  both  time  and 


research  ;  but  they  do  not  present  history 

in  the  high  and  strict  sense.     They  include 

an  ample  store  of  facts,  not  philosophically 

digested,  nor  yet  skilfully  arranged.     The 

compiler,  as  the  historian  always  modestly 

calls  himself,  transferred  too  many  docu- 
ments and  records,  valuable  as   evidence, 

or  illustrative  of  the  text,  but  burdensome 

to  the  reader.     He  is,  perhaps,  too,  in  his 

biographical  sketches,  which   form  a  sort 

of  Long  Island  family  history  (by  far  the 

most  interesting  portion  of  his  work  to  all 

interested  in  the  details),  too  much  of  a 

genealogist,  and  not  enough  of  a  biogra- 
pher.    With    these   obvious    defects    (and 

notwithstanding  other  defects  of  style  and 

manner),  full  of  matter  as  it  undoubtedly 

is,  and  the  work  of  an  honorable  man  and 

zealous  inquirer,  it  is  thus  far  the  best — 

the  accredited  history  of  Long  Island. 

Wood's  History  of  the  Settlement  of  the 
Towns  of  Long  Island,  and  Furman's  Notes 
on  Brooklyn,  both  of  which  tracts  preceded 
it,  are  truly  valuable  sketches,  careful  in 
research  and  clear  in  style.  Dr.  Strong's 
History  of  Flatbush,  Mr.  Riker's  History 
of  Newtown,  Judge  Benson's  Memoranda, 
and  occasional  historical  sermons,  afford 
useful  material  for  local  history. 

The  earliest  printed  account  of  Long 
Island  is  to  be  found  in  Denton's  Descrip- 
tion of  New  York,  of  which  Long  Island 
was  then  the  part  best  known  and  most 
compactly  peopled,  after  the  Island  of 
Manhattan  itself.  It  has  been  reprinted 
by  Gowans,  the  well  known  bibliopole  of 
New  York  City,  with  interesting  notes  by 
Judge  Furman.  It  is  a  quaint  and  curious 
description  of  the  city  and  the  Island,  very 
literal  and  very  bald  as  to  style,  written  in 
a  vein  of  remarkable  naivete.  The  author 
of  this  pamphlet  of  twenty  pages,  published 
in  1670,  was  the  son  of  the  first  clergyman 
of  Hempstead,  who  came  to  this  country 
in  1644.  It  is  a  literary  and  historical 
curiosity. 

Dr.  Dwight,  in  his  journal  (a  little  pro- 
lix, yet  generally  sensible,  and  valuable  as  i  inclination  to  enter 


a  faithful  picture  of  manners  at  the  begin 
ning  of  this  century — 1804),  gives  some 
pleasant  descriptions  of  places  and  customs. 


A  topographical  sketch  of  the  Island 
will  present  a  general  picture — a  bird's-eye 
view  of  a  most  interesting  country. 


02 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[March, 


Suffolk  County  occupies  nearly  two- 
thirds  of  Long  Island,  the  county  of  so- 
called  "pine  barrens"  (1)  and  sand,  yet 
abounding  in  rich  "necks"  on  both  sides 
of  the  Island,  and  teeming  trout  streams. 
It  is  the  county  of  the  great  patents  of  the 
Nicolls,  the  Smiths,  the  Gardiners,  the 
Floyds,  the  Lawrences,  the  Thompsons,  the 
Lloyds,  and  other  leading  families — estates 
equal  in  extent  almost  to  some  of  the 
great  old  North  River  manorial  grants; 
as,  for  instance,  the  Nicoll  patent  of  origi- 
nally nearly  a  hundred  square  miles ; 
Richard  Smith's  patent  of  30,000  acres; 
Fisher's  Island ;  Gardiner's  Island;  Shelter 
Island ;  Lloyd's  Neck — the  county  contain- 
ing the  two  greatest  natural  curiosities  of 
Long  Island — Ronkonkoma  Pond  and  Mon- 
tauk  Point.  Ronkonkoma  is  a  lake  three 
miles  in  circumference,  with  the  peculiarity 
of  a  sand  beach,  although  an  inland  lake — 
itself  the  very  Omphale  of  Long  Island. 
For  a  long  while  it  was  supposed  to  be 
unfathomable,  because  no  plummet  had 
sounded  its  depths — (in  this  respect  similar 
to  Success  Pond  and  other  sheets  of  water) 
— claimed  in  part  by  four  towns,  Smith- 
town,  Setauket,  Islip,  and  Patchogue.  Ac- 
cording to  Judge  Furman,  the  Indians 
refused  to  eat  the  fish  of  Ronkonkoma, 
regarding  them  as  superior  beings,  placed 
there  by  the  Great  Spirit,  like  the  enchant- 
ed lake  of  the  Arabian  Nights. 

Montauk,  a  vast  common,  as  well  as  a 
bold  promontory,  with  its  shining  light, 
has  its  9000  acres,  owned  by  a  company, 
who  hold  its  pasturing  privileges  as  stock, 
and  buy  and  sell  it  in  shares. 

Suffolk  has  the  healthiest  air  (2)  on  Long 
Island,  especially  in  its  extreme  eastern 
portion.  We  speak  from  experience  of 
frequent  visits,  of  from  weeks'  to  months' 
duration,  some  years  since.  More  old  per- 
sons, we  believe,  are  to  be  found  there  than 
in  any  county  in  the  State — even  if  a  fatal 
case  of  tetanus  (3)  and  of  chorea  does  oc- 
casionally occur.  According  to  Prime, 
Suffolk,  in  1846,  could  show  one  in  forty 
of  her  population  over  seventy  years  of 
age.  The  father,  we  believe,  of  General 
Halleck,  died  lately,  a  centenarian. 

It  was  an  old  slander  against  Suffolk, 


that  her  people  were  a  benighted  race, 
because  they  preserved  much  of  the  primi- 
tive habits  of  the  original  settlers ;  yet  if 
statistics  are  to  be  credited,  more  of  her 
population  can  read  and  write  than  that  of 
any  other  county  in  the  State.  The  very 
first  academy  in  the  State — Clinton  Acade- 
my— was  established  at  East  Hampton 
1784-7,  and  since  the  commencement  of 
the  century  she  has  had  her  fair  proportion 
of  schools  and  academies. 

She  has  another  just  boast — that  of 
producing  the  handsomest  women  of  the 
State.  On  this  point  it  would  be  invidious 
to  discriminate ;  but,  from  personal  obser- 
vation, I  can  honestly  declare  that,  if  the 
wives  and  daughters  of  Kings  and  Queens 
are  equally  beautiful,  they  cannot  be  more 
amiable  or  intelligent. 

We  cannot  leave  Suffolk  without  a  few 
remarks  on  the  whale  fishery,  forming  its 
most  characteristic  feature.  Whaling,  from 
the  earliest  period  of  her  annals,  has  been 
one  of  the  chief  sources  of  wealth  to  the 
hardy  islanders ;  and  a  bold,  manly  occupa- 
tion for  the  inhabitants  of  the  eastern  end 
of  the  Island  in  particular.  From  some  of 
the  towns  on  the  north  side,  and  early 
settlements  on  the  shore  of  the  South  Bay 
(on  a  smaller  scale),  vessels  have  been  from 
time  to  time  dispatched  ;  but  Sag  Harbor 
may  be  properly  recognised  as  the  head- 
quarters of  the  whaling  enterprise  of  Long 
Island, — a  port,  too,  ranking  (after  New 
Bedford  and  one  or  two  other  places),  in 
former  days,  as  one  of  the  most  important 
whaling  stations  in  the  country.  Fur  this 
hazardous  business  the  Hamptons  furnished 
both  officers  and  men.  Of  late  years,  since 
the  use  of  gas  as  a  means  of  illumination, 
the  whale  fishery  and  oil  trade  have 
materially  decreased. 

In  contemplating  the  venturous  toils  in- 
curred by  the  vigorous  race  of  men  nur- 
tured in  this  manly  pursuit,  we  are  forcibly 
reminded  of  Burke's  vivid  description  of 
the  hardy  pioneers  of  the  New  England 
whale  fishery  as  literally  applicable  to  that 
of  Long  Island,  with  which  in  spirit,  and, 
in  a  less  degree,  in  extent,  it  is  identical. 
After  many,  and  dangerous,  and  profitable 
voyages,  the  daring  navigator,  and  no  less 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


93 


daring  fisher,  returns  to  his  native  place 
with  a  moderate  independence,  revives  in 
middle  lite  the  youthful  occupations  of  the 
farmer,  and  settles  down  into  the  domestic 
character  of  a  pater-familias.  Originally  a 
farmer's  boy,  a  third  of  his  life  perhaps 
spent  at  sea,  he  never  loses  a  certain  am- 
phibious character  readily  noticed  in  his 
dress  and  demeanor,  his  walk  and  talk, 
habits  and  feelings.  A  more  kindly,  intel- 
ligent, frank  race  of  men  cannot  be  found 
anywhere  than  the  better  portion  (and 
that  a  prominent  majority)  of  the  sea-faring 
men  of  Suffolk  County.  Simple-hearted 
but  clear-headed,  ingenious,  industrious, 
and  upright,  they  make  excellent  neigh- 
bors, true  friends,  and  valuable  citizens. 
Their  mode  of  life  is  eminently  republican, 
almost  universal  social  equality  existing  in 
their  towns,  based  upon  a  pretty  uniform 
equality  of  pecuniary  condition  and  intel- 
lectual acquirement  The  whale  fishery  is 
the  most  democratic  of  employments ; 
every  man  has  his  proportional  share  of 
profits,  and  a  few  voyages  raise  the  com- 
petent sailor  and  skilful  hunter  of  the  seas 
from  the  condition  of  an  ordinary  seaman 
to  the  post  of  captain.  It  is  a  pleasing 
sight  of  a  Sunday  to  remark,  at  meeting, 
the  number  of  truly  respectable,  sometimes 
patriarchal,  men,  whose  venerable  locks 
are  whitened  by  the  frosts  of  many  win- 
ters, as  their  honest  faces  are  embrowned 
by  the  salt  air  and  a  tropical  sun.  As  we 
have  said,  they  make  good  farmers,  but 
never  lose  their  nautical  ideas.  Thus,  in 
ordinary  speech,  they  never  throw,  but  al- 
ways heave  ;  a  pail  is  always  a  bucket;  the 
reins  are  lines  /  they  go  east  or  west, 
instead  of  up  or  down  a  street;  they  head 
or  steer  north  or  south,  whether  on  foot  or 
in  a  vehicle,  as  if  on  water;  they  love  to 
live  near  the  sea,  to  have  plenty  of  sea- 
room  and  space  about  them — to  go  a-fish- 
ing  and  breathe  their  native  air. 

The  Hamptons  are  the  towns  where  you 
find  most  of  this  race.  J.  Howard  Payne, 
the  dramatist,  whose  immortal  song  is  as 
cosmopolitan  as  the  English  tongue,  wrote, 
many  years  ago,  an  admirable  description 
of  East  Hampton  in  one  of  the  magazines. 
South  Hampton  is  in  much  the  same  style, 


with  its  quaint  old  houses  and  their  dimi- 
nutive windows,  their  immense  chimneys 
and  massive  timbers,  its  wide  street,  and 
wind-mill,  and  meeting-house.  These  are 
towns  more  than  two  centuries  old,  with 
something  of  Old  England,  and  a  great 
deal  more  of  New  England,  in  them. 

The  names  of  places  are  often  queer  and 
outlandish,  sometimes  significant,  but  often 
selected  without  any  apparent  good  reason ; 
e.  g.  Hardscrabble  (now  Farmingdale), 
Hoppogues,  Greenland,  Mount  Misery, 
Old  Man's,  Rum  Point  (Greenwich) — the 
scene  of  Dr.  Valentine's  richly  farcical 
description  of  a  fete — Commock,  Buckram, 
Wolver  Hollow,  Canoe  Place,  Good 
Ground,  Bedlam,  Drowned  Meadow,  Fire 
Place,  and  Fire  Island ;  Scuttle-hole,  Wam- 
stead,  North  Sea,  Speonk,  Moriches,  Mas- 
tic, Crab  Meadow,  Cow  Neck,  Cow  Bay, 
Musquito  (Glen)  Cove,  Plandome,  Dosoris, 
Bating  Hollow,  Quoque,  Wading  River, 
Hashmommock,  Flanders,  Upper  Aque- 
bogue  or  High  Hockabock.'  Most  of  these 
are  in  Suffolk.  A  few  scripture  names 
occur  in  Queens  and  Suffolk ;  e.  g.  Jerusa- 
lem, Jericho,  Babylon,  Bethpage,  Mount 
Sinai. 

The  English  settlements  were  chiefly  in 
Suffolk  and  Queens  during  the  civil  war 
and  the  Protectorate,  as  the  names  of 
places  show — Hampton,  Huntington, 
Hempstead,  Islip,  Gravesend,  for  example. 
The  Dutch  settlements  were  almost 
wholly  in  Kings,  adjacent  to  the  city  of 
New  Amsterdam,  as  names  of  places  there 
evince — Breuklyn,  Mid  wont  (Flatbush), 
Amersfort  (Flatlands),  New  Utrecht, 
Gowanus.  The  English  settled  but  one 
town  in  Kings — Gravesend.  In  Queens, 
the  Dutch  also  settled  Ylisscngen  (Flush- 
ing), in  1645,  and  Rusdorp  (Jamaica),  but 
went  no  further  east  than  Oyster  Bay. 

The  national  characteristics  are  still 
preserved,  in  some  respects,  and  to  this 
I  day  the  towns  of  Kings  retain  something 
I  of  the  aspect  of  Holland,  and  a  great  deal 
'of  her  thrift  and  quiet  industry;  while  East 
[Hampton,  in  particular,  has  a  good  deal  of 
the  air  of  an  old  English  village.  In  fact, 
i  except  in  New  England,  there  are  few  or 
i  no  places  in   our  country  resembling  the 


94 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[March, 


old-fashioned  English  villages  of  a  past 
date  (of  which  we  read  in  the  English 
classics  of  the  eighteenth  century — neat 
and  comfortable,  pretty  and  picturesque), 
save,  in  a  comparatively  slight  degree, 
some  of  the  oldest  villages  on  Long  Island, 
where  time  and  cultivation,  the  presence 
of  gentry  and  the  possession  of  wealth, 
have  done  a  good  deal  to  refine  the  face  of 
the  country  as  well  as  the  manners  of  the 
people. 

The  distinguishing  features  of  Queens 
County  are  the  strait  at  Hell  Gate,  immor- 
talized by  the  classic  description  of  Irving  ; 
Hempstead  Plains ;  and  the  Great  South 
Bay, — the  last  entrenched  behind  a  great 
bar  or  beach,  nearly  100  miles  long,  a 
natural  breakwater  and  sure  barrier  against 
the  fury  of  the  Ocean,  forming  a  bay  five 
miles  wide ;  while  the  second,  a  species  of 
prairie  and  heath  combined,  includes  some 
25,000  acres  of  uncultivated  ground,  with- 
out a  tree  growing  naturally  upon  it, 
forming  a  common  for  the  town.  It  is 
twelve  miles  long,  by  five  or  six  in  width. 
Long  previous  to  the  Revolution,  in  early 
colonial  times,  a  race-course,  called  after 
the  celebrated  (English)  Newmarket,  was 
established  here,  by  Gov.  Nicolls,  1665 — 
nearly  two  centuries  ago.  It  is  thus  de- 
scribed by  Denton:  "Towards  the  middle 
of  Long  Island  lyeth  a  plain  sixteen  miles 
long  by  four  broad,  upon  which  plain 
grows  very  fine  grass,  that  makes  exceed- 
ing good  hay,  and  is  very  good  pasture  for 
sheep  and  other  cattel ;  where  you  shall 
find  neither  stick  nor  stone  to  hinder  the 
horses  nor  to  endanger  them  or  their  races ; 
and  once  a  year  the  best  horses  on  the 
Island  are  brought  hither,  and  the  swiftest 
rewarded  with  a  silver  cup — two  being 
annually  procured  for  that  purpose." 
Hence  the  origin  of  racing  on  Long  Island 
— a  favorite  sport,  especially  at  the  Union 
Course,  within  the  memory  of  most  of  us 
rendered  classic  by  the  historical  contests 
between  Eclipse  and  Henry;  and,  still 
later,  between  Boston  and  Fashion, — the 
North  always  victorious.  The  last  great 
race  was  between  Fashion  and  Blue  Dick, ! 
— a  most  exciting  scene,  which  we  had  i 
the  pleasure  of  witnessing.     Trotting  and  ! 


trotters  now  appear  to  have    superseded, 
in  a  great  measure,  racing  and  racers. 

The  shore  of  the  East  River,  from 
Ravenswood  to  Flushing,  famous  for  its 
gardens  and  schools  (the  nurseries  of 
education),  especially  at  and  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Astoria,  and  also  at  Newtown 
(celebrated  for  its  orchards),  and  Jamaica, 
in  the  interior,  is  thickly  set  with  delight- 
ful country  places  and  rural  retreats,  in 
some  instances  of  retired  merchants  and 
professional  men,  but,  in  most  cases,  of 
active  business  men  engaged  during  the 
day  in  town. 

The  north  side  of  the  Island,  especially 
at  Oyster  Bay  and  Cold  Spring,  and 
indeed  throughout  its  whole  length,  is 
certainly  superior  in  natural  beauty  and 
picturesque  scenery ;  but  the  south  side 
has  the  advantage  of  fine  roads,  being 
remarkably  level,  and  is  far  richer  in  all 
kinds  of  game,  fish,  and  fowl.  Dr.  DeKay's 
List  of  the  Birds  of  Long  Island  shows  that 
she  is  uncommonly  rich  in  this  particular. 

The  highest  ground  on  Long  Island  is 
Harbor  Hill,  319  feet  above  the  sea,  at 
Hempstead  Harbor,  now  Roslyn — a  roman- 
tic spot,  the  Summer  abode  of  Bryant,  P. 
Godwin,  and  Mrs.  Kirkland.  At  the  same 
place  was  the  first  paper-mill  in  the  State, 
erected  and  managed  by  a  member  of  the 
Onderdonk  family,  which  has  given  two 
bishops  to  the  church  and  many  worthy 
members  to  society.  On  both  sides, 
the  sound  (her  Mediterranean)  and  the 
Ocean,  the  Island  is  rich  in  watering 
places  ;  and  after  Newport,  and  superior  to 
all  of  the  New  Jersey  resorts  for  salt 
bathing,  comes  Rockaway,  which  is 
followed  in  an  inferior  degree  by  Coney 
Island,  Bath,  and  a  number  of  other  p  aces, 
to  the  very  land's-end  of  the  Island, 
at  Montauk.  As  a  fashionable  resort, 
Rockaway,  of  course,  stands  at  the  head  of 
the  list,  and  is  very  accessible  to  the 
denizens  of  the  city ;  but  old  Ocean  is  to 
be  seen  in  his  more  primitive  aspects,  with 
none  of  the  artificial  accompaniments  of 
great  hotels  or  brilliant  society,  with  a 
ruder  beach  and  a  rougher  surf,  at  the 
Hamptons  and  Montauk,  and  along  the 
less  visited  shores  of  Suffolk  County. 


1864.J 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


95 


Kings  County,  in  its  rural  portion* 
retains  a  good  deal  of  the  old  Dutch 
character  of  the  early  settlers  (Gravesend 
being  the  only  English  settlement).  Flat- 
bush  is  the  chief  village — a  quiet,  clean, 
most  comfortable-looking  place,  with  its 
pleasant  houses,  and  gardens,  and  farms. 
Erasmus  Hall,  established  contemporane- 
ously with  East  Hampton  Academy,  bears 
witness  to  its  Belgic  origin,  immortalized 
by  President  Duer  in  his  interesting  St. 
Nicholas  Address,  1848. 

Coney  Island  is  supposed  to  have  been 
the  first  landing-place  of  Hudson  and  his 
men,  1609. 

Forts  Hamilton  and  La  Fayette  are 
most  respectable  fortifications,  and  import- 
ant to  the  safety  of  New  York  City. 

Brooklyn  deserves  a  lecture,  or  a  volume, 
rather,  to  herself,  in  place  of  a  paragraph 
— the  rival  or  rather  the  suburb  of  New 
York.  This  is  said  with  no  idea  of  disre- 
spect to  her ;  as,  though  a  dependency  on 
New  York,  much  of  the  city  of  Brooklyn 
is  very  far  superior  to  very  much  of  the 
city  of  New  York; — with  her  numerous 
places  of  religious  worship,  some  of  them 
of  very  considerable  architectural  preten- 
sions ;  with  her  many  fine  streets  of  elegant, 
and,  in  very  many  instances,  magnificent, 
private  residences ;  her  noble  City  Hall 
and  Navy  Yard,  with  its  admirable  dry- 
dock,  and,  crowning  feature  of  all,  with 
her  beautiful  Greenwood  Cemetery,  a  peer- 
less place  of  public  sepulture. 

We  believe  all  of  the  antiquities  of 
Brooklyn  are  gone.  Duflon's  Military 
Garden  and  Parmentier's  Botanical  Garden 
were  great  places  of  resort  in  my  boyhood, 
but  have  made  way  for  the  city  improve- 
ments. 

Long  Island  may  justly  boast  of  the 
eminent  jurists  and  statesmen  she  has 
produced,  and  equally  of  the  distinguished 
advocates  who  have,  by  residence,  natural- 
ized themselves,  as  it  were — become 
adopted  citizens  of  her  insular  republic. 

Samuel  Clowes,  an  Englishman,  is 
commonly  reported  the  first  lawyer  settled 
upon  Long  Island,  at  Jamaica,  1702.  His 
grave  is  to  be  seen  in  the  burial-ground  of 
the    Episcopal    church.     His    descendants 


are  among  the  most  respectable  of  the 
many  respectable  old  Long  Island  families. 
Jamaica  appears  to  have  been  either  the 
birthplace  or  favorite  retreat  of  gentlemen 
of  the  first  rank,  either  in  the  legal  profes- 
sion or  in  the  political  world,  among  whom 
may  be  mentioned  Benjamin  Kissam, 
Egbert  Benson,  Rufus  King,  Melancthon 
Smith  ;  Genet,  the  French  minister  sent 
from  the  Republic  by  the  Directory,  1793. 
Newtown  claims  the  well  known  legal 
Riker  family;  Flushing,  the  able  Cadwalla- 
der  D.  Colden  (whose  father,  Governor 
Cadwallader  Colden,  had  an  elegant  coun- 
try seat  at  Spring  Hill,  near  Flushing ;  as 
had  Francis  Lewis,  the  Signer,  at  White- 
stone).  DeWitt  Clinton,  too,  enjoyed  his 
rural  leisure,  at  one  period  of  his  life,  at 
his  pleasant  place  at  Maspeth,  in  the  town 
of  Newtown.  South  Oyster  Bay  has 
given  birth  to  perhaps  the  oldest  and  most 
distinguished  legal  family  of  the  State, — 
including,  in  four  generations  of  able 
lawyers,  two  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  colony ;  and,  since  the  Revolution, 
the  two  Samuel  Joneses,  father  and  son,  at 
different  epochs  the  patriarchs  of  the  New 
York  bar;  and  a  younger  brother  of  the 
latter,  a  worthy  and  generous  compeer  of 
the  best,  well  known  to  many  of  you  as 
such,  and  whose  name  and  fame  are  grate- 
fully cherished  in  the  history  of  his  native 
county.  The  celebrated  Judge  Radcliff 
was  a  resident  of  Brooklyn  ;  and  the  emi- 
nent advocate,  Elisha  W.  King,  neither  a 
native  nor  a  resident,  yet  a  descendant,  of 
a  Long  Island  family,  should  not  be  for- 
gotten. Perhaps  no  part  of  the  State  can 
pride  herself  with  more  justice  on  her  able 
lawyers,  of  whom  we  have  mentioned  only 
those  of  the  first  class.  To  this  brief  cata- 
logue should,  in  justice,  be  added  the 
names  of  two  of  the  worthiest  of  the  sons 
of  Long  Island,  the  admirable  brothers 
Sackett,  than  whom  we  have  never  known 
purer  or  more  honorable  characters.  They 
were  able  and  intelligent  lawyers,  high- 
principled  and  kindly  men,  liberal  and 
accomplished  gentlemen,  filled  with  all  the 
virtues  of  the  manly  character;  devoted  to 
duty  and  to  each  other  in  life,  and  not 
separated    in    death — a    rare   example   of 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[March, 


brotherly  love  and  of  genuine  goodness. 
As  connected,  too,  with  the  old  and 
respectable  families  of  Onderdonk,  Titus, 
Kissam,  and  Tredwell ;  and  united,  by  the 
ties  of  birth,  and  long  residence,  and 
partial  affection  ;  by  political  bias  and  pro- 
fessional pursuits,  their  names  should  never 
be  omitted  in  a  list  of  those  of  whom  this 
community  ought  to  be  proud. 

Suffolk,  too,  has  produced  her  liberal 
proportion  of  able  lawyers  and  statesmen. 
Is  it  necessary  to  do  more  than  recapitu- 
late the  names  of  Wm.  Floyd,  the  Signer; 
Mr.  Stephen  Sayre,  a  native  of  Southamp- 
ton— in  1773,  Sheriff  of  London — an 
elegant  gentleman  and  sincere  patriot ; 
Judge  Conckling ;  Chancellor  Sandford  ; 
Silvanus  Miller ;  Tappan  Reeve,  of  whom 
Dr.  Beecher  remarked,  in  his  funeral 
sermon,  "  I  have  never  known  a  man  who 
loved  so  many,  and  was  by  so  many 
beloved ;"  and  John  Wickham  ?  We 
must  pause,  in  this  rapid  enumeration,  at 
this  last  name,  better  known  at  the  South, 
perhaps,  than  in  his  own  county.  Mr. 
Wickham,  of  Southold,  went,  early  in  life, 
to  Virginia,  where  he  became  endenizened, 
and  made  for  himself  a  most  enviable  legal 
and  social  reputation.  He  is  best  known 
in  legal,  or  rather  political  history,  for  his 
defence  of  Aaron  Buir  in  the  celebrated 
trial  for  treason,  and  in  which  he  had  the 
elegant,  classic  Wirt  opposed  to  him. 
John  Randolph,  that  acute  judge  of  men, 
has  left  his  weighty  testimony  to  the  worth 
and  merits  of  our  great  Long-Islander.  In 
his  will,  dated  January  1,  1832,  he  be- 
queaths "  to  John  Wickham,  Esq.,  my  best 
friend,  without  making  any  professions  of 
friendship  to  me,  and  the  best  and  wisest 
man  I  ever  knew,  except  Mr.  Macon,  my 
mare  Flora  and  my  stallion  Gascoine,  to- 
gether with  two  old-fashioned  silver  tank- 
ards, unengraved  ;  and  I  desire  that  he 
will  have  his  arms  engraved  upon  them, 
'and  at  the  bottom  these  words:  'From 
John  Randolph,  of  Roanoke,  to  John 
Wickham,  Esq.,  a  token  of  the  respect  and 
gratitude  which  he  never  ceased  to  feel 
for  his  unparalleled  kindness,  courtesy, 
and  services.' "  One  of  Mr.  Wickham's 
daughters    married    Mr.    Benj.    Watkins 


Leigh,  one  of  the  political  worthies  of  the 
Old  Dominion.  Mr.  Wickham  took  a  Vir- 
ginian's and  a  Long-Islander's  pride  in  the 
horse,  and  he  had  a  heavy  stake  in  the 
Eclipse  and  Henry  race.  Boston,  the 
greatest  Southern  racer  since  Henry,  was 
bred  by  Mr.  Wickham. 

Well  known  and  popular  names  of  an 
inferior  professional  grade  might  be  added ; 
we  have  enumerated  only  the  foremost, 
and  of  these  none  now  living.  If  we  have 
omitted  any  name  or  names  at  all  equal  to 
the  foregoing,  it  is  wholly  through  inad- 
vertence, and  by  no  means  from  design. 

The  faculty  is  as  well,  if  not  as  nume- 
rously, represented.  There  was  the  cele- 
brated Dr.  Mitchill,  immortalized  by  Hal- 
leck,  whom  the  late  Dr.  Francis,  and  equally 
competent  judges  among  his  contempo- 
raries, were  never  tired  of  praising  for  his 
learning,  his  simplicity  of  character,  his 
benevolence,  and  his  eccentricities;  of 
whom  Cobbett  wrote,  "  A  man  more  full 
of  knowledge  and  less  conscious  of  it,  I 
never  saw  in  my  life;'5  the  able  Wright 
Post ;  Valentine  jSeaman,  father  of  the 
great  doctors  of  the  past  generation,  of 
whom  we  find  mention  in  a  foot-note  of 
Ferriar's  Illustrations  of  Sterne,  to  the 
effect  that  "the  practice  of  whipping  in 
medicine  was  revived  by  Dr.  Seaman  in 
North  America,  who  applied  a  horse-whip 
to  a  patient  who  had  taken  an  overdose  of 
opium.  The  method  succeeded."  Valen- 
tine Mott — one  of  his  pupils — the  peer  of 
Liston,  and  Cooper,  and  Dupuytren,  and 
confessedly  the  first  surgeon  of  his  age 
and  country ;  Dr.  Moore,  of  Newtown  ; 
John  Jones,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
New  York  Hospital,  and  of  the  medical 
faculty  of  Columbia  (King's)  College, 
"ever  to  be  remembered,"  to  quote  the 
language  of  Dr.  Francis,  "as  the  physician 
of  Franklin  and  the  surgeon  of  Washing- 
ton," the  ablest  operator  and  professional 
writer  of  his  day.  These  were  all  natives 
of  Long  Island.  Dr.  Kissum,  and  Dr. 
Ogden,  who  is  said  to  have  been  the  first 
practitioner  of  his  day,  who  introduced 
the  use  of  mercury  as  a  specific,  became 
residents  of  Jamaica.  Dr.  DeKay,  more 
particularly  eminent  as  a  man  of  science 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


o: 


and  traveller,  located  himself  near  the  de- 
lightful village  of  Oyster  Bay. 

The  Episcopal  church  has  at  different 
times  stationed  some  of  her  ablest  sons  on 
Long  Island.  Four,  among  the  very  fore- 
most of  our  bishops,  had  parochial  charges 
here  at  different  times — Seabury,  Benj. 
Moore,  Hobart,  and  B.  T.  Onderdonk. 
Bishop  Moore  and  Bishop  Onderdonk  (of 
New  York)  were  natives. 

Four  successive  generations  of  the  first 
honored  name  have  had  charges  on  Long 
Island.  Samuel  Seabury,  father  of  the 
bishop,  was  rector  of  St.  George's,  Hemp- 
stead, and  after  him  succeeded  in  the  same 
parish  Rev.  Lambert  Moore,  then  Mr. 
(afterwards  Bishop)  Hobart.  At  Jamaica, 
Bishop  (then,  too,  Mr.)  Seabury  was  settled 
for  twenty  years.  His  son,  the  Rev. 
Charles  Seabury,  a  clergyman  of  the  Vicar 
of  Wakefield  and  Parson  Adams  stamp, 
was  missionary  at  Setauket  (the  Caroline 
Church)  for  many  years ;  and  his  son 
again,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Seabury,  of  New  York, 
certainly  the  ablest  polemic,  and  one  of 
the  most  eminent  divines  of  the  Episcopal 
church,  was  rector,  for  a  year,  of  St. 
George's  Church,  Astoria.  Four  gene- 
rations of  clergymen,  all  able,  and  two 
pre-eminently  so,  are  not  readily  to  be 
paralleled. 

Celebrated  preachers  of  various  denomi- 
nations have  made  Long  Island  the  favorite 
scene  of  their  religious  labors. 

Elias  Hicks,  a  native  of  Jericho,  the 
Unitarian  Quaker  (if  the  phrase  be  not 
tautological),  in  his  peregrinations,  is  said 
to  have  travelled  10,000  miles  and  to  have 
delivered  1,000  discourses.  In  1672, 
George  Fox,  the  rural  patriarch  of  Quaker- 
ism (Penn  was  the  courtier  of  the  society), 
visited  Long  Island  and  preached  under 
the  noble  old  trees  at  Flushing,  near  the 
Bowne  House,  where  he  lodged.  Whit- 
field, one  of  the  two  great  Methodist 
leaders,  also  made  an  ecclesiastical  tour, 
1764,  at  the  east  end  of  the  Island.  Tradi- 
tions abound  in  Suffolk,  especially  in  the 
most  eastern  towns,  of  the  quaint  peculiar- 
ities of  the  early  Presbyterian  clergy,  a 
vigorous  race  of  intellectual,  humorous, 
and  most  devoted  pastors.    The  old  Dutch 

HIST.    MAG.      VOL.    VIII.  12 


Church   in   Kings,   too,  has   her  peculiar 
history. 

In  the  naval  and  military  glories  of  the 
country  Long  Island  may  claim  to  partici- 
pate :  in  Commodore  Truxton  (of  Jamaica), 
the  gallant  sailor  and  true  man ;  in  the 
lamented  Gen.  Woodhull  (of  Mastic) ;  and 
the  spirited  Col.  Benj.  Birdsall  (of  Hemp- 
stead) ;  Col.  Tallmadge  (of  Setauket) ; 
General  Ebenezer  Stevens  (of  Astoria), 
Capt.  Norton  (of  Brookhaven),  and  Capt. 
Brewster,  revolutionary  heroes,  are  not  to 
be  forgotten. 

Art,  too,  can  point  to  her  votaries,  some 
of  them  natives,  others  residents,  of  Long 
Island.  Mount,  the  first  comic  painter  of 
the  United  States,  and  his  brother  Shep- 
herd, the  portrait  painter,  natives  of  Se- 
tauket ;  and  a  new  name,  Davis,  of  Port 
Jefferson,  rapidly  becoming  the  peer  of 
Mount ;  Rogers,  the  celebrated  miniature 
painter,  of  Bridge-Hampton.  Hackett,  the 
excellent  comedian,  is,  we  believe,  a  native 
of  Jamaica;  and  Dr.  Valentine,  the  ad- 
mirable comic  lecturer  and  mimic.  By  ram, 
the  self-taught  mechanical  genius,  was  a 
native  of  Southampton;  and  Symmes  (of 
Riverhead),  author  of  the  well  known 
theory  of  the  earth.  We  recollect  the 
name  of  but  one  brilliant  instance  of  native 
authorship  among  the  dead — Robert  C. 
Sands,  the  scholar  and  wit.  Brooklyn  has 
always  had  her  fair  share  of  litterateurs 
and  a  highly  cultivated  society,  most  of 
which  belongs  properly  to  New  York  City, 
or  to  New  England,  or  to  the  native  and 
resident  members  of  the  legal  profession. 

The  population  of  Long  Island  is  equal 
to  that  of  some  of  our  largest  cities,  or 
some  of  the  smaller  States  of  the  Union. 
On  this  score  alone  she  might  claim  to  be- 
come an  independent  State  and  a  distinct 
diocese,  to  have  her  own  governor  and  her 
own  bishop.  But  would  it  be  wise  to 
separate  herself  from  the  parent  State  (if, 
indeed,  such  a  course  could  be  allowed), 
to  forego  the  glory  of  remaining  a  most 
important  portion  of  the  Empire  State, 
and,  instead,  to  set  up  a  political  indepen- 
dency of  her  own  ?  As  the  son,  the  grandson, 
and  the  great  grandson  of  Long-Islanders, 
whose  first  American'  ancestor  was  among 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[March, 


the  early  English  patentees  of  Queens 
County,  I  say,  for  myself,  distinctly,  it 
would  not. 

The  future  of  Long  Island  appears  to  us 
(so  far  as  we  may  cast  its  horoscope)  to 
resolve  itself  into   becoming  the  garden, 
the  orchard,  and  the  farm  of  New  York 
City.      Assuming   Brooklyn    (though    the 
third  city  of  the  United  States  for  popu- 
lation), with  her  dependencies,  to  be  con- 
sidered as  a  part  of  the  metropolis ;  the 
rural  portion  of  Kings  might  fitly  be  formed 
into   gardens,   kitchen    and    floral ;    while 
Queens  might  be  in  part  devoted  to  both 
gardens  and  orchards  (as  is  even  at  present, 
with  both  counties,  much  the  case),  and 
leaving  the  rest  of  her  soil,  with  much  that 
is  excellent  in  the  soil  of  Suffolk,  for  purely 
agricultural   purposes,  and    farming  on  a 
large  scale.    Or,  admitting  secession  (which 
we  are  as  unwilling  to  countenance  in  this 
instance  as  in  the  disruption  of  our  glo- 
rious Union)   Long  Island   may  virtually 
become  an  insular   State  with  far  better 
reason  than  some  of  the  Southern  States, 
— Delaware,  for  instance.  From  geographi- 
cal   position,  her  internal    resources,  her 
varied  products,  the  possession  of  a  capital 
city  worthy  of  the  name,  she  might  derive 
a  strong  ground  for  separation.     Interest 
and   good    feeling    would    still    ally   her 
strongly  to  New  York,  and  the  divorce 
might  be  but  partial.     This,  however,  we 
merely  glance  at  as  a  speculation  ;  fervently 
trusting  that  no  such  consummation*  may 
ever  happen,  but   that   Long  Island  will 
hereafter  be  known  as  the  richest  jewel  in 
the  crown  of  the  Empire  State,  and  that 
her  sons  and  daughters  may,  while  indulg- 
ing in  a   most    laudable   local   pride,  not 
only  never  forget,  but  boast  with  proud 
satisfaction,  that  they  are  loyal  citizens  of 
the  Empire  State  of  New  York. 


Note. — The  writer  of  the  present  paper  is  indebted 
to  Mr.  J.  W.  Carrington,  who  kindly  read  it,  in  his 
absence,  to  the  Long  Island  Historical  Society;  and 
from  whose  admirable  elocution  much  of  its  immediate 
success  was  derived,  for  the  following  judicious 
remarks : 

(1)  These  so-called  "barrens,"  by  the  way,  are 
being  rapidly  developed,  year  by  year,  into  thrifty, 
promising  farms 


GENERAL  AND  MRS.  WASHINGTON. 

In  the  year  1853,  the  Historical  Society 
of  Pennsylvania  published  its  first  and  only 
volume  of  "Collections."  In  it  were  a 
letter  from  Miss  H  Morris,  the  daughter 
of  the  distinguished  financier  of  the 
Revolution,  to  Mr.  John  F.  Watson  in  rela- 
tion to  General  Washington,  the  informa- 
tion being  derived  from  her  mother,  and 
some  notes  by  Mr.  Watson  of  conversa- 
tions with  Mrs.  Morris,  upon  the  same 
subject.  As  a  very  small  edition  of  this 
volume  was  printed,  the  following  extracts 
from  these  papers  will  be  new  to  most  of 
the  readers  of  the  Historical  Magazine  : 

"  In  his  temper  he  was  usually  mild  and 
slow  to  anger,  but  when  he  was  roused, 
which  was  seldom,  those  who  had  been  the 
cause  of  it  would  take  good  care  never  to 
give  like  cause  again.  He  was  amiable 
and  easy  of  access,  though  rather  reserved, 
not  very  conversible,  sometimes  playful, 
but  never  jocular;  his  deportment  was 
always  dignified,  but  not  austere ;  always 
friendly,  gentlemanly,  and  respectful  to 
his  intimates  and  family  ;  and  was  a  kind 
master  and  a  consistent  one  to  his  servants. 
He  did  not  pay  much  attention  to  children, 
yet  he  was  fond  of  ladies'  society.  He  was 
not  fond  of  music,  nor  did  he  play  or  sing, 
although  he  occasionally,  but  seldom, 
danced;  he  never  played  cards  or  any 
games.     With  regard  to  his  reading,  we 


The  "Bushy  Oak  Plains  (not  Scrub  Oak,  as  they 
are  generally  called)  in  a  pamphlet  by  Winslow  C. 
Watson,  among  the  State  Agricultural  Transactions 
for  1859 — are  shown  to  be  anything  but  "barrens." 
They  would  tit  out  many  a  baron  with  a  most  noble 
barony. 

(2)  It  might  be  added,  too,  that  Suffolk  County 
lies  wholly  within  that  very  small  portion  of  the 
earth's  surface  described  by  Baron  Humboldt  (in  his 
"  Cosmos,"  I  think)  as  being  emphatically  the  health- 
iest region  in  the  world. 

(3)  it  is  but  just  to  Suffolk  County  to  say,  here, 
that  one  of  her  own  physicians  has  robbed  her  of  this 
terror.  Under  the  treatment  discovered  and  introduced 
by  Dr.  Benjamin  D.  Carpenter,  of  Cutchogue,  tetanus 
is  of  scarcely  more  consequence  than  a  severe  attack 
of  toothache.  Practising  in  a  circuit  of  twenty-five 
miles  in  diameter,  he  assures  me  that  in  sixteen  years' 
residence  he  has  only  averaged  one  case  a  year;  and 
of  cases  that  were  his  own,  he  has  not  lost  one. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


99 


cannot  say,  only  that  he  passed  a  great 
part  of  his  time  in  his  study.  Of  his  reli- 
gious character  we  know  nothing,  except 
that  he  was  regular  in  his  attendance  on 
divine  worship  on  the  Sabbath,  and  we 
never  knew  him  to  express  any  opinion 
regarding  the  different  sects.  He  belonged 
to  the  Episcopal  Church. 

"  He  was  very  fond  of  riding  on  horse- 
back, also  of  fine  horses,  of  which  he  had 
a  favourite.  He  never  engaged  in  athletic 
exercises.  No  man  was  more  attentive  to 
his  professional  duties,  and  no  man  more 
prompt  to  determine  and  pursue  the 
proper  course.  Whatever  time  or  leisure 
he  had  was  principally  spent  in  his  study.'' 
"  He  was  particular  and  remarkably 
neat  in  his  dress,  which  during  his  presi- 
dentship usually  consisted  of  black  velvet, 
with  silk  stockings,  and  shoes.  His  form 
was  very  commanding  and  remarkably 
dignified,  particularly  on  horseback ;  he 
was  indeed  a  complete  horseman,  and  on 
his  entrance  into  Philadelphia  after  the 
surrender  of  Yorktown  was  acknowledged 
by  the  British  officers  present  on  that  occa- 
sion, to  be  the  finest  and  most  heroic 
looking  man  they  had  ever  beheld.  His 
teeth  were  bad,  but  he  had  a  fine  complex- 
ion. He  laughed  but  seldom  ;  he  never 
made  use  of  any  exclamations  or  oaths  ;  he 
did  not  indulge  in  anecdote  and  never 
spoke  of  himself. 

"  He  was  extremely  fond  of  a  farmer's 
life,  and  when  on  his  farm  dressed  very 
plain  but  neat. 

"  He  was  a  moderate  liver  both  in  eating 
and  drinking ;  he  was  an  early  riser,  and 
consequently  went  early  to  bed.  He  at 
one  time  resided  in  my  father's  family 
more  than  two  months,  and  there  never 
was  a  person  who  gave  less  trouble. 

"  He  never  felt  or  indulged  any  bitter- 
ness against  the  English,  and  bore  the 
reproaches  of  our  own  prints  with  the  most 
perfect  equanimity.  He  was  very  graceful 
in  his  address  and  courteous  to  his  guests. 

"  He  always  spoke  of  his  mother  with 
marked  respect  and  affection.  Mrs. 
Washington,  though  not  possessing  much 
sense,  was  a  perfect  lady  and  remarkably 
well  educated  for  her  situation. 


"  Mrs.  Morris  told  J.  F.  Watson  of  the 
deep  impression  made  upon  her  mind  by 
seeing  General  Washington  make  a  public 
entry  into  Philadelphia,  after  the  surrender 
of  Yorktown.  As  the  procession  entered 
High  Street,  the  General  stopped  before 
the  door  and  saluted.  His  manner  on 
that  occasion  was  remarkably  elegant  and 
dignified.  His  manner  of  sitting  on  horse 
was  peculiarly  elegant;  his  horse  was 
entirely  white  and  very  superior ;  he  paid 
great  attention  to  his  horse  and  always 
had  his  hoofs  blacked  before  riding 
abroad. 

"  Some  British  officers  of  high  rank  had 
previously  solicited  a  place  at  Mrs.  Morris's 
house  to  get  a  view  of  the  General,  and 
they  all  expressed  high  admiration  of  his 
dignity  and  demeanor.  As  they  expressed 
a  great  desire  to  be  in  his  company  and 
hear  him  converse,  they  were  invited  that 
evening  to  take  supper  with  him.  On  that 
occasion  he  was  remarkably  polite  and 
affable  to  them.  They  one  and  all  said 
they  should  never  forget  the  satisfaction 
the}'  felt  and  the  honor  they  deemed  done 
to  themselves,  thereby. 

"  One  of  the  officers  was  remarkably 
like  the  General  and  had  often  been  told 
so.  On  said  occasions  he  used  to  affect  to 
deem  it  a  disparagement,  but  to  Mrs. 
Morris  he  had  said  '  to  be  indeed  like  such  a 
man  was  indeed  a  distinguished  honor.' 
General  Washington  was  very  polite  to 
this  officer. 

"They  all  particularly  spoke  of  his 
marked  elegance  as  a  graceful  horseman, 
saying  that  he  and  his  horse  moved  as 
but  one. 

"  Mrs.  Morris  died  soon  after  relating 
the  above,  namely  in  January,  1807. 

"  When  he  was  a  young  man,  he  was 
seen  at  the  Philadelphia  Coffee  House  by 
old  Rees  Meredith,  a  considerable  merchant, 
who,  being  pleased  with  his  appearance, 
asked  him  home  with  him  (without  any 
introduction  or  knowledge  of  his  character). 
There  he  gave  him  a  venison  dinner. 
Washington  remembered  and  told  this  in 
later  life,  and  when  in  Philadelphia  in- 
quired for  the  family,  and  in  consequence 
of  that  incident,  sought  out  his  son  whom 


100 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[March, 


he  made  the  Treasurer  of  the  United 
States.     (Told  me  by  Dr.  Griffith.) 

"  Mrs.  Deborah  Logan  has  seen  General 
"Washington's  mother  at  Fredericksburg 
when  she  was  eighty-five ;  she  had  the 
stateliness  and  dignity  of  her  son,  and  was 
familiar  too.  She  told  Mrs.  Logan  that 
she  had  formed  the  minds  of  her  children 
with  great  care,  and  expressed  her  great 
trouble  to  find  adequate  schools,  and  said 
she  sent  her  son  George  forty  miles  to  the 
best  she  could  get.  She  lived  in  a  one 
story  cottage  and  declined  to  live  at 
Mount  Vernon. 

"  General  Washington  was  extremely 
punctual.  His  cabinet  councils  were 
appointed  to  meet  him  precisely  at  eleven 
o'clock  on  set  days.  On  such  occasions 
General  Hamilton  was  usually  the  latest 
and  after  the  time  ;  then  he  would  bustle, 
and  drawing  out  his  watch  exclaim  it  had 
deceived  him.  This  occurred  a  number  of 
times  when  the  General  effectually  pre- 
vented it,  by  rising  and  looking  firmly  on 
General  Hamilton  and  saying  :  'Sir,  you 
must  provide  yourself  a  new  watch,  or  I  a 
new  secretary.'  I  had  this  from  Col.  Picker- 
ing, who  was  present. 

"  On  an  occasion  of  one  of  these  meet- 
ings, the  General  was  likely  to  be  detained 
by  the  shoeblack  beyond  the  exact  time. 
The  secretaries,  in  proceeding  to  the 
appointed  room,  had  to  pass  a  small  cham- 
ber where  the  General's  boots  were  to 
have  been  placed.  When  Col.  Pickering 
entered  he  found  the  General  holding  the 
servant  and  belaboring  him  with  his 
boots.  Col.  Pickering  hurried  on,  and  no 
remarks  were  made. 

"  He  was  accustomed  to  rise  at  daylight, 
and  always  went  into  the  stable  to  see  his 
horses,  of  which  he  was  very  careful.  On 
one  such  occasion  he  found  that  the  coach- 
horses,  which  had  come  home  late,  had  not 
had  their  legs  rubbed  down,  the  mud  being 
still  on  them.  The  General  was  seen  by 
one  who  told  me,  to  seize  his  German 
coachman  and  to  fisty-cuff  him  in  the  yard 
with  a  good  drubbing !  I  have  understood 
he  was  passionate. 

"  Houdon's  bust  of  Washington  at  the 
close  of  the  war,  when  his  face  was  full 


and  without  a  wrinkle,  was  the  best  like- 
ness that  ever  was  exhibited,  and  no  artist 
will  ever  err  that  will  copy  it,  especially  as 
a  military  character.  (W.Rush.)  Houdon's 
bust  is  invaluable  for  the  truth  of  its  pro- 
portions. He  was  an  artist  celebrated  for 
the  fidelity  and  natural  character  of  his 
busts.     (Rembrandt  Peale.) 

"  Stuart's  portrait  is  heavily  exaggerated 
(Peale),  although  it  is  the  one  from  which 
most  of  the  portraits  are  since  made.  It 
was  done  in  1775.  Stuart  executed  two, 
and  called  his  first  a  complete  failure.  His 
second  one  is  unfinished.  Stuart  used  to 
say  that  Washington  was  the  broadest 
between  the  eyes  of  any  man.  His  nose 
then  is  very  thick.  Gen.  Washington 
weighed  at  West  Point,  in  IV 82,  two 
hundred  and  nine  pounds.  In  later  life  he 
grew,  I  believe,  still  heavier  and  more  cor- 
pulent. 

"  Mrs.  Washington,  in  the  time  of  the 
war,  boarded  in  the  present  ordinary-look- 
ing small  three-story  house  at  the  north- 
west corner  of  Arch  and  Front  street.  The 
wives  of  many  tradesmen  would  now  dis- 
dain to  live  in  the  same.  It  is  now  a  gro- 
cery store.* 

"  Gen.  Washington  was  the  first  person 
of  distinction  among  us  who  left, off  hand 
ruffles.  Then  Gen.  Dickinson  and  others 
spoke  of  it  and  followed  the  example. 

"  The  Secretary  of  State  told,  in  the 
hearing  of  Mrs.  Logan,  how  very  deeply 
Gen.  Washington  was  wounded  in  his 
feelings  when  he  first  saw  the  severe  stric- 
tures on  his  administration  in  Freneau's 
paper. 

"  Col.  McLane  told  me  that  when  Wash- 
ington and  his  army  lay  at  Valley  Forge, 
in  1778,  some  of  the  Pennsylvania  Germans 
made  a  Paddy,  and  displayed  it  on  St. 
Patrick's  day  to  the  great  indignation  of 
the  Irish  in  camp.  They  assembled  in 
large  bodies  under  arms,  swearing  for  ven- 
geance against  the  New  England  troops 
there,  saying  they  had  got  up  the  insult. 
The  affair  threatened  a  very  serious  issue  ; 
none  of  the  officers  could  appease  them.  At 


*  This  house  has  been  pulled  down  within  the  last 
few  years.     (Note,  iu  1864.) 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


101 


this  time  Washington,  having  ascertained 
the  entire  innocence  of  the  New  England 
troops,  rode  up  to  the  Irish  and  kindly  and 
feelingly  argued  with  them ;  and  then,  as 
if  highly  incensed  against  the  perpetrators, 
requested  the  Irish  to  show  the  offenders 
and  he  would  see  them  punished.  They 
could  not  designate  any  one.  Well,  said 
Washington,  with  great  promptness,  I  too 
am  a  lover  of  St.  Patrick's-day,  and  must 
settle  the  affair  by  making  the  army  keep 
the  day.  He  therefore  ordered  extra 
drink  to  every  man  of  his  command,  and 
thus  all  made  merry  and  were  good 
friends. 

"After  the  surrender  ofYork  Town,  while 
the  Continental  troops  were  preparing  to  re- 
ceive the  British,  who  were  to  march  forth 
from  the  garrison  and  deliver  up  their 
arms,  the  Commander-in-Chief  was  heard 
to  say,  addressing  himself  to  the  division 
of  the  army  to  which  he  was  attached, 
4  My  brave  fellows,  let  no  sensation  of  satis- 
faction for  the  triumphs  you  have  gained 
induce  you  to  insult  your  fallen  enemy  ; 
let  no  shouting,  no  clamourous  huzzaing 
increase  their  mortification.  It  is  suffi- 
cient satisfaction  for  us  that  we  witness 
their  humiliation.  Posterity  will  huzza  for 
us.' 

"  Washington  possessed  great  muscular 
strength  of  arm,  and  it  was  of  unusual 
length.  When  young,  he  threw  a  stone 
across  the  Rappahannock,  and  at  the 
Natural  Bridge  he  threw  a  stone  higher 
than  any  person  has  since.  An  instance  of 
his  strength  in  this  way  occurred  at  the 
Palisades  up  the  North  River,  in  1789.* 
General  Washington  being  at  that  post  on 
a  temporary  call  with  his  staff,  saw  the 
officers  attempting  to  throw  stones  from 
the  high  bluff  (which,  to  the  eye,  seemed 
almost  perpendicular)  into  the  river  below, 
but  none  were  able  to  effect  it.  Washing- 
ton alighted  from  his  charger  and,  seeking 
for  a  stone  to  his  liking,  took  two  or  three 
quick  steps,  and  giving  it  a  jerk  (called  the 
4  Douglass  cast'  among  the  Virginians), 
he  lodged  it   in   the    sounding   water  at 


least  one  rod  from  the  shore.  All  the 
troops  were  so  astonished  and  rejoiced  that 
they  gave  three  cheers.', 


*    So   in   Mr.     Watson's    MS. 
meant  ? 


"Was   not    1179 


THE  ADAMS    AND  CUNNINGHAM  COR- 
RESPONDENCE. 

AN    ILLUSTRATIVE    DOCUMENT. 
A  Copy  of  the  Original  in  my  possession. 

H.  W.  B. 

Portland,  Feb.  64. 

Dear  Sie, 

My  son  Wm-  informs  me  that  he  has  a 
large  number  of  Letters  from  the  honble- 
John  Adams.  Should  these  letters  be 
made  public  he  thinks  it  would  blast  his, 
Adams'  character  and  be  advantageous  to 
the  public.  WIn.  sayeth  he  has  had  a 
conference  with  your  Honour  The  Honble 
Messrs  Cabot  &  Lowell  &c  and  that  the 
project  is  approved.  That  you  write  him 
that  you  have  a  packett  directed  to  him  of 
so  much  consequence  that  you  dare  not 
trust  it  by  the  mail.  Are  you  sure  they 
would  be  safe  in  his  hands  ?  I  understand 
Mr.  Adams'  letters  were  confidential.  The 
public  good  is  dear  to  me.  I  cannot  ap- 
prove treachery,  that  your  steps  may  be 
directed  by  unerring  wisdom  is  my  sincere 
wish  If  you  have  not  sent  on  this  packett 
for  the  want  of  a  safe  conveyance  Mr  Has- 
kell the  bearer  of  this  will  take  charge  of 
what  you  may  think  proper  to  commit  to 
his  care.  I  will  be  answerable  for  his 
fidelity.  My  Mrs  Cunningham  and  her 
daughter  Lois  are  not  very  well  all  the 
rest  of  our  respective  famileys  are  in  good 
health  hope  that  you  and  your  connections 
enjoy  the  same  blessing.  If  your  good. 
Daughter  is  a  florist  and  will  be  so  obliging 
as  to  send  me  a  few  of  her  curious  flower 
seeds  it  will  be  esteemed  a  favor.  Expect 
to  go  to  Boston  early  in  the  Summer  with 
the  dear  partner  of  my  Joyes  and  sor- 
rows when  we  intend  to  do  ourselves  the 
pleasure  of  making  you  a  visit.  In  the 
mean  time  I  am  with  much  esteem  your 
friend  and  humble  serv1- 

William  Cunningham 

Lunenburg  March  19th  1810 


102 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[March, 


GENERAL  RICHARD  BUTLER'S  JOURNAL 
OF  THE  SIEGE  OF  YORKTOWN. 

Richaed  Butler  was  a  native  of  Ireland, 
but  came  with  his  father  to  Pennsylvania 
prior  to  1760. 

We  have  not  ascertained  when  he  first 
joined  the  American  army,  hut  Lee,  in  his 
memoirs  of  the  war,  etc.,  in  his  biographical 
sketch  of  General  Morgan,  says :  "  In  the 
spring  of  1111,  a  select  rifle  corps  was 
formed,  out  of  others  in  the  army,  com- 
manded by  Colonel  Morgan,  seconded  by 
Lieut.  Col.  Richard  Butler  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  Major  Morris  of  New  Jersey,  two 
officers  of  high  talents  and  specially  quali- 
fied for  the  enterprising  service  to  which 
they  were  assigned." 

From  this  it  appears  that  Butler  had 
been  in  the  army  prior  to  "  the  spring  of 
1777,"  and  he  must  have  displayed  con- 
siderable enterprise  and  ability  to  have 
entitled  himself  to  the  distinction  thus 
conferred  upon  him. 

In  this  rifle  corps  he  served  during  the 
campaign  which  was  closed  by  the  sur- 
render of  Burgoyne. 

Col.  Lee,  in  his  account  of  a  gallant 
action  in  which  Col.  Butler  was  engaged 
on  the  26th  June,  1781,  used  the  following 
language:  "The  American  General  (La 
Fayette)  detached  Lieutenant-Colonel  But- 
ler, of  the  Pennsylvania  line,  the  renowned 
second  and  rival  of  Morgan,  at  Saratoga." 
At  that  time  (1781)  Butler  was  a  full 
Colonel,  having  been  promoted  to  the 
command  of  the  9th  Pennsylvania  Regi- 
ment, in  Dec.  1777,  soon  after  the  surren- 
der of  Burgoyne. 

In  1791,  General  Butler  was  second  in 
command  under  General  St.  Clair  in  his 
ill-fated  expedition  against  the  Indians, 
and  fell  in  the  unfortunate  action  of  the 
4th  November,  1791. 

We  give  this  brief  notice  of  his  services 
as  an  introduction  to  the  extract  from  his 
Journal. 

The  extract  which  we  give  will  be  found 
highly  interesting,  giving  as  it  does  an 
account  of  the  first  landing  of  the  French 
troops  in  Virginia,  of  which  Col.  Butler  and 
Col.  Stewart  happened  to  be  the  witnesses. 


The  account  of  the  arrival  of  Washing- 
ton, of  the  cordial  reception  given  to  him 
by  both  the  American  troops  in  Virginia 
and  the  French  army,  the  delightful  com- 
pliment paid  to  him  by  the  French  band 
of  music,  all  form  pleasant  passages  in  the 
journal. 

The  passage,  however,  in  which  Colonel 
Butler  expresses  his  warm  and  ardent 
affection  for  Washington,  and  his  honest 
indignation  against  the  base  conspirators 
who  endeavored  to  destroy  him,  always 
excites  in  our  bosom  a  thrilling  sensation 
of  pleasure. 

Those  expressions  of  feeling  were  writ- 
ten in  his  private  Journal,  kept  for  his 
own  satisfaction,  never  intended  for  publi- 
cation.— They  therefore  afford  the  best 
evidence  of  the  honest  and  ardent  affection 
of  Butler  for  his  commander,  and  the  deep 
and  sincere  reverence  which  the  virtues  of 
that  commander  had  inspired. 

Colonel  Butler  was  in  Wayne's  Bri- 
gade, and  Steuben's  division,  and  had 
encamped  the  evening  previous  to  the  date 
of  the  beginning  of  our  extract  at  Cabin 
Point. 

"September  1st. — This  morning  an  express, 
from  Col.  Gammel  to  the  Marquis,  passed 
us  at  sunrise,  with  certain  accounts  of  the 
arrival  of  Count  de  Grasse,  with  Maj.  Gen. 
Marquis  de  St.  Simon,  and  a  fleet  of  28 
sail  of  the  line  and  4  frigates,  being  in  the 
bay  of  Chesapeake,  with  7000  troops, 
ready  to  act  in  conjunction  with  the  Ame- 
rican army.  Marched  at  9  o'clock  for 
Surry  Court  House,  12  miles,  arrived  at 
3  o'clock,  P.  M. — Encamped  on  good 
ground,  and  had  very  good  springs  on  our 
right,  left,  and  front.  Met  a  number  of 
the  militia  collecting.  Went  from  Surry 
Court  House  to  reconnoitre  Cobham  Point, 
and  to  see  if  any  of  the  French  ships  had 
got  up,  having  heard  of  five  appearing 
below  Surry  church. — Found  very  good 
ground  and  fine  water.  This  is  directly 
opposite  to  Jamestown  and  Island — the 
river  a  league  wide  from  this — is  a  very 
good  prospect  up  and  down  the  river. 
About  5  o'clock,  P.  M.,  myself  and  Col. 
Stewart  went  down  to  the  Isle  of  Wight 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


103 


to  Col.  Burril's,  where  we  were  overjoyed 
to  see  the  Experiment,  a  French  40  gun 
ship,  and  4  frigates  at  anchor; — also,  3 
prize  vessels,  taken  on  their  way  to  this 
coast.  We  had,  also,  the  additional  plea- 
sure of  seeing  40  large  boats,  with  near 
4000  troops,  coming  up  the  bay;  these 
were  from  on  board  the  grand  fleet  Avhich 
they  left  in  Hampton  Roads.  Col.  Stewart 
and  myself  were  fortunate  in  being  the 
two  lirst  American  officers  that  received 
them,  and  took  the  Marquis  de  St.  Simon 
and  all  his  officers  by  the  hand  as  they 
landed  at  Col.  Burril's  on  the  beach.  The 
General  and  some  of  the  officers  went  to 
Mr.  Burril's  house  to  rest,  but  returned  to 
their  troops  about  8  o'clock,  P.  M.,  having 
expressed  much  pleasure  at  seeing  us.  We 
then  set  off  for  camp,  and  arrived  at  Gen. 
Wayne's  quarters  at  12  o'clock  with  these 
pleasing  accounts,  all  of  which  was  im- 
mediately communicated  to  the  officers, 
whose  joy  was  great  and  their  happiness  ex- 
pressed by  every  mark  of  joy  and  pleasure. 
Sept.  2d. — The  troops  marched  for  Cob- 
ham  Point,  6  miles,  where  we  encamped ; 
and  about  1  o'clock  saw,  with  pleasure,  the 
boats  come  up  and  land  on  James  Island, 
covered  by  the  three  prize  vessels  above 
mentioned  ;  all  was  done  in  the  most  per- 
fect order  and  regularity.  This  was  a 
mortifying  and  surprising  sight  to  two 
British  flag- ships  that  lay  at  this  place ; 
who  never  heard  the  least  whisper  of  this 
great  event  until  the  troops  and  vessels 
were  among  them.  Gen.  Wayne,  Cols. 
Butler  and  Stewart,  with  a  few  other  offi- 
cers went  across,  and  were  very  politely 
received  by  Maj.  Gen.  de  St.  Simon  and 
his  officers.  We  requested  boats  for  the 
crossing  of  our  troops,  which  were  given 
with  the  greatest  cheerfulness,  and  after 
mutual  compliments  passed,  we  re-crossed, 
all  but  Gen.  Wayne,  who  went  by  appoint- 
ment to  meet  the  Marquis  de  Lafayette, 
and  was  very  unfortunately  shot  in  the 
thigh  by  a  sentry  just  as  he  arrived  there  : 
the  wound  is  not  dangerous,  but  is  very 
mortifying  to  this  good  officer  and  the 
troops  he  commands,  who  love  him,  and 
wish  his  presence  on  the  field  on  all  oc- 
casions. 


Sept.  3d. — The  boats  attended  very 
punctually,  both  for  us  and  the  militia, 
who  crossed  from  Swan's  Point,  at  the 
same  time,  the  Pennsylvania  troops  cross- 
ed from  Cobham  Point.  The  troops  crossed 
with  great  ease  in  the  boats,  but  the  want 
of  proper  crafts,  and  some  neglect  in  the 
few  there  was,  not  being  brought  down  in 
time,  Col.  Gaskins,  of  Virginia,  and  his 
troops  were  left  to  cross  and  guard  the 
baggage.  The  troops  moved  to  Green 
Spring  for  shelter,  it  being  very  wet, 
stormy  weather. 

Sept.  4th. — Marched  at  3  o'clock,  A.M., 
for  the  City  of  Williamsburgh,  where  we 
halted  to  cover  the  general  officers  while 
they  looked  for  a  post ;  but  a  good  dinner 
being  got  by  Colonel  Finney  and  other  in- 
habitants, the  Generals  and  part  of  the 
field  officers  dined  together  at  Col.  Finney's, 
and  other  squads  went  into  other  houses ; 
the  afternoon  was  spent  in  so  much  hap- 
piness that  it  was  too  late  to  examine  the 
ground  much,  therefore  the  French  Gen- 
eral said  from  what  he  had  seen  he  would 
take  the  position  on  my  recommendation, 
and  that  General  Du  Portail  and  one  of  his 
engineers  would  attend  me  to-morrow,  in 
order  that  they  might  be  informed  of  the 
advantages  and  disadvantages  of  the  posi- 
tion, and  then  he  rode  off  with  the  Mar- 
quis for  the  Green  Spring.  It  being  likely 
to  rain,  had  the  Pennsylvania  troops  posted 
in  the  College,  which  shelters  them  very 
well.  The  Marquis  ordered  me  to  call  up 
the  light  infantry  from  the  lines,  in  order 
to  refresh  and  join  their  battalions ;  these 
arrived  about  11  o'clock,  P.M.,  under  Maj. 
Reed. 

Sept.  5th. — I  went  out  to  examine  the 
ground  ;  began  at  Mr.  Powell's  on  the  left ; 
found  the  creek  on  which  is  the  capitol 
landing  impassable,  except  in  one  place  just 
below  the  birdge,  and  this  place  very  diffi- 
cult ;  another  branch  secures  the  left  and 
rear,  leaving  only  one  pass  for  many  miles, 
this  pass  is  at  a  mill  two  miles  from  the 
mouth,  the  other  branch  leads  near  the 
college,  and  secures  the  whole  front,  by  a 
ravine  which  forms  a  creek  at  Mr.  Powell's. 
The  right  flank  and  front  is  secured  by  the 
College  creek,  which  heads  at  that  build- 


104 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[March, 


ing  also,  and  runs  into  the  James  river  ;  on 
this  creek  is  the  College  landing,  and  on 
the  other  which  runs  into  the  York  river  is 
the  capitol  landing ;  this  is  a  very  remark- 
able and  strong  pass,  there  being  not  more 
than  half  a  mile  of  hard  ground  between 
the  two  creeks,  which  may  be  guarded  by 
a  few  good  works  against  an  attack  in  front, 
either  from  or  to  the  city.  About  1 1  o'clock 
the  two  Engineers  of  the  French  army  and 
Gen.  Du  Portail  arrived,  went  down  below 
the  city  about  two  miles,  found  good  camp- 
ing ground  but  no  water,  went  then  to  Mr. 
Powell's  and  examined  all  the  ground  which 
I  had  fixed  on  for  an  encampment,  which 
the  Engineers  liked  well,  and  approved  of 
as  military  and  well  chosen.  Dined  at  Mrs. 
Vobes',  where  a  number  of  militia  gentle- 
men and  others  dined  also.  Col.  Steward 
and  self  paid  for  the  French  officers,  after 
dinner  examined  the  ground  about  the 
mill  on  the  Jamestown  road  and  parted. 

Sept.  6th. — I  went  to  visit  Gen.  Wayne 
and  to  see  if  the  baggage  was  over,  found 
the  French  had  taken  the  company's  team 
horses  which  I  recovered  and  sent  on  with 
provisions,  the  Pennsylvanian  troops  were 
ordered  to  Burrirs  mill,  three  miles  below 
"Williamsburgh,  this  is  a  remarkable  strong 
pass,  took  post  here  and  served  the  troops 
with  provisions  and  liquor. 

Sept.  1th. — A  party  of  dragoons  were 
sent  down  towards  the  halfway  house  to  re- 
connoitre, Capt.  Herd,  who  commands  the 
party  was  informed  of  a  body  of  horse  and 
loot,  supposed  to  be  1500  in  number,  hav- 
ing passed  up  the  road  toward  Harrod's 
mill,  he  sent  a  small  party  across  the 
country  to  ascertain  this  fact,  pushed  for  the 
forks  of  the  road  at  the  church  near  Mr.  Bur- 
ril's  mill,  lest  the  enemy  should  push  a  party 
in  his  front,  which  they  really  attempted 
and  which  he  and  his  party  narrowly 
escaped,  having  met  them  at  the  very  spot, 
he  pushed  and  gained  the  pass,  and  retired 
before  the  horse  to  the  sentrys  of  the  ad- 
vanced picket,  which  allowed  him  and  his 
party  to  pass  by  and  fired  on  the  enemy 
who  had  previously  ordered  them  to  sur- 
render, the  enemy  then  pushed  on  to  the 
pickets,  who  had  lain  perdue  and  gave 
them  a  full  platoon,  which  made  them  re- 


tire very  precipitately,  aud  leave  behind 
some  bloody  cloaks  and  other  furniture 
which  they  dropped  in  the  flight. 

I  had  the  troops  formed,  and  artillery 
placed  in  such  a  manner  as  to  make  an 
opposition  that  would  have  convinced 
them  of  their  folly  had  they  attempted 
crossing  the  pass,  or  even  to  take  posses- 
sion of  the  side  they  were  on,  but  they 
presently  withdrew.  I  then  went  to  reco- 
noitre  the  country;  I  found  one  of  the  most 
advantageous  posts,  the  head  of  Burril's 
mill-creek,  and  some  draughts  that  fall  into 
the  James  river,  which  are  impossible  to 
pass  but  near  the  road ;  at  this  spot  I 
placed  the  militia  battalion,  commanded 
by  Col.  Randolph,  and  some  rifle  men  of 
Col.  Lewis'  at  a  breach  of  the  James  river, 
where  a  road  from  Harrod's  mill  to  Burril's 
ferry  comes  in ;  having  thus  secured  all 
these  posts,  I  went  with  Major  Hamilton 
and  one  Mr.  Burril  to  Burril's  point,  where 
I  had  a  good  view  of  the  shipping  at  York  ; 
this  spot  is  on  a  point  of  land  formed  by 
the  York  river  and  Burril's  mill-creek, 
which  is  impassable  (except  at  one  place) 
all  the  way  to  the  mill.  Several  sailors 
having  deserted  from  the  ships,  I  obtained 
an  account  of  their  naval  force  which  I 
sent  to  the  Marquis  de  la  Fayette,  viz  : — 

IName  of  ship.               No.ofGuna.  Pounder  %. 

Charon,     ....      44  ....  18  and  12 

G-uadaloupe,  ...       32  ....  12     .       9 

Old  Foway,    ...       24  ....     9     .       6 

Bonne tta,  sloop  of  war,  16 6 

Brig  Defiance,  with     .  16  carronades  18     . 

"     Spitfire,      ...  12  "           12     . 

Sloop  Formidable, .     .  10  "           12     . 

"       Rambler,       .     .  10  "            4     . 


Susannah, 
Tarleton, 


.  14 
.  10 


Four  of  the  above  named  small  vessels 
were  ordered  two  miles  up  the  river  to 
cover  a  working  party  who  were  building 
a  redoubt ;  they  have  four  other  redoubts 
on  the  land  side,  and  two  on  the  water 
side,  one  of  which  has  twenty-four  eighteen 
pounders  and  four  twelve  pounders  on  it 
complete  at  the  old  flag  staff.  Had  two  or 
three  fifty  gun  ships  been  passed  up,  on  the 
arrival  of  the  French  fleet,  it  would  have 
so    far    accelerated    our   approaches   and 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


105 


secured  the  river  carriage  of  provisions, 
<fcc,  that  matters  would  have  been  rendered 
very  easy  and  all  their  shipping  would 
have  fallen,  also,  these  very  heavy  guns 
with  which  they  have  covered  the  river, 
and  will  thereby  impede  the  passage. 
There  are  several  small  vessels  in  the 
Pamunkey  or  York  river,  which  I  advised 
the  General  to  have  fitted  out  and  manned 
in  order  to  protect  the  provision  boats ; 
which  could  then  come  within  seven  miles 
of  us  very  safely,  but  whether  the  torpidi- 
ty of  this  sleepy  state,  or  whether  he 
thought  it  difficult  to  get  it  done,  was  the 
cause  of  this  advice  not  being  adopted,  I 
don't  know  ;  however,  it  was  neglected  and 
the  carriage  of  the  river  lost,  and  the  whole 
being  in  a  manner  starving,  and  there  still 
appears  no  more  industry  or  endeavor  to 
supply  the  troops,  and  collect  a  magazine 
of  provisions  than  if  the  enemy  was  in 
Europe,  and  no  army  of  our  own  in  the 
country. 

Sept.  8th. — Received  orders  to  march 
for  Williamsburgh  to  join  the  allied  army ; 
arrived  at  our  ground  at  11  o'clock,  had 
some  difficulty  in  getting  our  baggage  as 
we  had  to  let  the  allied  army  have  our 
wagons  to  bring  on  their  whole  train  and 
camp,  therefore  had  to  lay  in  bough  huts, 
on  very  dusty  ground,  for  this  day  and 
night ;  the  French  army,  the  Pennsylvania 
and  light-troops  made  a  very  elegant 
appearance  in  passing  through  the  city. 

Sept.  9th.— Obtained  our  baggage, 
pitched  our  camp.  Lay  by  without  any 
accounts  of  the  enemy  stirring  on  the 
eighth,  the  British  fleet  passed  Cape 
Henry  and  came  into  the  bay,  and  were 
gallantly  engaged  by  the  French,  who 
drove  them  to  sea,  and  pursued  them,  but 
leaving  six  ships  of  the  line  for  the  security 
of  the  bay.  The  Baron  de  Steuben  arrived 
in  camp  with  his  suite. 

Aug.  Wth. — Accounts  by  a  Frigate 
that  the  French  were  left  in  full  pursuit  of 
the  British,  who  were  flying  before  them, 
and  that  in  about  six  hours  sailing  they 
must  come  up  with  eighteen  sail  of  victu- 
allers which  the  British  intend  for  Lord 
Cornwallis'  relief  and  support,  which  they 
had   abandoned  in   their  flight.     Still  no 

HIST.    MAG.      VOL.    VIII.  13 


flour  or  meal,  and  the  beef  supplied  is 
very  bad,  in  short  there  is  yet  no  exertions 
made  to  supply  the  troops  who  have  been 
supplied  with  only  three  days'  bread  out 
of  seven,  and  not  the  least  likelihood  of 
being  better  supplied. 

Sept.  12th. — Several  cannon  heard  down 
the  river  ;  no  account  from  the  fleet.  This 
day  Governor  Nelson  sent  Mr.  Nichols  to 
give  me  an  order  to  retain  a  mill,  and  to 
impress  corn  carriages,  boats,  or  any  thing 
to  facilitate  the  collecting  of  provisions ; 
sent  off  Lieutenant  Collier  with  a  party 
for  this  purpose. 

Sept.  13th. — An  account  of  the  Comman- 
der-in-Chief having  arrived  at  his  own  seat 
at  last.  He  has  not  been  within  his  own 
door  for  seven  years,  indeed  not  since  he 
was  first  a  member  of  Congress  in  the  year 
1775,  all  which  time  he  has  been  a  most 
faithful  patriot  and  servant  of  his  country, 
from  the  citizen  he  was  a  counsellor,  then 
a  General,  and  in  reality  the  Father  of  the 
people,  he  has  nobly  shared  in  all  their 
misfortunes,  shewing  the  utmost  fortitude 
and  regularity  of  conduct;  indeed  the  able 
statesman  has  appeared  in  all  his  actions. 
Some  malign  shafts  have  been  shot  at  him 
by  a  small  insignificant  tribe  whose  falsely 
and  ill  directed  arrows  always  reverted  to 
their  own  bow  and  wounded  themselves. 

Sept.  14th.— The  Marquis  Lafayette  still 
continues  ill  of  the  ague.  Yesterday  the 
Marquis  de  St.  Simon,  and  a  number  of 
his  officers,  paid  a  visit  to  our  line,  and  the 
Baron  Steuben  and  our  good  friend  Gen. 
Wayne,  whose  wound  and  gout  still  con- 
tinue ill.  About  3  o'clock  an  express  ar- 
rived, announcing  the  approach  of  our 
great  and  good  Commander-in-Chief,  Gen. 
Washington,  and  the  Count  de  Rocham- 
beau,  the  commander  of  the  allied  armies 
of  France,  now  joining.  At  4,  P.  M.,  the 
guns  fired  a  royal  salute  as  the  General 
approached  the  camp,  on  which  the  two 
armies  turned  out  on  their  battalion  pa- 
rades ; — his  Excellency  and  the  Count  De 
Rochambeau,  with  their  suites,  attended 
by  the  Marquis  do  Lafayette,  Maj.  Gen. 
and  commander  of  the  American,  and 
Maj.  Gen.  Marquis  de  St.  Simon,  com- 
mander of  the  allied  army  (lately  arrived), 


106 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[March, 


and  all  their  suites.,  visited  the  allied  army 
first,  and  then  the  American  army,  and 
were  saluted  according  to  custom ;  these 
ceremonies  finished,  the  whole  of  the  of- 
ficers of  the  French  army  attended  at  the 
Marquis  de  St.  Simon's  quarters  and  were 
introduced  to  the  Illustrious  Hero,  The 
field  officers  of  the  American  army  all 
attended  to  bid  him  and  the  other  Generals 
welcome.  These  ceremonies  over,  an 
elegant  supper  was  served  up,  and  the  fol- 
lowing great  personages  and  officers  supped 
together  in  the  utmost  harmony  and  hap- 
piness, viz:  His  Excellency,  the  Count  de 
Rochambeau,  commander  of  allied  army; 
Maj.  Gen.  Marquis  de  Lafayette,  com- 
mander of  the  army  in  Virginia  ;  Maj. 
Gen.  Marquis  de  St.  Simon,  commander  of 
the  allied  army  in  Virginia  ;  Maj.  Gen. 
Baron  de  Steuben,  Inspector  General  of 
the  American  army  ;  Count  Dumas  (an 
officer  of  distinction  in  the  French  Guards, 
and  one  of  the  aids  of  Rochambeau) ; 
Count   de   Damas,    another    of    his    aids ; 

Count— ,  aid  to  Marquis  de  St.  Simon  ; 

Brig.  Gen.  Hand,  Adj't  Gen.  of  the  Ame- 
rican army;  Cols.  Butler  and  Stewart,  of 
Pennsylvania ;  Col.  Trumbull,  His  Excel- 
lency's secretary ;  Col.  Cobb,  one  of  his 
aids;  Lt,  Col.  Smith,  another  of  his  aids, 
with  a  number  of  other  officers ;  also  Col. 
,  commanding  the  Regiment  Gati- 
nais,  and  many  other  Cols,  and  Lt.  Cols., 
and  other  officers  of  the  allied  army.  To 
add  to  the  happiness  of  the  event  and 
evening,  an  elegant  band  of  music  played 
an  introductive  part  of  a  French  Opera, 
signifying  the  happiness  of  the  family, 
when  blessed  with  the  presence  of  their 
father,  and  their  great  dependance  upon 
him.  About  10  o'clock  the  company  rose 
up,  and  after  mutual  congratulations  and 
the  greatest  expression  of  joy,  they  sepa- 
rated, 

Sept.  15th. — An  officer  arrived  from 
Count  de  Grasse's  fleet,  with  certain  ac- 
count of  the  arrival  of  his  and  Count  de 
Barras'  fleet,  from  Rhode  Island,  with  the 
French  troops  en  board,  and  heavy  artil- 
lery and  large  mortars,  also  of  the  capture 
of  the  famous  Iris  Frigate,  and  the  Rich- 
mond frigate,  which  with  the  Romulus  of 


44  guns,  are  sent  to  Baltimore,  and  head 
of  Eik,  to  bring  down  all  our  troops  and 
apparatus  for  a  siege  ;  the  storm  seems  to 
thicken  fast  about  Lord  Cornwallis,  whose 
people  desert  fast,  which  is  a  certain  symp- 
tom of  despondency  in  all  armies.  This 
day,  his  Excellency,  the  Commander-in- 
Chief,  dined  with  the  Marquis  de  Lafayette, 
also  Marquis  de  St.  Simon,  Baron  de 
Steuben,  Count  de  Rochambeau,  Dumas, 
and  Desandroins,  a  number  of  American 
and  French  officers  of  distinction,  and 
passed  the  afternoon  in  the  greatest  hap- 
piness and  harmony.  Several  officers  of 
the  Navy,  among  whom  is  the  captain  of 
the  Experiment  of  40  guns. 

Sept.  16th, — His  Excellency  Gen.  Wash- 
ington, Counts  de  Rochambeau,  de  Chas- 
tellux,  and  a  great  number  of  Generals  and 
other  officers  dined  with  Baron  de  Steu- 
ben ;  we  spent  the  afternoon  in  great 
harmony  and  retired. 

Sept.  11  to  27. — Has  been  spent  in  de- 
barking the  troops  and  trains  from  the 
shipping  the  whole  being  arrived,  the 
troops  having  taken  their  proper  stations 
and  every  thing  arranged,  and  the  Com- 
mander-in-chief and  principal  officers  re- 
turned from  on  board  the  Ville  de  Paris 
where  the  Generals  have  been  fixing  a  plan 
of  co-operation  with  the  Admiral,  orders 
issued  for  the  whole  army  to  move  at  5 
o'clock. 

Se2?t.  28th. — The  Army  marched  accord- 
ing to  orders,  and  took  post  three  quarters 
of  a  mile  from  the  town  of  York,  and  in 
open  view  of  the  enemy,  on  our  approach 
Lord  Cornwallis  at  the  head  of  his  Dragoons 
turned  out  to  reconnoitre  us,  some  riflemen 
and  two  pieces  of  artillery  moved  towards 
them,  and  with  a  few  shots  made  them 
scatter  and  move  off  into  their  works. 
The  General  reconnoitred  them  and  ordered 
the  heavy  artillery  which  landed  at  Har- 
rod's  landing  below  Burril's  ferry  to  be 
moved  up  as  fast  as  possible.  The  French 
army  have  the  left  fronting  the  British 
right — the  Americans  the  right  faceing 
the  British  left.  The  British  General  seems 
determined  to  stand  a  siege  having  pre- 
pared in  the  best  manner  possible. 

29th. — Small   scattering  fire  both  from 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


107 


the  artillery  and  small  arms,  the  principal 
officers  reconnoitering  and  fixing  a  position. 
This  night,  the  enemy  abandoned  their 
camp  and  out-works  with  precipitation, 
the  advanced  redoubts  entire,  which  shows 
the  want  of  a  fixed  resolution. 

30th. — The  American  and  Allied  army 
took  possession  of  the  abandoned  redoubts 
in  proper  military  form.  The  engineer 
began  to  lay  out  work  for  the  artillery, 
<fec,  and  every  thing  goes  on  with  spirit ; 
1,200  men  for  fatigue,  forming  fascines, 
&c.  The  enemy  very  busy  all  day  at 
the  works  around  the  town.  This  morn- 
ing Cob  Scammel  was  unfortunately 
wounded  and  taken  prisoner  when  recon- 
noitering too  close  to  the  enemy. 

Oct.  1st. — Last  night  a  good  deal  of 
firing  between  the  patrols  and  pickets  ;  two 
works  were  traced  out  and  carried  on  with 
great  vigor.  The  enemy  began  to  cannon- 
ade at  daybreak,  and  also  a  few  shells, 
which  did  no  damage  till  evening,  when 
two  men  were  killed  on  the  works ;  these 
happened  not  to  be  men  on  business,  but 
idle  spectators.  General  Wayne's  brigade 
were  ordered  as  the  covering  party ;  this 
evening  marched  to  our  ground  at  sunset, 
the  Maryland  4th  Regiment  as  picket  in 
advance.  They  kept  up  a  fire  of  three 
pieces  of  cannon  at  half  hour  periods  all 
night. 

Oct.  2d?.— The  fire  of  the  enemy  more 
severe  this  morning  about  10  o'clock,  A.M. ; 
they  brought  up  two  18  pounders  in  addi- 
tion to  what  they  brought  yesterday.  They 
fired  severely  all  day,  the  shot  expended 
amounted  to  351  between  sun-rise  and  sun- 
set. Wayne's  brigade  ordered  to  camp 
for  convenience,  but  still  the  covering  party 
till  sun-set.  The  fire  of  the  enemy  con- 
tinued all  night.  About  10  o'clock,  P.M., 
a  heavy  firing  of  the  ships  in  the  bay.  1 
reconnoitered  the  post  at  Gloster  and  the 
shipping,  which  I  compute  at  10  sail,  the 
Gloster  post  not  strong,  I  think  by  the 
size  of  the  camp,  1,000  men;  their  works 
not  regular,  they  have  one  good  water  bat- 
tery, on  the  York  side  ;  I  observed  a  good 
work  close  by  the  bank  with  four  embra- 1 
sures,  the  ground  very  good  for  approaches ;  j 
in  general  our  works  go  on  slow,  the  heavy  | 


artillery  hard  to  get  up;  not  one  piece  of 
cannon  as  yet  fired  at  them  ;  indeed,  I  dis- 
cover very  plainly  that  we  are  young 
soldiers  in  a  siege  ;  however,  we  are  de- 
termined to  benefit  ourselves  by  experience ; 
one  virtue  we  possess,  that  is  perseverance. 

Oct.  3d.— -The  enemy  ceased  firing  at 
sun-rise ;  four  men  of  the  picket  belonging  to 
Capt.  Ray's  company  were  killed  by  a  cannon 
shot  of  the  enemy  in  the  night.  About  10 
o'clock  began  to  fire  single  shot.  The  ruf- 
fian Tarleton,  with  a  body  of  troops,  went 
to  Gloster  yesterday;  after  killing  all  his 
poor  horses  and  mounting  men  on  the  offi- 
cers'horses,  (who  Lord  Cornwallis  order- 
ed to  part  with  them)  pushed  out  to  forage, 
but  fell  in  with  the  Duke  de  Lauzun  and 
his  legion,  who  treated  them  very  roughly, 
and  obliged  them  to  retire  to  their  lurking 
places  with  the  loss  of  above  fifty  killed, 
wounded  and  taken.  Tarleton  himself  was 
rode  down  by  his  own  men,  whose  hurry 
caused  them  to  be  very  impolite  to  their 
commander. 

The  loss  of  the  Duke  was  few,  not  more 
than  six  men  killed  and  wounded,  with  3 
officers  wounded.  Tarleton  had  one  Captain 
killed,  and  several  officers  wounded.  Two 
of  the  Reg't  Deux  Fonts  deserted  to  the 
enemy,  also  one  Jersey  and  one  Maryland 
soldier!  The  Pennsylvania  troops  for 
fatigue  who  finished  the  redoubts. 

October  4th.~^Vevy  little  firing  all  day. 
Wayne  and  Colonel  Butler  went  to  recon^ 
noiter  on  the  York  river  side,  the  enemy 
very  busy  forming  new  works.  Two  de- 
serters from  the  enemy,  who  report  that 
Cornwallis'  army  is  very  sickly  to  the 
amount  of  2000  men  in  the  hospital,  and 
that  the  troops  had  scarce  ground  to  liver 
upon,  their  shipping  in  a  very  naked  state 
and  their  cavalry  very  scarce  of  forage. 
2000  French  marines  landed  on  Gloster" 
side  from  Count  de  Grasse  at  9  o'clock 
P.M.,  a  smart  firing  of  small  arms,  which* 
brought  a  very  heavy  cannonade  all  night. 

October  5th. — Cannonading  all  morning, 
our  part  increases  fast,  and  things  go  on  well, 
to-day  about  4  o'clock  P.M.,  Corporal  Or- 
gan, a  brave  and  honest  soldier,  was  unfor- 
tunately killed  by  a  cannon  shot ;  a  great 
deal  of  firing  through  the  night,    Pennsyl* 


103 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[March, 


vania  and  Maryland  Militia  for  gabion 
making  to-morrow.  Confirmation  of  Gen- 
eral Green's  success  came  to  the  Com- 
mander-in-Chief. 

October  6th. — Pennsylvania  and  some 
other  troops  went  to  gabion  making ; 
finished  a  great  number  and  carried  them 
to  the  right  near  the  York  river,  400 
paces  from  the  enemy.  The  first  parallel 
and  other  works  being  laid  out  by  the  En- 
gineer ;  a  body  of  troops  ordered  under 
Generals  Lincoln,  Wayne  and  Clinton,  to 
break  ground  and  form  works,  the  materials 
being  got  ready  and  brought  previously  to 
the  spot.  The  enemy  kept  up  a  severe 
cannonade  all  night,  it  began  on  the  left  of 
the  allied  army,  who  lost  some  men  killed 
and  one  officer  and  several  men  wounded  ; 
their  intention  was  to  possess  the  enemy's 
advanced  redoubt  on  the  York  river,  but 
one  of  the  dragoons  having  deserted  the 
enemy  discovered  the  intention,  which 
caused  the  enemy  to  keep  up  an  (almost) 
incessant  fire  that  way  through  the  night  ; 
the  allied  army  finding  the  enemy  too  well 
apprized,  contented  themselves  with  going 
on  with  their  work.  The  American  part 
of  the  army  on  duty  made  great  progress 
in  forming  lines  and  batteries  without  the 
loss  of  a  man. 

October  1th. — The  whole  continued  at 
work,  notwithstanding  the  enemies  fire 
through  the  whole  day  and  night.  About 
day  light,  a  very  sharp  fire  of  small  arms 
commenced,  succeeded  by  artillery,  they 
go  on  well,  and  our  loss  as  yet  very  trifling, 
indeed  the  siege  appears  to  be  no  more 
than  an  experimental  movement. 

Oct.  8th,  1781. — The  division  of  Steuben 
for  the  trenches  to-day.  This  is  composed 
of  the  Virginia,  Maryland,  and  Pennsyl- 
vania troops.  The  enemy  continued  to 
cannonade,  mounted  at  12  o'clock.  The 
enemy  kept  hard  at  work,  and  fired  inces- 
santly on  our  fatigue  parties,  who  really 
wrought  hard,  and  completed  one  large 
battery  on  our  extreme  right,  on  the  bank 
of  the  river,  on  which  three  29  pounders, 
three  18  pounders,  two  10  inch  mortars, 
and  two  8  inch  howitzers  were  mounted. 
The  Marquis  de  St.  Simon  had  a  battery 
completed  on  the  extreme  left,  of  eight  18 


and  12  pounders,  two  10  inch  mortars, 
and  two  8  inch  howitzers,  both  which  bat- 
teries were  made  ready  to  open  at  the 
same  instant. — A  very  fine  battery  of 
twelve  32,  24,  and  18  pounders,  six  10 
inch  mortars,  and  six  8  inch  howitzers,  was 
forwarded,  with  small  batteries  on  the 
right  and  left  of  this  grand  centre  battery. 
The  enemy  seem  embarrassed,  confused, 
and  indeterminate  ;  their  fire  seems  feeble 
to  what  might  be  expected,  their  works, 
too,  are  not  formed  on  any  regular  plan, 
but  thrown  up  in  a  hurry  occasionally,  and 
although  we  have  not  as  yet  fired  one  shot 
from  a  piece  of  artillery,  they  are  as  cau- 
tious as  if  the  heaviest  fire  was  kept  up. 

9th. — Relieved  by  Major  General  Lin- 
coln's division.  This  day,  at  3  o'clock, 
P.  M.,  the  batteries  of  Lamb  and  the  Mar- 
quis de  St.  Simon  opened  with  great 
elegance,  and  were  quickly  followed.  The 
Commander-in-chief  paid  the  allies  the 
compliment  of  firing  first.  The  shot  and 
shells  flew  incessantly  through  the  night, 
dismounted  the  guns  of  the  enemy,  and 
destroyed  many  of  their  embrasures. 

10th. — Another  grand  battery  in  centre 
of  the  line  of  contravallation,  consist- 
ing of  four  32  pounders,  four  24  poun- 
ders, and  four  18  pounders,  six  8  and  10 
inch  mortars,  with  two  8  inch  howitzers. 
Opened  at  dawn  of  day,  and  played  inces- 
santly, and  destroyed  houses,  works,  and 
everything  before  it.  About  12  o'clock, 
Secretary  Nelson  came  out  with  a  flag, 
and  informed  the  Commander-in-chief  that 
Lord  Cornwallis  and  the  chief  officers 
were  burrowed  in  the  ground,  and  that 
our  shot  and  shells  did  great  execution ; 
he  also  says  Majors  Cochran  and  Gordon, 
of  the  British  army,  arrived  from  New 
York  in  a  whale-boat,  who  brought  ac- 
counts that  Admiral  Digby  had  actually 
30  sail  of  line  of  battle  ships,  and  was 
resolved  to  relieve  the  garrison  by  an 
attack  on  the  French  fleet,  and  sending  in 
a  reinforcement  which  Sir  Plenry  Clinton 
had  embarked.  He  adds  that  Tarleton 
and  Simcoe  have  killed  above  1000  horses, 
and  that  they  were  both  unwell  and  in- 
active ;  that  Duke  de  Lauzun  kept  them 
entirely  in,  and  very  frequently  alarmed 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


109 


them ;  that  the  town  was  quite  cut  to 
pieces  with  works  of  different  kinds.  About 
12  o'clock  some  of  our  shot  took  effect 
among,  and  sunk  several  of  their  shipping, 
which  set  them  to  work  to  scuttle  and 
sink  several  more.  Our  fire  was  kept  up 
with  unremitting  fury  all  day: — after  dark 
the  shell  made  a  very  beautiful,  though  at 
the  same  time  dreadful  appearance.  About 
9  o'clock,  P.  M.,  a  fire  broke  out  among 
the  shipping — three  were  burned,  among 
which  was  the  Charon,  of  40  guns.  The 
sailors  got  them  towed  towards  the  Gloster 
shore,  in  doing  which  two  others  took  fire, 
so  that  the  total  loss  is  five  burnt. 

11th. — The  chief  part  of  their  ships 
taken  over  towards  Gloster,  out  of  the 
range  of  our  shot  and  shells  which  annoyed 
them  much — the  chief  of  the  remainder 
sunk,  or  hauled  close  in  shore,  the  garrison 
kept  up  and  much  fatigued.  This  night 
Colonel  Richard  Butler  had  the  command 
of  600  men,  and  opened  about  700  paces 
of  the  second  parallel  within  about  250 
yards  of  their  works ;  in  many  places  this 
was  done  so  secretly  that  the  enemy  did 
not  know  of  it  till  day ;  when  they  com- 
menced a  very  heavy  fire,  though  they  did 
but  little  harm. 

12th. — A  constant  fire  of  shot  and  shells 
from  both  parties,  many  men  killed  and 
wounded  on  our  side,  and  deserters  say 
we  made  great  havoc  in  town  with  our 
shells. 

13th. — Several  deserters  out  of  town, 
who  say  the  enemy  are  in  confusion  the 
whole  of  the  army  on  duty  or  fatigue, 
making  saucissons,  fascines,  stakes,  gabions, 
and  palisades,  to  make  good  the  daily 
consumption,  several  men  killed  and  woun- 
ded. 

14th. — Steuben's  division  for  the  trench- 
es, mounted  early,  in  order  to  relieve 
the  light-infantry.  At  sunset  the  infantry, 
under  the  Marquis  de  Lafayette,  and  a 
part  of  the  Regiment  Deux  Ponts  and  the 
French  Grenadiers,  under  de  Viomesnil, 
moved  out  at  1  o'clock,  P.  M.,  made  an 
attack  on  two  of  the  enemy's  redoubts 
that  had  prevented  us  running  our  second 
parallel.  The  Marquis  de  Lafayette,  with 
his  detachment,  attacked  the  small  redoubt 


on  the  river  side,  and  the  enemy's  extreme 
left,  and  the  Baron  de  Viomesnil  the  re- 
doubt on  a  line  with  this,  more  to  the 
enemy's  right,  300  paces.  The  two  attacks 
commenced  almost  at  the  instant,  and 
were  conducted  with  spirit  and  bravery, 
the  dispositions  military,  the  redoubts 
were  both  carried  in  ten  minutes,  with 
trifling  loss  on  all  sides.  The  British  offi- 
cers taken  are  Major  and  Capt.  Campbell, 
and — * 

The  prisoners  were  secured,  and  imme- 
diately the  second  parallel  was  completed 
from  these  redoubts  to  the  place  where  Col. 
Richard  Butler  left  off  on  account  of  these 
redoubts,  which  if  left  in  their  possession, 
would  have  impeded  the  progress  of  the 
siege,  which  rendered  them  of  more  import- 
ance to  both  parties.  The  British  defence 
was  very  faint  to  what  might  have  been 
expected,  from  the  consequence  they  were 
of  to  them,  in  keeping  us  at  a  distance. 
After  these  were  carried,  an  alarm  was 
spread  around  the  British  line  in  order 
to  ascertain  what  weight  of  fire  they 
could  produce,  which  proved  very  faint, — 
this  is  a  measure  highly  proper,  as  it  puts 
the  besiegers  power  to  proportion  their 
attack  in  case  of  storm,  and  should  be 
guarded  against  by  the  besieged,  and  the 
greatest  care  taken  never  to  expose  their 
strength  unnecessarily.  Again  daylight 
the  second  parallel  was  closed  and  the  lines 
of  communication  formed,  which,  from  the 
immensity  of  the  work,  must  have  surprised 
the  enemy,  as  it  advanced  us  V00  yards  in 
some  places,  and  put  us  within  250  yards 
of  their  works  generally.  The  allies  are  a 
fine,  steady,  persevering  people,  and  our 
confidence  in  each  other  seems  mutual. 
Batteries  are  laying  out — and  the  materials 
collecting  so  fast,  that  the  enemy  must  be 
surprised  at  our  facility  and  execution. 

loth. — Col.  Butler  and  part  of  the  two 
Pennsylvania  Battalions  relieved  part  of 
the  fatigue.  The  batteries  were  laid  out 
early,  and  the  materials  brought  to  the 
spots  assigned.  The  enemy  sent  out  an 
improper  flag,  which  was  detained  till  the 
Marquis  de  la  Fayette  sent  one  in  to  Lord 
Cornwallis,  to  inform  him  of  the  impro- 
priety of  his  conduct  in  sending  a  flag  and 


110 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[March, 


firing  at  the  same  time  ;  his  Lordship  sent 
an  aid  to  our  flag  to  assure  us  he  was  sorry 
he  had  given  an  unintended  offence,  and 
requested  he  would  point  out  the  place  for 
the  reception  of  flags  in  future.  On  the 
return  of  the  respective  flags  hostilities 
commenced  very  warmly.  General  Wash- 
ington, Count  de  Rocbambeau,  Gen.  Chas- 
telux  and  many  other  general  officers, 
visited  the  lines.  Capt.  de  La  Touche,  of 
the  Hermione  frigate,  and  several  officers 
of  the  Navy,  came  up  to  visit  the  lines,  and 
seemed  highly  pleased  at  our  approaches, 
which  really  appear  very  judicious. 

The  Commander-in-Chief  returned  thanks 
in  general  orders  to  the  Marquis  De  Vio- 
mesnil,  the  Marquis  De  La  Fayette,  and  all 
the  officers  and  troops  concerned  in  the 
late  attack  ;  it  is  observed  that  very  little 
blood  of  the  enemy  Avas  spilt,  although  the 
national  prejudice  is  so  great.  The  enemy 
have  an  amazing  number  of  sick  in  town, 
and  are  obliged  to  send  their  wounded  to 
Gloster,  where  Col.  Dundas  commands. 
All  the  enemy's  cavalry  and  about  1,000 


foot    compose    this 


Steuben' 


division  were  relieved  by  General  Lin- 
coln's about  1  o'clock,  P.M.  The  ene- 
my's shells  have  wounded  several  of  the 
militia. 

The  batteries  were  opened  and  fired  with 
great  success,  which  silenced  the  chief  of 
the  enemy's  batteries  ;  many  of  their  men 
were  killed,  and  the  whole  of  the  garrison 
thrown  into  confusion.  About  12  o'clock 
at  night,  Maj.  Abercrombie,  of  the  British, 
with  a  party  of  the  Light  Infantry  and 
Guards,  made  a  sally,  and  passing  between 
two  small  redoubts  that  were  unfinished, 
and  where  (by  the  parties  being  moved  in 
another  post  to  work,)  the  line  was  weak, 
got  possession  of  the  trench  ;  thence  they 
pushed  rapidly  to  a  French  battery,  and 
spiked  the  guns  and  drove  out  the  people, 
having  killed  four  or  five  :  Thence  to  the 
covert  way  or  communication  leading  from 
the  first  to  the  second  parallel,  where  they 
halted.  They  then  discovered  a  battery 
commanded  by  Capt.  Savage,  of  the  Ame- 
ricans and  challenged,  What  troops  ?  The 
answer  was  French — on  which  the  order  of 
the   British  Commandant   was  "Push  on, 


my  brave  boys,  and  skin  the  b rs." 

This  was  heard  by  Count  De  Noailles, 
who  had  the  command  of  a  covering  party, 
which  he  ordered  to  advance,  and  was 
guided  by  the  Huzza  of  the  British.  He 
ordered  grenadiers  to  "  charge  bayonet  and 
rush  on,"  which  they  did  with  great  spirit 
crying  "  Vive  Le  -ifoy,"  and  to  use  the 
British  phrase  skivered  eight  of  the  Guards 
and  Infantry,  and  took  twelve  prisoners, 
and  drove  them  quite  off.  The  British 
spiked  Savage's  three  guns  with  the  points 
of  bayonets,  but  our  smiths  and  artillery 
men  soon  cleared  all  the  guns,  and  in  six 
hours  chastised  the  enemy  for  their  teme- 
rity with  the  same  pieces.  Our  loss  was 
very  trifling,  though  the  British  really 
executed  the  sortie  with  secrecy  and  spirit. 

\§th. — This  day  employed  in  cleaning 
the  trenches,  filling  up  the  banquettes,  and 
completing  our  batteries  with  the  different 
kinds  of  artillery,  and  using  those  briskly 
that  had  been  placed  yesterday.  We  lost 
a  few  men  by  small  shells  and  shot,  as  our 
lines  are  close. 

17th. — Major  General  de  Steuben's  divi- 
sion mounted  the  trenches  at  12  o'clock; 
at  10  o'clock,  A.  M.,  Lord  Cornwallis  sent 
out  a  flag,  requesting  a  suspension  of  hos- 
tilities for  24  hours,  and  that  two  Commis- 
sioners shall  be  appointed,  to  agree  on  a 
capitulation  for  the  ports  of  York  and 
Gloster,  with  the  troops  and  shipping. 
Gen.  Washington  sent  no  answer  to  the 
first  request.  About  4  o'clock,  P.  M., 
another  flag,  requesting  a  cessation  for 
four  hours.  The  General  agreed  that  a 
cessation  should  take  place  for  two  hours. 
Reasonable  proposals  were  made,  and  only 
some  small  alterations,  necessary  for  the 
satisfaction  and  accommodation  of  parties, 
therefore  no  more  work  or  firing. 

18th. — The  troops  in  the  trenches  being 
entitled  to  the  honor  of  closing  the  siege, 
we  therefore  remained  unrelieved  in  the 
trenches.  This  day  the  whole  army  were 
ordered  to  hold  themselves  in  readiness 
for  any  service  requisite.  Two  Commis- 
sioners from  the  American  and  two  from 
the  British  army,  to  draw  up  the  capitu- 
lation in  form,  these  were  His  Excellency 
Lieutenant  General  the  Chevalier  de  Chas- 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


111 


tellux  and  Col.  Laurens  for  America,  and 
*  for  the  British. 

Col.  Butler,  with  200  of  the  American 
troops,  were  ordered  to  take  possession  of 
one  of  the  enemy's  works,  and  the  Mar- 
quis Laval,  with  100  Grenadiers  of  France, 
to  take  possession  of  another.  This  being 
a  day  of  negotiation,  every  thing  appeared 
to  be  in  suspense.  After  the  troops  were 
ready  to  march,  they  were  ordered  to 
remain  on  their  arms. 

19^A. — About  11  o'clock  last  night,  the 
British  commissioners  returned  to  York, 
they  not  having  completed  the  capitulation, 
and  the  truce  continued  till  9  o'clock  this 
morning.  About  1 1  o'clock,  A.  M.,  all 
settled,  the  capitulation  was  signed,  and 
the  two  parties  under  the  Marquis  Laval 
and  Col.  Butler  reduced  to  100  each,  to  be 
commanded  by  a  Major,  who  marched  im- 
mediately, and  took  possession  of  the 
works  at  12  o'clock;  then  the  two  armies 
were  drawn  up  opposite  to  each  other,  on 
the  road  leading  from  York  to  the  country, 
and  at  2  P.  M.,  the  British  army  marched 
out,  to  the  great  satisfaction  of  the  whole 
American  army  and  all  spectators.  Their 
number  as  follows  : — 1  Lt.  Gen.,  1  Br.  Gen., 
2  Cols.,  8  Lt.  Cols.,  11  Majors,  52  Capts., 
89  Lts.,  36  Ens.,  2  Chaplains,  12  Adjs., 
10  Qr.  Masters,  10  Surgeons,  22  Mates, 
295  Sergeants,  121  Drummers  and  Fifers ; 
Rank  and  File  fit  for  duty  3293,  Sick  pre- 
sent, 90  Sergeants,  44  Drummers  and  Fifers ; 
Rank  and  File  1741 — total  582 1 — 70  pieces 
brass  Ordnance,  (this  is  the  post  of  York 
only.) 

20th. — Two  divisions  of  the  British  army 
were  ordered  to  march  under  the  care  of 
the  militia,  for  Staunton  and  Winchester. 
All  this  day  spent  in  collecting  public 
stores. 

21st. — Gen.  Choiseul  went  to  the  post 
of  Gloster,  and  disarmed  and  dismounted 
the  garrison,  both  horse  and  foot,  agree- 
ably to  the  capitulation.  This  day  the 
British  and  German  troops  marched  for 
their  destination.  The  Commissaries  still 
busy  collecting  the  stores  of  all  kinds. 

22d. — The   French   Frigates   and  Com- 


*  A  blank  in  the  original. 


j  missaries  were  up  to  take  account  of  the 
[Marine  Department ;  the  stores  still  col- 
lecting. I  observe  the  greatest  villainy 
practised  by  the  British  ;  they  don't  appear 
to  have  an  idea  of  honor  in  any  of  their 
actions.  They  have  completely  plundered 
every  thing  in  their  power,  and  do  not  pay 
the  least  regard  to  any  treaty.  I  also  find 
the  greatest  of  abuses  committed  by  per- 
sons who  pass  into  the  town,  and  instead 
of  the  army  being  benefitted  by  any  sale 
of  goods  or  privilege  to  purchase,  the 
stores  are  kept  shut,  which  answers  an 
excellent  purpose  for  all  speculations  by 
the  rascals  who  take  advantage  of  such 
times. 

We  have  been  particularly  happy  in 
good  weather  during  the  whole  siege.  We 
had  but  one  wet  night,  that  of  the  15th. 
The  army  in  good  spirits,  and  seem  ready 
for  any  other  service. 

23d. — Fine  weather.  This  day  a  Council 
of  war  wras  held  at  Head  Quarters.  The 
sloop  of  war  Bonnetta  fell  down  the  river, 
with  her  iniquitous  cargo  of  deserters, 
stolen  negroes,  and  public  stores  that  the 
British  officers  had  secreted,  in  violation 
of  treaty  and  in  breach  of  honor.  Lord 
Cornwallis  visited  the  General  officers  in 
return  for  their  visits.  Col.  Tarlton  was 
dismounted  by  a  man  from  the  country, 
whose  horse  he  had  stolen  some  time  ago. 
The  American  Commissioners  are  still  col- 
lecting and  taking  account  of  stores  of 
all  kinds. 

24th. — Still  fine  weather.  This  day  went 
into  town  with  General  Wayne.  Observed 
great  irregularity  in  collecting  public 
stores.  The  French  artillery  conductors 
very  busy  in  embarking  their  stores.  Eight 
fine  frigates,  and  one  40  gun  ship  in  the 
harbor.  Their  intention  is  to  weigh  the 
vessels  sunk  during  the  siege. 

The  following  noblemen  are  this  after- 
noon embarked  for  France,  viz  : — Count 
Laval,  Viscount  Win.  Deux  Pouts  (brother 
to  Count  Bernard  Deux  Pouts,  who  com- 
mands the  elegant  regiment  Deux  Ponts), 
and  Captain  Montesquieu,  with  their  at- 
tendants, on  board  the  Hermione  frigate, 
with  duplicates  of  the  surrender  of  the 
army  under  Lord  Cornwallis. 


112 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[March, 


25th. — The  Count  de  Rochambeau  visit- 
ed Gloster.  The  stores  still  collecting  by 
the  Commissioners,  and  the  British  and 
country  people  stealing.  The  merchants 
and  suttlers  of  the  British  army  are  this 
day  met  with  the  Quarter  Masters,  to  de- 
vise some  plan  to  dispose  of  the  property 
to  the  officers  of  the  army. 


ni  (Bmx'm. 


NOTES. 

Singular  Advertisement. — (From  the 
Royal  Gazette  and  the  New  Brunswick 
Advertiser  (St.  John's,  N.B.),  January  20, 
1789.) 

Pro  Bono  Publico  or  Charles Loosley  is  no 
dead,  (Laus  Deo)  is  not  dead,  as  report- 
ed, but  lives  at  Grinross  Neck,  in  the  royal 
county  of  Queen's,  in  a  good  stately  look- 
ing house,  rather  unfinished  but  comfort- 
able. By  him  the  hungry  can  get  the  best 
food,  the  athirst,  good  drink,  and  the 
weary,  beds ;  and  for  their  horses,  warm 
stables,  oats  and  English  hay,  at  moderate 
prices,  as  usual. 

Pro  Bono  Publico  also  informs  all  those 
gentlemen  who  are  indebted  to  him  (for  the 
fourth  and  last  time)  that  unless  they  dis- 
charge their  arrears  in  fourteen  days  from 
the  date  hereof,  he  will  be  under  the  dis- 
agreeable necessity  of  putting  them  with- 
out discrimination  in  a  common  cage  or  go 
"in  one  himself. 


which  continued  in  force  until  a  constitu- 
tion was  formed,  September  15,  1818." 

Now,  considering  that  Connecticut  was 
not  first  settled  at  Windsor ;  that  it  was 
not  settled  before  1635,  though  the  Dutch 
had  built  a  fort  at  Hardford,  and  Ply- 
mouth a  trading-house  at  Windsor,  two 
years  earlier,  but  no  u  puritans  from  Massa- 
chusetts" were  at  either  place ;  that  Con- 
necticut did  not  continue  more  than  one 
year  under  the  jurisdiction  of  Massachu- 
setts ;  that  Massachusetts  was  not  a  ''pro- 
vince ;"  and  that  the  Connecticut  charter 
of  1662  gave  way  to  the  present  constitu- 
tion when  the  latter  was  adopted  by  the 
electors  in  October,  and  not  when  it  was 
framed  by  a  convention  in  September, 
1818; — considering  all  this,  it  may  be 
doubted  whether  other  six  lines  can  be 
found,  even  in  a  "  book  of  reference,"  em- 
bodying so  many  new  facts  as  do  these. 

It  is  true  that  the  Almanac  is  not  en- 
titled to  the  exclusive  credit  of  the  com- 
pilation. Its  editor  was  largely  indebted 
to  Colonel  Hickey's  Constitution  of  the 
United  States, — a  standard  authority, — 
for  two  most  important  items  ;  to  wit,  that 
Connecticut  wTas  "  embraced  under  the 
charters  of  Massachusetts ;  and  continued 
under  the  same  jurisdiction  until  April  23, 
1662,  when  a  separate  charter  was  grant- 
ed" (p.  399  ;  3d  edition). 

Where  an  author  gives  two  or  three 
octavos  to  the  history  of  a  State,  an  oc- 
casional error  of  fact  or  date  is  excusable  ; 
but  when  such  a  history  is  condensed,  for 
ready  reference,  into  a  half  a  dozen  Imes, 
it  seems  unnecessary  that  these  should  con- 
tain, year  after  year,  half  a  dozen  misstate- 
ments. T. 


Facts  which  are  not  Facts. — The 
Evening  Journal  Almanac  for  1864,  a 
very  useful  and  convenient  manual  of  poli- 
tical information,  has  the  following  com- 
pend  of  State  history,  which  seems  worth 
transferring  to  the  pages  of  the  Hist. 
Magazine : — 

"  Connecticut  was  settled  at  Windsor, 
in  1633,  by  English  Puritans  from  Massa- 
chusetts, and  continued  under  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  that  province  until  April  23,  1662, 
when    a   separate   charter    was    granted, 


"  The  Celebrated  Latin  Line  on 
Franklin"  (vii.  354).— The  H.  M.  for 
Nov.,  1863,  has  a  note  that  Mr.  Sumner 
has  settled  the  authorship  of  the  celebrated 
Latin  verse,  written  under  the  picture  of 
Franklin  : — 

"  Eripuit  coelo  fulmen  seeptrutnque  tyrannis." 
That  Lord  Brougham  had  erred  in  ascrib- 
ing the  verse    to    Claudian,  and    that  Mr. 
Sumner,    in    a    scholarly    review,    shows 
that  the  verse  was  written  by  Mons.  Tur- 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


113 


got,  and  he  finds  its  model  in  a  verse  of 
the  Anti-Lucretius  of  Cardinal  Melchior  de 
Polignac. 

The  authorship  of  that  line  was  settled 
more  than  ten  years  ago.  The  whole  matter 
may  be  found  in  the  English  Notes  and 
Queries,  7th  Feb.,  1852  (v.  140),  just  as 
Mr.  Sumner  gives,  and  the  detail  there 
given  had  been  copied  into  American  news- 
papers. 


Urbano,  Ohio,  Jan.  25,  '64. 


J.    H.   J. 


The  Price  of  Substitutes  in  the 
Olden  Time. — The  copy  of  a  document  in 
my  possession. 

H.  W.  B. 

Portland,  Feb.,  '64. 

Waltiiam  June  the  10th  174S 

Then  Received  of  Josiah  Brown  the  sum 
of  Forty  Pound  old  tenor  as  his  sum  for 
going  in  to  his  Majesties  service  to  the 
Eastward  frontiers  to  be  improved  in  hiring 
a  man  to  go  in  his  room. 

Received  Pr  me 
j   Samuel  Livermore  Cap1- 

Reminiscences  of  Burr's  Later  Days. 
— Among  the  recollections  of  the  wife  of 
a  navy  officer  we  find  the  following  : — 

Aaron  Burr  came  to  Staten  Island  an 
invalid,  which  he  had  been  for  some  years 
previous,  and  as  near  as  one  who  knows 
little  of  his  pecuniary  resources  but  all  the 
surroundings  of  his  situation  at  that  time 
can  judge,  this  spot  was  selected  as  being 
healthful,  contiguous  to  the  city  of  New 
York,  near  his  then  acting  guardian,  and 
at  the  same  time  within  the  limits  of  his 
apparently  small  means.  The  hotel  where 
Aaron  Burr  spent  his  last  summer,  and  in 
which  he  died,  still  stands,  beautifully 
situated  on  the  borders  of  the  "  Kill  van 
Kull,"  about  eight  miles  from  the  city  of 
New  York.  It  is  a  frame  building,  two 
and  a-half  stories  high,  with  large  upper 
and  lower  piazzas  and  spacious  rooms,  and 
though  since  degenerated,  it  was  at  that 
time  accommodating  summer  boarders 
from  the  city.  It  was  plainly  but  com- 
fortably furnished ;  and  during  the  sum- 
mer   of   1836   accommodated   several    fa- 

hist.  mag.     vol.  VIII.         14 


milies  of  Government  officers  who  were 
employed  on  surveying  duty  around  the 
island.  I  am  thus  particular,  because  by 
those  less  faithful  or  less  familiar,  it  has  been 
described  as  not  more  than  a  shanty.  The 
Port  Richmond  Hotel  at  that  time  had  as  its 
proprietors  the  son-in-law  and  daughter  of 
the  former  representative  in  Congress  from 
Richmond  County.  During  the  summer  of 
which  I  write,  Matthew  L.  Davis  (and  his 
chere  amie)  was  also  a  boarder  at  the 
hotel,  and  as  afterwards  developed,  was 
employed  to  write  the  Biography  of  Aaron 
Burr,  which  was  doubtless  a  faithful  politi- 
cal history,  without  detailing  his  domestic 
life.  His  age  was  eighty  years,  and  he  was 
a  petulant  old  man,  who  had  outlived  the 
sunshine  and  buoyancy  of  his  nature,  and 
was  jealously  sensitive  to  a  slight  or  ne- 
glect, and  evidently  unhappy  from  remorse 
or  present  discomforts  of  mind.  This  he 
constantly  evidenced  to  his  only  attendant, 
a  female  nurse,  to  such  a  degree  that  again 
and  again  she  protested  that  she  could  en- 
dure such  impatience  and  profanity  no 
longer. 

I  well  remember  Burr  especially  coveted 
society,  which,  as  he  had  become  exceed- 
ingly egotistical,  was  not  always  willingly 
granted  him ;  he  would  lie  on  his  bed, 
with  his  door  open,  and  call  those  who 
might  be  passing  to  or  from  their  opposite 
rooms  and  implore  them  to  come  and  sit 
and  converse  with  him.  He  indignantly 
reproached  many  of  his  friends  for  their 
neglect  of  him,  often  naming  them,  and 
would  become  impatient  beyond  control 
when  his  usual  ride  was  omitted. 

Just  previous  to  his  death,  and  when  in- 
formed that  the  event  could  not  be  very 
distant,  he  requested  of  his  attendants  that 
M'hen  the  time  for  his  dissolution  drew 
so  near  that  none  could  mistake  it,  a 
courier  should  be  sent  to  a  certain  street 
and  number  in  New  York  city,  and  there 
summon  a  little  girl  to  his  bedside.  But 
the  messenger  sent  was  too  late;  the  child, 
a  girl  of  twelve  years,  arrived  just  after  his 
spirit  had  taken  its  departure  for  another 
world,  and  the  child  returned  as  she  came, 
without  a  revelation  or  why  or  for  what  pur- 
pose she  had  been  summoned.  And  thus  end- 


114 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[March, 


ed  the  life  of  this  brilliant  but  unprincipled 
personage  who,  for  thirty  years,  has  served 
as  a  melancholy  illustration  of  talents  and 
education  uninfluenced  by  moral  or  re- 
ligious considerations. 

Plymouth  Anniveesary  Discourses. 
— A  list  of  the  Anniversary  Discourses, 
delivered  at  Plymouth,  and  designating 
such  as  have  been  printed  (before  1820), 
may  be  found  in  the  Appendix  to  Daniel 
Webster's  Discourse,  delivered  Dec.  22nd, 
1820. 


Fort  Stevens, — In  the  summer  of  1851 
(perhaps  1852),  in  grading  a  lot  of  land  in 
Astoria,  Long  Island,  a  slight  elevation 
was  dug  down.  The  lot  is  the  one  next 
west  of  the  late  residence  of  Albert  C. 
Whittemore,  now  of  Havana  in  this  state, 
and  belonged  to  Josiah  Blackwell.  While 
digging,  a  number  of  human  bones  were 
found.  It  was  at  first  supposed  that  the 
place  might  have  been  the  family  burial 
ground  of  some  previous  owner  of  the  land. 
Upon  subsequent  inquiry,  I  ascertained 
from  Henry  Blackwell,  a  native  of  the 
village  and  always  a  resident  there,  that 
the  few  soldiers  who  died  at  Fort  Stevens 
(the  ruins  of  which  still  remain  at  the  point 
of  land  close  to  Hurl  Gate)  during  its  occu- 
pancy, were  buried  wThere  these  bones 
were  discovered,  The  workmen  collected 
the  remains  and  buried  them  at  the  foot  of 
a  small  tree  about  sixty  feet  west  of  Mr, 
Whittemore's  west  line,  and  about  forty 
feet  from  the  shore  of  what  is  called  Pot 
Cove  (East  River).  The  spot  is  about 
twenty-five  feet  N.  E.  from  the  original 
place  of  interment. 

John  M.  Eager, 

New  York  City. 


Strange  Superstition. — In  1656  a 
breach  of  promise  case  occurred  in  New 
Amsterdam,  in  which  the  man,  being 
defendant,  excused  his  refusal  on  the 
ground  that  the  plaintiff  was  able  "  to  kill 
any  man  who  happens  to  know  her,  as  she 
hath  a  white  lung"  (vermits  un  witte  longh 
heeft).  The  parties  were,  as  Dr.  O'Calla- 
ghan  states,  both  French. 


An  Early  Canal. — The  County  of 
Orange,  in  this  State,  probably  contained 
the  first  canal  made  in  America.  Lieut. 
Governor  Colden,  of  Coldenham,  in  that 
county,  had  the  honor  of  constructing  it 
and  putting  it  into  practical  operation. 
At  what  precise  time  it  was  built  I  have 
been  unable,  as  yet,  to  discover,  but  Colden 
located  his  patent  to  Coldenham  Manor 
in  or  about  1728,  and  continued  to  reside 
upon  it  until  1*760,  at  which  time  he  was 
appointed  Lieut.  Governor,  and  removed 
to  New  York  City.  The  canal  was  built 
in  the  interval  between  his  location  and 
removal.  He  could  not,  in  all  probability, 
have  taken  a  hint  for  its  construction  from 
the  similar  work  of  the  Duke  of  Bridge- 
water,  who  built  the  canal  of  ten  miles 
(about)  from  his  coal  measures  in  Worsley 
to  Manchester,  for  the  Act  of  Parliament 
in  his  favor  was  not  passed  until  1759, 
which  was  only  a  year  before  Colden 
removed  to  New  York. 

The  reason  and  circumstances  of  the 
construction  of  this  early  and  rude  work 
were  these :  Before  Colden's  Patent  and 
near  his  residence  (a  large  stone  house  still 
standing  and  in  good  repair,  on  the  north 
side  of  the  Newburgh  and  Cochecton 
turnpike,  and  about  five  miles  east  of 
Mongomery)  there  was  a  streak  of  bog- 
meadow,  stretching  for  about  a  mile  and 
a  half,  and  running  south  from  the  house. 
It  contained  (and  yet  does)  valuable 
deposits  of  peat  fully  ripe  to  be  used  as 
fuel.  The  peat  was  discovered  upon  the 
drainage  of  the  meadow,  and  Colden 
(always  practical)  converted  the  main  ditch 
into  a  canal  by  widening  and  deepening  it 
beyond  the  necessities  of  mere  drainage, 
and  placed  upon  it  boats,  and  with  horse 
power  transported  the  peat  to  that  point 
of  the  canal  nearest  to  his  residence,  whence 
it  was  taken  for  his  own  family  use  and 
that  of  his  tenants.  Portions  of  this  work 
are  still  visible  upon  the  meadow,  now  one 
of  the  best  and  most  valuable  portions  of 
grazing  land  in  that  county.  Why  Colden 
should  have  incurred  the  expense  and 
trouble  of  such  a  work  for  the  procure- 
ment of  an  inferior  species  of  fuel,  when  his 
large    patent    was    amply    wooded    with 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


115 


timber,  can  only  be  conjectured.  He  evi- 
dently had  his  reason  for  this,  as  he  had 
for  all  his  other  prominent  acts.  Plis 
public  services,  at  least,  show  him  to  have 
been  an  eminently  practical  man. 

John  M.  Eager. 

New  York  Cirr. 


Proclamation  of  Gen.  Lee's  Father 
against  Rebels. — Enclosed  herewith  I 
send  you  an  exact  copy  of  a  Proclamation 
issued  by  Gen.  H.  Lee  at  Elizabethtown 
in  this  (Allegheny)  county,  in  1794,  towards 
the  close  of  the  "Whiskey  Insurrection." 
It  is  not  uninteresting  to  contrast  the  men 
and  events  of  that  day  with  those  of  the 
present.  Thenf  as  now,  a  Virginian  Lee 
Commander-in-Chief  of  an  army;  then 
for  the  purpose  of  upholding  the  Govern- 
ment and  its  laws,  although  but  a  particu- 
lar law  was  resisted,  jtfbw,  a  Lee  heads 
the  chief  army  of  the  rebels,  seeking  to 
destroy  the  Government  itself.  Again,  we 
have  an  excise  on  whiskey,  but  it  is  cheer- 
fully submitted  to ;  and  none  the  less,  that 
the  money  so  raised  will  aid  in  suppressing 
the  present  gigantic  insurrection. 
Yours  &c. 

Wm.  N.  Darlington. 

Pittsburg,  Feb.  15, 1S44. 

By  Henry  Lee,  Esq.,  Governor  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  Virginia,  Maj.  General 
therein  and  Commander  in  Chief  of  the 
Militia  Army  in  the  service  of  the  United 
States. 

Proclamation. 

By  virtue  of  the  powers  and.  authority 
in  me  vested,  by  the  President  of  the 
United  States,  and  in  obedience  to  his 
benign  intentions,  therewith  communicated 
I  do,  by  this  my  Proclamation,  declare  and 
make  known  to  all  concerned,  that  a  full, 
free,  and  entire  pardon  (excepting  and 
providing  as  hereafter  mentioned)  is  here- 
by granted  to  all  persons  resident  within 
the  counties  of  Washington,  Allegheny, 
Westmoreland,  and  Fayette,  in  the  state 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  in  the  county  of  Ohio, 
in  the  state  of  Virginia,  guilty  of  Treason, 
or  misprision  of  Treason  against  the  United 


States,  or  otherwise  directly  or  indirectly 
engaged    in    the    wicked     and    unhappy 
tumults  and  disturbances  lately  existing  in 
those     counties ;     excepting    nevertheless 
from  the  benefit  and  effect  of  this  pardon 
all  persons  charged  with  the  commission 
of  offences  against  the  United  States,  and 
now  actually  m  custody  or  held  by  recogni- 
zance   to    appear    and    answer   for    such 
offences  at   any  judicial  court  or  courts ; 
excepting   also   all   persons   avoiding  fair 
trial  by  abandonment  of  their  homes  ;  and 
excepting  moreover  the  following  persons, 
the  atrocity  of  whose  conduct  renders  it 
proper  to  mark  by  name  for  the  purpose 
of  subjecting  them  with  all  possible  cer- 
tainty, to   the   regular  course  of  judicial 
proceedings,  and  whom   all   officers,  civil 
and  military,  are  required  to  endeavor  to 
apprehend,   or   cause   to  be  apprehended 
and  brought  to  justice,  to  wit :  Benjamin 
Parkinson,  Arthur  Gardner,  John  Holcroft, 
Daniel  Hamilton,  Tho.  Lapsley,  William 
Miller,   Edward   Cook,   Edward  Wright, 
Richard  Holcroft,  David  Bradford,  John 
Mitchell,  Alexander  Fulton,  Thomas  Spiers, 
William  Bradford,  Geo.  Parker,  William 
Hanna,    Edward     Magner    Jr.,    Thomas 
Hughes,  David  Lock,  Ebenezer  Gallagher, 
Peter   Lyle,  John  Shields,  William  Hay, 
William  M'Elhenny,  Tho.  Patton,  Stephen- 
son   Jack,    Patrick    Jack,    and    Andrew 
Hilands,  of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
William   Sutherland,  Robert   Stephensou, 
Wil^m  M'Kinley,  John  Moore,  and  John 
McCormick,  of  Ohio  county  in  the  State  of 
Virginia. 

Provided,  that  no  person  who  shall 
hereafter  wilfully  obstruct  or  attempt  to 
obstruct  the  execution  of  any  of  the  laws 
of  the  United  States,  or  be  in  any  wise 
aiding  or  abett  ng  therein,  shall  be  entitled 
to  any  benefit  «  r  advantage  of  the  pardon 
herein  before  granted:  and  provided  also, 
that  nothing  heiein  contained  shall  extend 
or  be  construed  to  extend  to  the  remission 
or  mitigation  of  any  forfeiture  of  any 
penalty,  iriourred  by  reason  of  infractions 
of,  or  obstructions  \o,  the  laws  of  the  United 
States  for  collecting  a  revenue  upon 
distilled  spirits  anc.  stills. 

Given  under  my  hand,at  Head  Quarters  * 


116 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[March, 


in  Elizabethtown,  this  twenty-ninth  day  of 
November,  1794. 

Henry  Lee. 
By  order  of  the  Commander  in  Chief, 
G.  K.  Taylor,  Aid-de-Camp. 


QUERIES. 

Woollen  Snow. — Cotton  Mather,  in  his 
Christian  Philosopher,  published  in  Lon- 
don, 1721,  says,  in  the  course  of  his  Essay 
on  Snow : 

We  read  of  Heaven  giving  Snow  like 
Wool.  I  have  known  it  give  a  Snow  of 
Wool.  In  a  Town  of  New-England,  called 
Fairfield,  in  a  bitter  snowy  night,  there 
fell  a  quantity  of  Snow,  which  covered  a 
large  frozen  Pond,  but  of  such  a  woollen 
consistence,  that  it  can  be  called  nothing 
but  Wool.  I  have  a  quantity  of  it,  that 
has  been  these  many  years  lying  by  me. 

What  explanation  shall  we  give  of  the 
above  ?  b.  p.  d. 


The  Duke's  Laws. — When  and  where 
did  the  idea  originate  that  Clarendon  drew 
up  these  laws  ?  Was  not  "  scissors  "  more 
properly  the  author  ?  q. 


A  Confederacy. — In  a  discourse  de 
livered  by  the  late  Rev.  Dudley  A.  Tyng 
at  the  "  Church  of  the  Covenant,"  Phila- 
delphia, July  5,  1857,  the  Southern  States 
are  spoken  of  as  a  "Confederacy."^ 

—  Is  this  the  first  instance  of  the  Slave 
holding  States  being  called  "  A  Confeder 
acy  ?  »  — 

Philadelphia,  Feb.,  1864. 


COS  ART     AND     HoOGHLAND    FAMILIES. 

Elizabeth  Hooghland  was  married  in  the 
Dutch  Church/New  York,  Sept.  16,  1730, 
to  Dr.  Joris  (or  George)  Cosart,  perhaps 
the  same  person  who  was  made  a  freeman 
of  the  city  in  1745.  Tradition  states,  how- 
ever, that  he  left  an  only  child,  Jane,  and 
was  lost  at  sea  about  1733  while  proceed- 
ing to  Europe  in  order  to  settle  some 
estate.  What  is  known  of  this  Cosart  or 
Cazourt  family  ? 

Sarah  Hooghland's  marriage  bond  with 
Jacob  Janeway,  of  New  York,  bears  date 


June  26,  1738  ;  she  was  mother  of  George 
and  William  Janeway. 

Mrs.  Janeway  and  Mrs.  Cosart  (whose 
second  husband  was  probably  a  Fisher  or 
Vischer)  were  sisters;  were  they  daugh- 
ters of  Joris  and  Caterin  Hoglandt  of 
Staten  Island  ?  I.  j.  g. 


The  Father  of  English  Lexicogra- 
phy.— Richard  Fraunces,  a  preaching  or 
black  friar,  was  the  author  of  the  first 
English  and  Latin  Dictionary,  according  to 
William  Herbert,  published  in  1499,  in 
which  are  many  old  English  words,  no- 
where else  explained.  It  is  very  desirable 
to  have  some  information  of  this  author 
and  of  his  great  folio  volume. 

Shawmut. 


Authenticity  of  Autographs. — A 
writer  in  the  London  Notes  and  Queries 
sneeringly  called  upon  Canon  Dalton  to 
prove  the  authenticity  of  an  autograph 
letter  of  S.  Teresa  which  the  Canon  men- 
tioned as  belonging  to  him.  It  opens  a 
new  field  of  discussion,  and  it  will  be  well 
for  some  of  our  collectors  to  draw  up  rules 
for  testing  autographs. 


Indian  Burial  Places. — The  readers 
of  the  Historical  Magazine  will  confer  a 
favor  by  transmitting  to  me  any  information 
they  may  have — either  traditional  or  other- 
wise— as  to  the  location  of  Indian  Burial 
Places  in  the  States  of  New  York  and 
New  Jersey.  A  large  amount  of  informa- 
tion not  yet  preserved  in  a  permanent 
form  may  then  be  gathered,  which,  in  a  few 
years,  may  not  be  attainable,  or  if  so,  but 
unsatisfactorily. 

John  M.  Eager,  New  York  City. 


Kewley  on  Methodism. — The  Rev.  E. 
Allen,  in  his  list  of  Episcopal  clergymen  in 
Maryland,  says  that  the  Rev.  John  Kewley, 
prior  to  his  ordination  by  Bishop  Claggett 
in  ]  803,  had  been  a  Methodist  preacher. 
Can  any  reader  of  the  H.  M.  tell  when  he 
became  a  Methodist  clergyman,  and  where 
he  preached  ?  What  was  the  title  of  his 
work  on  Methodism  ?     Mr.  Kewley  was, 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


117 


though  Mr,  Allen  omits  the  fact,  for  a  time 
pastor  of  St.  George's  Church,  New  York. 

B. 


John  Quincy  Adams. — What  foundation 
is  there  for  the  statement  that  Mr.  John 
Quincy  Adams  was  the  author  of  the 
doggerel  verses  respecting  Mr.  Jefferson 
which  appeared  during  Mr.  Jefferson's 
presidency.  Some  of  them  are  too  broad 
for  quotation  here,  but  whoever  has  read 
them  will  remember  the  two  lines : 

"  And  let  the  mountain  all  of  salt, 
Be  christened  Monticello." 

and  these  also : 

"  And  if  we  cannot  alter  things, 
By we'll  change  their  names,  sir." 

They  appeared  before  Mr.  Adams  left 
the  Federal  for  the  Republican  party. 


Philadelphia. 


J.  H.  C. 


The  Right  of  New  York  to  the 
Hampshire  Grants. — Some  twelve  or  more 
pamphlets  were  published  upon  this  con- 
troversy between  the  years  1760  and  1784- 
They  were  by  John  Henry  Lydius  of  Al- 
bany, James  Duane,  Jonas  Fay,  Ethan 
Allen,  Stephen  Bradley,  and  others. 

Six  of  these  are  referred  to  as  in  the  N. 
Y.  State  Library.  (Doc.  H.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
iv. ;  p.  1026.)  Where  can  the  others  be 
found  ? 


New  England  Society. — Has  a  list  been 
compiled  and  printed  of  the  Sermons  and 
Orations  delivered  before  the  New  Eng- 
land Society  of  New  York  ? 


REPLIES. 

The  Wonderful  History  of  the 
Morristown  Ghost.  (Vol.  viii. ;  p.  79.) — 
An  aged  gentleman  recently  presented  the 
New  Jersey  Historical  Society  a  12mo. 
pamphlet  of  24  pages,  entitled  "The  Mor- 
ristown Ghost ;  or  Yankee  Trick.  Being 
a  True,  Interesting  and  Strange  Narrative. 
This  circumstance  has  excited  considerable 


laughter,  and  no  small  degree  of  surprise* 
Printed  for  purchasers,  1814." 

The  Librarian  of  the  Society  has  in  his 
private  collection  the  same  work,  doubt- 
less of  the  first  edition.  He  met  this,  uThc 
Morristown  Ghost,"  in  1807.  It  vanished 
until  1S26,  when  it  again  appeared  to  him, 
unexpectedly,  in  the  garret  of  a  deserted 
building  in  the  centre  of  Newark.  It 
was  secured,  and  has  remained  in  his 
custody  ever  since,  except  when  for  a  short 
time  it  was  permitted  to  visit  Morris 
County.  There,  in  its  old  garb,  it  seemed  a 
great  stranger.  It  is  imperfect ;  the  two  last 
leaves,  or  four  of  its  28  pages,  are  missing. 
The  title  is  "  An  Account  of  the  Beginning, 
Transactions  and  Discovery  of  Ransford 
Rogers,  who  seduced  many  by  pretended 
Hobgoblins  and  Apparitions,  and  thereby 
extorted  Money  from  their  Pockets.  In 
the  County  of  Morris,  and  State  of  New 
Jersey,  in  the  year  1788.  Printed  for 
every  Purchaser — 1792." 

David  Young's  revision,  published  in 
1826,  was  given  to  the  world  because,  as 
he  says,  "the  very  inaccurate  and  appa- 
rently headlong  manner  in  which  it  was 
executed,  rendered  a  revision  highly  neces- 
sary.''  He,  "  however,  very  scrupulously 
followed  the  sense  of  the  original."  That 
the  style  of  the  anonymous  writer  of  the 
"  Account"  may  be  seen,  a  clause  or  two 
from  the  first  paragraph  of  his  "  Preface" 
is  presented  the  curious. 

"I  am  convinced  that  it  is  impossible  for 
one  person  to  please  all  mankind,  for  there 
is  such  a  variety  of  opinions  predominant, 
that  no  one  system  or  pamphlet  will  meet 
with  universal  approbation  ;  but  it  appears 
to  me  requisite,  that  something  of  this  kind 
should  appear  in  public — and,  as  I  have 
been  solicited  by  numbers  to  attempt  a 
brief  narration,  with  particulars  relating 
facts  concerning  many  occurrences  that 
happened  in  the  county  of  Morris,  and 
State  of  New  Jersey,  in  the  year  1788. — 
As  I  am  convinced  that  many  erroneous 
ideas  have  been  propagated,  therefore  the 
generality  of  people  are  destitute  of  real 
facts. — I  am  sensible  that  it  is  natural  for 
men  to  censure  each  other  with  burlesque, 
and  say  they  had   not  sagacity,"  &c.     ,WI 


118 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[March, 


shall  therefore  be  as  brief  as  possible,  as 
it  is  my  intention  to  eradicate  many  capri- 
cious notions  from  the  minds  of  many,  who 
have  imbibed  witchcraft  and  the  phenomina 
of  hobgoblins." 

In  concluding  his  work  the  writer  ex- 
presses himself  thus  : — "  It  is  not  from 
malevolence  or  any  antipathy  against  any 
person  or  place,  that  induced  me  to  write 
the  above  mentioned  transactions,  but  pure- 
ly to  enlighten  the  minds  of  the  simple, 
and  free  them  from  the  imaginary  fear  01 
witches,  apparitions  and  hobgoblins  which 
do  not  exist.  And  as  this  relation  pro- 
ceeds from  one  that  wishes  happiness  to 
all  mankind,  and  the  author,  although  un- 
known, hopes  that  no  one  person  or  per- 
sons will  be  offended  at  the  relation  of  facts, 
when  there  are  no  names  mentioned,  pro- 
viding they  had  an  active  part  with  the 
anticipating  fire-club. 

This   Pamphlet  is  chiefly 
intended  for  the  perusal  of 
the  good    Economists    in 
Morris  County. 
Gentlemen,  yours  in  amity, 

PHILANTHROPIST." 

The  aged  gentleman  first  mentioned, 
gives  us,  as  related  by  his  father,  a  native 
of  Morristown,  these  facts  concerning  Ro- 
gers. He  had  got  up  an  evening  exhibition 
of  his  school  in  the  old  red  court-house, 
which  stood  formerly  on  the  north  side  of 
the  Green  in  Morristown,  with  a  pillory 
near  its  front.  A  temporary  stage,  with 
a  curtain,  was  erected  in  the  court- 
room for  the  exhibitions.  During  the  per- 
formance the  audience,  from  some  cause, 
became  noisy,  which  displeased  Rogers, 
who  appeared  before  the  curtain  and  told 
the  company  that  he  had  read  in  the  Book 
of  Revelations  that  on  one  occasion  there 
was  silence  in  heaven  for  the  space  of  half  an 
hour ;  and  he  thought  the  audience  there 
assembled  might  be  quiet  for  at  least  as  long 
a  time.  In  a  written  invitation,  sent  to  the 
Rev.  John  Joline,  of  Mendham,  to  attend 
the  above-mentioned,  or  some  other  exhibi- 
tion of  his  school,  he  several  times  intro- 
duced the  Latin  phrase,  " Ego scribo" and 
in  such  way  as  to  render  the  whole  ludicrous. 


Mr.  Young,  in  his  preface  to  the  "  Won- 
derful History,"  says :  "  Very  probably  it 
was  written  by  one  who  had  some  concern 
in  the  transactions;  perhaps  by  Rogers 
himself,  who  must  have  been  better  ac- 
quainted with  particular  circumstances 
than  any  other  person  could  pretend  to 
be."  Again,  he  says  :  "  Being  pursued  he 
was  a  second  time  apprehended  ;  when  he 
acknowledged  his  faults,  and  confessed 
that  for  his  conduct  and  the  declarations  he 
had  made  in  the  prosecution  of  his  schemes, 
he  deserved  punishment."  Ego  scribo,  I 
think  Rogers  did  not  write  it.  c. 

Geeenbacks  (xii.  122). — The  United 
States  Treasury  notes  are  so  called,  and 
the  name  is  thus  derived.  When  the  State 
Bank  of  Ohio  was  created  (1845),  their 
new  circulation  had  an  ornamental  device 
printed  on  the  back  in  red,  a  mark  so  dis- 
tinctive from  all  other  circulation  in  the 
West,  that  they  got  the  name  of  Redbacks. 
When  the  Treasury  notes  appeared  with 
the  ornamental  back  in  green,  they  readily 
took  the  name  of  Greenbacks. 

J.  H.  J. 


Coppeeheads  (vii.  122, 166).— The  origin 
of  this  name  will  perhaps  remain  in  doubt. 
The  Copperhead  Snake  is  reputed  the  most 
venomous  of  our  serpents.  And  before 
this  war  commenced  the  name  of  Copper- 
head was  sometimes  applied  to  persons  to 
denote  their  bitterness  and  virulence.  In 
the  same  way  it  applied  to  Secessionists  of 
the  most  determined  cast.  Next  it  was 
applied  by  the  Government  party  to  their 
party  opponents,  and  it  is  now  coming  into 
common  use  by  them  as  equivalent  to 
Democrat.  Of  course,  it  will  grow  into 
use,  and  be  adopted  by  the  party  to  which 
it  is  applied,  as  the  names  Democrat  and 
Locofoco  have  been  previously,  and  at  first 
they  were  both  meant  to  be  offensive. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


119 


Samtws  mrtr  ljeir  IJrflmMngs. 

MAINE. 
Maine  Historical  Society. — Augusta,  Jan. 
27,  1864.— This  Society  held  a  meeting  at  the 
time  and  place  thus  indicated,  for  the  purpose 
of  receiving  and  reading  communications.  In 
the  regretted  absence  of  the  President,  the  Hon. 
William  Willis  of  Portland,  the  chair  was  taken 
by  the  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  Burgess  of  Gardiner, 
who  made  an  address,  alluding  to  the  members 
deceased  during  the  past  year,  namely,  Messrs. 
Goodenow,  Vose,  and  Tappan,  the  last  of 
whom,  in  his  clerical  relations,  had  long  been 
identified  with  the  religious  history  of  the  State, 
and  a  constant  attendant  on  the  meetings  of 
the  Society. 

The  Secretary  presented  a  collection  of  do- 
cuments, copied  from  the  archives  of  Massa- 
chusetts, relative  to  the  history  of  the  eastern 
part  of  Maine  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  in 
connexion  with  Col.  Jonathan  Eddy,  Col.  J. 
Allan,  and  the  Indians  of  New  Brunswick  and 
Nova  Scotia.  Several  of  these  papers  were 
read.  He  also  presented  a  letter  from  Frederic 
Kidder,  Esq.,  of  Boston,  presenting  copies  of 
three  Indian  Treaties,  one  of  which  was  read 
offering  600  Indians  as  soldiers  to  be  under 
Gen.  Washington.  The  Hon.  Jos.  Williamson, 
of  Belfast,  presented  a  neatly  executed  copy  of 
the  Journal  of  Rev.  Joseph  Baxter,  of  Medfield, 
Mass.,  who  accompanied  Gov.  Shute  in  his 
voyage  to  Georgetown  to  make  a  treaty  with 
the  Eastern  Indians  in  1717.  He  also  read  a 
paper  on  "  Slavery  in  Maine,"  which  was  fol- 
lowed by  remarks  from  the  Hon.  Mr.  Bourne,  of 
Kennebunk,  on  its  prevalence  and  cessation  in 
the  county  of  York. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Cushman  of  Warren  read  a  pa- 
per on  "  The  Clam-Shell  Deposits "  on  the 
coast  of  Maine,  in  illustration  of  the  marvellous 
deposit  of  Oyster-Shells  at  Damariscotta.  This 
was  followed  by  a  discussion,  in  which  several 
of  the  members  took  part.  Judge  Williamson 
also  presented  a  paper  on  "The  Northmen  on 
the  Kennebec,"  founded  on  certain  ante- Angli- 
can appearances  of  occupation,  and  dwellings 
with  bricks,  near  Gardiner,  whose  origin  was 
unknown  to  the  first  English  settlers.  The 
Vice-President  read  a  paper  on  "Vital  Statis- 
tics," communicated  by  the  President,  containing 
much  important  matter,  and  urging  legislative 
action  to  secure  a  full  and  accurate  registry  of 
births,  deaths,  and  diseases  terminating  in  death. 
A  letter  was  read  from  the  Hon.  W.  P.  Haines, 
of  Biddeford,  giving  to  the  Society  the  Powder 
Horn  of  Michael  B.  Goldthwait,  which  was  used 


at  Fort  William  Henry,  on  Lake  George,  in 
1756.  It  is  well  preserved,  and  bears  on  it  an 
engraved  sketch  of  the  Fort,  and  a  part  of  the 
Lake,  made  at  the  time  ;  perhaps  the  only 
sketch  of  the  Fort  now  in  existence. 

The  Hon.  E.  E.  Bourne  read  a  paper  in  "  Vin- 
dication of  the  Commemoration  of  the  Colony 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec,  under  George 
Popham."  This  paper  was  prepared  with  spe- 
cial reference  to  a  speech,  with  notes,  by  J. 
Wingate  Thornton,  Esq.,  of  Boston ;  after  which, 
on  motion  by  the  Hon.  J.  W.  Bradbury,  of 
Augusta,  it  was 

Resolved,  That  the  thanks  of  the  Society  be 
tendered  to  the  Hon.  E.  E.  Bourne,  for  his  suc- 
cessful vindication  of  t^ie  commemoration  of  the 
Popham  Colony  from  the  unwarrantable  attacks 
of  Wm.  Thornton.  On  motion  of  the  same,  the 
thanks  of  the  Society  were  presented  to  the 
other  gentlemen  who  had  presented  papers. 
The  members  of  the  Society  and  other  invited 
guests  shared,  between  the  afternoon  and  even- 
ing sessions,  the  plentiful  and  elegant  hospitality 
of  the  Recording  Secretary,  the  Hon.  Wm. 
Bradbury. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

Massachusetts  Historical  Society. — Boston, 
Feb.  11. — A  stated  monthly  meeting  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Historical  Society  was  held  yesterday 
at  their  rooms,  the  President,  Hon.  Robert  C. 
Winthrop,  in  the  chair.  After  the  transaction 
of  the  usual  business,  the  President  paid  a  tri- 
bute to  the  memory  of  the  late  Frederick  Tudor. 
We  copy  the  closing  portion  of  the  eulogy  : 

As  a  cultivator  of  fruits  and  flowers,  and  trees 
too,  at  Nahant,  he  not  only  placed  himself  in 
the  front  rank  of  horticulturists,  but  he  gave  a 
signal  instance  of  how  much  could  be  done  by 
ingenuity,  perseverance,  and  skill,  in  overcoming 
the  most  formidable  obstacles  of  soil  and  climate, 
and  obtaining  a  victory  over  nature  herself. 

It  has  been  said  that  New  England  is  a  region 
of  rocks  and  ice.  Mr.  Tudor  seemed  willing  to 
accept  it  as  such,  and  to  be  resolved  that  rocks 
and  ice  should  be  the  main  ministers  to  his  own 
fortune,  and  through  him  to  the  health  and  hap- 
piness of  others. 

I  may  not  omit  to  add  that  while  New  Eng- 
land was  his  chosen  and  constant  home,  he  was 
a  man  of  enlarged  and  earnest  patriotism.  Taking 
pride  in  his  father's  Revolutionary  services,  and 
inheriting  his  place  in  the  Society  of  the  Cincin- 
nati, he  stood  fast  to  the  Stars  and  Stripes  and 
to  •the  Union  cause,  of  which  they  are  the  honor- 
ed emblem,  in  adversity  as  well  as  in  prosperity ; 


120 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[March, 


and  nowhere  has  our  National  banner  been  more 
frequently  or  more  eagerly  displayed,  on  every 
fit  occasion  during  the  past  three  years,  than 
from  the  windows  of  his  beautiful  residence  in 
Bacon  street.  He  was  of  a  spirit  to  have  borne 
it  bravely  to  the  battle-field,  had  an  occasion  oc- 
curred before  age  had  impaired  the  vigor  of  his  arm. 

Nor  did  he  fail  to  observe  and  to  honor  true 
heroism  in  other  parts  of  the  world  as  well  as  in 
our  own.  It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  when 
the  tidings  came  to  us  from  the  far  East  of  the 
noble  endurance  and  brilliant  achievements  of 
the  lamented  Havelock,  Mr.  Tudor,  without 
calling  any  one  to  his  counsel,  or  allowing  any 
one  to  share  the  cost,  caused  a  magnificent  sword 
to  be  made  at  Springfield,  and  prepared  it  with 
a  suitable  inscription,  to  be  presented  to  that 
great  Christian  hero.  It  was  unhappily  too 
late  to  reach  him  before  his  death. 

It  only  remains  for  me  to  offer  in  behalf  of 
the  Standing  Committee  the  customary  resolu- 
tion : 

Resolved,  That  the  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society  have  learned  with  deep  regret,  the  death 
of  their  valued  associate,  Frederick  Tudor,  Esq., 
i  and  that  the  President  be  directed  to  name  one 
of  our  members  to  prepare  a  memoir  of  him  for 
our  proceedings. 

The  resolution  was  unanimously  adopted. 
Hon.  Emory  Washburne  read  an  elaborate 
paper  on  villanage  and  slavery  in  England, 
which  was  followed  by  an  interesting  discussion 
on  this  subject,  in  which  Horace  Gray,  Jr.,  Esq., 
Hon.  James  Savage,  and  Hon.  G.  T.  Davis  took 
part.     The  Society  then  adjourned. 

New  England  Historic  Genealogical  So- 
ciety.— Boston,  Feb.  3. — A  stated  meeting  was 
held  this  afternoon,  the  President,  Dr.  Lewis,  in 
the  chair. 

The  Corresponding  Secretary  read  a  letter 
from  James  B.  Richardson,  of  Boston,  accepting 
resident  membership. 

A  letter  from  the  widow  of  Hon.  Henry  Cush- 
man,  of  Bernardston,  to  the  Recording  Secre- 
tary, was  read,  and  was  referred  to  a  committee 
of  three,  with  full  power,  to  act  in  relation  to  the 
donation  under  the  will  of  Mr.  Cushman,  and 
Wm.  B.  Towne,  John  W.  Dean,  and  Frederic 
Kidder  were  appointed  on  that  committee. 

The  Librarian  reported  the  following  dona- 
tions: number  of  volumes,  25;  pamphlets,  40; 
of  manuscripts,  100.  He  also  called  the  atten- 
tion of  the  Society  to  the  following  donations  of 
William  Appleton  :  an  old  Hebrew  manuscript 
of  the  Book  of  Esther,  written  on  a  parchment 
roll  and  inclosed  in  a  gilt  case ;  it  contains  £0 
pages  without  points,  chapter,  or  verse,  and  is 


executed  in  a  very  neat  hand,  the  letters  like  those 
in  Halm's  Hebrew  Bible  ;  the  next  is  an  elegant 
Arabic  Koran  in  beautiful  handwriting,  with  an 
introduction  in  illuminated  letters;  and  the  last 
is  a  handsome  copy  of  the  Prayers  of  St.  Nerses, 
the  Patriarch  of  the  Armenians,  ed.  1837,  a  poly- 
glot volume  in  24  languages.  The  two  first 
were  purchased  at  Damascus  in  Syria,  the  last  at 
the  Island  of  St.  Lazare,  by  Mr.  Appleton  in  his 
travels  in  1854-5. 

On  motion  of  Frederick  Kidder,  it  was  voted 
that  the  thanks  of  the  Society  be  tendered  to 
our  members  Thomas  Waterman  and  William 
Appleton,  for  their  donations,  viz. :  about  fifty 
volumes  of  the  Boston  Transcript  and  Daily 
Advertiser  from  the  former,  and  from  the  latter 
the  treasures  already  described. 

The  Historiographer  read  an  interesting  ac- 
count of  Charles  Moses  Endicott,  a  correspond- 
ing member  of  the  Society,  who  deceased  at 
Northampton,  Dec.  15,  1863,  aged  70  years  and 
9  days. 

Rev.  Dr.  Hoppin,  of  Cambridge,  read  a  care- 
fully prepared  paper  on  the  Court  of  the  Star 
Chamber,  touching  upon  the  following  topics  : 
1.  Its  name.  2,  The  persons  who  composed  it. 
3.  Its  functions.  4.  Its  high  antiquity.  5.  Lord 
Bacon's  and  Lord  Coke's  encomiums  upon  it.  6. 
Its  late  abuses  and  abolishment.  7.  The  modern 
mythical  conceptions  of  the  Star  Chamber. 

Rev.  Martin  Moore,  of  Boston,  read  a  bio- 
graphical account  of  Rev.  William  Cogswell, 
D.D.,  the  editor  of  the  first  volume  of  the 
Society's  publication,  who  died  at  Gilmanton, 
N.  H.,  April  18,  1850,  aged  62.  Copies  of  both 
papers  were  requested  for  the  use  of  the  Society. 

A  new  by-law,  creating  a  standing  commit- 
tee on  heraldry,  was  adopted,  and  the  following 
gentlemen  were  appointed  as  the  committee : 
William  Henry  Whitmore,  of  Boston,  Abner  C. 
Goodell,  jr.,  of  Salem,  Rev.  William  S.  Bartlet, 
of  Chelsea,  and  Augustus  Thorn  dike  Perkins, 
and  William  Sumner  Appleton,  of  Boston. 


NEW  JERSEY. 
New  Jersey  Historical  Society. — Trenton, 
January  21,  1864. — The  New  Jersey  Historical 
Society,  in  accordance  with  its  By-Laws,  held  its 
annual  meeting  to-day  in  this  city,  the  Rev. 
John  Hall,  D.D.,  of  Trenton — one  of  the  Exe- 
cutive Committee — and  subsequently  the  Hon. 
Richard  S.  Field,  one  of  the  Vice-Presidents, 
presiding.  After  the  reading  of  the  minutes, 
Mr.  Whitehead,  the  Corresponding  Secretary, 
submitted  the  correspondence  since  the  last 
meeting. 


1864] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


121 


Mr.  Congar,  the  Librarian,  reported  a  long  list  circular  appeal  had  been  issued  to  the  members 
of  donations  received.     Many  of  these  donations  i  on  the  subject  with  little  success.     The  Com- 


mittee said:  "  It  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  the 
members  of  the  Society,  or  the  public  generally, 
are  willing  that  its  library  and  other  historical 
treasures  should  become  useless,  and  their  pre- 
servation endangered  through  their  neglect  to 
provide  proper  accommodations  for  them.  As  an 
institution  established  for  the  public  good,  and, 
so  far,  eminently  successful  in  perfecting  the 
purposes  of  its  organization,  it  can  rightly  claim 
from  the  patriotic  citizens  of  the  State,  whether 
actually  connected  with  it  by  membership  or 
not,  such  countenance  and  support  as  will  ensure 
the  perpetuity  of  its  usefulness."  Particular 
reference  was  made  to  the  continued  generosity 
of  Mr.  S.  Alofsen,  of  Jersey  City,  the  Treasurer, 
in  supplying  the  library  with  a  copy  of  every 
valuable  publication  referring  to  the  Rebellion, 
350  different  publications  having  been  already 
received. 

Several  new  members  were  elected  and  other 
nominations  received. 

The  Chair  announced  the  following  Standing 
Committees  for  1864 : 

On  Publications — Richard  S.  Field,  William 
A.  Whitehead,  Henry  W.  Green,  Samuel  EL 
Pennington,  M.D.,  and  Rev.  John  Hall,  DD. 
On  Statistics — Joseph  P.  Bradley,  F.  Wolcott 
Jackson,  Rev.  Samuel  M.  Hammill,  Lyndon  A. 
Smith,  M.D.,  and  C.  C.  Haven.  On  Nominations 
— David  A.  Hayes,  Peter  S.  Duryee,  and  Rev.. 
R.  K.  Rodgers,  D.D.  On  the  Library — Walter 
Rutherfurd,  Peter  S.  Duryee,  John  P.  Jackson, 
Isaac  P.  Trimble,  M.D.,  with  the  Treasurer  and 
officers  residing  in  Newark. 

A  Committee  appointed  to  nominate  officers 
for  the  ensuing  year  reported  the  following, 
who  were  duly  elected: 

President — Joseph  C.  Hornblower,  LL.D., 
Vice  Presidents — Hon.  James  Parker,  Hon,, 
Richard  S.  Field,  Hon.  Henry  W.  Green.  Cor^ 
responding  Secretary — Wm.  A.  Whitehead,  New- 
ark. Recording  Secretary — David  A.  Hayes, 
Newark.  Librarian — Samuel  H.  Conzar,  New- 
ark. Treasurer — Solomon  Alofsen,  Jersey  City. 
Executive  Committee — Samuel  H.  Pennington,, 
M.D..  Rev.  Henry  B.  Sherman,  Hon.  Charles  S. 
Olden,  Rev.  R.  K.  Rodgers,  D.D.,  N  Norris 
Halsted,  Esq.,  Rev.  John  Hall,  D.D.,  C.  C.  Ha- 
ven, Esq.,  Rev,  Samuel  M..  Hammell,.  aad  Lyn- 
don A.  Smith,  M.D. 

Mr,  Walter  Rutherfurd,  referring  to  the  sug- 
gestion contained  in  the  letter  from  John  R. 
Committee  on  the  Library,  stating  the  progress  I  Brodhead,  Esq.,  of  New  York,  which  had  been 
made  in  binding  and  arranging,  and  urging!  read,  offered  the  following  resolution,  which  was 
additional  subscriptions  to  the  Librnry  fund.  In  '  adopted: 
accordance  with  the  directions  of  the  Society  a  |      Resolved,  That  the  Historical  Society  of  New 

HIST.    MAG*.       VOL.    VIII.  16 


were  of  great  historical  value  and  interest, 

The  Treasurer,  Mr.  Alofsen,  reported  the  re- 
ceipts and  expenditures  of  the  past  year,  showing 
a  balance  in  the  Treasury  of  $463.44,  of  which 
$27.62  belonged  to  the  Library  Fund.  The 
value  of  the  Society's  publications  on  hand  was 
estimated  at  $969.11,  and  its  real  estate  at 
$3,500,  making  its  total  property,  independent 
of  cash,  to  amount  to  $4,469.11. 

Rev.  Mr.  Hammell  presented  the  report  of  the 
Executive  Committee  of  the  progress  of  the 
Society  during  the  past  year.  It  had  prose- 
cuted its  mission,  like  most  useful  instrumentali- 
ties, quietly,  not  intruding  itself  upon  public 
notice  nor  claiming  any  undue  consideration 
from  those  for  whom  it  is  laboring,  and  as  is 
too  frequently  the  case  with  unobtrusive  merit, 
had  failed  to  secure  its  fair  meed  of  reward. 
The  results  attained,  however,  were  sufficiently 
valuable  to  testify  to  its  onward  progress,  en- 
couraging its  friends  and  giving  assurance  of 
continued  and  increasing  service  to  the  State. 
The  only  publication  during  the  year  had  been 
one  number  of  the  Society's  "Proceedings."  No 
additions  had  been  made  to  the  Library  ex- 
cepting by  donations,  which  had  amounted  to 
110  bound  volumes  and  262  pamphlets.  The 
Library  now  contains  3,098  bound  volumes  and 
5,276  pamphlets,  but  there  was  a  large  amount 
of  unarranged  matter.  Attention  was  drawn 
to  the  small  number  of  members  who  had  con- 
tributed to  the  funds  in  the  course  of  the  year, 
and  the  propriety  of  revising  the  roll  suggested. 
No  action  had  yet  been  taken  in  accordance 
with  the  request  of  the  Society  at  the  last 
meeting  relating  to  measures  for  the  construc- 
tion of  a  fire-proof  building,  and  the  Committee 
closed  their  report  with  an  appropriate  allusion 
to  the  death  of  Miss  Rutherfurd  of  Eastridge, 
near  Newark,  who  had  always  proved  so  warm 
and  liberal  a  friend  to  the  Society. 

The  Committee  on  Publications  reported  the 
readiness  for  publication  of  another  number  of 
the  Society's  "  Proceedings,"  and  also  of  "  The 
Town  Records  of  Newark,"  which  would  form 
the  sixth  volume  of  the  Society's  u  Collections." 
As  the  proceedings  of  the  Society  constitute  its 
chief  means  for  the  dissemination  of  a  correct 
knowledge  of  New  Jersey  History,  the  members 
were  urged  to  interest  themselves  in  increasing 
their  sale. 

Mr.  Rutherfurd  submitted  the  report  of  the 


122 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[March, 


Jersey,  believing  that  the  name  and  fame  of  the 
first  discoverer  of  the  shores  of  the  State  could 
not  be  more  appropriately  perpetuated,  would 
express  its  earnest  desire  that  the  Fort,  now 
being  constructed  at  Sandy  Hook  by  the 
United  States,  be  named  Fort  Hudson. 

Resolved,  That  the  Corresponding  Secretary 
communicate  the  above  resolution  to  the  Hon. 
Secretary  of  War,  and  to  the  Senators  and  Re 
presentatives  of  New  Jersey  in  Congress. 

Mr.  Peter  S.  Duryee,  in  view  of  the  derelie- 
tion  of  so  many,  nominally  members  of  the  So- 
ciety, which  had  been  referred  to  by  the  Execu- 
tive Committee,  offered  the  following  resolution, 
which  was  adopted : 

Resolved,  That  the  Secretaries  and  Treasurer  be 
a  committee  to  revise  the  roll  of  members,  and 
adopt  such  means  as  they  may  think  proper  to 
ascertain  who  are  now  connected  with  the 
Society. 

The  Society  then  listened  with  much  interest 
to  sundry  "  Passages  in  the  History  of  Ocean 
County,"  by  Edwin  Salter,  Esq.,  which  in  the 
absence  of  Mr.  Salter  was  read  by  the  Corre- 
sponding Secretary,  who  stated  that  the  passages 
read  were  but  a  small  part  of  the  materials  col- 
lected and  transmitted  to  the  Society  by  Mr. 
Salter,  evincing  an  interest  in  our  history  and 
an  extent  of  laborious  research  eminently 
worthy  of  imitation.  On  motion  of  Mr.  Hayes 
the  thanks  of  the  Society  were  directed  to  be 
conveyed  to  Mr.  Salter  for  his  valuable  contri- 
bution to  the  history  of  the  State. 

The  Society  then  adjourned  to  meet  in  New- 
ark on  the  third  Thursday  of  May  next. 


NEW  YORK. 

Albany  Institute. — Albany,  January  26, 18G4. 
— At  a  regular  meeting  of  the  Albany  Institute, 
held  Tuesday  evening: 

In  the  absence  of  the  President,  George  W. 
Carpenter,  Esq.,  in  the  chair. 

The  following  officers  were  unanimously  elect- 
ed for  the  ensuing  year  : 

John  V.  L.  Pruyn,  President.  Andrew  E. 
Brown,  Treasurer. 

First  Department. — Richard  V.  DeWitt,  Pre- 
sident. John  Paterson,  Cor.  Sec.  Jacob  S. 
Mosher,  Rec.  Sec.  George  VV.  Hough,  Librarian. 
Second  Department. — Stephen  Van  Rensselaer, 
President.  Peter  Gansevoort,  Vice-President. 
S.  Oakley  Vanderpoel,  Rec.  Sec.  Joel  Munsell, 
Cor.  Sec.  Charles  B.  Redfield,  Treasurer.  Third 
Department. — Alexander  S.  Johnson,  President. 
John  N.  Campbell,  Vice-President.  Jacob  I. 
Werner,  Cor.  Sec. 

Curators.— James  Hall,    Howard  Townsend, 


Chas.   H.   Anthony,   Amos  Dean,   Andrew  E. 
Brown. 

A  very  able  and  interesting  paper  was  read 
by  Dr.  Franklin  B.  Hough,  on  the  '•  Battle  of 
Cedar  Mountain,"  being  an  extract  from  his 
forthcoming  work,  "  The  History  of  Duryee's 
Brigade,"  now  in  preparation. 

Buffalo  Historical  Society. — Buffalo,  Jan- 
uary.— At  the  meeting  for  January,  M.  Fillmore, 
President,  in  the  Chair,  and  Guy  H.  Salisbury, 
Secretary,  the  following  were  among  the  pro- 
ceedings had : 

Being  the  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Society,  an 
election  of  officers  was  held  for  the  ensuing  year, 
as  has  been  previously  published. 

The  Annual  Report  of  0.  G.  Steele,  Treasurer, 
was  submitted,  showing  a  total  of  receipts 
$797.17,  and  of  expenditures,  $681.08.  The 
Secretary  not  having  completed  the  Annual 
Report  of  the  Board  of  Managers  to  the  Society, 
was  allowed  further  time  to  prepare  it. 

0.  G.  Steele,  from  the  Committee  for  pro- 
curing from  fifty  members,  a  subscription  of 
$100  each,  payable  in  five  yearly  instalments, 
for  the  purpose  of  securing  additional  means  for 
carrying  out  the  objects  of  the  Society,  reported 
that  the  list  was  lull — having  been  signed  by 
fifty-one  gentlemen. 

The  Treasurer  also  reported  that  he  had  re- 
ceived cash  donations,  for  the  same  object,  of 
$50  from  F.  H.  Root,  and  $20  from  Sidney 
Shepard. 

A  resolution  was  offered  by  Mr.  Fillmore,  and 
adopted,  that  such  of  the  above  subscribers  who 
elect  to  pay  $50  of  their  subscription  in  ad- 
vance, so  as  to  comply  with  the  requirements  of 
the  Constitution,  be  constituted  Life  Members — 
subject  to  the  payment  of  the  balance  of  their 
subscriptions.  The  terms  of  the  resolution  have 
been  published. 

The  President  submitted  a  draft  for  Certificate 
of  Membership  in  the  Society,  and  was  author- 
ized to  procure  the  same  to  be  engraved  and 
printed. 

Guy  H.  Salisbury  submitted  his  monthly  re- 
port as  Corresponding  Secretary  and  Librarian, 
in  which  were  mentioned  the  following  matters : 

Judge  Hall,  from  the  Committee  on  procuring 
Local  Histories  of  the  several  towns  in  the 
County,  has  furnished  a  list  of  about  sixty  names 
of  persons,  in  most  of  the  towns,  to  whom  the 
printed  circular  of  the  Committee,  and  also  the 
general  circular  of  the  Society,  with  a  copy  of 
its  Constitution  and  By-laws,  will  be  sent  by 
mail. 

But  few  deaths  in  the  families  of  old  residents 
were   noted   for  the   preceding  nv>nth.     They 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


123 


were— Dec.  24,  Walter  Joy,  aged  53 ;  Dec.  30, ! 
at  Lancaster,  Erie  Co.,  Truman  Luce,  aged  76; 
Jan.  8,  Sarah  Brooks,  aged  25,  daughter  of  the 
late  Wells  Brooks. 

The  weekly  meetings  of  the  Historical  Society 
Club  have  been  held  as  follows.  Dec.  14th,  C. 
F.  S.  Thomas',  when  a  paper  was  read  by  Chas. 
D.  Norton,  on  "The  Old  Ferry,  at  the  Black 
Rock;"  Dec.  21st,  at  0.  H.  Marshall's,  a  paper 
being  read  by  Geo.  V.  Brown,  late  U.  S.  Consul 
at  Tangier,  Morocco,  entitled,  "Diplomatic  Con- 
troversy, occasioned  by  the  visit  of  an  American 
Vessel  from  Lake  Erie  to  the  Shores  of  Spain  and 
Morocco;"  Dec.  28th,  at  N.  K.  Hall's,  where  a 
paper  was  read  by  E.  S.  Prosser,  relative  to  the 
enlargement  of  the  locks  in  the  Erie  Canal ; 
Jan.  4th,  at  Charles  D.  Norton's,  at  which  the 
paper  of  the  evening  was  read  by  E.  P.  Dorr, 
being  a  history  of  our  Lake  Commerce. 

The  list  of  donations  reported  by  the  Secretary, 
will  appear  on  Monday. 

The  President  stated  that  he  had  written  to 
Hon.  Augustus  S.  Porter,  of  Niagara  Falls,  as 
directed  at  the  last  meeting,  with  the  view  of 
procuring  a  map  made  by  the  late  Judge  Augustus 
Porter,  of  the  "  Phelps  and  Gorham  Purchase," 
and  also  such  of  his  pipers,  etc.,  as  could  be  ob- 
tained. A  reply  had  been  received  from  Mr. 
Porter,  which  was  read,  and  in  which  he  says, 
that  he  had  not  yet  been  able  to  find  such  a 
map  among  his  father's  papers,  but  should  he 
succeed,  on  further  research,  would  transmit  it 
to  the  Society.  He  adds,  that  the  principal  his- 
torical incidents  in  the  life  of  Judge  Porter 
were  embodied  in  a  manuscript  communication 
furnished  by  him  in  1848,  to  the  Young  Men's 
Association  of  this  city — a  portion  of  which  was 
published  by  0.  Turner,  in  his  History  of  the 
Holland  Purchase,  prefaced  by  a  brief  biographi- 
cal sketch. 

0.  H.  Marshall  said  he  was  present  at  the  last 
meeting  of  the  New  York  Historical  Society,  at 
which  action  was  taken  on  a  proposition  that 
the  Government  continue  the  publication  of  the 
"  American  Archives,"  heretofore  compiled  by 
Peter  Force,  9  vols,  of  which  have  been  pub- 
lished, and  the  work  then  suspended  when  Mr. 
Marcy  was  Secretary  of  State.  On  his  motion, 
the  Board  of  Managers  were  requested  to  take 
into  consideration  the  propriety  of  memorializing 
Congress  on  the  subject. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Historical  Society,  held 
Jan.  4th,  0.  G.  Steele  had  remarked,  that  some 
action  should  be  taken  in  regard  to  the  recent 
death  of  Walter  Joy,  one  of  the  members.  On 
his  motion,  a  committee  of  three  had  been  then 
informally  appointed  to  prepare  resolutions  ex- 
pressive of  the  sense  of  the  Society,  which 
committee  were  0.  G.  Steele,  Rev.  Dr.  Chester, 


and  Wm.  A.  Bird.  Mr.  Steele  had  therefore 
written  some  appropriate  resolutions,  which  he 
submitted,  and  which  were  adopted. 

Some  remarks  were  made  by  L.  F.  Allen,  on 
the  previous  decease  of  three  other  members  of 
the  Society — Silas  Sawin,  Edward  S.  Warren, 
and  James  G.  Hoyt — and  Judge  Clinton  offered 
a  resolution  in  respect  to  those  gentlemen,  which 
was  adopted. 

On  motion  of  N.  K.  Hall,  a  committee  of  two 
was  directed  to  be  appointed,  to  report  as  to 
what  Standing  Committees  are  needed,  and  what 
should  be  their  duties.  N.  K.  Hall  and  Chas. 
D.  Norton  were  named  by  the  president  as  such 
committee.  At  a  subsequent  meeting  of  the 
Board  of  Managers,  committees  on  respective 
departments  of  the  Society  were  constituted,  as 
recommended  in  a  report  from  Messrs.  Hall  and 
Norton,  and  the  President  appointed  said  com- 
mittees as  follows : 

Finance — Millard  Fillmore  (Chairman  ex-offi,- 
cio,  as  President),  Jas.  P.  White,  Chas.  D.  Norton. 
Library—  Guy  H.  Salisbury,  Geo.  R.  Babcock, 
Geo.  W.  Hosmer.  Papers  and  Property — G.  W. 
Clinton,  0.  H.  Marshall,  H.  W.  Rogers.  Do- 
nations, Subscriptions,  and  Collections — 0.  G. 
Steele,  L.  F.  Allen,  Wm.  Dorsheimer.  Publica- 
tions—Walter Clarke,  N.  K.  Hall,  G  H.  Salis- 
bury. Membership — H.  W.  Rogers,  C.  D.  Nor- 
ton, Wm.  Dorsheimer. 

On  motion  of  N.  K.  Hall,  the  matter  of  rooms 
to  be  occupied  by  the  Society,  with  fitting  up 
and  furnishing  the  same,  was  referred  to  the 
Committee  on  Papers  and  Property. 

The  Annual  Address  before  the  Society  was 
delivered  at  Americau  Hall,  on  the  evening  of 
Jan.  13th,  by  Rev.  Dr.  Hosmerf  being  entitled 
"  The  Physiognomy  of  Buffalo." 

The  following  gentlemen  were  elected  Corre- 
sponding Members:  Hon  Horace  U.  Soper,  of 
Batavia;  Ex-Lieut.  Gov.  Simon  Brown,  of  Con- 
cord, Mass. 

New  York  Historical  Society. — New  York, 
February  2. — The  regular  monthly  meeting  of 
this  society  was  held  at  the  Society's  Hall,  on 
Second  avenue,  and  notwithstanding  the  un- 
promising state  of  the  weather  a  large  audience 
was  in  attendance.  Frederick  De  Peyster,  Pre- 
sident, in  the  chair.  On  the  recommendation  of 
the  Executive  Committee  the  society  determined 
to  commemorate  by  suitable  acts  and  proceed- 
ings the  two  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  Con- 
quest of  New  Netherland  in  1 664.  The  paper  of 
the  evening  was  read  by  Wm.  J.  Hoppin  on 
"  The  Existing  Portraits  of  Ancient  Historical 
Personages,"  and  was  a  beautiful  production,  full 
of  learning  and  eloquence.  It  was  received  with 
great  enthusiasm  by  the  society.     A  suggestion 


124 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[March, 


fjr  a  suitable  memorial  to  John  Howard  Payne, 
presented  at  the  last  meeting,  was  renewed  by 
Dr.  Gardner,  whose  proposition  on  the  subject 
was  referred  to  the  Executive  Committee.  The 
proceedings  throughout  were  exceedingly  inte- 
resting. 

March  1. — The  meeting  of  the  Historical  Soci- 
ety was  well  attended,  President  De  Peyster  in 
the  chair.  The  remains  of  the  old  statue  of  Pitt, 
erected  in  Wall  street,  in  1770,  recently  a  part  of 
Mr.  Riley's  Museum,  in  West  Broadway,  were 
presented  to  the  Society  by  Mr.  Simon  F. 
Mackie.  Mrs.  Spooner,  widow  9/  S.  Spooner, 
esq.,  has  given  to  the  Society  the  plates  of  Mr. 
Spooner's  two  works,  the  Dictionary  and  the 
Anecdotes  of  Painters  and  Sculptors.  The  Com- 
missioners of  Charities  and  Corrections  presented 
to  the  Society,  a  very  neat  obelisk  about  a  foot 
high,  richly  mounted,  made  of  the  stone  of  the 
balcony  of  the  Federal  Hall,  Wall  street,  from 
which  General  Washington  delivered  his  Inaugu- 
ral, April,  30,  1789.  President  De  Peyster  made 
some  interesting  statements  concerning  the  inau- 
guration of  Washington. 

Mr.  George  Folsom  moved  a  vote  of  thanks  to 
the  Commissioners,  which  was  seconded  by  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Osgood,  and  by  Dr.  Wilson,  a  Chief  of 
the  Iroquois,  who  expressed  the  sentiments  of 
veneration  the  Iroquois  entertained  for  the  me- 
mory of  Washington. 

Mr.  Folsom  made  a  motion  that  a  committee 
be  appointed  to  wait  upon  the  delegates  of  the 
Six  Nations  who  are  daily  expected  here  on  their 
way  to  Washington.  The  motion  was  adopted, 
and  Mr.  Folsom,  George  Bancroft,  and  Dr.  Os- 
good were  appointed  the  Committee. 

A.  B.  Hayes,  esq.,  gave  to  the  Society  a  por- 
trait, by  John  Wesley  Jarvis,  of  the  Rev.  John 
Stanford,  D.D.,  a  Baptist  clergyman  of  usefulness 
and  repute  in  the  city  in  the  early  part  of  the 
century,  and  Mr.  Gulian  C.  Verplanck  gave  some 
pleasant  reminiscences  of  both  Mr.  Jarvis  and 
Mr.  Stanford.  On  motion  of  Mr.  Thompson,  a 
committee  of  three  was  appointed  to  consider 
and  report  whether  measures  can  be  taken  to 
respond  to  the  desire  of  Mr.  Bryan,  that  the 
Bryan  Gallery  of  Christian  Art  may  be  per- 
manently placed  in  charge  of  the  Society.  Rev. 
A.  C.  Coxe  offered  resolutions  in  favor  of  a  Na- 
tional Society  of  literary  men,  to  maintain  the 
purity  of  the  English  language,  and  a  high  stand- 
ard of  scholarship,  to  represent  the  common  in- 
terest of  American  scholars,  and  to  communicate 
with  scholars  abroad.  The  subject  was  referred 
to  a  committee  of  five,  to  consider  and  report. 
Mr.  McCurdy  moved  for  a  committee  to  consider 
Mr.  Jay's  letter  to  Mr.  Dawson,  on  the  new 
edition  of  The  Federalist ;  but,  after  a  debate  of 
some  little  warmth,  the  subject  was  laid  on  the  ta- 


ble, with  much  decision,  as  a  too  personal  con- 
troversy for  the  official  action  of  the  Society. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


Historical    Society    of     Pennsylvania. — 

Philadelphia,  Feb.  8,  1864. — The  annual  meet- 
ing of  this  Society  was  held  at  the  Athenaoum 
Building.  On  motion  of  Dr.  B.  H.  Coates,  Col. 
Jas.  Ross  Snowden  was  called  to  the  chair. 

The  Trustees  of  the  Publication  Fund  pre- 
sented their  annual  report,  from  which  it  appears 
that  the  subscriptions  on  31st  December,  1863, 
amounted  to  $15,835.  Owing  to  domestic 
affliction,  our  fellow-member,  Mr.  William  C. 
Reichel,  has  been  unable  to  complete  the  His- 
tory of  Bethlehem  and  the  Moravian  Settlements 
in  north-eastern  Penn. ;  a  reprint  of  the  first 
volume  of  the  Society's  collections  has  therefore 
been  commenced. 

Samuel  Hazard,  Esq.,  having,  on  account  of 
the  infirmities  of  advanced  age,  declined  a  re- 
election as  Librarian,  resolutions  were  passed 
expressive  of  the  high  appreciation  of  his  ser- 
vices and  regard  for  him  on  his  retirement. 

The  monthly  report  of  the  Librarian  was  read. 
Among  the  valuable  donations  received,  was  a 
water-color  fac  simile  of  the  original  tombstone 
over  the  grave  of  William  Bradford,  Printer, 
erected  in  Trinity  church-yard,  New  York.  On 
motion  of  H.  G.  Jones,  Esq.,  resolutions  of 
thanks  to  Mr.  Abraham  Hosier,  the  donor,  were 
then  adopted. 

Rev.  Dr.  Brainerd  offered  a  resolution  of 
thanks  to  Miss  R.  L.  Bodley,  of  Cincinnati,  for 
gift  of  a  photograph  and  fac  simile  letter  of 
Johanna  Maria  Heckewelder,  of  Bethlehem, 
Penn.,  known  in  history  as  the  first  white 
child  born  within  the  limits  of  the  present  State 
of  Ohio. 

The  following  officers  were  then  elected  for  the 
ensuing  year : — 

President — Hon.  Joseph  R.  Ingersoll. 
Vice-Presidents — J.    Francis    Fisher,    George 
Chambers,     of     Chambersburg ;    Benjamin    H. 
Coates,  M.D.,  J.  William  Wallace. 
Treasurer — Charles  M.  Morris. 
Recording  Secretary — Samuel  L.  Smediey. 
Corresponding      Secretary  —  Horatio     Gates 
Jones. 

Librarian — Samuel  L.  Taylor. 
Library   Committee — John  A.  McAllister,  Ri- 
chard L.  Nicholson. 

Publication    Committee — Rev.    Daniel   Wash- 
burne. 
Finance  Committee — Edward  A.  Souder. 
After  the  election,  a  discussion  arose  among 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


125 


the  members  relative  to  the  erection  of  a  new 
hall  for  the  use  of  the  Society,  when  it  was 
determined  to  place  the  matter  in  the  hands  of 
a  committee. 

The  Society  then  adjourned. 


VERMONT. 

Vermont  Historical  Society.  —  Brandon, 
January  28. — The  ninth  special  meeting  of  the 
Vermont  Historical  Society  was  held  at  Bran- 
don, the  Hon.  Hiland  Hall,  President,  in  the 
chair.  The  Hon.  E.  N.  Briggs,  Chairman  of  the 
Committee  of  Arrangements,  welcomed  the 
Society  in  a  brief  speech,  which  was  responded 
to  by  the  Hon.  Hiland  Hall,  President  of  the 
Society. 

Henry  Hall,  Esq.,  of  Rutand,  then  read  a 
paper  entitled  "  Indian  Foot-Prints." 

George  Grenville  Benedict,  Esq.,  of  Burling- 
ton, read  a  paper  entitled,  "  The  Battle  of  Gettys- 
burg and  the  part  Vermonters  took  therein." 

The  Rev.  Samuel  R.  Hall,  of  Brownington, 
then  read  a  memoir  of  the  late  Rev.  Walter 
Chapin,  formerly  of  Woodstock. 

A  paper  was  read  by  Albert  D.  Hager,  Esq., 
entitled,  "  Ancient  Mining  on  the  Shore  of  Lake 
Superior." 

After  the  reading  of  a  letter  of  apology  from 
Hon.  David  A.  Smaliey  assigning  severe  sick- 
ness as  a  cause  for  his  not  being  able  to  pro- 
nounce an  address  on  the  life  and  services  of  the 
late  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  of  Illinois, 

Edward  J.  Phelps,  Esq.,  of  Burlington,  read 
a  commemorative  sketch  of  the  life  and  cha- 
racter of  the  Hon.  Charles  Linsley,  of  Middle- 
bury. 

The  Rev.  Daniel  Tomkins  Taylor,  of  Castle- 
ton,  then  read  an  original  Poem  entitled,  "  The 
Vermont  Volunteer." 

A  number  of  persons  were  admitted  to  resi- 
dent membership. 

On  motion,  a  committee,  consisting  of  Messrs. 
Edward  J.  Phelps,  of  Burlington,  Henry  Hall, 
of  Rutland,  and  George  F.  Houghton,  St.  Albans, 
was  appointed  to  revise  the  papers  left  for  the 
Society  by  the  late  Hon.  Charles  Linsley,  and 
present  them  at  the  next  meeting  of  the  Society 
at  St.  Johnsbury,  in  June,  1864. 

The  Hon.  Stephen  Royce,  of  East  Berkshire, 
was  urgently  requested  to  prepare  a  paper  em- 
bracing his  Reminiscences  of  the  Bench  and 
Bar  of  Vermont. 

Hon.  Isaac  F.  Redfield,  of  Boston,  was  re- 
quested to  prepare  and  read  before  the  Society, 
his  Reminiscences  of  the  Bench  and  Bar  of 
Vermont. 

Prof.  William  H.  Parker,    of  Middlebury,  to 


prepare  a  memoir  of  the  late  Hon.  James 
Meacham. 

Hon.  Asa  Owen  Aldis,  of  St.  Albans,  to 
prepare  a  biography  of  the  Hon.  Samuel  S. 
Phelps. 

Rev.  John  B.  Perry,  of  Swanton,  to  prepare  a 
biographical  sketch  of  the  late  ex-Governor 
Horace  Eaton. 

On  motion,  Rev.  Pliny  H.  White,  of  Coven- 
try, was  requested  to  prepare  biographical 
notices  of  the  historians  of  Vermont.  The 
Rev.  Pliny  H.  White  was  formally  invited  to 
complete  his  Bibliography  of  Vermont,  by  adding 
thereto  a  complete  list  of  the  newspapers  print- 
ed in  Vermont.  Mr.  White,  being  present, 
accepted  the  invitation,  conditioned  that  each 
member  of  the  Society  render  such  aid  as  may 
be  in  his  power,  to  render  the  list  as  complete 
as  possible. 

The  Rev.  John  B.  Perry,  of  Swanton,  then 
read  a  paper,  "  On  the  Geological  Formation  of 
Lake  Champlain." 

A  paper  on  "June  Trainings  in  Vermont"  was 
then  read  by  Luther  L.  Dutcher,  Esq..  of 
St.  Albans,  after  which  the  Society  took  a  re- 
cess until  two  o'clock  p.m. 

Many  valuable  donations  were  made,  for 
which  the  thanks  of  the  Society  were,  on  motion, 
returned. 

John  McKesson,  Esq.,  of  New  York  City, 
through  L.  L.  Dutcher,  Esq.,  presented  to  the 
Society  a  parchment  deed,  dated  in  1773,  of 
lands  owned  by  the  proprietors  of  Middlesex, 
Washington  County,  Vt.,  and  described  in  said 
deed  of  partition  as  belonging  to  Middlesex,  Al- 
bany County,  in  the  Province  of  New  York. 

Rev.  Francis  W.  Smith,  of  St.  Albans,  pre- 
sented a  volume,  entitled,  "  Trinity  Church 
(N.  Y.)  Pamphlets." 

A  manuscript,  being  the  original  of  two  law 
lectures,  by  the  Hon.  Nathaniel  Chipman,  Prof, 
of  Jurisprudence  in  Middlebury  College  from 
1816  to  1843,  was  presented  by  Mrs.  Charles 
Linsley,  of  Middlebury. 

A  complete  set  of  the  "Brandon  Monitor" 
Newspaper,  and  a  Pamphlet  containing  a  fac 
simile  of  the  original  Declaration  of  Independence 
in  the  handwriting  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  with 
biographical  sketches  of  all  the  Signers,  were 
presented  by  D.  L.  Milliken,  Brandon,  Editor  of 
the  u  Vermont  Record." 

Mr.  J.  Holcomb,  ofBrandon,  presented, through 
the  editor  of  the  "  Vermont  Record"  five  vo- 
lumes of  the  "  Voice  of  Freedom"  newspaper, 
commencing  in  June,  1843.  Through  the  same 
source,  Rev.  Bernice  D.  Ames,  of  East  Green- 
wich, R.I.,  presented  a  volume  containing  a 
memoir  of  the  late  Hon.  Anderson  G.  Dana, 
M.D.,  ofBrandon. 


126 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[March, 


A  biographical  notice  of  the  Rev.  George  B. 
Manser,  D.D.,  one  of  the  corporators  named  in 
the  charter  of  the  Vermont  Historical  Society, 
and  its  first  Secretary,  was  then  read  by  Greorge 
F.  Houghton,  Esq.,  of  St.  Albans. 

This  was  followed  by  the  reading  of  a  bio- 
graphical sketch  of  the  late  Hon.  Zimri  Howe, 
of  Castleton,  by  Henry  Clark,  Esq.,  of  Poult- 
ney. 

The  exercises  concluded  by  the  reading  of  a 
commemorative  notice  of  the  late  Rev.  Stephen 
Olin,  D.D.,  LL.D .,  by  the  Rev.  Andrew  Wither- 
spoon,  DD.,  of  Brandon. 

The  Hon.  William  M.  Pingry,  of  Perkinsville, 
resolved,  that  the  Hon.  Norman  Williams,  of 
Woodstock,  was  requested  to  prepare  a  bio- 
graphical sketch  of  the  late  Hon.  Titus  Hutchin- 
son ;  and  that  the  Hon.  Carlos  Coolidge  be  in- 
vited to  prepare  a  biographical  sketch  of  the  late 
Hon.  Jonathan  H.  Hubbare,  of  Windsor. 

Dr.  John  L.  Chandler,  of  St.  Albans,  was  in- 
vited to  prepare  a  paper  comprising  his  Reminis- 
cences of  the  most  noted  of  the  pioneer  Sur- 
geons and  Physicians  of  Vermont. 

The  Hon.  Jacob  Collamer  was  requested  to 
prepare  and  read  before  this  Society  a  memoir 
of  the  Hon.  Charles  K.  Williams,  of  Rutland. 

The  President  then  announced  that  the  next 
special  meeting  of  the  Society  would  be  held  at 
St.  Johnsbury,  in  the  month  of  June,  1864.  After 
remarks  from  the  President  of  the  Society,  in 
which  he  alluded  to  the  efforts  made  by  the  Com- 
mittee of  Arrangements  and  by  the  people  of 
Brandon,  to  render  this  special  meeting  attractive 
aud  successful,  and  to  the  hospitality  of  the 
citizens  of  Brandon,  which  was  bountifully  as 
well  as  gracefully  dispensed,  the  Society  adjourn- 
ed,— having,  in  the  character  of  the  exercises 
and  in  the  number  of  persons  in  attendance  upon 
them  from  far  and  near,  given  renewed  proofs 
of  increasing  activity  and  usefulness. 


breadth,  and  judgment  which  were  an  earnest  of 
the  great  value  of  the  work  so  well  introduced. 
In  the  present  number  there  is  no  departure 
from  the  high  character  assumed.  The  work  is 
in  every  point  of  view  creditable,  and  far  superior 
to  any  other  that  we  have  seen. 


The  Manufacture  of  Iron  in  Buffalo.  A  paper 
read  by  invitation  before  The  Buffalo  His- 
torical Society,  January  25,  1864.  By  John 
Wilkeson,  Esq.  Buffalo,  1864. 

A  valuable  and  readable  sketch  of  the  im- 
portant iron  manufacture  that  has  grown  up  in 
Buffalo.  It  contains  much  information  on  iron 
generally  that  will  repay  perusal. 


gfofeS   0tt   §00fo 


Harper's  Pictorial  History  of  the  Great  Rebellion. 

No.  6. 

This  number,  illustrated  with  a  fine  colored 
map  of  the  States  embraced  in  the  original  field 
of  operations,  and  several  very  fine  engravings 
on  wood,  begins  properly  the  history  of  the  war, 
the  previous  numbers  having  been  devoted  to 
an  introductory  portion,  written  with  a  dignity, 


The  United  States  Service  Magazine,  Vol.  I.  No.  I. 
January,  1864.    C.  B.  Richardson,  New  York, 

This  Magazine,  appealing  directly  to  the  Army 
and  Navy,  enters  on  its  career  with  every  pro- 
mise of  success.  In  appearance  it  is  certainly 
the  prince  of  the  American  Magazines,  being 
very  well  printed  on  fine  paper.  On  testing  the 
contents  we  cannot  certainly  be  less  pleased. 
The  editor,  Prof.  Henry  Coppee,  formerly  an 
officer  in  the  U.  S.  Army  and  a  graduate  of  West 
Point,  brings  to  his  task  not  only  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  military  profession,  but  the 
literary  skill  and  ability  which  have  won  him 
such  a  high  rank  in  the  world  of  letters. 

This  number  has  a  Word  of  Greeting,  an  ar- 
ticle on  Chattanooga,  with  a  map ;  the  Northern 
and  Western  Lakes ;  a  few  Facts  about  Artil- 
lery ;  a  Modern  Fable ;  a  fine  poem  on  the  Bu- 
rial at  Gettysburg;  a  paper  by  Gen.  Barnard  on 
the  Use  of  Iron  in  Fortification ;  one  by  Oh.  G. 
Leland  on  War  Songs ;  an  article  on  Greek  Fire, 
which  will  dispel  some  illusions ;  Modern  War  ; 
Later  Rambles  over  the  Field  of  Gettysburg,  by 
Dr.  Jacobs,  etc.,  etc. 


Three  Months  in  the  Southern  States,  April — 
June,  1863.  By  Lieut.  Col.  Fremantle,  Cold- 
stream Guards.  New  York,  John  Bradburn 
(M.  Doolady's  Successor).  1864.  12mo.  309  pp. 

A  neat  and  readable  volume,  which  the  pub- 
lisher has  done  well  to  issue.  We  hope  the  author 
is  not  an  average  specimen  of  English  officers  of 
his  rank;  his  hatred  of  the  American  govern- 
ment is  natural  and  to  be  expected;  his  exul- 
tation at  finding  Americans  filled  with  similar 
feelings  equally  so.  He  entered  Texas  from 
Mexico  and  ran  across  to  our  lines,  which  he 
reached  in  Pennsylvania  after  the  battle  of  Get- 
tysburg, which  he  saw.    Disposed  to  see  all  in 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


127 


the  South  with  favor,  his  account  is  an  admiring 
sketch ;  yet  much  of  value  is  given. 


Notice  sur  les  Plantes  de  Michaux  et  sur  son  voy- 
age au  Canada  et  a  la  Baie  d' Hudson,  dapres 
son  Journal  mannscrit  et  autres  documents 
inedits  par  VAbbt  Ovide  Brunet.  Quebec. 
8vo.  pp.  44. 

This  valuable  tract  will  prove  a  treat  to  our 
botanists,  as  the  range  of  plants  is  not  entirely 
confined  to  Canada,  and  the  life  belongs  as  well 
to  American  as  Canadian  biography. 


jpsallang. 


Parton's  Life  and  Times  of  Franklin. — Mr. 
Parton,  we  understand,  contrary  to  his  original 
intention,  has  concluded  to  publish  his  work  on 
the  Life  and  Times  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  with- 
out waiting  for  the  return  of  peace.  It  is  now  in 
press,  and  will  appear  about  the  first  of  June.  It 
is  remarkable  that  the  great  masses  of  material 
for  a  complete  biography  of  Franklin  should 
never  before  have  been  used  for  the  production  of 
such  a  work.  The  reason  is,  probably,  that  the 
fragments  of  autobiography  left  by  Franklin 
stood  in  the  way,  no  recent  writer  being  willing 
either  to  discard  or  continue  them.  Mr.  Parton, 
we  are  informed,  overcomes  this  difficulty  by 
using  the  autobiography  as  material  only,  and  is 
thus  enabled  to  incorporate  into  his  narrative  all 
the  interesting  information  respecting  Franklin's 
early  life  which  modern  research  has  brought  to 
light.  The  public  career  of  Franklin,  particularly 
his  services  during  the  Revolutionary  war,  both 
as  a  member  of  Congress  and  as  envoy  to  France, 
are  related  in  the  new  work  with  a  fulness  of 
detail  never  before  attempted.  Among  the  im- 
portant acquisitions  of  the  author,  is  a  perfect 
copy  of  the  pamphlet  written  by  Franklin  in  his 
nineteenth  year,  when  he  was  a  journeyman 
printer  in  London,  which  gave  him  at  the  time 
considerably  celebrity,  but  which  was  long  sup- 
posed to  be  lost.  This  will  be  given  entire  in 
an  appendix.  One  of  the  engravings  is  a  por- 
trait of  that  infant  son  of  Franklin  whose  un- 
timely death  he  mourned  for  forty  years.  There 
will  be  in  these  volumes  a  great  deal  of  matter 
of  immediate  interest,  bearing  directly  on  the 
events  now  occurring  ;  for  it  is  well  known 
that  the  spirit  of  Secession  began  to  manitest 
itself  as  early  as  1778,  in  Paris,  where  the  North- 
ern and  Southern  servants  of  Congress  were  at 


open  war,  and  where  their  contentions  paralysed 
the  alliance  between  France  and  America. 
|  Nothing  but  the  wisdom,  the  patience,  and  the  in- 
i  doniitable  good  humor  of  Franklin  prevented  the 
I  Southern  hot-heads  from  giving  mortal  offence 
|  to  the  French  government.  The  new  biography 
i  will  form  two  volumes,  crown-octavo,  of  about 
|  650  pages  each.  It  will  be  published  by  the 
I  Mason  Brothers  of  this  city. 

Among  the  Many  Curious  Relics  brought 
j  forward  at  a  recent  Sanitary  Fair  is  a  chip 
i  from  the  Beech  Tree  Forks,  of  Licking,  showing 
the  tomahawk  marks  of  Daniel  Boone,  which 
was  the  corner  tree  and  starting  point  for 
his  claim  to  lands  in  Kentucky.  The  yearly 
growth  of  wood  having  covered  this  tomahawk 
mark,  it  was  necessary,  in  settling  the  numerous 
law-suits  in  Kentucky,  to  produce  the  mark  made 
by  Boone.  This  was  done  by  carefully  scaling 
off  the  yearly  growth,  until  the  mark  appeared 
corresponding  with  the  year  he  made  it.  and  the 
chip  being  in  Court,  and  the  tree  proved  from 
which  it  was  taken,  Boone's  claim  was  established. 

Death  of  a  Reserve  Antiquarian. — Mr.  Joel 
Blakeslee,  of  Colebrook,  Ashtabula  Co.,  0.,  a 
venerable  antiquarian  and  respected  citizen,  died 
Nov.  27th,  aged  76  years.  Mr.  Blakeslee  emi- 
grated from  Avon,  N.  Y.,  to  Ohio,  in  1819,  and 
was  the  first  settler  of  Colebrook,  his  family 
occupying  a  house  which  consisted  of  four  wide 
boards  for  a  floor,  and  five  for  a  shelter  from  the 
weather.  The  nearest  settlement  was  three 
miles,  to  which  they  went  by  marked  trees. 
Hardships  and  privations  were  the  lot  of  the 
Blakeslee  pioneers,  many  of  them  unusually 
severe.  Mr.  B.  in  due  time  became  locally  fa- 
mous as  an  Antiquarian,  and  gathered  up  the 
relics  of  the  past,  and  the  incidents  connected 
with  the  early  history  of  every  township  of  Ash- 
tabula county.  All  the  Indian  curiosities  and 
history  of  his  section  of  the  Lake  region  were 
carefully  collected  and  preserved,  and  his  contri- 
butions to  the  press  and  the  Historical  Society 
at  Jefferson  were  valuable  and  interesting. 
They  will  be  more  and  more  prized  as  genera- 
tion succeeds  generation. 

One  of  the  attractions  of  the  late  Fair  at  Cin- 
cinnati, was  a  selection  of  letters  from  the  extra- 
ordinary collection  of  Lewis  J.  Cost,  Esq.,  of  St. 
Louis,  whose  contributions  from  his  American 
treasures  have  often  enriched  our  columns. 
Among  the  most  remarkable  there  exhibited, 
were  those  of  Pope  Leo  X.,  Luther,  Henry  VIII., 
of  the  period  of  the  Reformation;  Cromwell,  Marl- 
borough,   Wellington,  Napoleon,    Murat,   Ney. 


128 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[March,  1864. 


among  the  military  heroes ;  and  a  host  of  Ameri- 
can worthies,  Gov.  Stuyvesant,  Roger  Williams, 
Gen.  Oglethorpe,  Washington,  Franklin,  Boone, 
Marion. 

The  Lexington  Monument. — The  heirs  of  the 
late  Wm.  H.  Carey,  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  (for- 
merly of  Boston),  have  purchased  Belfrey  Hill, 
in  Lexington,  containing  about  two  acres,  and 
having  in  the  centre  a  rock  rising  up  40  feet. 
The  price  paid  was  $3000.  The  lot  has  been 
presented  by  the  said  heirs  to  the  Lexington 
Monument  Association,  as  a  site  for  their  new 
monument.  The  rock  is  but  a  few  rods  distant 
from  the  old  monument.  The  directors  recently 
held  a  meeting  and  voted  unanimously  to  accept 
the  patriotic  gift.  Resolutions  and  a  vote  of 
thanks  were  unanimously  passed,  and  a  copy 
sent  to  the  donors. 

This  is  a  noble  beginning.  It  is  hoped  that 
other  persons  will  give  their  aid  towards  erecting 
a  National  Monument  in  commemoration  of  the 
great  event  of  the  19th  of  April,  1775.  It  will 
require  two  years  to  execute  the  work  of  the 
"  Minute  Man," — a  bronze  statue  of  about  six- 
teen feet  in  height.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  suffi- 
cient aid  will  be  given  the  Association  soon,  so 
that  work  will  go  on  and  have  the  corner  stone 
ready  to  be  laid  and  dedicated  to  Liberty  and 
Union  again  by  the  old  soldiers,  when  they 
return  from  the  war.  The  Ancient  and  Honor- 
able Artillery  Company  have  subscribed  $1000, 
to  be  paid  when  the  corner  stone  is  laid. 

Any  person  wishing  to  contribute  money  for 
the  patriotic  object  of  erecting  this  Naiional  Mo- 
nument, can  leave  it  with  Mr.  C.  O.  Whitmore, 
the  Treasurer,  in  Liberty  square,  Boston  j  also 
those  who  wish  to  become  members  of  the  Asso- 
ciation can  do  so  by  paying  $5  to  Mr.  Whitmore, 
when  they  will  receive  a  diploma  executed  on  a 
steel  plate  in  the  highest  style  of  art,  on  which  is 
the  autograph  of  the  President,  Hon.  Edward 
Everett,  also  the  other  officers  of  the  Asso- 
ciation, a  design  of  the  new  monument  and  a 
battle  scene  in  Lexington,  April  19,  1775,  the 
whole  making  a  beautiful  parlor  picture  worth 
the  five  dollars  paid  for  it.  Every  American 
should  have  a  copy  placed  in  his  house,  to  be 
handed  down  to  future  generations,  informing 
them  where  American  liberty  had  its  birth. 

Mr.  Robert  Wright,  102  Great  Russell  St., 
W.  C,  London,  solicits  copies  of  autograph  let- 
ters of  Gen.  Wolfe  for  a  new  and  complete  life 
of  the  great  commander. 

Hon.  Samuel  F.  Cary  of  College  Hill,  Ohio,  | 
is  preparing  a  complete  history  or  record  of  the  I 


descendants  of  John  Cary  who  landed  at  Ply- 
mouth in  the  Mayflower. 

Kosciusko. — Marianna  Lugomirska,  said  to  be 
a  descendant  of  the  Polish  patriot  Thaddeus 
Kosciusko,  has  published  in  Germany  a  new 
historical  romance,  compiled  from  original  let- 
ters and  documents  preserved  amongst  the 
family  papers  of  the  Polish  hero. 

The  Veteran  Newspaper  or  the  United 
States. — The  oldest  newspaper  in  the  United 
States  is  the  "  New  Hampshire  Gazette,"  pub- 
lished at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.  This  paper  com- 
pleted the  one  hundred  and  seventh  year  of  its 
publication  on  the  1st  of  October.  This  paper 
commenced  its  career  in  1756,  and  consequently 
is  the  oldest  newspaper  in  America. 

Yol.  I.  Maine  Historical  Collections,  is  now 
in  the  printer's  hand  for  republication.  The 
demand  has  exhausted  the  first  edition,  and  the 
Publishing  Committee  are  taking  advantage  of 
this  opportunity  to  enrich  the  work  by  the 
addition  of  about  sixty  pages,  to  be  furnished 
out  of  the  valuable  stores  of  its  Editor,  the  Hon. 
William  Willis,  President  of  the  Society. 

History  of  Portland. — This  valuable  pro- 
duction, of  which  the  first  portion  is  contained 
in  Vol.  I.  of  the  Collections  of  the  Maine  His- 
torical Society,  is  soon  to  be  issued  in  a  new  and 
attractive  form,  at  the  request  of  the  Society. 
The  author,  the  Hon.  Wm.  Willis,  of  Portland, 
will  make  additions  to  its  pages,  and  intends  to 
continue  the  narrative  down  to  the  present  time. 
His  resources  for  this  purpose  are  abundant; 
and  his  ability  to  draw  upon  these  has  been  fully 
tested  in  the  many  historical  and  biographical 
sketches  in  which  he  has  preserved  the  facts  of 
the  past. 

History  of  the  Pennsylvania  Paper  Money 
and  of  the  Continental  Emissions. — Mr.  Frank 
M.  Etting  is  compiling  historical  sketches  of  the 
Paper  Money  of  Pennsylvania  and  of  the  Con- 
tinental Emissions.  I  understand  that  he  has 
been  engaged  in  this  subject  for  several  years, 
and  has  collected  many  original  MSS.,  especially 
in  regard  to  the  Pennsylvania  issue.  As  a  per- 
son interested  in  the  subject,  and  anxious  to  aid 
Mr.  Etting,  permit  me  to  suggest  to  your  nu- 
merous readers,  many  of  whom  may  be  possessed 
of  valuable  information  of  this  subject,  that  they 
would  contribute  to  accurate  history  by  com- 
municating with  Mr.  Etting,  who,  at  present, 
resides  in  this  city.  u.  m. 

Baltimore,  Feb.  28,  1864. 


THEj 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


Vol.  VIII.] 


APRIL,  1864. 


[No.  4 


(Snuol  §*prtnuni. 


LETTERS  OF  G-EN.  JOSEPH  REED  TO 
GEN.  IRVINE. 

I  send  you  for  publication  a  few  letters 
from  the  then  Executive  of  Pennsylvania, 
Gen.  Joseph  Reed,  to  Gen.  Irvine,  apposite 
to  the  present  times,  inasmuch  as  they  relate, 
for  the  most  part,  to  the  difficulties  expe- 
rienced in  recruiting  the  armies  of  the  Revo- 
lution ;  the  more  creditable  to  those  who  did 
enlist,  and,  amid  the  discouragements  that 
surrounded  them,  battled  through  the  war, 
without  the  sordid  incentives  now  so  neces- 
sary to  the  recruitment  of  our  present 
armies.  Think  of  the  State  of  Pennsylva- 
nia with  a  war  on  her  hands,  and  only 
$3000  in  the  Treasury!  Respectfully, 
W.  A.  Irvine. 

Philad.,  Nov.  16th,  1773. 

Dear  Sir 

Tho  I  am  very  much  engaged  in  other 
Business  I  cannot  let  Gen.  Armstrong  go 
to  Carlisle  without  acquainting  you  of  the 
Steps  I  have  taken  upon  your  Claim.  On 
my  Return  from  Camp  I  made  due  Inquiry 
&  found  that  Gen.  Hand  had  been  pro- 
moted in  the  Manner  then  suggested  viz. 
upon  the  Nomination  of  North  Carolina. 
Being  satisfied  of  this  in  making  Report 
to  Congress  &  recommending  General  Of- 
ficers in  the  Name  of  the  Committee  I 
stated  the  several  Facts  which  the  Dele- 
gates of  North  Carolina  admitted  were 
truly  stated,  but  declared  they  could  not 
consent  to  receive  Gen.  Hand  as  their 
Omcer. — I  then  stated  Col.  Magaw  &  your- 
self as  standing  next  in  order  of  rank. 
That  Col.  Magaw  being   a  Prisoner,  if   a 

HIST.  MAG.      VOL.  VIII.  17 


Brigadier  was  indispensably  necessary  at 
present  as  Gen.  Washington  intimates  you 
stood  intitled,  but  in  this  case  Col.  Magaws 
Right  should  be  saved  either  by  Agree- 
ment between  yourselves  or  by  express 
Reservation,  as  it  would  be  a  great  Injus- 
tice that  a  good  Officer  should  lose  his 
Right  by  the  mere  Fortune  of  War.  The 
Generosity  of  your  own  Mind  I  am  sure 
will  lead  you  to  approve  this  Rule  of  my 
Conduct. — Thus  the  Matter  stands — Caro- 
lina says  she  will  not  have  Gen1.  Hand — 
Pennsylvania  should  say  &  I  trust  will, 
that  having  nominated  him  she  must  be 
bound  by  her  Nomination  or  the  Rights 
of  others  will  be  invaded.  Gen.  Hand]s 
Merit  as  an  Officer  is  not  questioned,  it  is 
a  Question  more  aflfecting  to  the  States  of 
Carolina  &  Pennsylvania,  than  a  personal 
Question. 

I  have  not  now  the  Honour  of  a  Seat  in 
Congress  but  as  far  as  lays  in  my  Power 
shall  convey  the  Sentimts  I  have  expressed 
to  those  who  succeed  me  &  hope  they  will 
have  their  due  Weight. 

I  am  with  much  Esteem,  Sir 

Your  most  obed.  &  very 
Hbble  Serv. 

Jos.  Reed. 

Philad.,  Aug.  8, 1779. 

Dear  Sir 

I  am  indebted  to  you  for  two  Favours 
which  I  shall  now  endeavour  to  discharge 
with  one  ;  An  Indisposition  of  some  Days 
&  Moving  to  a  new  House  having  kept  me 
from  Business.  I  send  you  inclosed  an 
Answer  from  Col.  Nicola  on  the  subject  of 
the  Invalids  in  which  if  he  is  not  mistaken 
in  Facts  he  seems  to  account  for  his  Pro- 
cedure better  than  I  expected. 

The  Reduction  of  Stony  Point  has  every 


130 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[April, 


Particular  of  Time,  Manner,  &  Circum- 
stance to  recommend  it  &  reflects  such 
Credit  on  our  Arms  as  I  think  will  have 
lasting  Effects.  I  am  rejoiced  our  Officers 
had  so  great  a  Share  in  it,  as  it  reflects 
Honour  upon  the  State.  Had  the  medi- 
tated Design  on  the  other  Point  taken 
Effect  the  Consequences  would  have  been 
decisive  for  the  Campaign — We  are  well 
satisfied  here.  You  ask  me  what  may  be 
depended  on  as  to  Cloathing,  &  I  will 
answer  you  freely,  depending  that  you 
will  only  disclose  it  when  you  know  it  may 
be  done  with  Propriety — As  to  getting  it 
in  this  Place  it  is  impracticable,  either  the 
Merchants  have  it  not,  or  it  is  put  out  of 
Sight.  My  own  Opinion  is,  that  there  is 
more  in  town  than  appears,  but  much  less 
than  what  is  wanted.  We  have  therefore 
been  for  some  Time  preparing  Exports  to 
a  Place  not  very  distant,  and  mean  to  take 
every  Precaution  for  Safety,  the  Returns 
to  be  intirely  in  such  Articles  as  are  wanted 
for  the  Army.  However  in  this  View  we 
have  hitherto  confined  ourselves  to  the 
Officers,  it  having  been  understood  that 

men. 
now,  & 
as  Gen.  Wilkinson  the  new  Clothier  Gen. 
is  at  Camp  you  will  do  well  to  consult  him 
fully  upon  the  Subject. 

The  Mode  in  which  half  pay  was  given 
was  settled  by  Congress,  and  as  there  are 
comparatively  few  who  may  get  civil  Of- 
fices so  lucrative,  as  to  make  it  unneces- 
sary, I  wish  it  was  clear  of  that  Restriction, 
&  if  a  Law  is  brought  in  to  establish  it  I 
will  recommend  to  such  Members  of  Ass1^ 
as  I  have  any  Influence  with  to  lay  aside 
the  Restriction ;  but  this  will  only  affect 
the  half  Pay  given  by  the  State  as  we  can 
only  give  our  Vote  in  Congress,  as  one  of 
thirteen,  for  an  Alteration  of  the  other. 

Your  Mode  of  recruiting  would  be  an 
effectual  one,  if  no  Parties  existed  in  the 
State,  &  all  would  concur  to  enforce  the 
duty  :  But  while  each  seeks  to  strengthen 
itself  by  the  Malcontents  of  the  other 
Party  there  will  be  an  Imbecillity  in  every 
Measure  which  runs  counter  to  the  Feelings 
and  Interests  of  a  considerable  Number. 
But  I  should  chuse  in  this  Case  that  the 


the  Congress  would  take  care  of  the 
This  should  be  well   understood 


Term  of  Service  should  be  a  compleat 
Year  if  not  more  from  the  Time  of  joining 
the  Regiment. 

I  wish  I  had  more  Leisure  to  lay  my 
Sentiments  before  the  publick  on  the  Duty 
&  propriety  of  providing  for  the  Officers 
&  Soldiers — it  is  the  only  Subject  on 
which  I  trouble  the  News  Papers,  &  the 
same  Causes  for  not  answering  your  Let- 
ter have  operated  to  prevent  my  prose- 
cuting it — added  to  this,  that  the  News 
Papers  have  been  very  much  engross*1  by 
the  Party  writers.  I  shall  resume  it  as 
soon  as  my  Health  will  admit.  I  congratu- 
late you  upon  the  favourable  Accounts 
from  the  West  Indies — Grenada  undoubt- 
edly taken,  and  Byron  defeated  are  great 
Events,  we  wait  impatiently  for  the  par- 
ticulars. 

My  best  Wishes  attend  you  &  am 
Dear  Sir,  with  much  Esteem 

Your  most  obed  &  very 
Hbble  serv 

Jos.  Reed. 


Pjiilad.,  Nov.  18, 1779. 

Dear  Sir 

I  am  indebted  to  you  for  several  Favours 
which  my  long  Indisposition  has  prevented 
my  answering.  I  shall  write  to  Major 
Moore  in  answer  to  his  Letter. 

The  very  heavy,  I  may  say  the  enormous, 
Expense   which   Avarrice   &  private   Ra- 
pacity throws  on  the  States  in   order  to 
procure  the  Necessaries  for  the  Army  will 
require  some  Attention  &  Care  on  their 
Part,  &  especially  in  the  filling  up  Vacan- 
cies in  the  present  State  of  the  Privates  I 
cannot   think    there   is   any  Necessity  of 
introducing  new  Officers  which   must  be 
the  Case  if  every  Vacancy  is  filled  as  soon 
as  it  happens.     I  would  wish  the  General 
&  Field  Officers  would  rather  discourage 
it  as  otherwise  they  may  feel  the  Inconve- 
niences themselves — the  fewer  Officers  we 
have  the  better  we  can  afford  to  do  for 
them  provided  there  is  sufficient  to  do  the 
Duty.     And  I  would  especially  recommend 
Caution  in  this  Respect  with  Respect  to 
any  Persons  not  belonging  to  the  State. 
The   Benefits   of    the   Pennsylvania   Line 
may  draw  Persons  from  other  States  or 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


131 


foreign  Parts,  but  it  is  not  prudent  as  to 
the  State  nor  politick  as  to  themselves,  as 
at  a  future  Day  the  Difficulty  of  rew  \t  ling 
such  a  Number  will  be  given  as  a  Reason 
against  rewarding  any. 

The  Cloathing  goes  off  next  Week,  & 
tho  not  so  complete  as  I  intended  I  believe 
if  you  can  be  permitted  to  retain  it  you 
will  find  yourselves  in  as  comfortable  a  State 
as  any  other  Line,  &  I  imagine  more  so  as 
no  Pains  has  been  spared  to  procure  Plenty 
<fc  of  the  best  Quality. 

As  Officers  have  a  good  deal  of  Leisure 
<fc  sometimes  want  Amusement  I  have  sent 
you   a    Pamphlet   of   which  I   beg    your 
Acceptance  &  am  with  much  Esteem 
Your  obed  &  very 

Hbble  serv 

Jos.  Reed. 

Piiilad.,  April  11, 17S0. 

Sir 

The  various  Recommendations  of  Offi- 
cers for  Promotion  will  very  naturally  call 
for  some  Answer  &  Notice.  They  would 
probably  have  long  before  this  Time  been 
forwarded  from  this  Board  to  the  Conti- 
nental Board  of  AVar  if  it  had  not  been 
intimated  to  us  that  some  Propositions 
would  be  made  this  Spring  from  the  Offi- 
cers for  an  Incorporation  of  the  weak 
Regiments.  When  compared  with  other 
States  we  find  our  Quota  is  in  a  very 
respectable  Point  of  View,  &  have  there- 
fore thought  it  our  Duty  to  stimulate 
others  rather  than  overstrain  ourselves  by 
unequal  Exertions.  For  this  Reason  & 
because  the  exhausted  State  of  our  Trea- 
sury does  not  admit  of  the  Expence  we 
have  not  attempted  Recruiting.  For  your 
Satisfaction  &  that  of  the  Officers  I  also 
enclose  you  the  Resolution  of  Congress 
which  put  a  Period  to  our  farther  Pro- 
ceeding in  the  Appointments  of  Officers. 
Whenever  this  Obstacle  is  removed  or 
Congress  direct  the  Mode  we  shall  chear- 
fully  go  forward  in  the  Business. 

I  have  now  the  Satisfaction  of  informing 
you  that  the  House  of  Assembly  at  their 
last  Sessions  taking  into  farther  Consider- 
ation the  meritorious  Services  of  the 
Troops  belonging  to  this  State  not  only 


confirmed  by  a  Law  the  half  Pay  given  by 
Congress  extending  it  to  the  Life  of  every 
Officer,  but  also  the  Cloathing  &  Stores 
during  the  Service — providing  also  for  the 
Widow  and  Children  of  any  Officer  dying 
in  Service  by  an  Annuity  proportioned  to 
their  Wants  &  Circumstances — In  Addi- 
tion to  which  they  have  also  voted  each 
Officer  at  the  Expiration  of  Service  the 
following  Quantities  of  Land  free  of  Taxes 

A  Major  General 2000  Acres 

A  Brigadier 1500  Do. 

A  Colonel 1000  Do. 

A  Lieutenant  Colonel.  750.    Do. 

A  Surgeon 600  Do. 

A  Major 600  Do. 

A  Captain 500  Do. 

A  Lieutenant    , 400 

An  Ensign 300 

A  Surgeon's  Mate. . .   300 

And   as   an  Eucouracrement   to   the 


commissioned    Officers 
have  been  voted 


&    Soldiers 


non- 
they 


A  Serjeant 250  Acres 

A  Private 200 

These  unsollicited  &  kind  Marks  of  Atten- 
tion &  Respect  I  am  sure  cannot  fail  of 
making  suitable  Impressions  on  brave  & 
generous  Minds.  As  I  feel  a  very  sincere 
Pleasure  in  executing  these  Plans  &  Mea- 
sures formed  for  the  Comfort  &  Satisfaction 
of  the  Army  I  am  also  happy  in  communi- 
cating them,  &  request  as  a  Peice  of 
Justice  to  the  Assembly  you  would  make 
known  to  the  Officers  &  Soldiers  what  has 
been  done  for  them  on  this  Occasion. 

I  also  enclose  you  a  Resolution  of  Con- 
gress on  the  Subject  of  your  Pay,  which  I 
hope  will  be  a  pleasing  Information  as  it 
shews  a  general  Attention  to  the  Interests 
&  Comfort  of  the  Army — of  which  it  is  in 
every  Respect  very  deserving. 

As  soon  as  the  Laws  are  printed  I  will 

forward  you  the  Act   for  the   Supply  & 

honourable  Reward   of  the   Pennsylvania 

Troops  &  am  with  much  Regard  &  Esteem 

Sir 

Your  most  obed1  &  very 
Hbble  serv. 

Jos.  Reed. 


132 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[April 


Phil  ad.,  April  14,  1T80. 

Sir 

I  wrote  you  on  the  11th  Inst,  giving  you 
a  short  Sketch  of  the  Provision  lately 
made  for  the  Army — since  which  I  received 
your  Favour  of  the  8th  Inst.  I  am  sorry 
the  Surgeons  &  Mates  after  receiving 
Cloathing  &  other  Supplies  from  the  State 
should  thus  in  a  Body  tender  their  Resig- 
nation, it  looks  like  extorting  rather  than 
requesting.  Happily  in  this  Case  their 
Interests  were  consulted  &  attended  to 
before  this  Step  was  taken  otherwise  it 
might  possibly  have  injured  their  Claim. 
Generous  Minds  should  be  careful  how 
they  impose  Force  or  what  has  the  Ap- 
pearance of  it,  as  there  is  a  certain  Pride 
in  human  Nature  that  recoils  at  Compul- 
sion.— I  now  inclose  you  the  Act  of  As- 
sembly confirming  the  Provision  for  the 
Army — Besides  which  as  I  mentioned  in  a 
former  Letter  the  House  voted  2000  Acres 
of  Land  to  every  Major  General  &  so  in 
Proportion  to  inferiour  Officers — Surgeons 
&  their  Mates  included. 

I  agree  with  you  in  wishing  some  per- 
manent &  general  Plan  could  be  fallen 
upon  that  would  give  Satisfaction  &  save 
us  from  adopting  the  Line  of  temporary 
Expedients. 

If  the  Surgeons  &  Mates  should  still 
persist  in  their  Resignation  it  will  be  more 
proper  to  make  it  to  Congress  than  to  us 
for  tho  we  have  the  Appointment  when 
they  receive  their  Commissions  they  be- 
come the  Officers  of  the  United  States. — 
Perhaps  from  the  Changes  making  in  the 
Hospital  Department  Congress  could  sup- 
ply their  Places,  but  I  confess  I  am  at  a 
loss  to  see  why  the  Gentlemen  are  dissa- 
tisfied with  the  State  because  their  Views 
were  disappointed  by  a  Vote  in  Congress. 
I  am  with  much  Esteem  Sir 

Your  obed  &  very  Hbble  Serv 
Jos.  Rerd. 

Philad.,  May  10th,  17S0. 

Dear  Sir 

Your  favour  of  the  twenty  fifth  of  April 
last  and  the  second  Instant  came  duly  and 
safely  to  hand.  We  are  sorry  that  a  point 
of  punctilio  with  respect  to  the  State 
Agentshould  be  taken  up  at  this  time  of 


day  and  in  the  present  state  of  our  affairs 
when  frugality  is  so  indispensibly  necessary. 
Whatever  may  be  the  customs  of  Euro- 
pean armies  it  certainly  resfs  in  our  own 
opinion  whether  such  an  appointment  shall 
be  derogatory  to  the  Character  of  an  offi- 
cer. One  thing  I  am  very  sure  of,  that  if 
the  person  who  is  to  undertake  it  is  not 
supported  and  respected  by  the  officers, 
his  office  will  be  a  very  difficult  if  not  an 
impracticable  one.  If  the  thing  is  not  too 
far  gone  I  should  be  glad  you  wrould  confer 
with  the  Baron  Steuben  thereon,  and  en- 
deavour to  divert  him  from  a  measure 
which  appears  to  us  attended  with  many 
inconveniences  without  any  real  advantages 
to  ballance  it.  If  I  had  time  I  would  write 
myself,  but  I  have  no  objection  to  your 
using  my  name  and  opinion. 

Mr.  Swaine's  conduct  is  by  no  means  pleas- 
ing to  us  but  if  you  have  the  Resolve  of 
Congress  of  the  twenty  third  day  of  March 
1V79,  you  will  find  that  tho  nominated  by 
us  he  is  an  officer  of  Congress  and  remov- 
able only  by  the  Commander  in  Chief.  It 
will  be  therefore  quite  acceptable  to  us  if 
his  conduct  could  be  taken  up  in  its  proper 
place  and  Justice  done  both  him  and  the 
publick.  We  have  frequently  intimated 
to  him  our  desire  that  he  should  reside  at 
Camp  but  it  has  not  had  the  desired  effect. 
We  had  flattered  ourselves  that  deser- 
tions had  nearly  ceased  and  thought  our- 
selves warranted  in  our  opinion  by  the 
estimate  of  stores  lately  sent  us  in  which 
our  Troops  computed  at  640  Officers  and 
3200  non  Commissioned  Officers  and  pri- 
vates. The  Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court 
having  gone  upon  the  Circuits  we  have 
recommended  to  them  in  the  strongest 
manner  the  putting  a  stop  to  the  inter- 
ference of  the  Justices  in  the  case  of  dis- 
charging soldiers.  I  am  clearly  of  opinion 
that  the  Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court 
only  upon  a  habeas  corpus,  have  a  right  to 
determine  the  expiration  of  service  and 
would  advise  that  the  Officers  in  such  case 
should  decently  and  respectfully  decline 
their  authority.  General  Lacey  will  write 
to  you  on  the  subject,  and  we  have  taken 
particular  notice  of  Mr.  Scott  of  York 
Town.     I  do  not  know  how  we  can  check 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


133 


You  must  be  sensible  what  a  heavy  <fc 
necessary  Demand  must  also  attend  re- 
cruiting. If  the  Bounties  are  not  paid  we 
can  expect  no  Men.  Your  Observations 
on  the  Taxes  of  Cumberland  are  very  jnst. 
Fair  tfc  punctual  Payment  of  Taxes  must 
not  be  considered  among  the  good  Quali- 
ties of  your  County — tho  in  Whiggism  & 
Bravery  I  think  it  may  vie  with  any 
County  in  the  State  or  even  in  America. 
I  wish  our  Friends  there  were  more  sen- 
sible of  the  Importance  of  this  Duty  but 
you  must  remember  that  it  has  been  an 
old  Complaint — Time  &  Experience  will 
we  hope  improve  &  amend  it. 


ren 


the  supernumerary  officers,  but  if  we  can   or  £3000  State  Money  in  it  at  any  Time- 
stop  the   Justices   their   Certificates    will  ' 
have  little  comparative  effect. 

I  must  acknowledge  my  good  Sir,  that 
in  the  present  state  of  our  publick  affairs 
as  to  money  I  see  no  prospect  of  recruiting 
the  number  of  Men  Baron  Steuben  calls 
for.  We  must  therefore  concur  in  some 
plan  for  levelling  the  regiments,  I  am 
sensible  it  is  an  unpleasant  business,  but 
the  all  powerful  Law  of  necessity  admits 
of  no  alternative.  I  am  told  that  at  this 
stage  of  the  business  the  taxes  are  found 
too  burthensome,  at  least  relaxation  is 
called  for  which  shows  they  have  been 
improvidently  required  or  very  injudiciously 
withheld.  I  am  very  glad  you  are  like  to 
bring  your  affair  to  an  issue  I  think  it  is 
quite  time  it  should  be  settled  and  your 
rank  determined  and  have  no  doubt  Justice 
will  be  done.  Colonel  Farmer  has  orders 
to  prepare  a  quantity  of  linnen  overalls 
and  a  supply  of  shirts  which  will  be  for- 
warded as  soon  as  they  are  got  ready. 
Pray  inform  me  with  respect  to  hats ;  if 
you  can  do  without  them  till  the  fall 
cl  oat  lies  it  would  be  best.  I  am  with 
much  regard  Sir 

Your  most  obedient  and  very  humble 
servant 

Jos.  Reed 

President, 
writing    the    above    your 
Little  is  come  to  hand. 


Wayne  laid  a  Letter  from  you  to 
him  before  the   Council  containing   some 
Observations  on  the  Neglect  &  Omission 
of  sending  the  Laws  into  the  Country  & 
particularly  the  late  Law  for  calling  Men 
by  Classes.     As  the  sending  the  Laws  has 
been  for  some  Time  past  considered  a  Duty 
of  the  Council  the  Members  considered  the 
sending   the  Letter  to   them   as  a  gentle 
Animadversion  on  the  Board  but  which  in 
this  Instance  does  not  happen  to  be  well 
founded.     The  Law  in  Question  was  sent 
by  Express  to  the  Commissioners  of  all  the 
Counties  above  two  Months  ago — We  find 
on  Inquiry  that  he  set  out  on  the  3d  Jan. 
taking  with  him   also  Instructions   of  the 
most  particular  Kind  so   as  to  establish  a 
general  Regularity  &  Uniformity  in  the 
Execution.     The    Express  is   not  here  to 
ascertain  with  judicial  Precision  the  actual 
Delivery    of  the   Law    it;   Papers   to    the 
Commissioners  of  Cumberland,  but   as  it 
was   seasonably  delivered  in   every  other 
Part  of  the  State  we  presume  that  County 
was  not  neglected  <fc  that  you  have  not 
Assembly.    "I  am  sorry  to  inform  you  that  j  been  properly  informed   on  this  Occasion, 
it  is  in  our  power  to  give  very  little  Relief,  i  which  I  have  been  the  more  sorry  for  as 
The  Advances   made   to  the    Officers    &  \  the  Letter  has  been  communicated  pretty 
Soldiers,   the  Purchase  of  Cloathing  now :  generally  Ss  is   wrote  in    a    Language  of 
in  Hand — the  Supply  of  this  City  &  the!  Complaint  rather  adapted  for  confidential 
various   Ports   in   the  Country— with  the .  &  private  Correspondence  than  for  publick 
Necessities  of  the   Army  at  West  Point,   Use. 


P.  S.    Since 
Favour  of  Mr. 


Fiiilad.,  March  20,  1TS1. 


Sir 

I  have  duly  received  your  Favour  re- 
specting the  Affairs  at  Carlisle,  which 
appeared  of  so  much  Importance  that  I 
thought  proper  to   communicate  it  to  the 


Fort  Pitt  etc.  have  reduced  our  Treasury 
to  the  lowest  Ebb — so  that  I  can  with 
Truth   assure  you  we  have  not   now  noi 


Affairs  in  Europe  have  taken  a  surprizing 
Turn.  War  declared  by  England  against 
the  Dutch —  We  have  no  News  from  Che- 


have  we   had  for  2   Months  past   above  2   sapeak  where  the  French   &  British  Fleet 


134 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[April, 


now  are,  but  we  are  in  momentary  Expec- 
tation of  great  Events. 

I  am  with  much  Esteem  Sir 
Your  obed  &  very  Hbble  serv 

Jos.  Reed. 
P.  S.  There  is  at  present  no  Law  in 
Force  enabling  the  Council  to  issue  Orders 
to  impress — all  the  Powers  of  that  Nature 
being  vested  in  the  Commissioner  under 
the  Law  which  creates  the  Office. 

Philad.,  June  1, 1780. 

Dear  Sir 

I  am  to  acknowledge  several  of  your 
Favours  &  especially  the  last  informing  of 
the  unhappy  State  of  the  Army.  I  com- 
municated it  in  Confidence  to  the  General 
Assembly,  who  in  Addition  to  the  other 
Measures  which  we  had  pursued  &  the 
beneficial  Effects  of  which  we  hope  you  have 
by  this  Time  experienced  have  passed  a 
Law  authorizing  Persons  to  seize  all  Cattle 
&  Provisions,  this  Law  we  shall  execute 
with  Spirit  immediately  &  I  hope  in  a 
very  few  Days  you  will  see  that  a  different 
Spirit  reigns  here  than  in  those  States  who 
perhaps  being  more  remote  are  not  touched 
equally  with  a  Sense  of  the  Necessity  of 
immediate  Exertions — We  have  also  passed 
a  Law  for  draughting  Recruits  for  the 
Army  which  in  this  City  and  the  3  ad- 
joining Counties  will  produce  600  Men. 

Farmer  is  busily  engaged  making  Shirts 
&  Overalls — &  Mr.  Lyttle  in  forwarding 
the  Stores  which  are  purchased  for  your 
Refreshment  &  Comfort.  It  will  do  great 
Honour  to  our  State  if  we  can  keep  our 
Troops  uncontaminated  on  so  trying  an 
Occasion  with  the  Spirit  of  Discontent — 
for  which  after  all  we  must  acknowledge 
there  is  too  much  Reason. 

The  Arrangement  of  the  Officers  in 
Consequence  of  Vacancy  &  Promotion 
lias  been  laid  before  the  Board  of  War  & 
no  Difficulty  arises  in  making  out  the 
Commissions  but  in  the  3d  &  4th  Regi- 
ment. It  is  said  Mr.  Marshal  cannot  take 
Capt.  Ruly's  Place  untill  the  Proceedings 
are  had  to  dismiss  the  latter  agreeable  to 
the  inclosed  Resolution  of  Congress — the 
other  Appointments  in  Consequence  of 
Mr.  Marshal's  Promotion    will    of    course 


be  postponed. — The  same  Difficulty  in 
Case  of  Ensign  Peter  Smith  or  rather 
Lieutenant  King.  It  is  also  queried  how 
Mr.  Onial  was  dismissed  from  the  Sur- 
geoncy of  the  10th  Reg',  you  will  please 
to  have  this  explained  or  I  fear  his 
Appointment  will  also  be  delayed. 

As  to  the  4th  Regim* — The  Rank  of 
Messrs.  Beecher  &  Steddiford  must  be 
settled  before  any  Commissions  can  issue, 
and  as  the  Gentlemen  who  have  been  Pri- 
soners have  some  Reason  in  my  Opinion  to 
complain  I  flatter  myself  due  Considera- 
tion will  be  had  to  the  Justice  of  their 
Cases  on  the  present  Occasion. — We  have 
received  a  Remonstrance  from  the  other 
Officers  but  as  it  is  a  Rule  with  us  not  to 
interfere  in  these  Questions  we  hope  the 
matter  will  be  settled  at  Camp,  until  which 
nothing  can  be  done  here. 

Col.  Butler  is  anxious  for  the  Confirma- 
tion of  some  Ensigns  appointed  by  Gen1. 
Sullivan  but  as  the  General  had  no  Autho- 
rity to  make  such  an  Appointment  we 
cannot  violate  a  Rule  of  Congress  as  well 
as  our  own  Determination  or  the  Appoint- 
ment of  any  new  Officers  but  in  the  Mode 
which  the  Resolution  of  Congress  directs 
viz — special  Recommendation  of  the  Com- 
mander in  Chief  to  which  we  shall  pay 
proper  Attention.  You  will  easily  see 
that  if  done  in  one  Case  every  other  Colonel 
will  expect  it  and  as  the  Right  of  Appoint- 
ment is  in  the  State  we  cannot  waive  it. 
I  mention  this  because  it  has  been  observed 
that  Colonels  admit  young  Fellows  to  do 
Duty  &  then  ground  a  Claim  for  a  Com- 
mission on  their  having  served  some  Time 
which  makes  us  mere  Cyphers  &  is  a  De- 
viation from  the  Letter  &  Spirit  of  the 
Rule  of  Congress.  If  it  was  known  that 
the  Council  did  not  think  themselves  at  all 
bound  by  this  Circumstance  it  would  save 
us  the  painful  Necessity  of  declining  to 
confirm  their  Appointments. — I  am  in  haste 
dear  Sir 

Your  obed  Hbble  Serv 
Jos.  Reed. 
If  Gen1.  St.  Clare  is  at  Camp  please  to 
communicate  this  Letter  to  him. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


135 


Dear  Sir 

I  shall  be  glad  to  meet  the  Officers  of 
the  Pennsylvania  Line  collectively  next 
Monday  at  12  o'clock  at  the  City  Tavern, 
&  shall  be  much  obliged  to  you  to  acquaint 
them  with  my  Wishes. 

As  I  do  not  know  the  Quarters  of  the 
Field  Officers  now  in  Town  must  also 
request  you  to  convey  my  Compliments  to 
them  &  request  the  Favour  of  their  Com- 
pany to  dine  with  me  on  Wednesday  next, 
3  o?clock.  I  mean  the  Officers  of  the  Six 
Regiments  as  I  shall  have  Opportunities  to 
see  the  other  Gentlemen — but  the  Officers 
who  continue  will  probably  leave  Town  in 
a  little  Time.  You  will  also  oblige  me 
with  your  own  Company  at  the  same  Time. 
I  am  Sir 

Your  obed  &  very 

Hbble  Serv 

Jos.  Reed. 

Market  Street 
Jan.  27, 1781. 

Philad.,  July  19, 1780. 

Dear  Sir 

I  duly  received  your  Favour  of  the  12th 
Inst. — &  of  this  I  cannot  say  I  am  disap- 
pointed in  the  Result  of  the  Board  of 
General  Officers  yet  I  wish  they  had  seen 
their  Way  in  proceeding  to  a  Determina- 
tion, because  that  of  Congress  will  be 
tedious  &  probably  intermingled  with 
political  Sentiments  which  do  not  pervade 
the  Camp. 

I  have  shewn  your  Letter  to  one  of  our 
Delegates  who  seems  generally  to  be  of 
Sentiment  with  you.  However  I  have  a 
doubt  in  one  Point  and  that  is,  whether 
the  Reference  does  not  come  more  properly 
from  the  General  to  Congress  than  from 
the  State.  In  that  Case  the  matter  would 
be  taken  up  more  free  from  Prejudice,  than 
I  am  sure  it  would  be  if  urged  by  our  Dele- 
gates— &  the  less  the  Prejudice  the  better 
Prospect  of  your  succeeding  fully  & 
quickly.  Your  Proposition  of  putting 
Gen1.  Hand  on  the  general  Scale,  seems 
most  likely  to  take  if  properly  managed, 
<fc  I  am  of  Opinion  it  will  end  there  as 
North  Carolina  has  already  her  full  Share 
of  Brigadiers.  My  Advice  therefore  would 
be  to  get  the  General  to  state  the  Result 


of  the  Board  of  Officers  with  their  Diffi- 
culties &  press  Congress  to  a  Determina- 
tion, least  he  should  be  embarrassed  in 
disposing  the  Commands. 

Mr.  Searle  has  sailed  for  Europe  a  Week 
ago  partly  on  private  Business  &  partly  to 
procure  the  necessary  Supplies  of  Cloathing 
&c.  which  cannot  be  done  here — if  he 
arrives  safe  &  succeeds  in  his  errand  I 
trust  the  Pennsylvania  Line  will  make  an 
Appearance  not  only  superiour  to  any  in 
America  but  equal  to  any  Thing  in  Europe 
— we  have  carried  our  Orders  down  to  a 
Sleeve  Button  with  every  Thing  answerable 
both  for  Officers  &  Men. — I  wrote  to  Gen. 
St.  Clair  a  few  Days  ago  requesting  that 
Lieuts.  Bigham  &  Benne  might  be  sent 
down  to  confront  a  Capt.  Gardener  whom 
we -have  in  Custody  for  insulting  them 
while  searching  for  Deserters.  We  are 
resolved  to  make  an  Example  of  him  if  the 
Facts  appear  as  we  presume  they  will  from 
the  Report  made  formerly  by  these  Gen- 
tlemen. 

We  are  sorry  to  find  some  Gentlemen 
express  themselves  so  indiscreetly  in  Camp 
&  write  to  their  Friends  here  in  the  same 
Style  with  Respect  to  the  new  Recruits. 
We  have  gone  on  Gen.  Washington's 
Opinion  on  draughting  preferably  to  vo- 
luntary Inlistment.  Draughts  you  know 
must  be  for  short  Duration  &  with  good 
Management  many  may  be  entered  for  the 
War.  But  this  is  not  all,  we  attempted 
voluntary  Inlistment  for  the  War  last 
Spring  without  any  Success — but  not  dis- 
couraged <fc  willing  to  please  all  we  have 
now  began  again — I  advanced  this  Morning 
10  half  Johannes  &  I  dare  say  many  others 
will  do  the  like  to  try  what  can  be  done — 
some  Gentlemen  took  it  up  about  3  Weeks 
ago  got  a  Subscription  but  went  no  farther. 
You  may  depend  upon  it  there  are  no  Men 
in  America  more  anxious  to  fill  up  the 
Line — but  Pennsylvania  you  must  be  sen- 
sible is  composed  of  such  a  Mixture  of 
People  &  we  have  so  much  Opposition 
that  a  Man  might  as  reasonably  expect  the 
Fruits  of  our  Climate  to  grow  in  another 
as  to  expect  that  the  same  Efforts  could 
succeed  in  one  State  as  another.  Indeed 
I  must  declare  it  as  my  Opinion  that  the 


136 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[April, 


Strength  of  an  Army  does  not  consist  in 
its  Numbers — Appointments  comfortable 
Cloathing  Equipments  of  various  Kinds 
are  as  necessary  as  Men^fc  a  well  appointed 
Army  is  equal  to  double  its  Numbers 
destitute  of  the  Necessaries  &  Conve- 
niences of  Military  Life.  And  in  this 
Respect  Envy  &  111  Nature  must  do  us 
Justice  &  we  depend  especially  on  our 
Officers  whose  Comfort  &  Honour  is 
deservedly  dear  to  us  to  support  ours 
agl  Reproach.  I  am  Dear  Sir,  with  real 
Esteem 

Your  most  obed. 

Hbble  Serv 
Jos.  Reed. 
P.  S.  Gen.  Armstrong  came  to  Congress 
some  Time  ago. 

War  Office,  March  27,  1T81. 

Sir 

Col.  Forrest  has  arrived  here  with   an 
account  of  the  111  Temper  of  the  Artifi- 
cers   at    Carlisle    for    Want    of  Pay    & 
Cloathing  &  it  seems  the  same  Spirit  per- 
sists among  them  as   to  their  Discharges 
which  took  Possession  of  the  Pennsilvania 
Line.    Since  the  Precedent  has  taken  Place 
with  respect  to  Discharges  we  do  not  see 
that  any  Difference  of  Treatment  can  be 
held  up  &  therefore   we  think  those  en- 
listed for  three  Tears  or  duri?ig  the  War 
must  be  discharged  at  the  Expiration  of 
the  three  Years.     But  it  seems  they  will 
not  take  their  Discharges  unless  they  are 
paid  &  we  are  informed  they  have  thrown 
out  Threats  to  sieze  the  Stores  and  pay 
themselves.     Their  Pay  is  certainly  due 
them  yet  they  have  less  Reason  to  com- 
plain than  the  Troops  in  the  Field  as  they 
have  been  paid  within  six  Months.     What 
they  should  receive  would  the  farther  dis- 
able the   Public  from  paying  the  Troops 
and  as  these  Men  have  all  Trades  it  should 
seem  that  they  could  better  support  the 
Want  of  Pay  than  the   Soldiers.     It  ap- 
pears to  us  totally  out  of  the  Power  of 
Congress  to  pay  the  Artificers  at  this  Time 
&  therefore  if  those  entitled  to  them  were 
discharged  &  permitted  thereby  to  be  at 
Liberty   to   follow  their    several   Occupa- 
tions in  their  own  account  they  ought  to 


be  satisfied.  If  we  could  get  Guards 
from  the  Regiment  of  Continental  Troops 
to  secure  the  Stores  the  Artificers  might 
be  discharged  &  sent  about  their  Business. 
But  as  probably  this  Expedient  would  be 
creating  another  Evil  considering  these 
Troops  are  under  the  same  Predicament 
we  have  thought  it  best  to  state  the  Matter 
to  you  that  you  might  fall  on  some  Mea- 
sures for  securing  the  Stores  and  having 
the  three  Years  Men  discharged  &  sent 
from  the  Post.  Probably  some  of  the  citi- 
zens might  be  prevailed  on  to  take  the 
Guard  of  the  Stores  till  the  Men  who  have 
evidenced  a  Disposition  to  seize  them 
should  be  gone.  But  we  leave  the  Matter 
to  your  Discretion  &  if  you  find  Diffi- 
culties too  great  for  the  Attempt  you  will 
inform  us  as  the  Matter  should  not  be 
began  unless  there  is  a  Certainty  of  its 
being  carried  thro'.  If  it  is  possible  to 
furnish  Money  it  shall  be  done  so  far  as  a 
Months  Pay;  but  at  present  wTe  see  no 
Prospect  of  it.  It  is  really  lamentable 
that  the  Public  should  be  in  this  Situation 
but  it  is  not  in  our  Power  to  remedy  it. 
We  are  Sir 

with  much  Esteem 

Your  very  obed  Servants 
Richard  Peters 
By  order 
Brigadier  General  Irvine 

In  Council,  Philadelphia,  June  18th,  1781. 

Whereas  Brigadier  General  Irvine  has 
represented  to  this  Council,  that  a  number 
of  spirited  well  affected  Inhabitants  of  the 
Counties  west  of  the  Susquehanna,  have 
signified  their  intentions  of  equipping 
themselves  to  act  as  Light  Horsemen  and 
Volunteers,  to  be  in  readiness  to  repel  any 
Incursion  of  the  Enemy  in  this  State,  and 
in  case  of  necessity  to  march  to  the  relief  , 
and  assistance  of  our  neighbouring  States, 
now  invaded  by  the  Enemy  and  in  great 
distress. 

Resolved,  That  this  Board  do  highly 
approve  the  spirit  manifested  on  this  occa- 
sion, and  also  of  General  Irvines  intention 
to  form  said  Volunteers,  and  take  charge 
of  them  in  the  proposed  service,  and  do  for 
that  purpose  assure  him,  and  them,  that 


1864.J 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


137 


they  shall  receive  all  proper  and  necessary 
encouragement  from  this  Board. 
Extract  from  the  Minutes 

T.  J.  Matlack  Secy 
Brigadier  General  Irvine. 


Sir 


In  Council  Philadelphia  July  23rd.  1781 


I  duly  received  your  letter  of  the  six- 
teenth Instant,  and  have  laid  it  before  the 
Council.     As  you  was  in  Town  at  the  time 
of  the  Change  of  our  system  of  supplies, 
it  is  hardly  necessary  to  inform  you,  that 
M"  Morris  undertook  to  procure  for  this 
State,  the  articles  required  by  Congress, 
which  of  course  included  the  support  of 
all   Continentals  in  the    State,  this   com- 
menced   on    the     twentieth    Instant    by 
agreement  with  Mr  Morris,  who  then  con- 
ceived himself  in  a  condition  to  assume  it. 
MT.  Morris  afterwards  objected  to  the  num- 
ber of  posts  in  the  Country,  and  made  it 
a  point  to  confine  his  Contracts  to  certain 
enumerated  places,  which  did  not  include 
Lebanon,  Hanover,  or  Yellow  Springs, — 
the  latter   he   has   since   taken   up.      But 
with  respect  to  the  others  there  is  a  real 
difficulty   as  all  the  moneys  designed  for 
these    purposes    were    taken    out   of   our 
hands,  and  transferred  to  Mr  Morris,  so 
that  we  apprehend  it  will  be  necessary,  if 
Mr.  Morris  cannot  be  induced  to  extend  his 
contracts    (which  we    do    not  expect)   to 
move  the   several  parties  down  to  those 
places  where  contracts  are  made,  viz1  York 
and  Lancaster.     And  as  the  prisoners  are 
to  be  five  miles  from  York,  and  the  uncon- 
ditional prisoners,  closely  confined  in  Lan- 
caster, we  hope  this  may  be  done,  as  it 
will  be  a  great  relief  to  us  in  the  business, 
having  no  money,  and  little  credit,  and  if 
you  concur  in  opinion  with  us,  we  request 
you  will  give  the  necessary  orders  as  Gene- 
ral Sl  Clair  is  not  here.     Your  observation, 
that  recruits  must  have  provision  and  quar- 
ters immediately  on  inlisting,  is  very  just, 
but  we  apprehend  this  would  be  more  pro- 
perly done  by  granting  assistance  at  two 
shillings  per  day,  until  they  reached  the 
rendezvous  which  in  the  case  of  the  rifle 

Corps  to  be  raised,  we  have  fixed as 

per  Copy  of  the   recruiting  Instructions 

HIST.  MAO.      VOL.  VIII.  1 8 


sent  you  inclosed.     The  number  of  class 
recruits  got  in  Philadelphia  by  our  last  ac- 
count was   thirty  three,   of   whom    I  am 
sorry  to  inform  you  sixteen  had  deserted. 
We  had  earnestly  requested  they  might  be 
sent  off  as  soon  as  they  amounted  to  five, 
or  six,  but  some  delay  happened,  and  pri- 
vateers sailing  in  the  mean  time  it  is  pro- 
bable many  of  them  are  gone.     We  have 
not  had  regular  accounts  from  the  Coun- 
try but  we  fear  the  harvest  will  make  the 
business  more  tedious  and  difficult  than  we 
could  have  expected.     York  and  Cumber- 
land, have  been  generally  slow  upon  these 
occasions.      It   has   been    observed  and  I 
believe  with  justice,  that  those  Counties 
who  suffered   least   by  the   Enemy  have 
been   most  backward   in  furnishing  their 
proportions  of  publick  duty  of  every  kind, 
and  your  remark,  that  the  people  are  as 
secure  as  if  there  was  no  War  in  the  Coun- 
try,  is   applicable   to   more  parts  of  the 
State,  than  you  have  under  your  Eye.     I 
send  you  General  Waynes  letter  to  me  on 
the  affair  of  the  sixth  Instant,  which  came 
to  us  at  first,  in  very  alarming  colours,  but 
rather  seems  to  do  us  honour  at  present, — 
tho'  our  loss  is  to  be  regretted  when  we 
see  what  difficulty  there  is  in  getting  Men, 
and  training  them.     By  our  accounts  from 
Europe  the  prospect  of  possessing  all  the 
Southern    States,  and  reducing  Maryland 
and  Pennsylvania  this  Campaign,  will  pro- 
tract, if  not  frustrate  all  negotiations  this 
summer.    General  Washington  is  at  Kings- 
bridge  or  its  neighborhood,  but  his  opera- 
tions are  so  slow  that  I  suspect  he  is  wait- 
ing for  something,  perhaps  the  fleet  of  the 
Count  d'Grass   this  would  give  us  some 
spirits  and  afford  a  favourable  prospect  of 
breaking  up  that  important  Post. 
I  am  sir  with  much  respect 

Your  obedient  and  very 
humble  servant 
Jos.  Reed  Presid! 
Brigadier  General  Irvine 


Sir 


In  Council  Philadelphia  August  29th,  17S1 


I  received  your  favour  of  the  ninth  In- 
stant per  M'  Blaine,  who  returned  before 
I  had  time  to  prepare  an  answer.  The 
movements  of  the  British  army,  having 


138 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[April 


relieved  us  from  apprehensions  for  the  pri- 
soners we  have  in  concert  with  General 
S  Clair,  been  endeavouring  to  arrange  and 
equip  the  Troops  now  in  the  State,  which 
we  compute  at  five  hundred.  Captain 
Zeigler  has  accordingly  received  very  suf- 
ficient supplies  for  that  number,  consisting 
of  shirts,  shoes,  overalls,  hats  and  hunting 
shirts ;  blue  cloth  not  being  procurable  at 
any  rate  or  price.  I  have  also  the  satisfac- 
tion to  inform  you  that  Captain  Mason 
from  Amsterdam  acquaints  us,  that  Mr 
Searle  has  succeeded  in  that  part  of  his 
mission  which  relates  to  military  stores, 
that  he  was  shipping  them  early  in  the 
summer,  on  board  a  ship  of  most  reputable 
force  so  that  they  may  be  hourly  expected. 
Captain  Mason  having  been  taken  and  his 
papers  destroyed,  we  have  no  particulars 
but  are  much  flattered  by  the  prospects  he 
gives  us.  As  soon  as  I  received  your  let- 
ter due  inquiry  was  made  with  respect  to 
the  supply  of  the  post  at  York,  and  it  ap- 
pears that  Colonel  Blaine  and  his  brother 
had  taken  that  contract ;  that  the  Brother 
had  expected  Instructions  and  Money  from 
Philad.'  which  not  receiving,  he  came  down 
here,  but  his  brother  and  Mr  Morris  were 
all  at  Camp.  However  I  endeavoured  to 
hurry  him  back  as  fast  as  possible  and 
hope  that  by  this  time  the  matter  is  in  a 
more  favourable  train. 

You  have  judged  very  properly  with 
respect  to  the  nature  of  Mr  Morris's  en- 
gagements on  account  of  the  State.  But 
should  any  like  embarrassment  arise,  or 
any  deficiency  of  provisions  be  apprehend- 
ed, it  will  undoubtedly  be  proper  to  ad- 
dress him,  either  in  the  first  instance  or 
thro'  the  medium  of  the  Board  of  War. 

There  seems  at  present  a  prospect  of  a 
considerable  part  of  our  Army  going  to 
the  Southward,  General  Washington  has 
ordered  all  the  Recruits  thither ;  which  is 
a  pleasing  circumstance  as  the  division  of 
the  Line  is  very  inconvenient  on  many  ac- 
counts. 

I  am  sir  with  much  esteem, 
Your  obedient  and  very 

humble  servant 
Jos.  Reed 

President 
To  Brigadier  General  Ikvine. 


Philadelphia  September  21st,  1781 

Sir 

In  the  present  situation  of  affairs  I  should 
be  happy  in  being  assisted  with  your  good 
Judgment  and  advice,  in  forming  such  ar- 
rangements as  may  be  most  effectual,  for 
drawing  forth  the  strength  and  resources 
of  the  State  in  the  most  effectual  manner, 
and  concerting  a  previous  general  Plan  for 
this  purpose,  and  defending  this  City 

I  shall  therefore,  beg  the  favour  of  your 
Company  in  Market  street  at  one..  oClock 
to  meet  a  few  other  Gentlemen  proper  to 
be  consulted  on  such  an  occasion. 
I  am  Sir  with  much  esteem 
Your  most  obedient  and 

very  humble  servant 

Jos.  Rked 
President 
To  General  Irvine 


THE  WASHINGTONS  OF  ENGLAND. 

According  to  Surtees'  History  of  the 
County  Durham,  the  chief  ancestor  of  the 
Washington  family  in  England  resided 
at  Washington,  a  ville  in  the  Bishopric 
of  Durham.  Bolden  Buke,  written  1180 
(27  H.  II.)  informs  us  that  Willielmus  de 
Hertburn  held  the  Manor  of  Wassyngton 
or  Wessington  of  the  L.  Bishop  of  Durham 
in  capite,  in  exchange  for  the  vill  of  Hert- 
burn, rendering  four  pounds  and  doing 
service,  therefore,  in  the  great  chace  of  the 
lord  bishop,  with  two  greyhounds,  and  also 
paying  one  mark  to  the  palatine  aid,  when 
such  tax  should  be  raised.  Towards  the 
middle  of  the  thirteenth  century  the  resi- 
dent family,  as  was  customary,  had  as- 
sumed the  name  of  the  manor,  which  was 
situated  a  few  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Wear,  near  Hilton  Castle  ;  and  we 
read  of  one  William  de  Wessynton  living 
in  this  vicinity  as  early  as  1274  (3  Ed.  I.). 
About  the  year  1328  (2  Ed.  III.)  Wanter  de 
Wessyngton,  on  giving  his  daughter  Isabel 
in  marriage  to  Marmaduke  Basset,  granted 
unto  the  latter  the  Manor  of  Ossinton  in 
Co.  Durham. 

Sir  William  de  Wessyngton,  Knight, 
was    in  active  service  during  the  Scotch 


1864] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


139 


wars  of  King  Edward  III.,  and  took  pri- 
soner with  his  own  hands  in  battle  a  Mon- 
sieur Robert  de  Colvill  of  the  Manor  of 
Oxenham.  An  order,  issued  Dec.  8,  1346 
(20  Ed.  III.)  desires  Wm,  de  Weshynton  to 
bring  his  Scotch  prisoner,  Alexander  de 
Haliburton,  to  the  Tower,  and  Thomas 
Grey  received  similar  orders  respecting 
his  prisoners  David  Graham  and  John  de 
Haliburton.  The  Scotch  hostages  being- 
released  by  an  order  of  Aug.  16,  1357, 
Monsieur  de  Wessyngton  appears  at  the 
time  to  have  been  the  custodian  of  Patrick, 
son  and  heir  of  Lord  David  of  Graham. 
An  inquisition  post-mortem,  held  in  the 
twenty-second  year  of  the  pontificate  of 
Bishop  Hatfield,  informs  us  that  the  good 
Knight,  Sir  William  Wessington,  died  in 
the  year  1366,  leaving  a  widow  Katherine 
and  an  heir  bearing  his  own  name,  and 
that  at  his  death  he  held  the  manor  and 
ville  of  Wessington  by  the  same  service 
as  has  been  above  mentioned. 

Cotemporary  with  Sir  William  was 
Thomas  de  Wessyngton,  who  married 
Isabella,  youngest  daughter  of  Jacobus  de 
Use  worth.  Isabella's  brother  Richard  died 
sine  prole  in  1362,  and  her  sister  Dionisia, 
wife  of  Cuthbert  de  Kendale,  died  soon 
after,  whereupon  she  and  her  sister  Alice, 
as  coheiresses,  came  into  possession  of  the 
manor  of  Little  Us  worth.  Thomas  de 
Wessyngton  died  in  1378  (1  R.  II.)  aged 
37,  being  seized  of  a  fourth  part  of  the 
vill  of  Great  Usworth,  parish  of  Wash- 
ington, Co.  Durham,  and  a  moiety  of  the 
manor  of  Little  Usworth  ;  his  daughter 
Christina  married  William  de  Chestre, 
wrho  at  his  death  was  found  to  be  seized  of 
one-half  the  last  named  manor  de  jure 
uxoris.  Usworth  was  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  manor  of  Wassyngton. 

Edmundus  de  Wassyngton,  with  others 
of  the  comitia  of  John,  Duke  of  Lancaster 
and  King  of  Castile,  received  royal  letters 
of  protection  from  Richard  II.,  dated 
March  4,  1378,  which  were  to  remain  in 
force  till  the  next  feast  of  St.  Michael 
(Sept.  29).  By  inquis  p.  m.  John  de 
Washington  held  Milborn  manor,  in  county 
Westmoreland  on  the  borders  of  Cumber- 
land, in  1397  (21  R.  II.),  Walter  de  Wis- 


singdon,  living  in  1409  near  New  Castle, 
had  free  warren  on  the  lands  of  the  Bis!, op 
of  Durham.  In  the  retinue  of  the  Duke 
j  of  Gloucester,  at  the  battle  of  Agineouit, 
in  1415,  was  John  Wissington,  and  a 
follower  of  Sir  John  West  at  the  same 
time  was  named  John  Wassyngton  ;  while 
the  Prior  of  Durham,  elected  5th  Nov., 
1416,  was  another  John  de  Wessyngton,  a 
person  of  much  learning,  who,  dying  in 
1446,  was  buried  in  the  Cathedral. 

In  Bishop  Langley's  time,  1406-37,  the 
Washington  Estate  had  passed  to  tLeBlay- 
kestons,  of  Blakiston,  Coxhowe,  etc., — an 
old  Durham  family  whose  arms  were  "  ar- 
gent, two  bars  gules,  and  in  chief  three  cocks 
of  the  second."  Yet  we  elsewhere  learn 
that  before  1 400  the  direct  male  line  expired 
in  a  Sir  William  de  Washington,  Knt.,  of 
Washington,  whose  only  daughter  Dionisia 
(or  Eleanor)  married  Sir  Wm  Tempest, 
Knt.,  of  Studley-Royal,  E.  R.  of  York,  who 
was  M.  P.  for  that  county  in  1401  (2  H.  IV.). 
The  Lady  Tempest  died  Jan.  2,  1451,  and 
her  granddaughter,  Dionisia  Temple,  mar- 
ried Sir  Wm.^Mallory,  of  Mobberley,  Co. 
Chester,  from  which  family  the  Washington 
estate  passed  to  the  Aislabies. 

But  notwithstanding  the  extinction  of 
the  eldest  male  line,  younger  branches  of 
the  Washingtons  are  supposed  to  have 
been  still  in  existence,  and  from  an  early 
period  the  family  were  much  scattered. 
We  have  already  seen  one  of  the  name 
located  in  the  north  of  Westmoreland 
towards  the  close  of  the  fourteenth  century, 
but  some  of  the  family  were  resident  in 
the  southern  part  of  this  country  almost 
one  hundred  and  fifty  years  previous, 
being  thus  cotemporary  with  the  earliest 
of  the  Durham  stock.  James  Lawrence 
(son  of  Sir  Robert  Lawrence,  of  Trafford, 
Co.  Lane.)  living  1252  (37  H.  III.),  married 
Matilda  the  sole  daughter  and  heiress  of 
John  Washington,  and  by  his  marriage 
acquired  the  Manors  of  Washington  and 
Sedgwick  (or  Seggeswick).  His  son  and 
successor  John  Lawrence  levied  a  fine  of 
Washington  and  Sedgwick  in  1283,  and 
was  father  of  a  second  John,  who  pre- 
sented to  the  church  of  Washington  in 
1326,   and    died    about    1360,   leaving   as 


140 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[April, 


his  son  and  heir  Sir  Robert  Lawrence. 
Seggeswick,  on  the  river  Can,  in  Co. 
"Westmoreland,  was  about  six  or  seven 
miles  north  of  Warton,  Lancashire,  which 
in  turn  was  situated  near  the  influx  of  the 
Decker  into  the  Kent  Sands.  At  Warton, 
during  the  latter  half  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  was  living  Robert  Washington, 
Gent  (the  son  of  John  W.),  and  the 
family  arms,  "  argent,  two  bars  gules  and 
in  chief  three  mullets  of  the  second — " 
are  to  be  found  on  the  north  side  of  the 
door  of  the  parish  church.  Robert  Wash- 
ington had  children  by  each  of  his  three 
marriages ;  his  first  wife  being  a  Westfield  ; 
the  second  a  daughter  of  Miles  Whitting- 
ton,  of  Barwick  (or  Borwick  juxta  Warton 
manor),  Co.  Lane,  and  the  third  Agnes, 
daughter    of Bateman,    of   Hersham 


(or  Heversham),  near  Carton  el-Fells,  Co. 
Westmoreland.  From  this  family,  as  is 
alleged,  was  descended  George  Washing- 
ton, President  of  the  United  States,  while 
the  last  of  the  name  remaining  in  the 
original  locality  was  the  Rev.  Thomas 
Washington,  Vicar  of  Warton,  who  died 
about  the  year  1823. 

Again  running  backward  in  the  course 
of  time,  we  find  Richard  de  Washington 
appointed  March  2,  1273,  to  the  Chantry 
or  Chapel  in  the  parish  of  Watton-at- 
Stone,  Co.  Herts,  where  he  died  about 
1322.  In  the  same  county,  George  Wash- 
ington, cap.,  was  appointed  Rector  of 
Stapleford,  May  4,  1504,  and  resigned  in 
1506  ;  Thomas  Washington,  Clk.,  was  ap- 
pointed Oct.  24, 1556,  as  Rector  of  Widial, 
and  died  in  1559;  while  Adam  Wash- 
ington, Et-q.,  a  barrister  of  Lincoln's  Inn, 
and  of  Beaches  (parish  of  Brent-Pelham), 
on  the  borders  of  Essex,  married  Elizabeth 
Fiyer  in  1639,  and  bore  the  same  arms  as 
the  Washingtons  of  Lancashire,  as  before 
given. 

Robert  de  Washington,  living  1349 
(23  Ed.  III.),  married  Margaret,  daughter 
and  heiress  of  Andrew  Hawkyn,  who 
owned  lands  at  Preston,  in  Holderness,  E. 
R.  of  York.  This  Robert  may  have  been 
an  ancestor  of  Richard  Washington,  who 
under  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  held  the 
Ma;. or  of  Armethorpe  and  lands  at  Hampall 


(both  near  Dancaster),  Co.  York,  together 
with    the    rectory    of   Sharpe    and   lands 
called  Threplondes  in  Co.  Westmoreland, 
while   his  son   James,  who  died  in   1580, 
aged   44,  held   in  addition  the  Manor  of 
Adwickle-street,    Co.    York.     A  pedigree 
of  this  family,  from  the  Heraldic  Visita- 
tion of  1666,  exists  among  the  Harl.  MSS. 
of  the  British   Museum,  and  it  has   been 
still   further    extended    since  that  period; 
from   Richard  Washington   and   his   wife 
Jane  Lunde*  was  descended,  in  the  eighth 
generation,  Godfrey  Washington  of  Don- 
caster,  coroner  of  the  W.  R.  of  Yorkshire, 
who  died  in  1770  aged  60,  and  it  is  pro- 
bable the  latter  gentleman  was  a  cousin,  in 
the  third  or  fourth  degree,  of  Baron  James 
Washington  who  in  1844,  at  the  age  of  66, 
was   the  Royal   Chamberlain  of  Bavaria. 
The  arms  of  this  family  are  given  the  same 
as  those  of  the  Lancashire  stock,  with  a 
crescent   for   diiference,  though   it  is  said 
they   earlier   bore    arms    "billetee,    on    a 
bend  three  swans,"  coloring  not  defined. 

Besides  the  place  called  Washington,  or 
Wassinton,  in  Co.  Durham,  we  have  Wes- 
sington,  Co.  Northumb.,  north-east  of 
Heddon-on-the-Wall ;  Washington  west  of 
Alfreton  in  Derbyshire,  called  on  Cam- 
den's maps  of  1610  "  Wessinton  ;"  and 
lastly  in  Co.  Sussex  the  parish  of  Wash- 
ington. The  latter  place  was  known  in 
the  tenth  century  as  Wasingatune,  and 
herein,  in  963,  King  Edgar  granted  certain 
lands  to  the  chief  Athelwold ;  under  the 
Norman  Conqueror  it  was  held  by  William 
de  Braose,  and  subsequently  passed  into 
the  possession  of  the  Dukes  of  Norfolk. 

I.  J.  G. 


THE    COUNT    REVILLA-GIGtiDO,    VICE- 
ROY OF  MEXICO. 

Fkom  the  time  that  Mexico,  under  the 
name  of  New  Spain,  became  subject  to 
Spanish  rule,  until  the  period  of  her  Inde- 


*  Lunde  Washington  was  at  one  time  manager  of 
Mt.  Vernon  estate  for  his  kinsman  Gen.  Geo.  Wash- 
ington. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


141 


pendence,  in  the  year  1821,  the  Province 
was  governed  by  a  series  of  officials  with 
the  title  of  Viceroy.  With  some  noble 
exceptions,  these  rulers  were  men  remark- 
able principally  for  their  indolence,  ineffi- 
ciency, and  rapacity.  We  do  not  propose 
to  linger  upon  those  who,  with  a  little 
brief  power  in  their  hands,  turned  it  only 
to  selfish  purposes,  leaving  the  people  they 
professed  to  protect  in  a  degraded  and 
miserable  condition  ;  but  to  point  for  a 
moment  to  some  of  those  whose  glory,  like 
the  glory  of  the  stars,  will  never  wane, 
because  they  identified  themselves  and 
their  efforts  with  the  great  cause  of  huma- 
nity and  human  elevation. 

As  a  luminary  of  the  first  magnitude 
stands  the  name  of  Don  Juan  Vicente 
Giiemes  Pacheco  Horcasitas  y  Aguayo, 
Conde  de  Revilla-Gigedo.  That  his  cha- 
racter, genius,  and  peculiar  difficulties  may 
be  better  comprehended,  and  his  labors 
better  appreciated,  a  glance  at  his  imme- 
diate predecessors,  and  the  state  of  the 
country  he  governed,  will  be  necessary. 

Between  the  years  1*783  and  1789  no 
fewer  than  five  Viceroys  had  received  the 
staff  of  office.  The  first,  Don  Matias  de 
Galvez,  was  a  brother  of  the  celebrated 
minister  and  visitador,  Don  Jose  de  Gal- 
vez, but  he  was  destitute  of  the  ambition, 
brilliant  endowments,  and  capacities  which 
marked  the  career  of  his  distinguished 
relative.  From  the  office  of  Captain- 
General  of  Guatemala,  through  the  influ- 
ence of  Don  Jose,  he  was  promoted  to  the 
Viceroyship  of  New  Spain  in  the  year 
1783,  towards  the  close  of  the  reign  of 
Carlos  III.,  and  though  old  and  infirm,  he 
labored  earnestly  to  acquit  himself  well  in 
whatever  pertained  to  the  exalted  post  he 
occupied. 

The  colony  at  this  period  was  in  a  state 
of  almost  sluggish  tranquillity.  Little 
seemed  to  be  required,  and  correspond- 
ingly little  was  accomplished.  The  author- 
ity of  the  Viceroys  was  established  and 
respected,  the  period  of  turbulence  among 


which  the  gradual  advancement  of  the 
population  might  require.  But  the  admi- 
nistration of  Don  Matias  was  not  entirely 
without  historic  results  ;  he  began  the 
work  of  paving  the  streets  of  the  capital, 
and  fostered  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts 
founded  by  his  predecessor.  Some  of  the 
best  models  in  marble  which  adorn  the 
collection  of  San  Fernando  at  the  present 
day  were  placed  there  in  his  time.  The 
sentence  of  suppression  was  removed  from 
the  Gaceta,  and  it  reappeared  ;  the  nation- 
al Bank  of  San  Carlos  was  established,  a 
bubble  Avhich  subsequently  burst  and 
involved  many  in  ruin. 

The  administration  of  Don  Matias  conti- 
nued but  little  more  than  a  year ;  over- 
powered with  infirmities,  he  resigned  his 
authority  into  the  hands  of  the  Royal 
Council,  and  died  on  the  3d  of  November 
in  the  year  1784. 

His  successor  Don  Bernardo  de  Galvez, 
son  of  Don  Matias,  was  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  Governors  of  the  colony. 
From  the  Captain-Generalship  of  Havana, 
through  the  influence  of  his  uncle,  the 
Marquis  of  Sonora,  he  was  elevated  to  the 
office  made  vacant  by  the  death  of  his 
father.  Young,  zealous,  ambitious,  and 
popular,  he  undertook  various  works  of 
public  utility.  He  made  or  laid  out  several 
causeways  from  the  city  of  Mexico,  paved 
many  streets,  began  the  system  of  street- 
lighting,  and,  with  a  view  to  beautify  his 
capital,  embellished  the  vice-regal  residence 
and  commenced  the  towers  of  the  cathe- 
dral. 

But  the  most  conspicuous  measure  of 
his  rule  was  the  rebuilding  of  the  palace  of 
Chapultepec  and  the  construction  of  a 
fortress  within  it.  The  popularity  of  this 
undertaking  and  the  ostentation  in  which 
the  young  Viceroy  lived,  combined  with 
an  act  of  royal  clemency  which  he  had 
the  presumption  to  perform,  in  pardoning 
some  criminals  whom  he  had  designedly 
met  on  their  way  to  the  scaffold,  attracted 
the  attention  of  the  suspicious  court.    How- 


the  royal  officials  had  passed,  the  spirit  of  ever  this  may  be,  without  any  known  cause, 
independence  which  was  wont  to  animate; this  young  man,  gay,  vigorous,  and  full 
the  Aztec  bosom  slumbered,  and  the  Vice-  of  flattering  expectations,  yielded  to  the 
roys   had    only   to    project   improvements ,  undermining  power  of  a  hidden    malady, 


142 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[April 


and  descended  swiftly  to  the  grave,  after 
having  held  his  authority  one  year  and  five 
months.  His  exequies  were  solemnly  per- 
formed in  the  Cathedral,  and  in  the  dark- 
ness of  the  night,  amidst  the  lamentations 
of  the  people,  military  display  and  funeral 
music,  giving  to  the  pageant  an  august- 
ness  almost  royal,  his  remains  were  depo- 
sited in  the  church  of  San  Fernando. 

The  powers  of  government  fell,  as  usual 
on  the  decease  of  the  Viceroy,  into  the 
hands  of  the  Heal  Audiencia.  Shortly, 
however,  news  came  that  His  Majesty  of 
Spain  had  named  Archbishop  de  Haro  for 
the  vacancy.  He  was  a  man  of  great  learn- 
ing and  benevolence ;  his  short  government, 
however,  was  unmarked  by  any  notable 
historic  event.  In  a  few  months  he  resign- 
ed his  authority  to  Senor  Don  Manuel 
Antonio  Flores,  Lieutenant-General  of  the 
Royal  Armada,  and  Viceroy  of  Santa  Fe 
de  Bogota.  Old,  in  enfeebled  health,  and 
with  few  endowments  for  command,  almost 
nothing  can  be  said  of  his  administration 
further  than  that  he  organized  three  mili- 
tary battalions,  commenced  the  Botanical 
Garden,  and  paid  some  attention  to  the 
mining  interests  of  the  country.  The 
death  of  Carlo  III.,  and  his  celebrated 
minister,  Don  Jose  de  Galvez,  occurred 
during  his  government.  Unfitted  for  the 
exalted  position  he  had  attained,  both  by 
his  tastes  and  qualifications,  in  a  little  more 
than  a  year  Flores  sent  his  resignation  to 
his  royal  master,  and  the  thanks  he  gave 
the  king  for  his  acceptance  of  the  resigna- 
tion demonstrated  that  he  sincerely  re- 
nounced the  office,  and  earnestly  desired 
to  retire  to  the  more  quiet  enjoyments  of 
domestic  life.  In  October,  1789,  a  ship 
arrived  at  Vera  Cruz,  bringing  his  succes- 
sor, the  second  Count  Revilla-Gigedo.  At 
Guadalupe,  Flores,  according  to  the  royal 
order,  delivered  to  him  the  staff  of  office, 
and  soon  set  sail  for  Spain  in  the  same  ves- 
sel that  had  brought  the  new  Viceroy. 

With  the  departure  of  Senor  Flores  for 
his  native  land,  all  obstacles  are  removed 
to  the  introduction  of  the  main  subject 
of  our  sketch — Don  Juan  Vicente  Giiemes 
Pacheco  Horcasitas  y  Aguayo,  Conde  de 
Revilla-Gigedo,  52d  Viceroy  of  New  Spain. 


This  remarkable  man  came  from  an 
illustrious  ancestry.  His  father  was  Vice- 
roy of  Mexico  as  early  as  1749.  In  his 
childhood,  his  parents  designated  him  for 
the  quiet  and  comparative  obscurity  of 
cloistral  life  ;  but  the  activity  and  enthusi- 
asm of  his  inclinations  defeated  this  inten- 
tion, and  he  embraced  the  more  congenial 
profession  of  arms.  He  held  a  command 
at  the  siege  which  the  Spaniards  so  obsti- 
nately maintained  at  Gibraltar  in  1782,  and 
acquitted  himself  with  distinction  in  that 
desperate  conflict.  At  the  decease  of  his 
father  he  inherited  his  title,  and  was  deser- 
vedly honored  by  his  royal  master  with 
many  dignities  in  Spain,  and  on  the  resig- 
nation of  Flores,  as  we  have  seen,  he  wras 
appointed  Viceroy  of  Mexico. 

His  predecessors  had  made  no  conside- 
rable improvements  in  the  general  adminis- 
tration of  the  colony,  ashasbeen  intimated, 
until  a  certain  temporary  vigor  was  infused 
into  affairs  by  the  arrival  of  the  royal 
Commissioner  {Visitador),  Don  Jose  de 
Galvez,  who  came  clothed  with  authority 
to  adjust  whatever  might  require  adjust- 
ment. Active,  ambitious,  inventive,  and 
restless,  he  directed  his  efforts  to  a  class  of 
creations,  excisions,  and  reforms  which 
should  tend  to  exalt  his  own  efficiency  in 
the  eyes  of  the  Crown,  and  prove  the  inca- 
pacity and  uselessness  of  the  Viceroys. 
Don  Manuel  Flores  had  not  the  executive 
qualities  necessary  to  sustain  and  perfect 
the  improvements  initiated  by  Don  Jose. 
He  might  be  a  man  of  judgment,  but  he 
was  not  informed  upon  the  affairs  of  the 
colony,  was  slow  to  comprehend  the  im- 
port of  his  office,  and  averse  to  burden 
himself  with  the  thousand  details  with 
which  it  was  necessary  to  have  minute 
acquaintance.  But  whatever  Don  Jose 
might  have  done  for  the  colony,  it  is  certain 
that  Revilla-Gigedo  encountered  defects, 
abuses,  and  disorders  almost  without  num- 
ber, which  the  broad  comprehensiveness  of 
his  understanding  seized,  and  the  energy 
of  his  character  corrected. 

He  assumed  the  government  in  October, 
1789,  and  the  first  event  which  displayed 
his  vigilance  and  integrity  was  the  consign- 
ing to  summary  justice  the  perpetrators  of 


1864.] 


^HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE.! 


143 


certain  notorious  assassinations,  which  by 
their  atrocity  had  thrown  the  kingdom 
into  consternation.  A  short  experience 
convinced  the  new  Viceroy  that  labor,  in 
every  sense,  could  alone  give  order  and 
form  to  the  mass  of  disorder  which  had 
been  mis-called  government.  A  glance  at 
the  situation  of  the  Province  in  1789  will 
convey  the  best  idea  of  the  merit  of  this 
celebrated  magistrate,  whom  neither  limited 
time,  social  considerations,  nor  the  constant 
and  daring  struggle  with  antiquated  and 
deep-rooted  prejudices,  deterred  from  his 
career  of  progress. 

The  streets  of  the  capital  were  without 
drains,  sidewalks,  or  pavements.  They 
were  the  depositories,  moreover,  of  all  the 
impurities  from  the  houses  ;  and,  in  pro- 
cess of  time,  these  filthy  accumulations 
exhaled  vapors  extremely  deleterious  to 
the  health  of  the  population.  The  market 
stood  opposite  the  palace,  and  was  con- 
structed with  an  open  space  in  the  centre, 
surrounded  by  wooden  sheds  in  which 
provisions  were  exposed  for  sale,  and  the 
refuse  thrown  on  one  side,  awaiting  the  good 
offices  of  swine,  which  fed  at  large  in  the 
city.  The  sheds  afforded  asylum  at  night 
for  a  promiscuous  company  of  men  and 
women,  vagrants  and  drunkards.  The 
baths  were  open  to  all  who  paid  the  required 
fee ;  and  no  reference  was  had  to  the  pro- 
prieties arising  from  the  distinctions  of  sex. 
Alter  nine  o'clock  it  was  dangerous  to  go 
out,  since  the  streets  were  lighted  only  by 
an  occasional  lamp,  hung  by  the  owners  at 
the  doors  of  shops  and  houses,  in  obedience 
to  a  municipal  regulation.  This  requisition 
even  was  either  neglected  altogether,  cr 
the  light  withdrawn  at  an  early  hour.  The 
lower  classes  went  almost  naked,  their  only 
clothing  consisting  of  a  sheet-like  garment 
(which  also  performed  the  office  of  coun- 
terpane), and  a  palm  hat.  It  was  as  cus- 
tomary to  sell  the  clothing  of  the  dead  in 
public  shops  as  it  was  to  bury  them  in  the 
churches  of  small  towns.  These  practices, 
superadded  to  the  foul  condition  of  the 
streets,  produced  many  epidemics. 

In  the  erection  of  edifices  no  regard 
was  observed  to  harmony  or  regularity. 
The  city  was  destitute  of  public  prome-| 


nades,  except  the  single  one  planted  by 
the  Viceroy  Bucareli.  The  fountains  were 
large  basins  of  mason-work,  foul  with  se- 
diment, the  dust  of  the  street,  the  contact 
with  the  hands  of  water-carriers ;  nor  was 
the  addition  uncommon  of  that  with  which 
both  hands  and  feet  had  been  laved. 

Another  fertile  source  of  public  disorder 
and  demoralization  existed  in  the  abundance 
of  drinking  establishments  called  pulque- 
rias,  where  was  sold  the  intoxicating  be- 
verage pidque,  made  from  the  juice  of  a 
species  of  aloes.  Nearly  all  the  squares 
contained  a  pulqueria — an  enormous  hut 
or  wigwam — and  in  the  centre  stood  huge 
jars  of  the  fermented  liquid.  Around  these 
tempting  vessels  gathered  half  naked 
leper os,  beggars,  prostitutes,  and  all  the 
worst  elements  of  the  population ;  and 
here,  amidst  gambling,  licentiousness,  and 
drunken  merriment,  germinated  plots  for 
thefts,  assassinations,  and  their  attendant 
depravities. 

In  fine,  the  condition  of  affairs,  moral 
and  physical,  was  quite  bad  enough  to 
chill  the  courage  of  the  most  undaunted. 
Who  but  a  man  of  unconquerable  energy 
would  have  had  the  heroism  to  attack  such 
a  mass  of  disorder  writh  any  hope  of  its 
correction  ? 

Great  as  were  these  evils,  still  greater 
existed  in  the  judicial  organization  of  the 
kingdom.  There  were  tribunals  and  sys- 
tems without  end,  nominally  for  the  admi- 
nistration of  justice,  but  they  were  really 
only  so  many  systems  of  oppression.  The 
Acordata  alone  exercised  its  tyrannical 
iurisdiction  by  means  of  twenty-five  hun- 
dred subordinates,  and  imposed,  without 
appeal,  restraint,  or  molestation,  the  most 
opprobrious  punishments — even  death  itself. 

Neither  was  this  multitude  of  judicial 
branches  regulated  by  codes  of  laws  or  any 
other  fixed  rules;  each  had  its  peculiar 
formularies,  and  no  organization  existed 
which  afforded  guarantees  to  litigants  or 
determined  the  attributes  of  the  Judges. 
Revilla-Gigedo  himself  stood  aghast  before 
systems  so  monstrous  and  so  complicated. 

The  provision  for  education,  also,  was  to 
the  last  degree  worthless.  No  school  for 
primary  gratuitous  instruction   had   been 


144 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[April, 


established  in  the  capital  or  any  part  of  the 
kingdom.  Before  the  expulsion  of  the 
Jesuits,  in  1*767,  the  care  of  the  youth  had 
devolved  upon  them.  Subsequently,  the 
few  schools  that  remained  fell  into  the 
hands  of  ignorant  and  cruel  teachers,  who 
nourished  the  hearts  of  the  children  with 
absurd  fictions,  and  brutalized  them  by 
ridiculous  and  inefficient  discipline. 

The  roads  of  the  kingdom  were  in  such 
condition  that  the  only  available  method 
of  travel  and  transportation  was  on  mule- 
back.  The  corporations  of  towns  wasted 
their  funds  in  sky-rockets,  festivities,  and 
all  sorts  of  useless  expenditures.  Officers 
and  office-holders  were  in  unison  with  all 
this  disorder.  There  were  neither  data 
nor  ideas  how  to  form  statistics ;  books, 
entries,  and  judicial  writings  conformed 
only  to  the  caprices  of  the  chiefs.  The 
tribunal  of  accounts,  a  place  of  pride  and 
highly  aristocratic,  having  its  three  minis- 
ters in  large  wigs  and  its  army  of  account- 
ants, was  the  most  delinquent  and  worthless 
of  any.  It  assumed  great  superiority,  and 
the  idlers  at  its  head  sometimes  believed 
themselves  above  even  the  Viceroy  him- 
self. 

The  military  organization  was  equally 
useless  and  incomplete.  In  the  city  and 
provincial  militia,  there  was  neither  instruc- 
tion nor  discipline.  The  coasts  and  frontiers 
were  without  custody ;  and  the  few  small 
veteran  bodies  that  existed  were  unworthy 
of  confidence,  since  military  rank  was  con- 
sidered salable  and  transferable — a  kind  of 
speculation  of  which  several  of  the  Viceroys 
had  availed  themselves. 

This  is  but  an  outline  of  the  state  of 
things  in  New  Spain  when  Revilla-Gigedo 
entered  upon  his  duties  as  chief  officer  of 
the  Province.  To  ordinary  minds,  the 
remedy  for  these  complicated  evils  would 
require  years  of  study  or  perplexed  experi- 
ment. The  acute  comprehension  of  the 
Count  de  Revilla-Gigedo  soon  unmasked 
the  origin  of  the  difficulties,  namely :  the 
indolence  and  avarice  of  most  of  the  gov- 
ernors, whose  only  aim  seemed  to  be  the 
accumulation  of  a  fortune  to  carry  back  to 
Spain  when  the  period  of  their  control 
expired.; 


With   a  firm   and   confident   hand   the 
Count  applied  methods  of  reform  to  the 
shapeless  mass,  and  truly  entitled  himself 
to  a  higher  tribute  of  gratitude  than  the 
nation  for  which  he  labored  has  awarded 
him.     Declining  all  the  festivities  usually 
proffered   to  a   Viceroy,  he   directed   his 
attention  to  the  condition  of  the  fortresses 
and  other   provisions  for  defence  ;  to  the 
purification  of  the  palace ;  to  the  removal 
of  those  unsightly  old  sheds  that  had  served 
for  markets,  and  the  construction  of  others 
more  decent  and  commodious ;  to  sanitary 
regulations  respecting  the  streets  ;  to  mea- 
sures by  which  the  hall-naked  laboring  class 
should  be  induced  to  clothe  themselves;  to 
the  establishment  of  ordinances  concerning 
the  public  baths ;  the  erection   of  edifices 
with  some  view  to  order ;  the  paving  and 
lighting  of  streets ;  provision  for  a  night- 
watch  and  police  system ;  the  extinguish- 
ment   of    fires ;    the    suppression    of   the 
disorders  of  the pulquer'ias  /  the  construc- 
tions of  aqueducts  and  fountains,  by  which 
the  health  of  the  population  was  materially 
promoted.      He  further  provided  for    the 
same  object,  by  prohibiting  the  sale  of  the 
clothing   of   the   dead,  and   stopping    bu- 
rials in  churches.     The  cemeteries  of  Vera 
Cruz  and  Puebla  resulted  from  this  pro- 
hibition.     He   repaired   public   highways 
and  causeways,  and  established  a  Botanical 
Garden  at   Chapultepec,  which  had  been 
projected  by  one  of  his  predecessors.     He 
caused  primary  schools  to  be  opened  in  most 
of  the    important   towns ;    furnished    the 
Academy  with  professors  in  Architecture, 
Sculpture,  Painting,  &q. ;  wrought  a  general 
reform  in  the  ordinances  by  which  crafts 
and  trades  were  regulated;  and,  as  by  a 
species  of  magic,  gave  life  and  animation 
to  useful  establishments,  which  neither  time 
nor  revolution  has  destroyed. 

Neither  did  the  Viceroy  restrict  his 
reforms  to  things  merely  material ;  he 
devised  expedients  to  remove  abuses  in 
the  moral  administration,  and  cure  some  of 
its  palpable  evils, — though  many  of  those 
expedients,  of  the  highest  importance,  were 
so  hampered,  benumbed,  and  opposed  in 
the  Court  of  Spain  that  they  were  not 
carried  into  effect.     For  all   in  which  he 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


145 


did  succeed,  he  had  to  struggle  with  the 
sluggishness  of  magistrates,  inveterate  pre- 
judices, and  all  the  train  of  obstacles  they 
bring,  and  to  plunge,  sword  in  hand,  upon 
the  hoary  vices  he  would  extirpate;  but 
his  projects  were  so  evidently  good,  and 
conformable  to  justice,  that  the  Court 
could  not  withhold  its  sanction. 

Mining,  agriculture,  and  manufactures 
also  received  special  attention  from  Revilla- 
Gigedo,  and  strong  impulses  were  imparted 
to  them  through  his  wisdom  and  energy. 
With  respect  also  to  whatever  facilitated 
communication,  the  purposes  of  the  Viceroy 
were  magnificent ;  but  limited  power,  lim- 
ited time,  and  limited  means,  together  with 
the  obstructions  interposed  by  paltry  private 
interests  or  favoritism,  defeated  many  of 
his  grandest  schemes. 

In  order  to  accomplish,  in  the  short 
space  of  five  years,  the  reforms  we  have 
mentioned,  and  many  others  to  which  time 
does  not  allow  us  to  refer,  the  most  inde- 
fatigable industry  was  necessary.  Revilla- 
Gigedo  only  allotted  to  himself  three  or 
four  hours  for  sleep,  retiring  regularly  at 
nine  in  the  evening  and  rising  at  one,  to 
pursue  his  labors,  or  to  sally  out  that  he 
might  personally  observe  the  manner  in 
which  the  municipal  laws  were  heeded. 

He  was  neat  and  elegant  in  his  person, 
and  a  strict  observer  of  etiquette.  He  ate 
only  twice  in  the  day ;  and,  while  he  support- 
ed all  the  proprieties  of  a  state  table,  never 
tasted  anything  from  his  own  table,  but 
received  his  food  prepared  and  seasoned 
from  the  convent  of  the  Capucins.  It  was 
sent  to  him  in  a  small  trunk,  locked,  which 
had  two  keys — one  kept  by  himself,  the 
other  by  the  Abbess. 

Many  curious  anecdotes  are  related  of 
this  remai-kable  man.  One  or  two  may 
serve  to  illustrate  more  fully  the  striking 
features  of  his  character. 

On  a  certain  occasion  he  went  to  the 
Tribunal  of  Accounts,  an  office  for  which  he 
had  an  aversion  by  reason  of  the  pride  and 
indolence  of  its  chiefs.  It  was  ten  o'clock, 
and  not  a  soul  was  present.  The  Viceroy 
undertook  to  arrange  a  packet  of  papers, 
which  were  in  the  greatest  confusion. 
When  the   employes   entered,  they  were 

HIST.    MAG.      VOL.    VUI.  19 


almost  petrified  with  astonishment.  Revilla- 
Gigedo  then  took  his  hat,  and,  with  a  sar- 
donic smile,  said  to  them: — "Gentlemen, 
from  eight  to  eleven  I  shall  come  to  regulate 
this  archive  ;  meanwhile,  there  is  no  neces- 
sity that  you  should  fatigue  yourselves. 
You  can  sleep  and  breakfast,  confident 
that  the  service  of  the  king  suffers  no  loss." 
The  following  is  related  by  Don  Carlos 
Bustamente  in  his  "  Continuacion  "  of 
Padre  Cavo : 

A  certain  widow  stated  to  the  Viceroy 
that   her  husband   on   his   death-bed   had 
been  arrested  for  debt,  and  that  she  had 
taken  care  to  place  in  safety  a  small  cof- 
fer   of  jewels    which    were    her    dowry. 
These  jewels  she  had  intrusted  to  a  gen- 
tleman,  without    exacting   any  receipt  or 
equivalent.     Urged   by   the   necessities  of 
her  widowhood,  she  had  petitioned  for  her 
treasures,  and  he  had  not  only  denied  that 
he  had  received  them,  but  had  treated  her 
as  if  she  were  mad.   The  fertile  mind  of  the 
Viceroy  soon  suggested  a   method  of  re- 
dress.    The  following  night  he  concealed 
her  in  a  place   from  which  she  was  to  sally 
at  a  preconcerted  signal.     The  recipient  of 
the  jewels  was  summoned,  and  in  a  friendly 
manner  wras  solicited  to  return  them  ;  but, 
as  before,  he  denied  all  knowledge  of  the 
matter.    The  demand  was  politely  renewed, 
with  promises   that   his   honor   should  be 
protected  ;  still  he  persisted  in  the  denial. 
In  the  course  of  conversation,  the  Viceroy 
inquired  if  he  took  snuff. 

"  Yes,  Senor,"  he  replied,  offering  his 
box.  "  Take  what  your  Excellency  pleases.,, 
Affecting  distraction  and  urgency  to  dis- 
patch some  important  business,  the  Vice- 
roy left  him,  and  calling  a  confidential 
assistant,  sent  him  with  the  snuff-box  to  the 
wife  of  the  depositorio,  with  directions  to 
ask  for  the  coffer  of  jewels  which  had  cer- 
tain marks  such  as  had  been  described  by 
the  lady.  In  a  short  time  the  messenger 
returned  with  the  little  trunk.  The  widow 
was  then  called  from  her  place  of  conceal- 
ment, and  asked  if  that  was  the  box  she 
demanded. 

"  It  is  the  same,  Senor,"  she  answered, 
"  which  I  intrusted  on  deposit  to  this  gen- 
tleman." 


146 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[April 


The  Viceroy  gave  him  a  glance  of  indig- 
nation. 

'*  How  have  yon  dared  to  deceive  me,  a 
genleman  and  a  Viceroy,  when  I  removed 
all  difficulties  out  of  the  way  in  order  to 
cover  your  honor,  and  to  satisfy  this  unfor- 
tunate woman  ?  Henceforth  you  shall 
understand  I  am  not  to  be  trifled  with.  I 
have  ordered  a  coach  to  convey  you  to  the 
Castle." 

In  May,  1794,  Revilla-Gigedo  resigned 
his   office*  into   the  hands  of  Branciforte, 


*  One  of  the  remarkable  events  which  occurred 
during  the  government  of  Revilla-Gigedo,  was  the 
appearance  of  an  Aurora  Borealis  of  unusual  splen- 
dor in  the  year  1789.  A  manuscript  letter,  written 
by  his  Secretary  and  signed  by  tlie  Viceroy,  giving 
an  account  of  this  phenomenon  and  the  consternation 
it  produced,  has  been  preserved.  We  subjoin  a 
translation  from  the  original  document : — 
Most  Excellent  Senor: 

At  8  o'clock  on  the  night  of  the  14th  of  November, 
an  Aurora  Borealis  appeared  in  this  city.  The  Indians 
of  the  country,  who  are  greatly  without  instruction 
and  are  very  faint-hearted,  began  to  be  terrified  and 
to  make-  such  a  tumult  that  the  streets  became 
thronged  with  people,  who  shrieked  and  wailed, 
believing  that  fit  e  was  about  to  fall  from  heaven — 
that  the  city  was  about  to  be  overwhelmed — or  other 
-  similar  absurdity  which  this  or  that  fanatic  invented 
and  propagated,  the  excited  people  immediately 
believing  it.  The  Ecclesiastics,  who  ought  to  have 
tranquillized  the  ignorant,  undeceived  thein  and  drawn 
them  away  from  their  error,  assisted  in  confirming 
them  in  it.  They  began  to  ring  bells  for  the  Suppli- 
catory ;  they  opened  the  churches,  and  even  the 
Brotherhood  of  St.  Augustin  came  forth  carrying  in 
procession  St.  Nicholas.  Other  priests  began  to  preach, 
and  all  the  town  wandered  about  crazy,  shrieking, 
praying,  and  performing  acts  of  contrition  in  the  streets. 
The  number  of  persons  who  went  out  to  Guadalupe 
to  commend  themselves  to  the  Virgin  was  very  con- 
siderable; and  though  the  phenomenon  disappeared 
before  ten  o'clock,  even  as  late  as  two  in  the  morning 
many  people  were  still  roaming  about  with  burning 
brands,  and  praying  in  the  public  ways. 

Seeing  that  the  inhabitants  left  their  houses 
unprotected,  I  determined  that  patrols  should  go  the 
rounds  to  guard  the  property  fear  had  caused  the 
owners  to  forsake.  I  likewise  sent  a  request  to  the 
Archbishop,  that  he  would  command  the  calling  of 
Supplications  to  cease,  that  the  churches  might  be 
closed ;  on  his  own  part  taking  the  necessary  steps  to 
quiet  the  tumult  and  disorder,  since,  as  it  could  at 
once  be  perceived,  the  cause  deserved  not  the  least 
dread  or  solicitude.  I  caused,  moreover,  that  several 
officers  should  go  through  the  streets  in  a  manner  the 
most  favorable  to  undeceive  the  people  of  their  error 
and  induce  them  to  return  to  their  houses. 


who  had  been  appointed  his  successor,  and 
soon  after  embarked  for  Spain,  where  he 
became  director  of  artillery,  a  military 
position  of  importance  and  responsibility. 
Five  years  later,  May  2d,  1*799,  he  died  at 
Madrid,  universally  lamented,  as  he  was  in 
Mexico  also,  where  the  memory  of  his 
good  deeds  is  never  to  be  obliterated. 

The  celebrated  "  Instruccion,"  which  he 
wrote  for  the  benefit  of  Branciforte,  is  a 
memorial  of  the  most  important  events  that 
happened  during  his  government.  It  is  a 
national  treasure  which  has  been  most 
jealously  cared  for,  and  remained  unpub- 
lished until  1831.  The  attentive  reader 
can  glean  from  it  the  principles  which 
guided  the  policy  of  the  Cabinet  at  Madrid, 
in  order  to  maintain  the  strong  hand  Spain 
had  extended  over  Mexico ;  the  source, 
amount,  investment,  etc.,  of  the  large  sums 
with  which  this  Province  had  enriched  the 
Royal  Treasury  ;  it  brings  into  near  inspec- 
tion the  judicial  system  ;  acquaints  us  with 
the  character  of  the  population,  the  military 
organization,  the  condition  of  agriculture 
and  the  mining  interests,  home  and  foreign 
commerce,  the  state  of  arts  and  industry, 
and  the  policy  of  the  Viceroy  ship,  both 
general  as  regards  the  colony  at  large,  and. 
particular  as  regards  the  capital.  It  also 
records  curious  and  acute  observations, 
indicates  reforms  and  projects,  and  em- 
bodies reflections  which  disclose  the  upright 
and  magnanimous  principles  of  the  writer 
— bis  deep  desire  for  the  prosperity  of  the 
nation  he  ruled,  and  furnishes  to  legislators 
suggestions  well  worthy  their  consideration. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  so  far  as  Branci- 
forte is  concerned,  it  was  practically  an  effort 
expended  in  vain.  He  neither  thought  nor 
worked  like  his  illustrious  predecessor, 
though  he  contributed  to  give  the  last  touch 
to  the  reputation  of  Revilla-Gigedo,  by 
influencing  the  Council  to  accuse  him. 
Envy  seems  to  be  indispensable  in  order  to 


I  give  Your  Excellency  this  account  lest,  perhaps, 
notice  through  another  source  might  arrive,  of  such 
character  as  to  cause  anxiet}\ 
Exmo.  Senor, 

El  Conde  de  Revilla-Gigedo. 

Mexico,  30th  Nov.,  1789. 

Exmo.  Sekor  Don  Antonio  Porlier. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


147 


lift  the  splendor  of  great  men,  as  the 
clouds  of  heaven  are  necessary,  which,  dis- 
persed, cause  the  sun  to  shine  with  more 
clearness  and  brilliancy. 


NOTES. 

Old  Portrait  of  Franklin. — Dr.  Ed- 
ward Vanderpool,  206  Fourth  street,  in 
this  city,  has  in  his  possession  a  por- 
trait of  Dr.  Franklin,  painted  at  Tren- 
ton, N\J.,  a  year  or  two  before  his  death, 
by  an  English  artist  named.  Stibbs,  which, 
with  a  very  close  likeness  both  in  face 
and  attitude  to  the  well  known  Cochin 
Portrait,  represents  him  with  the  marks 
of  much  more  advanced  age  than  any 
of  the  engraved  likenesses.  It  is  in  oil 
on  canvas,  stretched  on  board  5£  by  4£ 
inches  in  size,  with  powdered  wig  and  a 
red  coat,  one  hand  over  the  other  resting 
on  a  cane.  The  expression  is  smiling,  but 
evidently  senile.  It  is,  however,  a  most 
interesting  relic,  and  its  authenticity  un- 
doubted, the  picture  having  been  given 
by  the  artist's  daughter  to  Dr.  Vander- 
pool. •  G.  G. 


one  of  our  current  witticisms  is  not  as 
new  as  may  be  generally  supposed. 

"Instead  of  that  alacrity  with  which 
every  man  in  the  United  States  was  to 
turn  out,  as  a  volunteer,  to  light  Great 
Britain,  as  triumphantly  foretold  by  the 
administration  prints,  we  hear  of  nothing 
but  lamentations  and  dissatisfaction  from 
every  militia  man  who  has  been  so  fortu- 
nate as  to  draw  a  prize,  as  it  is  called,  by 
which  he  becomes  liable  to  be  called  on 
any  moment  to  join  the  detachment  of 
thirteen  thousand  men  that  make  up  the 
quota  of  this  State." — New  York  Even- 
ing Post,  May  12th,  1812. 

I  have  a  strong  impression  that  "  copper- 
heads" is  used,  with  its  present  political 
meaning,  by  the  journal  quoted  above  or 
some  of  its  contemporaries.  But,  wThether 
this  is  so  or  not,  it  is  quite  evident  from 
the  above  extract  that  if  the  word  did 
not  exist  at  that  time,  it  was,  at  least, 
sadly  needed.  S.  W.  P. 


Intellectual  Capacity  of  Negroes  in 
Boston. — Phillis  Wheatley's  was  not  the 
only  instance  in  Boston,  of  the  negro's  capa- 
city for  intellectual  improvement.  A  worthy 
Englishman,  Richard  Dalton,  Esq.,  a  great 
admirer  of  the  Greek  classips,  because  of 
the  tenderness  of  his  eyes,  taught  his  negro 
boy,  Caesar,  to  read  to  him  distinctly  any 
Greek  writer,  without  understanding  the 
meaning  or  interpretation. — Douglass,  ii. 
345. 

In  the  Boston  Chronicle  for  September 


Phillips  and  Davis — A  Coincidence. 
—On  the  8th  of  December,  1837,  Wendell 
Phillips,  speaking  in  Faneuil  Hall,  Bos- 
ton, in  reply  to  one  who  vindicated  the 
mob  that  murdered  Elijah  P.  Lovejoy,  at 
Alton,  the  previous  month,  used  the  fol- 
lowing language : — 

"Sir,  when  I  heard  the  gentleman  lay 
down  principles  which  place  the  murderers 
of  Alton  side  by  side  with  Otis,  and  Han- 
cock, and  Quincy,  and  i\dams,  I  thought 
those  pictured  lips  [pointing  to  the  por- 
traits in  the  hall]  would  have  broken  into 
voice  to  rebuke  the  recreant  American — 
the  slanderer  of  the  dead." 

Twenty  years  later,  October  11th,  1858, 
Jefferson  Davis  spoke  in  Faneuil  Hall,  and 
used  similar  imagery.     He  said  : — 

"  If  those  voices,  which  breathed  the 
first  instincts  into  the  Colony  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  into  those  colonies  which  formed 


21      769    is  advertised:-'' To  be  sold    a  the  United  State s,  t0  pnK.,aiin  community, 

^kely  Little  negroe  boy,  who  ea»wo&<Ae.nd        de  nd    a53ei.t  it         in3t   t£e 

French  language,  and  very  fi   tor  a  Valet.     pow[,,.ful  mothel.  oountry  .  if  tl?ogo  voices 

live   here   still,  how  must   they  feel   who 
come  here  to  preach  treason  to  the  consti- 


Draw  a  Prize. — The  following  extract 
from  an  old  newspaper  may  interest  some!tution,  and   assail   the   Union  it  ordained 
of  your  readers,  as  serving  to  show  that !  and  established  ?     It  would  seem  that  their 


148 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[April, 


criminal  hearts  would  fear  that  those  voices, 
so  long  slumbering,  would  break  their  si- 
lence, that  those  forms  which  look  down 
from  theee  walls  behind  and  around,  would 
come  forth,  and  that  their  sabres  would 
once  more  be  drawn  from  their  scabbards, 
to  drive  from  this  sacred  temple  these  fana- 
tical men,  who  deserve  it  more  than  did 
the  changers  of  money  and  those  who  sold 
doves  in  the  temple  of  the  living  God." 

It  is  hardly  credible  that  at  the  very 
time  that  Davis  uttered  these  scorching 
words  against  those  who  lift  up  their  hands 
against  the  Union  and  the  Constitution, 
his  "  criminal  hearty  was  meditating  the 
treason  that  it  has  since  perpetrated  ;  but 
we  have  evidence  that  compels  us  to  be- 
lieve such  to  have  been  the  case. 

X.    Y.    Z. 


Revolutionary  Pensioners. — We  have 
noticed  with  pleasure  the  unanimous  pas- 
sage in  the  House  of  Representatives,  at 
Washington,  of  a  bill  adding  one  hundred 
dollars  per  annum  to  the  pensions  of  the 
little  band  of  Revolutionary  veterans  who 
still  survive,  and  whose  lives,  it  is  to  be 
hoped,  may  be  prolonged  to  witness  the  full 
triumph  of  those  liberties  which  their  valor 
helped  to  establish.  It  appears,  by  an  of- 
ficial return,  that  the  number  now  living 
of  the  heroes  whose  efforts  in  behalf  of 
their  country  are  still  gratefully  remem- 
bered, is  but  twelve.  Of  these  the  oldest 
has  attained  the  age  of  105  years,  and  the 
youngest  is  94.  The  names  and  ages,  with 
amount  of  pension  allowed  under  existing 
laws,  are  stated  in  a  communication  from 
the  Pension  Bureau,  as  follows  : — 

Amaziah  Goodwin,  born  in  Somersworth, 
N,  H.,  Feb.  16,  1*759  ;  pension  $38  33. 
John  Goodnow,  born  in  Sudbury,  Mass., 

Jan.  30,  1762  ;   pension  $36  67. 

Adam   Link,  born  in  Washington   Co., 

Pa., — 1762  ;  pension . 

Daniel  Waldo,  born  in  Windham,  Conn., 

Sept.  10,  1762;  pension  $96. 

Jonas  Gates,  born  in   Barre,  Mass.,  — , 

1763  ;  pension  $96. 

Benjamin   Miller,    born    in    Springfield, 

Mass.,    April    4,    1764;    pension    $24  54. 

(Died  Sept.  1863. — ed.  h.m.) 


James  Barham,  born  in  Southampton 
Co.,  Va.,  May  18,  1764  ;  pension  $32  33. 

William  Hutchings,  born  in  York,  Me., 
— ,  1764  ;  pension  $21  66. 

John  Pettingill,  born  in  Windham, 
Conn.,  Nov.  30,  1766;  pension  $50. 

Alexander  Maroney,  enlisted  at  Lake 
George,  1ST.  Y.,  born  — ,  1770  ;  pension 
$96. 

Samuel  Downing,  served  in  the  2d  1ST.H. 
regiment ;  pension  $80. 

Lemuel  Cook,  on  the  roll  at  Albany, 
jfif.  Y. ;  pension  $100. 

With  regard  to  the  last  three,  it  will  be 
observed  that  full  particulars  are  wanting. 
In  the  case  of  Maroney,  the  files  state  that 
he  was  "  enlisted"  by  his  father,  being  a 
minor.  To  all  of  the  pensions  here  stated, 
it  is  now  proposed  to  add  $100  per  an- 
num. 

There  were  at  the  date  of  the  latest  re- 
port in  print  seven  pensioners  on  the  State 


oil  of  Massachusetts  receiving  pensions 
from  the  treasury  of  this  Commonwealth, 
under  resolves  of  the  Legislature  indepen- 
dently of  the  action  of  Congress.  Of  these 
Benjamin  Smith,  of  Grafton,  who  receives 
the  largest  sum,  viz.  $150  per  annum,  is 
described  as  "  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution," 
and  we  believe  that  some  of  the  others 
received  their  pensions  in  respect  of  Revo- 
lutionary services. 

The  names  of  the  others  are  Martin 
Wheelock,  Lyman  Webster,  Peter  Jowder, 
James  Pomeroy,  John  T.  Stone,  James 
Daniels.  If  authorized  by  a  vote  of  the 
Legislature  similar  to  the  movement  in 
Congress  which  called  forth  the  interest- 
ing facts  above  noted,  respecting  the  Unit- 
ed States  pensioners,  the  Secretary  of  the 
Commonwealth  would,  perhaps,  be  able, 
by  a  search  of  the  files,  to  furnish  com- 
plete information  on  the  subject. — JBoston 
Advertiser. 


Daniel  Taylor,  the  Spy. — The  physi- 
cian who  administered  to  Daniel  Taylor  (the 
British  spy)  the  emetic  on  October  9,  1777, 
which  brought  up  the  silver  ball  in  which 
was  inclosed  the  short  letter  from  Sir 
Henry  Clinton  toBurgoyne,  was  Dr.  Moses 
Higby,  afterwards  of  Newburgh,  in  this 


1864] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


149 


State.  He  resided  at  the  time  near  the  old 
Fall's  house,  at  the  Square  in  the  town  of 
Xew  Windsor,  where  General  (afterwards 
Governor)  George  Clinton  had  his  head- 
quarters temporarily  in  the  fall  of  1777,1 
subsequently  to  the  defeat  at  Fort  Mont- 
gomery. He  died  in  Newburgh  May  3,  | 
1823,  at  the  age  of  eighty,  and  had  prac- 
tised there  and  in  New  Windsor  for  nearly ; 
sixty  years.  The  letter  inclosed  in  the 
ball  was  written  on  the  previous  day  atj 
Fort  Montgomery,  and  was  intended  to  j 
inform  Burgoyne  (then  encamped  near 
Saratoga)  that  ho  colonial  troops  inter- 
vened their  respective  forces  (which  they 
intended,  if  possible,  to  unite)  except  the 
command  of  Gates,  and  expressed  the  hope 
that  the  recent  English  success  at  the  Fort 
would  facilitate  his  contemplated  operations 
both  above  and  below  Albany.  Immedi- 
ately after  the  storming  of  the  Fort,  Gen. 
George  Clinton  made  his  head-quarters  at 
Mrs.  Fall's  house  to  collect  his  men,  who 
had  become  scattered  on  the  night  of  the 
storming,  in  order  that  he  might  march 
them,  together  with  such  new  recruits  as 
he  might  obtain,  to  Esopus  (now  Kingston) 
to  prevent  the  English  from  landing  from 
their  vessels  at  that  place,  which  he  had 
been  advised  by  his  brother  Col.  James 
Clinton  (serving  under  him),  they  would 
do  if  the  vessels  could  break  the  chain 
which  was  across  the  river  near  the  Fort 
(this  obstruction  across  the  river  from  near 
St.  Anthony's  Nose  to  Fort  Montgomery 
was,  in  fact,  a  chevaux  de  frize,  and  was 
arranged  by  Capt.  Machen,*  the  Engineer 
of  Fort  Montgomery,  with  the  assistance 
of  Capt.  Hazel  wood,  whose  similar  work 
across  the  Delaware  River  had  been  so 
effectual  previously;  it  was  1860  feet  long, 
and  separated  in  a  few  hours,  by  reason  of 
the  tide,  after  its  completion,  but  was  soon 
after  relaid  in  another  position  under  the 


*  Capt.  Machen  came  to  America  about  1766  as 
an  officer  in  the  English  service,  but  soon  resigned. 
He  then  opened  the  outlet  to  "  -Machen's  Pond,"  now 
called  Orange  Lake,  four  miles  west  of  Newburgh,  and 
erected  a  small  building  in  which  he  made  copper  coin 
for  change,  and,  though  it  was  illegal,  yet  he  was  not 
interfered  with.  The  public  regarded  the  coinage  as 
a  convenience  which  was  not  at  that  early  day  suffi- 
cieutly  supplied  by  the  government. 


suggestion  of  Mai.  Gen.  Heath.  It  cost 
£50,000,  and  weighed  170  tons.  When 
it  broke,  Congress  refused  to  pay  the  bill 
for  the  iron-work  upon  it,  until  the  quality 
of  the  iron  was  investigated.  The  investi- 
gation proved  satisfactory). 

He  did  not  rally  his  men  in  time,  but 
when  he  reached  Kingston  (by  way  of  the 
valley  of  the  Wallkill),  he  discovered  that 
the  English  vessels  had  ascended  the  river, 
landed  troops,  set  fire  to  the  village,  and 
had  just  retired,  leaving  it  still  in  flames. 
The  spy  was  captured  before  Clinton  start- 
ed from  the  Square.     It  is  not  known  by 
what  route  the  spy  came  from  Fort  Montgo- 
mery on  his  intercepted  way  to  Burgoyne, 
and  he  refused  to  state  it.    His  person  was 
searched  and  the  ball  was  accidentally  found 
in  his  hair,  where  it  had  been  ingeniously 
fastened,  and  probably  before  he  started. 
Its  form  was  oval,  about  the  size  of  a  bullet, 
and  consisted  of  two  sections  which  were 
firmly  united  by  a  screw  in  the  centre.     It 
was  pure  silver,  for  the  probable  reason  that 
if  the  bearer  should  be  compelled,  by  any 
exigency,  to  swallow  it  for  its  and  his  safety, 
the  metal   might   not  affect  him  as  lead, 
brass,  or  copper  would.     The  shell  of  it 
was  about  the  thickness  of  a  common  wafer ; 
and  compactly  folded  in  it  was  the  short 
letter  to  Burgoyne,   written  on  thin  silk 
paper.     The  letter  contained  but  three  sen- 
tences, and  was  forwarded  by  Gen.  Clinton 
to  the  u  Council  of  Safety,"  after  the  court- 
martial  of  Taylor.    When  the  ball  was  dis- 
covered, Taylor  snatched  it  from  the  search- 
ing officer,  and  under  pretence  of  throwing 
it  away,  swallowed  it.     This,  however,  was 
noticed.     Clinton  immediately  sent  for  Dr. 
Higby,  who,  instantly  upon  his  arrival,  ad- 
ministered with  much  difficulty  a  powerful 
emetic.    The  ball  was  thrown  up  almost  im- 
mediately ;  and  Taylor  picking  it  up,  ran  a 
short  distance,  was  overtaken,  and,  upon 
being  brought  back,  the  ball  could  not  be 
found,  and  he  refused  to  state  what  he  had 
done  with  it.     Clinton  promptly  informed 
him  that  he  believed  he  had  again  swallowed 
it,  and  that  if  it  was  not  produced  at  once, 
he  should  instantly  order  him  to  be  hung, 
and  that  he  should  be  cut  open  to  obtain 
it.     He  then  produced  it.     Taylor  was  a 


150 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[April, 


major  in  the  English  service.  He  was 
taken  by  Clinton  to  Kingston  with  the 
troops,  and  was  there  tried  before  a  Court- 
Martial  (of  which  Capt.  John  Woodward, 
the  father  of  Judge  Woodward  who  was 
afterwards  one  of  the  Justices  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  this  State,  was  Judge  Ad- 
vocate), and  was  unanimously  condemned 
as  a  spy,  and  was  hung  the  next  day  from 
an  apple-tree  on  the  outskirts  of  the  vil- 
lage, and  buried  under  it.  He  wore  a 
citizen's  dress  at  the  time  of  his  capture, 
was  about  forty  years  of  age,  and  was  pri- 
vileged by  Clinton  to  write  several  letters 
to  relatives  in  England,  which,  after  being 
read  and  found  not  to  communicate  any 
military  information,  were  sent  to  Sir 
Henry  Clinton  for  further  disposition. 

His  remains  were  never  removed.  He 
was  an  officer  of  equal  rank  with  Andre 
(each  being  a  major),  and  both  were  select- 
ed as  spies,  and  executed  as  such ;  and 
both  intrusted  with  important  duties,  and 
for  the  same  government,  and  by  the  same 
officer  (Sir  Henry  Clinton),  yet  Andre 
was  exhumed  by  order  of  the  British  Go- 
vernment, and  his  remains  deposited  with 
military  honors  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
while  those  of  Taylor  have  been  neglected 
by  his  country  to  the  present  time.  The 
probable  impossibility  of  identifying  the 
particular  spot  of  his  burial  may  constitute 
the  reason  why  his  bones  wTere  not  removed 
at  the  time  when  Andre's  were.  The  grave' 
of  the  latter  was  marked  by  a  stone  imme- 
diately after  his  execution,  and  a  willow 
planted  by  it,  both  of  which  remained 
there  at  the  time  of  the  removal  to  Eng- 
land. No  mark  was  put  upon  Taylor's 
grave,  and  the  old  apple-tree,  no  doubt, 
had  long  since  gone,  and  probably  no  one 
then  living  or  accessible  could  identify 
the  spot. 

John  M.  Eager,  JYew  York. 


Names  and  Location  of  Tribes  on  the 
Androscoggin,  by  N.T.True. — The  tribes 
of  New  England  were  settled  on  the  princi- 
pal rivers.  On  the  Connecticut  were  the 
Mohegans.  Those  on  the  sources  of  the 
Connecticut  river  were  called  Micmacs  or 
Fresh  Water  Indians.     On  the  Merrimac 


were  the  Pennacooks.  On  the  Saco  were 
the  Sokokis,  of  w7hom  the  Pequakeys  at 
Fryeburg  were  a  branch.  On  the  Andros- 
coggin were  the  Anasagunticooks,  of 
which  tribe  were  the  Rokomekos  at  Canton 
Point,  and  the  Pejescots  on  the  Lower 
Androscoggin.  The  Norridgewocks  lived 
on  the  Kennebec.  The  Penobscots,  or 
Tarratines,  as  they  were  often  called,  on 
the  Penobscot;  theWawenocks,  on  the  St. 
George's,  Sheepscot,  and  Pemaquid  Rivers  ; 
the  Passamaquoddies  on  the  St.  Croix ;  the 
Marechites  on  the  St.  John,  and  the  Mic- 
macs in  Nova  Scotia. 

The  Indians  on  the  Androscoggin  are 
known  under  the  general  name  of  Anasagun- 
ticooks, though  it  appears  that  it  was  origi- 
nally confined  to  those  residing  above  Lewis- 
ton  Falls.  At  a  late  period  it  seemed  to 
extend  to  the  scattered  remnants  of  Indians 
on  the  river,  and  at  St.  Francis  in  Canada. 

It  is  a  curious  fact  that  the  word  Ana- 
sagunticook,  Amoscoggin,  and  Amasaconte, 
are  all  derived  from  the  same  roots,  and 
have  essentially  the  same  meaning.  Amasa- 
conte was  the  name  of  the  tribe  at  Far- 
mington,  and  as  the  carrying  place,  by 
means  of  numerous  ponds,  was  very  easy, 
it  is  probable  that  the  intercourse  between 
the  Indians  on  the  Androscoggin  and  Sandy 
Rivers  was  very  intimate,  and  may  thus 
have  rendered  them,  in  a  certain  sense, 
nearly  identical. 

The  Pejepscots  occupied  the  territory 
between  Lewiston  Falls  and  the  Kennebec 
River.  Their  headquarters  were  at  Bruns- 
wick, where  they  had  a  fort  near  the  falls. 
They  also  had  a  location  at  Little  River 
Falls.  Their  position  was  a  most  important 
one.  It  was  at  the  great  carrying  place 
between  the  Eastern  and  Western  tribes. 
It  was  also  the  turning  off  place  of  the  In- 
dians coming  down  the  river  to  Macquait. 
Their  position  early  brought  them  into  con- 
tact with  the  whites.  An  English  trader 
occupied  their  territory  below  the  Falls  as 
early  as  1624-5,  and  another  at  the  Little 
River  Falls,  consequently  they  were  the 
first  to  be  broken  up  as  a  tribe. 

They  probably  depended  largely  on  fish- 
ing for  their  support,  although  they,  no 
doubt,  had  corn  fields  in  Durham,  Bruns- 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


151 


wick,  and  Topsham.  Colonel  Church,  as 
late  as  1690,  found  a  barn  of  corn  to  a 
large  amount  at  their  fort  in  Brunswick. 
Still,  they  did  not  appear  to  have  any  fixed 
habitation  at  that  time  below  Lewiston  Falls, 
unless  it  might  have  been  on  Sabattis  river. 

It  is  doubtful  if  any  tribe  in  New  Eng- 
land had  greater  facilities  for  procuring 
food  at  all  seasons  of  the  year  than  the 
Pejepscots.  At  certain  periods,  salmon, 
sturgeon,  and  other  fish  swarmed  the  river 
at  the  Falls,  where  they  could  easily  spear 
them.  Their  hunting  grounds  were  near, 
corn  could  be  raised  or  brought  down  the 
river,  while  in  the  severest  weather,  or 
time  of  scarcity,  they  could  reach  Macquait, 
a  distance  of  three  miles,  where  clams  were 
abundant.  Like  the  immense  water  power 
at  Brunswick,  still  unimproved,  it  would 
seem  as  though  the  natives  did  not  them- 
selves appreciate  the  natural  advantages 
around  them,  though  they  may  have  been 
originally  a  populous  tribe. 

The  Rokomekos  had  their  headquarters 
at  Canton  Point,  and  this  may  be  consider- 
ed the  centre  of  the  Indian  population  on 
the  whole  river.  They  were  a  semi-agri- 
cultural people.  The  broad  intervales,  to 
the  extent  of  several  hundred  acres,  were 
cleared  and  cultivated  with  corn.  From 
what  can  be  gleaned  of  their  condition,  it 
is  probable  that  they  were  among  the  most 
populous  of  any  tribe  in  Maine,  previous  to 
1617,  when  they  suffered  from  the  plague 
which  carried  off  so  many  Indians  through- 
out New  England. 

No  tribe  of  Indians  was  more  dreaded 
by  the  whites  than  the  Rokomekos.  They 
would  turn  off  from  the  river  through  the 
northern  part  of  what  is  now  Cumberland 
County,  and  pounce  upon  the  settlers  of  the 
seaport  towns,  killing  and  taking  captive 
the  inhabitants,  or  coming  clown  the  river 
in  a  flotilla  of  canoes,  prowl  along  the 
shores,  or  at  a  later  period,  through  the  in- 
fluence of  the  French,  they  would  ascend 
the  river,  go  to  Canada,  join  the  French, 
and  again  descend  to  the  sea-coast  to  anni- 
hilate, if  possible,  the  English  settlements. 
They  embraced  the  Indians  up  and  down 
the  Androscoggin  river,  from  Lewiston 
Falls  to  its  source. 


Our  knowledge  of  the  condition  of  the 
Indians  about  Rokomeko  is  very  limited. 
They  had  cornfields  near  Rumford  Falls 
and  at  Rumford  Point. 

It  is  not  known  whether  there  was  a  dis- 
tinct tribe  at  Lewiston  Falls.  Some  of  the 
Pennacook  Indians  fled  from  their  tribe  in 
New  Hampshire  through  fear  of  the  Mo- 
hawks, and  built  a  fort  there  about  the 
year  1680,  so  that  this  place  constituted  a 
sort  of  garrison  for  the  protection  of  their 
families  while  the  men  were  away  from 
home.  The  excellent  facilities  for  fishing 
at  the  Falls  must  have  always  attracted  the 
Indians  to  that  place. 

At  Bethel,  about  two  and  a  half  miles 
above  the  village,  there  was  undoubtedly 
a  small  tribe,  possibly  a  branch  of  the  Ro- 
komekos, as  they  a'ere  said  to  have  carried 
their  dead  to  Rokomeko  for  burial.  They 
had  left  the  place  long  before  the  town 
was  settled,  as  quite  large  trees  had  grown 
up  in  their  corn-fields.  About  twenty  cel- 
lars for  the  storage  of  corn,  a  dozen  or 
more  gun  barrels,  kettles,  hoes,  and  other 
implements  were  found  by  the  first  settlers, 
indicating  that  they  had  left  in  a  hurried 
manner. 


Cartridge  Paper  in  1778. — When  the 
American  army  entered  Philadelphia,  in 
June,  1778,  upon  the  evacuation  of  the 
English  troops,  there  was  a  want  of  paper 
fitted  for  the  construction  of  cartridges. 
It  was  advertised  for,  and  but  a  small  quan 
tity  procured.  An  order  was  then  issued 
demanding  its  instant  production  by  all 
people  in  that  city  who  had  it.  This  pro 
duced  but  little,  and  most  probably  on  ac- 
count of  its  scarcity.  A  file  ot'  soldiers  was 
then  ordered  to  make  search  for  it  in  every 
place  where  any  was  likely  to  be  found. 
Among  other  places  visited  in  July,  1778, 
was  a  garret  in  a  house  in  which  Benjamin 
Franklin  had  previously  had  his  printing 
office.  Here  were  discovered  about  twenty- 
five  hundred  copies  of  a  sermon  which  the 
Rev.  Gilbert  Tenant  had  written  (printed 
by  Franklin)  upon  "Defensive  War,"  to 
rouse  the  colonists  during  the  French 
troubles.  They  were  all  taken  and  used 
as  cases  for  musket  cartridges,  and  at  once 


152 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[April, 


sent  to  the  army,  and  most  of  them  were 
used  at  the  battle  of  Monmouth.  The  re- 
quisites in  cartridge  paper  were,  of  course, 
thinness,  strength,  pliability,  and  inflamma- 
bility, and  such  paper  was  necessarily 
scarce  then.  J.  M.  E. 

NewYoek. 

Indians  in  Oeakge  County.  —  Osbas- 
quemonus,  the  chief  of  the  Minsies  tribe 
(the  word  having  become  corrupted  into 
"  Minisink,"  see  Eager's  Hist,  of  Orange 
Co.,  p.  407,  and  Stone's  Life  of  Brandt), 
was  one  of  the  signers  to  the  deed  of  the 
large  Minisink  Patent.  Besides  him,  eleven 
other  chiefs  signed,  though  all  did  not  be- 
long to  the  same  tribe,  but  set  up  some 
hunting  and  other  ancient  rights  to  the 
land.  He  was  a  chief  of  the  Wawayanda 
tribe,  whose  village  was  located  as  early 
(or  rather  as  late)  as  1704,  upon  the  Otter 
Hill,  near  Campbell  Hall,  and  near  the 
point  where  the  Beaver  Dam  empties  into 
that  stream.  He  was  also  one  of  the  sign- 
ers to  what  is  known  as  the  Wawayanda 
Patent.  This  last  patent  was  intended  by 
the  chiefs  to  cover  but  sixty  thousand  acres, 
but,  when  subsequently  surveyed,  was  dis- 
covered to  contain  nearly  or  quite  one 
hundred  and  fifty;  but  as  the  grant  was 
made  by  meter  and  bounds,  and  no  parti- 
cular number  of  acres  was  mentioned  in  it, 
it  could  not,  by  the  decisions  of  the  Eng- 
lish Courts,  be  revoked,  nor  the  quantity 
of  land  be  diminished  to  the  intention  of 
the  Indians.  Its  date  was  March  5, 1703, 
and  though  the  English  Governor,  upon 
ascertaining  the  mistake,  petitioned  Queen 
Anne  to  reduce  the  quantity,  yet  nothing 
was  heard  from  the  petition — at  least  no- 
thing was  done  to  that  end.  Among  the 
other  signers  to  tins  patent  w^ere  Rapingo- 
nick  (who  died  about  1730  at  the  Dela- 
ware Gap);  Wawastawaw,  Moghopuck 
(who  subsequently  lived  on  the  flats  now 
known  asHaverstraw) ;  Comelawaw,  Nana- 
witt,  Ariwimack  (who  was  chief  of  the 
tribe  then  occupying  the  low  grounds  on 
the  Wallkill,  extending  from  near  Goshen, 
down  that  stream  to  Shawangunks  in  Ulster 
County)  ;  Rumbout  (a  Minsies)  ;  Gulia- 
paw    (whose  tribe  had  their  village  near 


Long  Pond,  one  of  the  feeders  of  the  Mor- 
ris Canal).  This  village  was  within  fifty 
rods  of  the  north  end  of  the  pond,  and  in 
the  vicinity  many  rude  utensils,  and  arrow- 
heads, and  some  stone  axes,  have  been 
found.  What  is  now  known  as  Warwick 
Creek,  was  formerly  called  Wawayanda 
Creek,  after  an  early  tribe.  At  the  early 
settlement  of  the  lands  along  it  (about  1742), 
there  were  some  evidences  of  a  fortified 
Indian  village  at  the  point  where  the  War- 
wick falls  into  the  Pochuck  Creek.  About 
1811,  a  large  number  of  Indian  bones  (sup- 
posed to  be  such  from  the  earthen-ware 
found  with  them),  were  discovered  between 
two  large  flat  stones  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  confluence  of  the  two 
streams.  There  were  evidences  of  a  vil- 
lage at  the  mouth  of  the  Tinbrook  when 
the  Wileman  Patent  was  granted  in  1709. 
Also  one  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Wall- 
kill,  near  where  apart  of  the  army,  known 
as  the  Virginia  Line,  lay  encamped  in 
1782.  Another  is  known  to  have  existed 
on  the  old  Palatine  Road,  north  of  the  vil- 
lage of  Wardsbridge  (now  Montgomery), 
and  near  the  site  of  the  Lutheran  church 
which  the  Germans  erected  who  settled 
the  Patent  called  Germantown,  guaranteed 
in  1722.  At  Crist's  Mill,  near  by,  the 
remnant  of  a  tribe  is  known  to  have  lived 
as  late  as  the  old  French  war  in  1755.  The 
streams  through  Orange  County  abounded 
in  otter  and  beaver  in  the  early  part  of  the 
last  century,  and  this  fact  probably  accounts 
for  the  large  number  of  small  tribes  who 
have  left  proofs  of  their  existence  upon  the 
banks  of  them.  Some  few  years  since  an 
instrument  of  polished  stone,  evidently 
made  to  dress  these  animals,  was  discover- 
ed in  the  bed  of  the  Beaver  Dam  near  the 
old  church  at  Neelytown.  General  John 
MacBride,  of  Hamptonburgh  (still  living), 
remembers  to  have  seen  the  remains  of  a 
beaver  dam  upon  the  small  stream  which 
empties  into  the  Otter  Kill  upon  his  farm. 
There  was  an  Indian  settlement  within 
half  a  mile  of  this  place  in  1811. 

J.  M.  E. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


153 


The  Anniversary  of  Siiakspeare's 
Death. — We  are  glad  to  observe  that  the 
New  England  Historic  Genealogical  Society 
has  voted  to  properly  observe  the  three 
hundredth  anniversary  of  the  birth  of 
Shakspeare.  At  a  recent  meeting,  the 
details  of  the  celebration  were  referred 
to  the  government  of  the  Society.  On 
that  occasion,  one  of  the  members  spoke 
as  follows : 

Mr.  President:  With  your  permission,  I 
intend  to  bring  before  this  meeting  a  mat- 
ter which  I  believe  to  be  of  interest  to  this 
Society.  It  is  known  to  us  all  that  the 
three  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  birth 
of  Shakspeare  takes  place  on  the  twenty- 
third  day  of  April  of  the  current  year.  It 
is  understood  that  appropriate  notice  of 
this  event  will  be  taken  in  England.  But 
I  have  yet  to  learn  that  any  measures  have 
been  inaugurated  in  this  country  for  the 
celebration  of  that  day.  Should  it  be  suffer- 
ed to  pass  by  without  something  being 
done  by  way  of  commemoration  in  this 
western  world,  the  neglect  cannot  fail, 
in  my  opinion,  to  cause  us  disgrace. 

England  was,  it  is  true,  the  birthplace  of 
the  greatest  writer  in  our  language,  but  he 
belongs  to  us  as  much  as  to  the  land  of  his 
nativity.  There  are  probably  fifty  readers 
of  him  in  the  United  States  to  one  reader 
in  Great  Britain.  I  have  been  informed  by 
a  bookseller  that  he  has  frequently  sold 
new  copies  of  Siiakspeare's  works  for  one 
dollar  and  twenty-five  cents  each.  Does 
any  one  suppose  that  this  book  has  ever 
been  on  sale  in  England  at  five  or  six  shil- 
lings sterling  ? 

The  question  very  naturally  arises  : 
"  Whose  business  is  it  to  provide  for  the 
celebration  suggested  ?" 

Boston  has  long  claimed  to  be  the  Lite- 
rary Emporium,  the  Athens  of  America. 
There  are  now,  as  there  always  have  been, 
among  us  scientific  and  literary  men,  poets 
(perhaps),  poetasters  certainly,  who  in 
their  own  estimation  and  that  of  their 
friends  are  deserving  of  high  honor.  One 
would  think  that  some  of  these  would 
move  in  the  matter.  Veneration  for  the 
mighty  dead,  a  deep  appreciation  of  his 
matchless  powers,  gratitude  for  what  they 

HIST.  MAG.       VOL.  VIII.  20 


have  learned  from  him,  and  even  an  esprit 
de  corps  would,  we  should  suppose,  have 
prompted  them  to  take  measures  that  the 
birthday  of  Shakspeare  should  not  pass  un- 
noticed. But,  as  yet,  all  is  still  in  that 
quarter.  Perhaps  it  is  as  well.  Should 
some  of  them  attempt  to  commemorate 
him  in  song,  the  words  which  the  object 
of  their  rhyme  puts  into  the  mouth  of  one 
of  his  characters  might  be  applicable : 

I  had  rather  be  a  kitten,  and  cry — mew, 
Than  one  of  these  same  metre  ballad  mongers! 
I  had  rather  hear  a  brazen  canstick  turn*u\ 
Or  a  dry  wheel  grate  on  an  axletree ; 
And  that  would  set  my  teeth  nothing  on  edge, 
Nothing  so  much  as  mincing  poetry ; 
'Tis  like  the  forced  gait  of  a  shuffling  nag. 
[First  Part  King  Henry  IV.,  Act.  III.  Sc.  1.] 

If,  then,  those  upon  whom  it  might 
seem  to  be  incumbent  to  do  this  will  uot 
move,  I  would  suggest  that  this  Society 
should  do  something.  Our  title  indicates 
the  objects  of  our  labors  to  be  History 
and  Genealogy.  Both  of  these  are  so 
closely  connected  with  English  antecedents 
that  we  cannot  separate  them  if  we  would. 
English  history  is  our  history  till  within 
less  than  two  hundred  and  fifty  years ;  it  is 
measurably  our  history  till  within  less  than 
a  century ;  and  even  now  we  have  no 
small  sympathy  in  the  public  movements 
of  our  fatherland.  Our  genealogy,  how- 
ever much  it  has  become  spread  out  over 
this  u  boundless  continent,"  finds  its  source 
on  English  territory.  Shakspeare  lived  in 
an  age  when  maritime  discovery  was 
active.  One  of  his  warmest  friends  and 
most  munificent  benefactors  was  that  Earl 
of  Southampton,  whose  name  appears  in 
one  of  the  early  patents  of  the  region  in 
which  we  dwell.  The  poet's  works  an; 
marked  by  mention  of  places  discovered  in 
his  time,  and  are  illustrated  by  tales  brought 
home  by  early  American  voyagers. 

These  facts,  and  others  which  might  be 
named,  seem  to  render  it  proper  that  this 
Society  should  celebrate  in  some  way  the 
three  hundredth  anniversary  of  his  birth. 
And  should  it  so  happen  that  ours  should 
be  the  only  celebration  of  this  event  in 
America,  or  even  in  New  England,  it  will 
I  redound  much  to  the  credit  of  this  Society, 


154 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[April, 


and  be  a  pleasant  thing  in  our  annals  for 
posterity  to  read. 

On  account  of  personal  reasons,  Mr. 
President,  I  submit  no  motion,  but  would 
beg  leave  to  suggest  that  a  committee  be 
raised,  at  this  meeting,  with  full  powers  to 
make  the  necessary  arrangements  for  the 
celebration  which  has  been  spoken  of. 

Latin  Ode  on  Washington. — The  fol- 
lowing from  the  Pennsylvania  Magazine 
of  October,  1775,  may  interest  your  read- 
ers : 

In  Geo.   "Washington  dtjcis  supremi   munere  a 
senatu,  populoque  americano  donatum. 

Te  voeat  Boston,  (ubi  dux  iniquus 
Obsidit  cives  miseros,  et  obstat, 
Urbe  quo  cedant  minus;)  excitatque 

Pristina  virtus. 

Prospere  eedat,  bone,  quod  pararia. 

Occidunt  cives,  gladio  petita 

Heu  perit  virgo  misere  !    atque  clamor 

Personat  aures. 

Di  boni  dent  nunc  tibi  quse  preecamur 
Sospitem  ac  reddant  populo  dolenti : 
Hostium  turmas  subito  repellas 

Casde  furentes. 

Te  manent  plausus,  favor  et  benignus 
Omnium  quotquot  tenet  ora  nostra 
Quo  ruit  ssevus  sanie  profusus 

Indicus  olim. 

H.   P.   W. 

Philadelphia. 


QUERIES. 
Descendants  of   John  Fenwicke.  — 
Where  can  I  find  a  genealogical  account 
of  the  descendants  of  John  Fenwicke,  the 
early  Quaker  settler  in  New  Jersey  ? 


p. 


Richard  Cox. — A  New  Jersey  Masonic 
Committee  appointed  to  write  a  Masonic 
History  of  that  State,  report  that  Riehard 
Cox  was  the  first  Provincial  Grand  Master 
of  America.  Where  was  Henry  Price  at 
that  time  ? 


Prison  Walls  in  Boston. — The  city  of 
Boston  has  recently  come  into  possession 
of  an  estate  upon  Cross  street,  near  North 


street,  upon  which  is  a  building  that  the 
tradition  of  the  neighborhood  says  was  at 
a  time  prior  to  the  Revolution  the  Town 
Jail.  The  walls,  from  their  thickness  and 
appearance,  would  seem  to  warrant  the 
statement  of  its  use.  As  the  city  authori- 
ties are  about  to  remove  the  building,  it 
occurs  to  the  writer  that  some  of  our  citi- 
zens may  know  the  facts  in  regard  to  it, 
and,  if  so,  would  be  glad  to  examine  the 
premises  before  the  ancient  edifice  is  taken 
down.  Can  any  antiquarian  enlighten  us 
in  regard  to  this  subject? 

A  Political  Lesson. — Can  any  of  your 
readers  give  an  explanation  of  the  follow- 
ing political  caricature?  The  plate  is  a 
well  executed  mezzotint,  ten  by  thirteen 
inches,  entitled  "  A  Political  Lesson."  It 
represents  a  richly  dressed  old  gentleman 
booted  and  spurred,  just  thrown  from  his 
horse,  his  head  striking  a  broken  mile- 
stone, on  which  is  inscribed  :  "To  Boston, 
VI.  miles."  His  hat  and  wig  are  on  the 
ground.  Near  the  milestone  is  a  finger- 
board inscribed  :  "  To  Salem."  The  sky 
looks  loving.  Besides  the  table,  the  fol- 
lowing is  under  the  plate:  J.  Dixon,  inve- 
nit  et  fecit.  Published  7  Septr.  1774.  Pr. 
Is.  6d.  Printed  for  John  Bowles,  at  No. 
13  in  Cornhill. 


A  Statue  on  the  Battery,  New  York. 
— I  recently  heard  an  old  resident  assert, 
quite  positively,  that  many  years  since  there 
stood  on  the  Battery  an  equestrian  statue, 
in  marble  or  bronze,  of  some  public  charac- 
ter. I  can  find  no  corroboration  of  this 
statement.  I  suppose  it  must  be  a  mistake 
for  the  Pitt  statue  recently  presented  to 
the  Historical  Society.  From  the  age  of 
my  informant,  it  could  not  be  the  old  leaden 


affair  of  King  George.     Can  any  reader 
enlighten  me  ? 


w. 


The  Arms  of  Harberdinck.  —  What 
has  become  of  the  arms  of  Jan  Harber- 
dinck, which  used  to  be  back  of  the  pulpit 
in  the  North  Dutch  Church,  New  York  ? 
It  is  a  pity  to  see  the  mementos  of  old 
benefactors  of  churches  thus  displaced. 

H. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


155 


REPLIES. 

Witim  Whams. — (Vol.  vilL,  p.  79.)  A 
copy  of  this  work,  with  the  original  con- 
tract for  publishing  it,  in  the  handwriting 
of  S.  G.  Goodrich  (Peter  Parley),  and 
signed  by  him,  Nov.  15,  1827,  is  in  my 
possession.  At  that  time  the  contents  of 
the  book  had  not  been  written,  but  before 
the  ensuing  Christmas,  less  than  thirty 
days,  the  whole  matter  was  handed  to  the 
publisher.  The  authors,  who  were  mem- 
bers of  a  Literary  Club,  were  James  W. 
Miller,  Oliver  C.  Wyman,  Moses  Whitney, 
Jr.,  and  Henry  J.  Finn.  All  of  these  gen- 
tlemen, except  the  second  named,  are  de- 
ceased. Of  Mr.  Miller,  it  is  said  that  he 
has  written  some  of  the  sweetest  verses  in 
the  English  language ;  the  second  named 
is  well  known  as  one  of  our  best  writers 
of  satiric  and  humorous  verse  ;  the  third 
was  a  well  known  contributor  to  our 
magazines  and  to  the  daily  press ;  the  last 
named — the  lamented  Finn — the  inimi- 
table actor  and  artist,  was  lost  in  the  ill- 
fated  steamer  Lexington,  January  13, 
1840.  The  designs  for  the  cover  and  the 
tail-piece,  as  well  as  the  verses  on  the  title- 
page,  and  the  12,  19,  22,  27,  30,  and  31 
articles  were  written  by  him.  The  16  and 
37  were  by  Mr.  Whitney.  The  5,  7,  9,  15, 
20,  29,  33,  34,  36,  39,  40,  and  43,  were  by 
Mr.  Miller;  the  remaining  twenty-five  arti- 
cles wrere  by  Mr.  Wyman.  Soon  after  its 
issue  here,  a  London  firm  re-published  it, 
and  it  met  with  a  ready  sale. 

Mr.  Wyman  edited  "  Poems  and  Sketch- 
es," by  James  W.  Miller,  with  a  notice  of 
his  life,  in  1829. 

Of  the  three  writers  above  named,  who 
are  deceased,  their  companion  can  truly 
say: 

"  Green  be  the  turf  above  them, 
Friends  of  my  better  days ; 
None  knew  them  but  to  love  them, 
None  named  them  but  to  praise." 

J.  C. 
Boston.  March,  1S64. 


Thomas  Odiorne. — Is  the  folio  win  <r  his 


only  work  ? 


The  Progress  of  Refinement. 


A  Poem 


in  three  Books,  to  which  are  added  a 
Poem  on  Fame  and  Miscellanies.  By 
Thomas  Odiorne.  Boston  :  Printed  by 
Young  &  Etheridge,  opposite  to  the  en- 
trance of  the  Branch  Bank,  State  street, 
1791.  J.  c. 

Boston. 


Swittiw  ani  l($eir  JjnrmMngs. 


ILLINOIS. 

Chicago  Historical  Society. — The  monthly 
meeting  was  held  March  15th,  W.  L.  Newberry 
Esq.,  President,  in  the  chair.  The  total  collec- 
tions for  the  past  two  months  (including  135 
bound  books)  were  1,053,  from  106  contribu- 
tions. They  embraced  the  entire  documentary 
publications  of  the  Provincial  Government  of 
Canada,  1858-1863,  with  numerous  publications 
from  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain. 

The  correspondence  for  the  same  time — ninety- 
one  letters  written,  and  forty  received — was 
submitted.  Letters  accepting  membership  were 
read  from  Mr.  Alpheus  Todd,  Librarian  of  the 
"  Parliament  Library,"  Quebec,  Hon.  Henry 
S.  Baird  of  Wisconsin,  and  Mr.  N.  S.  Cushing 
of  Chicago. 

A  valuable  paper  was  presented  at  the  meet- 
ing from  Prof  H.  Bannister,  of  the  "  Garrett 
Biblical  Institute,"  Illinois,  being  a  translation 
from  the  German  of  J.  G.  Miiller,  executed  by 
Prof.  Bannister,  of  an  essay  on  "  The  Idea  of  the 
Great  Spirit  among  the  Indians  of  North  Ameri- 
ca" elaborately  written,  with  comprehensive 
references  to  authorities. 

Three  papers  were  then  read,  obligingly  pre- 
pared for  the  society  by  Hon.  Henry  S.  Baird. 
an  early  and  esteemed  resident  of  Green  Bay, 
Wisconsin. 

Their  titles  were  as  follows :  1.  "  The  Early 
Commerce  and  Navigation  on  the  Upper  or 
Northwestern  Lakes;"  2.  "Indian  Tribes, 
Chiefs  and  Treaties;"  3.  "The  Green  Bay 
Fisheries — a  Sketch." 

The  several  papers  called  forth  interesting 
remarks,  especially  from  the  President,  who  was 
requested  to  put  in  writing  his  personal  recollec- 
tions of  the  early  commerce,  settlement,  and 
improvements  of  the  Upper  Lake  region,  for  the 
benefit  of  the  society.  Forcible  remarks  were 
also  made  on  the  naii  mat  importance  of  securing 
full,  reliable,  and  detailed  statistics  and  particu- 


156 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[April, 


lars  of  the  "  Fisheries  of  the  Great  Lakes" — an 
industry  whose  products,  it  is  believed,  much 
surpass  any  estimate  now  formed. 

Mr.  Band  reports  the  annual  catch  "  on  G-reen 
Bay  proper" — exclusive  of  the  large  fishing  es- 
tablishments situated  on  Lake  Michigan,  north 
and  south  of  the  entrance  to  Green  Bay,  also  on 
the  Fox  Eiver  above  the  Bay,  and  Winnebago 
Lake,  where  large  quantities  are  yearly  taken 
and  salted  for  export  or  consumed  at  home — at 
30,000  to  35,000  barrels. 

The  catch — classified  as  to  relative  quantities 
taken — he  thus  enumerates:  1.  White  Fish; 
2.  Trout;  3.  Herring;  4.  Pickerel;  5.  Black 
and  White  Bass,  Catfish,  Pike,  Eed-Horse,  Suck- 
ers, about  equal.  Other  varieties  taken  are 
Sturgeon,  Mullet,  Muskanongee,  with  a  great 
variety  of  "  Pan-fish."  The  Trout  abounds  in 
the  small  streams  on  the  west  side  of  Green  Bay. 

Mr.  Baird  gave  interesting  details  of  the  modes 
of  taking  fish  adopted  by  the  Indians,  and  at 
the  present  day,  noticing  the  general  complaint 
against  the  use  of  "  pound  nets,"  as  very  de- 
structive to  the  fish,  many  of  which  are  caught 
and  perish  in  the  meshes  of  the  nets,  corrupting 
the  surrounding  water. 

The  recent  decease  of  Dr.  Franklin  Scammon 
— a  founder,  late  Treasurer,  and  a  Besident  Life 
Member  of  the  society ;  also  first  Professor  of 
Botany  in  the  University  of  Chicago — was 
announced  by  the  Secretary  ;  who  was  followed 
by  impressive  remarks  from  E.  B.  McCagg,  Esq. 
Mr.  McCagg  submitted  resolutions  expressive 
of  the  high  and  honorable  esteem  in  which  the 
deceased  was  held,  which  were  unanimously 
adopted. 


ment  by  the  aborigines ;  and  from  the  fact  that 
they  are  invariably  so  found — though  now  mostly 
killed  out  by  sawdust  deposits — he  argued  that 
these  shell  deposits  were  formed  by  human 
hands,  the  clams  having  been  gathered  for  food. 
In  the  evening  Bishop  Burgess,  of  Gardiner, 
read  a  paper  contributed  by  Hon.  Wm.  Willis 
of  this  city — Mr.  W.  not  being  present — on 
statistics. 

A  letter  was  received  from  Hon.  W.  P.  Haines, 
of  Biddeford,  accompanying  an  elaborately  car- 
ved powder-horn,  the  work  of  a  soldier  at  Fort 
Wm.  Henry,  on  Lake  George,  during  the  old 
j  French  and  Indian  war.     The   presentation  of 
I  the  relic  to  the  society  was  made. 

Judge  Bourne,  of  Kennebunk,  read  a  long, 
1  elaborate,  and  very  able  paper  on  the  Popham 
I  Settlement,  in  reply  to  Thornton,  of  Boston, 
|  who  has  argued  that  a  Popham  colony  was  only 
a  penal  colony.  Judge  B.  controverted  this 
idea. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


MAINE. 

Maine  Historical  Society. — Augusta,  March, 
1864. — The  Maine  Historical  Society  held  a 
meeting  in  the  Court-House. 

Judge  Williamson,  of  Belfast,  read  a  paper  in 
"the  afternoon  on  Slavery  in  Maine,  giving  ac- 
count of  the  kidnapping  of  Indians,  and  show- 
ing that  in  early  times  negro  slaves  were  held  in 
what  is  now  the  State  of  Maine,  at  Kittery  and 
as  far  east  as  Pownalboro. 

Rev.  Mr.  Ballard,  of  Brunswick,  read  a  paper 
relating  to  Indian  Treaties. 

Rev.  D.  Cushman,  of  Warren,  an  interesting 
paper  on  the  Clam  Shell  Deposits  of  the  State, 
showing  that,  like  the  oyster  shell  deposits  on 
the  Damariscotta,  they  are  all  found  in  pleasant 
localities,  on  southern  declivities,  on  just  such 
spots  as  would  naturally  be  selected  for  settle- 


Massachusetts  Historical  Society. — Boston, 
Feb. — A  stated  monthly  meeting  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Historical  Society  was  held  at  their 
rooms,  the  President,  Hon.  Robert  C.  Winthrop, 
in  the  chair.  After  the  transaction  of  the  usual 
business,  the  President  paid  a  tribute  to  the 
memory  of  the  late  Frederick  Tudor.  We 
copy  the  closing  portion  of  the  eulogy : 

As  a  cultivator  of  fruits  and  flowers,  and  trees, 
too,  at  Nahant,  he  not  only  placed  himself  in 
the  front  rank  of  horticulturists,  but  he  gave 
a  signal  instance  of  how  much  could  be  done  by 
ingenuity,  perseverance,  and  skill,  in  overcoming 
the  most  formidable  obstacles  of  soil  and  climate, 
and  obtaining  a  victory  over  nature  herself. 

It  has  been  said  that  New  England  is  a  region 
of  rocks  and  ice.  Mr.  Tudor  seemed  willing  to 
accept  it  as  such,  and  to  be  resolved  that  rocks 
and  ice  should  be  the  main  ministers  to  his  own 
fortune,  and  through  him  to  the  health  and  hap- 
piness of  others. 

I  may  not  omit  to  add  that  while  New  Eng- 
land was  his  chosen  and  constant  home,  he  was 
a  man  of  enlarged  and  earnest  patriotism.  Tak- 
ing pride  in  his  father's  Revolutionary  services, 
and  inheriting  his  place  in  the  society  of  the 
Cincinnati,  he  stood  fast  to  the  Stars  and  Stripes 
and  to  the  Union  cause,  of  which  they  are  the 
honored  emblem,  in  adversity  as  well  as  in  pros- 
perity ;  and  nowhere  has  our  National  banner 
been  more  frequently  or  more  eagerly  displayed 
on  every  fit  occasion  during  the  past  three  years, 
than  from  the  windows  of  his  beautiful  residence 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


157 


in  Bacon  street.  He  was  of  a  spirit  to  have  borne 
it  bravely  to  the  battle-field,  had  an  occasion 
occurred  before  age  had  impaired  the  vigor  of 
his  arm. 

Nor  did  he  fail  to  observe  and  to  honor  true 
heroism  in  other  parts  of  the  world  as  well  a? 
in  our  own.  It  is  an  interesting  fact,  that  when 
the  tidings  came  to  us  from  the  far  East  of  the 
noble  endurance  and  brilliant  achievements  of 
the  lamented  Havelock,  Mr.  Tudor,  without 
calling  any  one  to  his  counsel,  or  allowing  any 
one  to  share  the  cost,  caused  a  magnificent  sword 
to  be  made  at  Springfield,  and  prepared  it  with  a 
suitable  inscription  to  be  presented  to  that  great 
Christian  hero.  It  was  unhappily  too  late  to 
reach  him  before  his  death. 

It  only  remains  for  me  to  offer,  in  behalf  of  the 
Standing  Committee,  the  customary  resolution  : 

Resolved,  That  the  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society  have  learned  with  deep  regret  the  death 
of  their  valued  associate,  Frederick  Tudor,  Esq., 
and  that  the  President  be  directed  to  name  one 
of  our  members  to  prepare  a  memoir  of  him  for 
our  proceedings. 

The  resolution  was  unanimously  adopted. 
Hon.  Emory  Washburne  read  an  elabora'e  paper 
on  villenage  and  slavery  in  England,  which  was 
followed  by  an  interesting  discussion  on  this  sub- 
ject, in  which  Horace  Gray,  Jr.,  Esq.,  Hon. 
James  Savage,  and  Hon.  G.  T.  Davis  took  part. 
The  Society  then  adjourned. 

New  England  Historic  Genealogical  So 
ciety. — Boston,  Wednesday,  March  2. — A  stated 
meeting  was  held  this  afternoon  at  three  o'clock, 
the  President,  Dr.  Lewis,  in  the  chair. 

Rev.  M.  Bradlee,  the  corresponding  secretary, 
reported  letters  accepting  membership  from  the 
following  persons: — Solomon  Piper,  E.  B.  Fos- 
ter, Edward  S.  Rand,  Rev.  Lucius  Eastman, 
William  Whitwell,  of  Boston, — Henry  B. 
Humphrey,  of  Thomaston,  Me.,  and  George 
H.  Brown,  of  Groton,  Mass.,  as  resident  mem- 
bers; and  Alden  J.  Spooner,  of  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  as  a  corresponding  member. 

Mr.  Sheppard,  the  librarian,  reported  that 
during  the  last  month  donations  had  been  re- 
ceived of  101  volumes,  G6  pamphlets,  a  port- 
folio of  manuscripts  from  the  estate  of  the  late 
George  Eddy  Henshaw,  and  an  invoice  of  1790 
of  a  Japan  merchant,  written  in  Dutch.  Seventy- 
five  of  the  above  volumes  were  the  gift  of  the  [ 
librarian  from  his  own  library. 

Mr.  Trask,  the  historiographer,  read  a  memoir  j 
of  the  late  Andrew  Henshaw  Ward,  author  of  j 
the  History  of  Shrewsbury,  &c,  a  resident  | 
member,  who  died  at  Newtonville,  February  I 
18,  in  his  eightieth  year. 

John   H.  Sheppard,  the  librarian,  who  was  a ' 


classmate  of  Mr.  Ward  at  Harvard  College, 
offered  the  following  resolution,  which  he  pre- 
faced by  some  remarks  upon  the  character  of  his 
friend.  He  esteemed  it  the  highest  praise  that 
could  be  bestowed  upon  a  man  to  s.iy  that  he 
had  been  a  useful  member  of  society.  Mr. 
Ward  he  considered  eminently  such  a  man  : — 

liesulved,  That  in  the  recent  and  sudden 
death  of  Andrew  H.  Ward,  Esq.,  of  West  New- 
ton, we  deplore  the  loss  of  a  venerable  and  very 
early  member  of  the  society ;  and  that  as  a 
benefactor,  genealogist,  and  courteous  gentle- 
man, we  shall  long  cherish  the  memory  of  this 
excellent  man. 

This  resolution  was  unanimously  adopted. 

Prof.  Calvin  E.  Stone,  D.D.,  of  Andover,  read 
a  paper  in  which  he  desciibed  the  life  and  doc- 
trines of  the  celebrated  Jonathan  Edwards.  For 
more  than  an  hour  he  held  an  unusually  large 
audience  in  profound  attention.  The  paper  was 
an  erudite,  eloquent,  and  masterly  production — 
a  voice  ex  cathedra. 

He  began  wTith  a  fascinating  picture  of  the  angel- 
like character  of  that  young  Christian  of  seventeen 
— Miss  Pierpont,  of  New  Haven,  whom  Edwards 
married  ;  and  proceeded  to  give  a  brief  narrative 
of  Mr.  Edwards's  life,  and  the  extraordinary  in- 
fluence of  his  ministerial  labours ;  perhaps  a 
purer  character  has  never  adorned  the  history  of 
New  England.  He  then  undertook  the  elabo- 
rate task  of  expounding  his  great  work  on  the 
"  Will."  After  giving  some  account  of  his  very 
numerous  writings,  some  of  which  have  never 
been  published,  he  gave  an  exposition  of  his 
theology  and  its  over-shadowing  influence  in  the 
early  Divinity  schools  ;  then  of  Samuel  Hopkin*, 
his  successor,  whose  famous  creed  for  a  term 
darkened  the  religious  world ;  then  of  Joseph 
Bellamy,  the  successor  of  Hopkins,  who  took  up 
the  line  of  religious  metaphysics  and  went  on  ; 
and  then  of  Nathaniel  Emmons,  one  of  the  best 
and  most  devout  of  men,  at  the  head  of  another 
system.  The  views  of  Dr.  Timothy  Dwight,  of 
whose  theology  he  spoke  in  exalted  terms;  of 
Dr.  Leonard  Woods,  Dr.  Lyman  Beecher,  and 
Dr.  Nathaniel  W.  Taylor,  all  eminent  divines 
and  at  the  head  of  numerous  partisans,  were  all 
set  forth,  and  Prof.  Stowe  concluded  after  all,  that 
these  systems,  and  all  other  systems  of  divinity, 
were  mere  human  inventions,  and  in  their  nature 
cannot  rest  on  any  immutable  law  ;  because  they 
have  been  and  always  will  be  changing ;  leaving 
man's  hope  of  salvation  on  the  belief  and  prac- 
tice of  a  few  simple  truths. 

Rev.  William  S.  Bai  tlet,  of  Chelsea,  proposed 
that  the  society  celebrate,  on  the  23d  of  April 
next,  the  two  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  birth 
of  Shakspeare.  In  England  appropriate  notice 
will  be  taken  of  this  event;  but  he  had  yet  to 


1~>8 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[AprH, 


learn  that  any  measures  had  been  taken  in  this 
country  to  celebrate  it.  Should  it  be  suffered  to 
pass  by  without  notice  in  this  western  world,  the 
neglect,  he  thought,  could  not  fail  to  cause  us 
disgrace  ;  for  Shakspeare  belongs  to  us  as  much 
as  to  the  land  of  his  nativity,  and  he  has  a  much 
larger  number  of  readers  in  the  United  States 
than  in  England. 

The  matter  was    referred  for   action   to   the 
Board  of  Directors. 


NEW  YORK. 

American  Numismatic  Society. — New  York, 
March  11. — This  Society  held  a  special  meeting 
on  Friday  evening,  for  the  election  of  officers 
for  the  ensuing  year.  The  following  gentlemen 
were  elected,  the  election  in  each  case  being 
afterwards  made  unanimous  : — 

President — Frank  H.  Norton  (Astor  Library). 
Vice-President — Dr.  Geo.  H.  Perine. 
Recording  Secretary — Jas.  Oliver. 
Corresponding    Secretary — Francis    A.  Wood, 
68  E.  17th  st. 

Treasurer — J.  Hanna. 
Curator  and  Librarian — Edward  Groh. 
The  Society  took  up  the  request  of  the 
Committee  of  the  Metropolitan  Fair  for  a 
loan  for  exhibition,  laid  over  from  the  last 
meeting.  On  motion,  the  Society  resolved  to 
send  a  portion  of  its  collection  of  coins  and 
medals  as  a  loan  to  the  Fair ;  and  the  President 
appointed  Mes-rs.  Hanna,  E.  Groh,  Perine,  and 
Wood  a  committee  to  carry  the  resolution  into 
effect. 

A  number  of  donations  of  coins,  Confederate 
and  other  notes,  etc.,  were  made  by  various 
gentlemen,  when  the  meeting  adjourned. 

This  Society  has  now  fully  reorganized,  and 
holds  its  regular  meetings  on  the  second  and 
fourth  Thursdays  of  each  month,  in  the  Ladies' 
Reading  Room  of  the  Society's  Library. 

Its  collection  of  coins  and  medals  comprises 
upwards  of  1000  specimens,  and  it  also  possesses 
a  library  of  about  150  volumes  and  pamphlets. 

Any  information  in  regard  to  coins  or  medals 
will  be  cheerfully  afforded  by  the  Society, 
through  its  Secretary,  who  will  also  receive  ap- 
plications for  membership. 

Buffalo  Historical  Society — Buffalo,  Feb. 
1864. — The  weekly  club  meetings  of  the  Society 
have  been  held  as  follows :  January  21st,  at 
Rev.  Dr.  Chester's,  when  a  paper  was  read  by 
La'irentius  G.  Sellstedt,  on  the  Life  and  Character 
of  the  late  Win.  J.  Wilgus,  as  an  artist;  January 


a  paper  on  the  Manufacture  of  Iron  in  Buffalo ; 
February  1st,  at  S.  S.  Jewett's,  when  a  paper 
was  read  by  Colonel  William  A.  Bird,  on  the 
Boundary  Survey  between  the  United  States 
and  the  British  Provinces. 

George  R.  Babcock  said  that  a  very  important 
era  in  our  lake  commerce,  was  the  placing  of 
the  first  steamboat  on  the  Upper  Lakes — the 
Walk-in- the- Water.  In  view  of  the  immense 
importance  which  the  steamboat  interest  has 
since  attained,  it  seems  surprising  that  persons 
yet  in  active  business  among  us  saw  that  first 
boat  built.  Henry  Daw,  of  this  city,  was  one  of 
them,  and  he  moved  that  Mr.  Daw,  at  his  con- 
venience, collect  the  facts  in  regard  to  the  build- 
ing of  that  vessel,  and  her  history  up  to  the  time 
of  her  shipwreck ;  which  motion  was  carried. 

Mr.  Daw  remarked  that,  when  at  Detroit 
recently,  he  saw  at  the  rooms  of  the  Historical 
Society  there,  a  drawing  of  the  Walk-in- the- 
Water,  made  by  a  young  man  who  was  a  passen- 
ger on  the  boat  at  the  time  she  was  lost. 

G.  W.  Clinton  thought  it  was  desirable  for 
the  Society  to  have  a  picture  of  that  first  steam- 
boat, and  also  one  of  the  last  of  the  great  side- 
wheel  steamers,  the  City  of  Buffalo. 

H.  W.  Rogers  desired  to  see  likenesses  of  all 
the  old  citizens  in  the  rooms  of  the  Society — of 
the  Mayors,  Gen.  Potter,  Col.  Blossom,  B.  D. 
Coe,  etc.  He  said  that  Dr.  Winne  had  a  pencil 
portrait  of  the  late  John  Root,  and  on  his  motion 
it  was  voted  that  application  be  made  to  Dr. 
Winne  for  it. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  elected  corre- 
sponding members : 

Austin  Flint,  M.D.,  New  York;  Chas.  A.  Lee, 
M.D.,  Peekskill ;  E.  M.  Moore,  M.D.,  Roches- 
ter ;  Wm.  H.  Bull,  Bath,  N.  Y. ;  Henry  R.  Myga't, 
Oxford,  N.  Y. ;  J.  Watts  DePeyster,  Tivoli,  N. 
Y. ;  Frank  H.  Hamilton,  M.D.,  New  Yo  k. 
Also  as  honorary  members :  Rev.  Samuel  M. 
Fisher,  D.D.,  Clinton,  N.  Y.;  Hiland  Hall, 
Bennington,  Vt. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania. — Phi- 
ladelphia, March,  1864. — The  Society  held  its 
regular  monthly  meeting  at  their  Hall  in 
the  Athenaeum.  An  unusually  large  number 
of  members  were  present,  attracted  as  well 
by  the  interest  now  so  frequently  had  in  the 
proceedings,  as  by  the  anticipation  that  pos- 
sibly some  definite  initiatory  decision  might  be 
had  on  the  subject  of  a  New  Historical  Hall. 
The  matter  had  been  introduced  .at  the  late 
25th,  at  M.  P.  Bush's,  when  John  Wilkeson  read  '  annual  meeting,  where  some  gentlemen  gave  it 


18G4.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


159 


as  their  opinion  that  a  sum  could  be  raised  suffi- 
ciently large  to  erect  a  hall  somewhat  like  that 
of  the  New  York  Historical  Society  at  that  mo- 
ment. 

The  following  named  gentlemen  were  appoint- 
ed a  committee  to  have  general  charge  for  the 
building  of  a  hall  for  the  Society  : — Hon.  Joseph 
R  Inger.-oll,  Hon.  John  M.  Read,  Joseph  Harri- 
son, Charles  Macalestor,  Joseph  Patterson,  John 
Jordan,  J.  Francis  Fisher,  J.  William  Wallace, 
Wm.  Duane,  Wm.  Bucknell,  J.  Morris  Wain,  A. 
G  Cattell,  A.  G.  Coffin,  A.  G.  Fell,  H.  N.  Brough- 
ton,  and  Colonel  G.  W.  Childs. 

Colonel  Childs  offered  a  resolution,  providing 
for  the  appointment  of  a  committee  to  procure 
the  photographs  of  recent  battle-fields,  which 
was  unanimously  adopted. 

A  list  of  valuable  historical  contributions  to 
the  Society  was  read  by  the  Secretary. 

Mr.  William  Dewey,  of  Philadelphia,  present- 
ed a  curious  manuscript  formerly  owned  by  Mr. 
Anthony  Benezet,  and  apparently  all  in  the 
handwriting  of  that  well  known  and  excellent 
citizen  of  ancient  Philadelphia.  It  was  a  book 
of  the  discipline  of  Friends,  and  went  back  to 
a.d.  1719.  Among  the  queries  which  Friends 
directed  to  be  made  in  1747  are  these : 

u  Are  Friends  careful  to  attend  their  meetings 
both  on  First-days  and  other  days  of  the  week  ? 
Do  they  refrain  sleeping  in  meeting,  or  do  they 
accustom  themselves  to  snuffing  or  chewing  to- 
bacco in  meeting  ?  Are  there  any  Friends  that 
frequent  music  houses,  or  go  to  dancing  or  gam- 
ing ?  Do  Friends  observe  the  advice  of  former 
meetings,  not  to  encourage  the  importation  of 
negroes,  nor  buy  them  after  imported  ?" 

Mr.  H.  G.  Jones,  the  Corresponding  Secretary, 
read  the  following  letter  from  John  William 
Wallace,  Esq.,  lately  elected  a  Vice-President : — 
No.  728  Spruce  street,  Feb.  22,  1864.— Sir :— I 
have  received  your  communication  of  the  10th 
instant,  informing  me  of  my  election  as  a  Vice- 
President  of  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsyl- 
vania for  the  year  1864-5. 

I  am  obliged  to  the  members  of  the  Histori- 
cal Society.  Not  having  had  at  any  time  active 
relations  to  the  body,  I  receive  it  as  a  mark  of 
their  good-will. 

At  no  time,  I  think,  of  our  national  history, 
so  much  as  now,  have  duties  fallen  on  those 
persons  who  form  the  Historical  Associations  of 
the  country.  The  great,  immediate,  and  practi- 
cal interests  of  the  conflict  going  on  about  us 
are  so  absorbing  that  we  are  scarcely  conscious 
of  anything  in  the  scene  but  a  great,  immediate, 
and  practical  issue.  In  some  senses,  it  is  well 
that  we  should  see  no  more. 

Yet  in  the  moral  interest  of  it  all,  in  the  dis- 
play of  armies  which  it  exhibits,  in  the  scenes 


and  occurrences  of  battle,  which  stand  out  as 
upon  a  foreground,  it  cannot  be  doubted  that 
the  events  of  the  day  which  is  passing  over  us 
are  destined  to  form  for  succeeding  ages  a  theme 
of  inexhaustible  and  still  deepening  interest. 

We  are,  I  suppose,  so  much,  ourselves,  par- 
takers in  these  events ;  we  are  so  entirely  of 
this  age  and  of  its  type,  that  we  are  not  capable, 
perhaps,  of  estimating,  in  their  full  truth  and 
genuine  character,  either  the  events  themselves, 
or  the  persons  who  appear  to  originate  and  give 
them  definition.  We  see  no  great  deal,  perhaps, 
in  either  persons  or  events,  which  resembles  the 
type  of  that  heroism  and  of  that  statesmanship 
which  history  has  thus  far  considered  the  Ame- 
rican type,  dignified  and  remarkable  type,  no 
doubt,  and  one  which  perhaps  will  never  be  re- 
produced ;  the  type,  I  mean,  of  that  day  which 
achieved  our  Independence,  and  established  our 
Constitution;  the  day  of  1776  and  1787. 

Yet  it  cannot  be  denied,  I  apprehend,  that 
both  the  events  and  the  men  of  this  day  have 
their  own  type ;  a  remarkable  type  also  ;  one 
which,  if  it  finds  no  exemplar  in  any  previous 
age  or  in  any  other  country,  is  probably  not  the 
less  a  genuine  type  in  its  relations  to  greatness. 
It  is  a  type  cast  in  the  mould  of  a  new  and  in- 
dividual creation  ;  the  product  of  that  indigenous 
and  self-vital  spirit  which  inhabits  a  vast  country 
of  popular  institutions ;  a  spirit  of  power  strong 
in  its  own  strength. 

Time  alone,  "  in  whose  train  Truth  walks  ever 
slow  and  late,"  can  reveal  how  far  the  whole,  or 
part  of  this,  is  true. 

In  the  meantime,  sir,  it  seems  to  me  that  the 
Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania  rightly  en- 
larges its  designs  and  labors.  Not  forgetting 
the  ancient  duties  of  the  past,  and  continuing 
still  to  rescue  from  dumb  forgetfulness  the  re- 
cords of  earlier  days,  it  is  of  late,  in  some  sort, 
"leaving  the  things  that  are  behind,"  in  order 
to  preserve  for  future  times  our  now  present 
fame  and  records ;  records  and  a  fame  which, 
when  this  present  shall  have  become  the  past, 
will  thus  stand  forth  genuine,  undimmed,  and 
honorable. 

The  Society,  I  believe,  is  now  corecting,  in 
justice  to  her  children,  whatever  illustrates 
great  passing  events,  and  whatever  conduces  to 
the  true  appreciation  of  distinguished  living  cha- 
racter among  them.  Trophies  of  Gettysburg 
which  are  now  gathered  in  its  halls  prove  this. 
The  zeal  with  which  she  has  co-operated  in  esta- 
blishing the  State  Cemetery  on  that  battle-field 
is  an  evidence  in  the  same  direction.  The  pro- 
position lately  made,  I  understand,  for  the  erec- 
tion of  a  new  Historical  Hall  and  for  placing 
the  historical  honor  of  the  Commonwealth 
with  greater  external   dignity  before  its  peo- 


160 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[April,  1864. 


pie,  includes  perhaps   and  illustrates  the  same 
idea. 

Certainly,  in  a  country  like  ours,  where  every- 
thing which  belongs  to  individual  or  family  dis- 
tinction is  fugitive,  where  neither  the  greatest 
of  our  statesmen  nor  the  most  successful  of  our 
Generals  can  become  the  founder  of  a  powerful 
and  enduring  house,  it  is  the  duty  of  our  histo- 
rical societies  to  collect  and  preserve  the  muni- 
ments of  true  greatness  wheresoever  exhibited 
throughout  the  country.  History,  in  her  own 
time,  will  assume  the  pen  and  immortalize  it  for 
the  nations. 

Were  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania 
less  fortunate,  sir,  in  its  President,  or  were  my 
fellow  officers  less  able  to  discharge  the  duties 
in  his  rare  and  always  regretted  absence,  I 
should  hardly  be  willing  to  accept  the  post  you 
offer  me,  when  duties,  such  as  those  I  speak  of, 
attend  its  offices  of  trust.  As  it  is,  sir,  I  receive 
the  mark  of  your  kindness  with  thanks,  and 
with  the  expectation  of  indulgence  fcr  my  dis- 
charge of  its  labors. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  with  great  truth,  your 
obedient  servant, 

John  William  Wallace. 

Horatio  Gates  Jones,  Esq.,  Corresponding  Se- 
cretary of  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylva- 
nia. 

Mr.  H.  G\  Jones,  the  Corresponding  Secretary, 
exhibited  an  original  unpublished  letter  of  Gene- 
ral Washington,  in  these  wods.  The  address, 
fortunately  for  the  fame  of  the  person  to  whom 
it  had  been  directed,  had  been  torn  off : — 

Headquatiters,  MORR18TOWN,  ) 
22d  February,  1777.  J 

Sir: — The  cry  of  want  of  provisions  comes 
to  me  from  all  quarters.  General  Maxwell 
writes  word  that  his  men  are  starving.  Gene- 
ral Johnson,  of  Maryland,  yesterday,  informed 
me  that  his  people  draw  none.  This  difficulty, 
I  understand,  prevails  also  at  Chatham.  What, 
sir,  is  the  meaning  of  this?  And  why  were 
you  so  desirous  of  excluding  o'hers  from  this 
business,  when  you  are  unable  to  accomplish  it 
yourself?  Consider,  I  beseech  you,  the  conse- 
quences of  this  neglect ;  and  exert  yourself  to 
remedy  the  evil  and  complaints,  which  cannot  be 
less  fatal  to  the  army  than  disagreeable  1  o 
Sir.  your  very  humble  servant, 

Go.  Washington. 

After  the  trinsaction  of  a  few  items  of  busi- 
ness of  no  public  interest,  the  meeting  adjourned. 


ing  the  above  name  has  been  organized  in  the 
City  of  Prov.dence  by  a  few  gentlemen  interested 
in  Numismatics. 

In  consideration  that  they  are  as  yet  upon  the 
first  round  of  the  ladder,  their  prospects  are  very 
auspicious,  and  as  the  members  all  manifest  deep 
interest  in  the  cause,  they  hope  to  make  an 
interesting  and  profitable  association. 

The  meetings  are  held  monthly.  The  follow- 
ing are  the  officers  elected  for  the  year  ensu- 
ing:— 

President — Eobert  B.  Chambers;  Vice-Presi- 
dent— George  J.  Paine  ;  Secretary — Desmond 
FitzGerald  ;  Treasurer — Edward  H.  Eobinson ; 
Cabinet  Keeper — Charles  A.  Cooper. 


Stisttltang, 


RHODE  ISLAND. 

The  Rhode  Island  Numismatic  Association- 
— Providence,  March  \bth,  1864.    A  society  bear- 


As  a  step  in  bibliographical  progress,  may  be 
noticed  the  first  successful  attempts  at  piinting 
on  vellum  in  this  country.  The  earliest  actual 
specimens  executed  were  three  copies  of  a  rare 
Cromwellian  tract,  Tie  Soldiers  Pocket  Bible — a 
little  manual  of  Scripture  texts,  drawn  up  for 
the  use  of  the  Commonwealth  Army,  and  re- 
printed by  Mr.  George  Livermore,  from  one  of  the 
two  known  copies  that  are  extant.  It  consists 
of  three  or  four  leaves  only.  The  vellum 
copies  were  printed  by  Houghion,  of  Cambridge, 
at  the  well  known  Riverside  press.  More  re- 
cently Prof.  Allen,  of  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, has  caused  two  copies  of  his  Life  of 
Piiilidor  to  be  p  inted  on  velium,  at  the  office 
of  Sherman  and  Co.,  of  Philadelphia.  It  forms 
a  post  octavo  volume  of  some  200  pages,  so  is  a 
considerable  specimen  of  this  elegant  application 
of  the  typographic  art.  We  have  not  heard  how 
far  these  specimens  have  overcome  the  difficul- 
ties presented  by  the  material;  but  both  in 
England  and  France  all  attempts  at  producing 
an  article  like  the  delicate  soft  vellum  of  a  rich 
C;eam  color,  or  ivory  hue,  employed  by  the 
Italian  printers  of  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth 
centuries,  have  failed,  and  the  secret  of  its 
manufacture  may  be  considered  one  of  the  lost 
arts.  Even  the  bibliographical  enterprise  of  Dr. 
Dibdin  failed  before  the  difficulties  of  a  vellum 
impression  of  any  of  his  wo:  ks.  He  commenced 
to  print  a  single  copy  of  his  Typographical  A><ti- 
qudies  of  England  in  this  style,  but  abandoned 
the  attempt  when  a  few  sheets  had  been  exe- 
cuted, and  the  unique  copy  of  this  specimen,  as 
far  as  it  was  proceeded  with,  is  now  in  the 
choice  library  of  an  amateur  at  Providence,  R.  I. 


THE 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


Vol.  VIII.] 


MAY,  1864. 


[No.  5. 


(Smntl  g^prtnunt. 


THE  LATE  WILLIAM  JACKSON  DAVIS, 

OF  NEW  YOKK. 
It  is  with  no  ordinary  feelings  of  regret 
that  we  devote  a  small  space  in  the  present 
number  to  the  late  William  Jackson  Davis, 
a  warm  personal  friend,  a  constant  contri- 
butor to  the  magazine,  and  a  historical 
scholar  of  unpretending  and  unambitious 
merit. 

Although  but  little  known  as  an  author, 
and  never  claiming  to  be  one,  his  rank  as 
a  historical  student  and  local  antiquarian 
was  very  high.  His  knowledge,  patiently 
acquired,  minute,  authentic,  and  impartial, 
was  always  at  the  service  of  other  students. 

In  the  Historical  Magazine  he  always 
took  a  deep  interest,  and  his  contributions 
to  its  columns,  directly  from  his  own  re- 
searches and  obtained  from  other  sources, 
as  in  examining  them  he  came  upon  suit- 
able matter,  were  constant  and  always  of 
the  greatest  value  and  importance ;  while  in 
the  minor  departments  he  was  always 
ready  to  give,  in  Notes  and  Replies,  guid- 
ance to  the  inquirer. 

His  special  study  was  the  history  of  the 
city  of  New  York,  as  to  which  he  was  an 
authority.  He  had  collected  all  the  early 
published  accounts  and  views  of  the  city, 
its  buildings  and  streets,  as  well  as  informa- 
tion and  portraits  of  its  prominent  citizens; 
and  Valentine's  Manuals  of  the  Common 
Council  were  enriched  with  many  of  the 
interesting  views  of  early  New  York  by 
the  zeal  and  industry  of  our  late  friend. 

The  editor  of  that  repository  of  New 
York  city  history  says:  "I  have  been  in- 
debted to  him  for  many  interesting  picto- 

IIIST.  MAG.      VOL.  VIII.  21 


rial  illustrations  connected  with  our  city, 
and  he  also  contributed  to  the  Manual  an- 
nually compiled  by  me  interesting  articles, 
among  others  one  on  the  Old  State  Prison, 
published  in  the  Manual  of  1853  ;  articles 
on  the  King's  Arms  Tavern,  Fraunce's 
Tavern,  and  the  Old  Bridewell,  in  that  of 
1854." 

Some  of  these  papers,  with  others  by  his 
friend  Henry  B.  Dawson,  Esq.,  were  print- 
ed separately  in  a  small  volume  entitled: 
"Reminiscences  of  New  York  and  its  Vi- 
cinity."    New  York.     1855. 

The  interesting  matter  which  he  collected 
regarding  the  Bridewell  was  also  embodied 
in  a  paper  read  before  the  New  York  His- 
torical Society. 

His  active  connection  with  that  society 
was  not  his  only  historical  labor.  Mr. 
Davis  was,  we  may  say,  the  originator  of 
the  Bradford  Club,  having  suggested  the 
idea  and  the  name,  and  in  conjunction  with 
some,  if  not  all  the  present  members,  issued 
in  1857  "A  Journal  of  the  Expedition  to 
Quebec  in  the  year  1775,  under  the  Com- 
mand of  Colonel  Benedict  Arnold,  by 
James  Melvin,  a  Private  in  Captain  Dear- 
born's Company,"  which  he  edited  and 
prepared  for  the  press;  and  also  in  1858, 
the  "  Diary  of  Washington  ;  from  the  first 
day  of  October,  1789,  to  the  tenth  day  of 
March,  1790,  from  the  Original  Manuscript, 
now  first  printed,"  a  volume  edited  by 
Benson  J.  Lossing,  Esq. 

The  subsequent  publications  bear  the 
name  of  the  Bradford  Club,  and  are  well 
known. 

The  Hon.  George  Bancroft,  to  whom 
Mr.  Davis  for  a  considerable  period  acted 
as  private  secretary,  a  position  completely 
hi  accordance  with  his  tastes,  thus  writes 
of  him :  "  The  most  remarkable  trait  in  the 


162 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[May, 


character  of  our  late  friend,  Mr.  William 
Jackson  Davis,  was  his  sweetness  of  dispo- 
sition. Long  a  sufferer  and  slowly  wasting 
away,  he  never  murmured,  he  never  was 
peevish,  he  never  was  impatient.  He  was 
free  from  guile,  and  never  harbored  a  harsh 
thought,  never  uttered  harsh  words  against 
any  one.  His  delicate,  gentle  nature  loved 
to  lean  on  others,  and  in  his  attachments 
he  was  a  most  devoted  friend.  His  know- 
ledge of  the  special  history  of  the  city  of 
New  York  and  its  environs,  his  minute 
acquaintance  with  their  old  buildings  and 
celebrated  spots,  exceeded  that  of  any  one 
I  have  met,  and  his  memory  was  very 
unusually  retentive.  His  leading  passion 
was  for  books.  He  spent  all  the  money 
that  he  could  spare  from  the  necessary 
subsistence  of  his  family  in  purchasing  rare 
and  curious  ones ;  and  he  was  skilled  in 
illustrating  them.  The  company  he  liked 
best  was  that  of  book  collectors.  His 
happiest  hours  were  those  which  he  passed 
in  reading  the  details  of  by-gone  years; 
and  sometimes  he  would  sit  silent  and  alone 
in  his  room  and  find  pleasure  enough  in  just 
gazing  at  his  own  library,  which  now  forms 
the  chief  part  of  what  he  has  left  for  his 
children.  Writing  very  little  himself,  his 
sympathies  went  out  freely  to  every  one  of 
his  acquaintance  who  was  engaged  in  ma- 
king sketches  of  old  times,  old  fortifica- 
tions, old  mansions,  or  old  traditions. 

"He  was  a  most  faithful  member  of  the 
New  York  Historical  Society,  and  took 
pride  in  its  officers,  its  meetings,  its  papers, 
and  in  every  effort  of  any  and  every  one 
of  its  members." 

Mr.  Davis  was  born  in  Queens  County, 
December  20,  1818.  Losing  his  mother 
while  an  infant,  he  did  not  escape  the  con- 
sequences of  a  loss  of  maternal  care,  which 
no  other,  even  the  most  affectionate,  can 
replace.  He  grew  up  by  no  means  strong, 
and  was  forced  by  his  precarious  health  to 
abandon  the  business  of  engraving,  to 
which  he  first  applied  himself. 

Employment  in  one  of  the  offices  of  the 
municipal  government  enabled  him  to  in- 
dulge his  antiquarian  taste,  and  he  soon 
became  an  impassioned  student  of  the  his- 
tory of  the  great  city. 


He  died  in  New  York  on  the  26th  day  of 
March,  1864. 

Mr.  Davis's  library ,though  comparatively 
small,  was  well  chosen  and  confined  almost 
exclusively  to  a  few  historical  departments. 
Besides  several  of  the  earlier  works  on 
America  and  histories  of  the  French  war, 
it  embraced  all  the  important  histories  of 
the  Revolution,Warren,  Andrews,  Ramsay, 
Murray,  Botta,  the  Memoirs  of  Lee, 
Heath*  Thatcher,  Simcoe,  Reidesel,  Moody, 
Gano,  Dring,  Andross,  Sherburne,  Willet : 
biographies  of  all  the  prominent  men  in 
the  struggle;  separate  histories  of  the 
various  states ;  and  especially  a  fine  collec- 
tion on  New  York,  embracing  all  the  vari- 
ous "  Pictures  of  New  York  ;"  the  early 
works  of  De  Vries,  Jogues,  Yanderdonck, 
the  Brieden-Radt ;  the  Colonial  Docu- 
ments, Collections  of  the  New  York  His- 
torical Society  and  addresses  bearing  on 
New  York  history. 


LORD  GEOKGE  GERMAIN. 

"  Lord  George  Sackville,  a  younger  son 
of  the  first,  and  father  of  the  last  Duke  of 
Dorset,  commenced  his  political  career  as 
Chief  Secretary  for  Ireland,  when  his  father 
was  for  the  second  time  Viceroy,  and 
afterwards  attained  high  military  rank. 
Prince  Ferdinand  of  Brunswick,  nephew  of 
Frederick  the  Great,  Was  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  allied  army  on  the  Continent, 
destined  for  the  }3rotection  of  Hanover ; 
but  the  British  troops  of  which  it  was 
partly  composed  were  under  the  command 
of  the  high  English  aristocrat.  Dissen- 
sions soon  arose  between  him  and  the 
foreign  prince,  who  was  his  superior  officer ; 
in  the  words  of  Walpole,  "  both  liked  to 
govern,  neither  liked  to  be  governed."  At 
the  battle  of  Minden,  on  the  1st  of  August, 
1*759,  when  the  French  infantry  reeled  before 
the  British  battalions,  Sackville  was  at  the 
head  of  the  Blues.  At  the  critical  moment  of 
confusion  in  the  enemies'  rank,  he  received 
orders  to  advance  with  the  English  and 
Hanoverian  cavalry,  which  were  separat- 
ed from  the  infantry  by  a  wood.  These 
orders    he    undoubtedly    disobeyed.     His 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


168 


personal  courage  having  been  previously 
suspected,  he  had  preserved,  and  was 
proud  of  exhibiting,  the  uniform  he  had 
worn  at  Fontenoy,  pierced  by  a  musket 
ball,  which  on  that  fatal  day  wounded  him 
in  the  breast.  His  disobedience  at  Minden 
was  attributed  by  his  friends  to  the  orders 
being  ambiguous  and  even  contradictory, 
while  his  enemies  traced  it  to  the  effect  of 
panic,  or  to  the  impulse  of  unwarrantable 
pique  and  wounded  pride.  He  appeared 
after  the  battle,  at  dinner  in  the  tent  of 
his  victorious  commander,  who  remarked 
to  the  other  officers  present,  "Look  at 
that  man !  As  much  at  his  ease  as  if  he 
had  done  wonders."  The  general  order 
of  the  prince  contained  a  direct  imputa- 
tion ;  it  declared  that  if  Lieutenant-General 
the  Marquis  of  Granby  had  had  the  good 
fortune  to  have  been  at  the  head  of  the 
cavalry,  his  presence  would  have  greatly 
contributed  to  make  the  decision  of  the 
day  more  complete  and  more  brilliant. 
Stung  to  the  quick  by  this  public  rebuke, 
feeling  that  the  indignation  which  pervaded 
the  camp  had  spread  through  the  court 
and  the  country,  he  wrote  for  liberty  to 
resign  his  command,  and  return  to  Eng- 
land to  brave  a  storm  of  obloquy  which, 
after  the  recent  fate  of  Byng,  was  far  more 
terrible  to  a  soldier  than  the  worst  perils 
of  the  battle-field. 

On  his  arrival  he  found  himself  sum- 
marily dismissed  from  the  colonelcy  of  his 
regiment,  and  struck — by  the  hand  of 
George  the  Second,  who  was  deeply  in- 
censed, and  resolved  to  make  his  degrada- 
tion more  galling — from  the  list  of  generals. 
Having  demanded  a  court-martial,  a  ques- 
tion arose  whether  a  man  who  had  ceased 
to  be  in  the  army  was  still  subject  to 
military  law,  but  the  court  assembled  on 
the  29th  of  February,  1760,  and  was  com- 
posed of  sixteen  members,  all  general 
officers.  The  accusations  were  three  in 
number.  First,  for  refusing  to  advance 
with  the  cavalry  and  sustain  the  infantry 
when  engaged ;  second,  after  the  cavalry 
were  in  motion,  in  needlessly  halting  them; 
third,  that  he  moved  so  slowly  as  not  to 
reach  the  action  in  time  to  join  in  the 
pursuit.     Assuming   a  dictatorial  tone  to 


the  court,  he  complained  that  he  had  been 
punished  before  trial;  and,  while  he  relied 
on  the  ambiguity  of  the  orders,  it  was  but 
too  evident  that  they  did  not  direct  him  to 
stand  still.  Forgetting  that  the  moment 
of  the  enemies'  signal  discomfiture  was  his 
opportunity,  he  attempted  in  his  defence 
to  justify  his  inactivity  on  the  ground  that 
the  movement  of  the  cavalry  was  unneces- 
sary. "  The  glory  of  that  day,"  said  he, 
"  was  reserved  for  the  six  brave  (English) 
regiments,  who,  it  will  scarcely  be  credited 
in  future  ages,  by  a  single  attack  put  forty 
battalions  and  sixty  squadrons  to  flight." 
The  allusion  would  seem  to  have  been 
peculiarly  inopportune,  for  while  those  six 
infantry  regiments  suffered  a  loss  of  one 
thousand  three  hundred  and  seventy-nine 
men  and  officers,  the  Gazette  does  not 
record  a  single  casualty  amongst  the 
British  cavalry.  According  to  Walpole, 
"Whatever  were  his  deficiencies  in  the 
day  of  battle,  he  has  at  least  shown  no 
want  of  spirit  either  in  pushing  on  his 
trial,  or  during  it.  He  had  a  formal  mes- 
sage that  he  must  abide  the  event,  what- 
ever it  should  be ;  he  accepted  that  issue, 
and  during  the  course  of  the  examination 
attacked  judges,  prosecutor,  and  evidence. 
Indeed,  a  man  cannot  be  said  to  want 
spirit  who  could  show  so  much  in  his 
circumstances.  I  think,  without  much  hero- 
ism, I  would  sooner  have  led  the  cavalry 
up  to  the  charge  than  have  gone  to  White- 
hall to  be  worried  as  he  was.  One  hour 
of  such  resolution  at  Minden  would  have 
established  his  character  for  ever."  Gray, 
the  poet,  wrote  at  the  time,  "  The  old 
Rundles  who  sat  on  Lordly  Sackville,  have 
at  last  hammered  out  their  message.  He 
is  declared  disobedient  and  unfit  for  all 
military  command.  The  unembarrassed 
countenance,  the  looks  of  revenge,  con- 
tempt, and  superiority  that  he  bestowed 
on  his  accusers,  were  the  admiration  of  all. 
You  may  think,  perhaps,  he  intends  to  go 
abroad  and  hide  his  head — au  contraire 
all  the  world  visits  him  on  his  condemna- 
tion." The  court  discharged  their  duty 
with  firmness,  neither  misled  by  his  per- 
suasive powers,  nor  irritated  by  his  over- 
bearing pride ;  and  it  was  said  that  seven 


164 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[May, 


of  the  members  were  in  favor  of  capital 
punishment.  The  promulgation  of  the  sen- 
tence was  followed  by  his  name  being 
struck  off  the  list  of  privy  councillors ;  and 
the  announcement  of  its  confirmation  de- 
clared it  to  be  his  majesty's  pleasure  "that 
the  sentence  be  given  out  in  public  orders, 
that  officers  may  be  convinced  that  neither 
high  birth  nor  great  employments  shall 
shelter  offences  of  such  a  nature." 

If  disaster  had  attended  the  English 
arms  at  Minden,  Sackville  would  inevitably 
have  shared  the  fate  of  Byng;  but  the 
splendid  successes  of  Wolfe  in  the  conquest 
of  Canada,  following  fast  after  that  victory, 
had  tranquillized  popular  feeling,  and, 
strange  to  say,  on  the  accession  of  the  new 
sovereign,  he  found  favor  with  George  the 
Third,  by  whom  he  was  named  for  office 
in  1765,  but  the  other  members  of  the 
new  ministry  refused  to  act  with  a  man 
who  had  been  so  publicly  disgraced.  Hav- 
ing, in  1770,  acquired  property  under  the 
will  of  Lady  Elizabeth  Germain,  who  had 
been  a  favorite  correspondent  of  Swift,  on 
condition  that  he  should  thenceforth  bear 
her  name,  we  may  well  believe  that  he 
eagerly  seized  on  any  occasion  that  afforded 
even  a  hope  of  retrieving  his  sullied  repute. 
It  was  a  period  "when  corruption  did, 
indeed,  glitter  in  the  van  and  maintain 
a  standing  army  of  mercenaries,'*  and 
Lord  George,  aspiring  to  be  a  patriot, 
having  expressed  himself  in  parliament 
warmly  on  some  popular  question,  Go- 
vernor Johnson  replied  that  "  he  wondered 
the  noble  lord  should  interest  himself  so 
deeply  in  the  honour  of  the  country,  when 
he  had  hitherto  been  so  regardless  of  his 
own."  On  a  refusal  to  retract  an  insult 
so  publicly  given,  Lord  George  demanded 
an  immediate  meeting,  and  named  the 
ring  in  Hyde  Park ;  but  as  the  challenged 
was  then,  as  a  member,  attending  a  com- 
mittee of  the  House  of  Commons,  lie  hoped 
that  a  meeting  within  an  hour  would  be 
satisfactory.  The  subsequent  incidents  are 
characteristic  of  the  taste  for  duelling  then 
in  fashion.  The  combatants  would  seem 
to  have  arranged  all  the  preliminaries 
between  themselves ;  the  governor  sug- 
gested that  one  second,  the  bearer  of  the 


message,  Mr.  Thomas  Townsend,  after- 
wards Lord  Sydney,  would  answer  for 
them  both;  and  as  he  had  an  open  wound 
in  his  arm,  and  his  legs  were  very  much 
swelled,  he  expressed  a  wish  to  use  pistols 
— a  request  to  which  his  opponent  politely 
acceded.  In  hurrying  to  the  appointed  spot, 
the  governor  met  Sir  James  Lowther  in  Pic- 
cadilly, who  accompanied  him  as  his  friend, 
and  when  on  the  ground,  Lord  Georgey 
accosting  his  adversary,  desired  Mm  to 
take  whatever  distance  he  pleased.  Being 
placed  at  twenty  short  paces  apart,  Lord 
George  called  on  the-  governor  to  fire,, 
which  the  other  refused,  declaring  that, 
as  his  lordship  had  brought  him  there, 
he  must  fire  first.  Neither  of  the  shots- 
took  effect,  but  his  opponent's  second  ball 
broke  Lord  George  s  pistol,  and  one  of  the 
splinters  grazed  his  hand.  The  seconds 
then  interfered,  and  the  governor  after- 
wards avowed  that  he  had  never  met  a 
man  who  behaved  with  more  coolness  or 
courage. 

Some  remarkable  coincidences  gave  cre- 
dence for  a  time  to  a  surmise,  now  con- 
sidered palpably  erroneous,  that  Lord: 
George  Germain  was  the  author  of  Junius. 
The  hostility  of  that  celebrated  assailant 
of  character  to  the  Marquis  of  Granby 
was  accounted  for  by  this  theory,  and  his- 
detestation  of  the  Scotch  was  traced  to 
the  fact  that  ten  ©f  the  members  of  the 
court-martial  had  been  natives  of  Scotland. 
"Time  works  wonders."  The  object  of 
much  and  merited  obloquy  in  1775  was- 
selected  in  the  administration  of  Lord 
North  for  the  high  office  of  Secretary 
of  State  for  the  Colonies-.  His  policy  as 
a  minister  was  destined  to  be  as  disastrous 
as  his  military  career  had  been  disgraceful ; 
he  was,  in  office,  the  determined  foe  of 
American  independence,  and  he  directed 
those  measures  which  severed  her  transat- 
lantic provinces  from  Great  Britain.  Ben- 
jamin Franklin,  in  an  early  letter  to  Priestly, 
thus  predicted  the  consequences:  "When 
Lord  Germain  is  at  the  head  of  affairs,  it 
cannot  be  expected  that  anything  like 
reason  or  moderation  could  be  attended 
to.  Everything  breathes  rancour  and  des- 
peration, and  nothing  but  absolute  impo- 


1864.J 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


165 


tence  will  stop  their  proceedings.  We, 
therefore,  look  on  final  separation  from 
yon  as  a  certain  and  speedy  event !" 

On  his  resigning  the  seals  in  1782,  he 
was  raised  by  royal  favour  to  the  peerage, 
by  the  title  of  Viscount  Sackville:  an 
elevation  which  revived  all  the  bitter  re- 
collections of  days  gone  by,  and  was  thus 
denounced  in  a  spirited  satirical  produc- 
tion of  the  period. 

The  Robe  Patrician  now  shall  cover  all! 

Disgrace  no  more  degrade,  or  fear  appal ; 

The  guilt  is  lost,  that  once  the  conscious  plain 

Of  Minden  blushing  saw  through  all  her  slain. 

Such  is  the  magic  of  this  crimson  vest, 

When  clasped  with  royal  hands  across  the  breast ; 

It  mounts  the  coward  to  the  hero's  place, 

Wipes  from  the  recreant  brow  each  foul  disgrace; 

Confounds,  perverts  all  honours  and  degree, 

And  makes  a  hero  e'en,  Germain,  of  thee ! 

Know,  haughty  peer,  the  western  world  disdains 

Such  tools  of  office,  and  such  feeble  chains, 

As  hands  like  thine,  or  stronger  hand  of  George, 

Or  heads  or  hands  more  wise  and  strong  can  forge. 

The  newly  created  peer  on  his  introduc- 
tion into  the  House  of  Lords  was  destined 
to  endure  perhaps  the  most  galling  of  his 
many  humiliations ;  he  heard  his  igno- 
minious sentence  and  its  confirmation  read 
aloud,  and  himself  denounced  as  "the 
greatest  criminal  this  country  ever  knew." 
He  was  accused  not  only  of  misconduct 
in  the  field,  but  of  being  the  author  of  all 
the  calamities  of  the  recent  war.  It  was 
moved  that  the  admission  of  a  man  whose 
disgrace  had  been  entered  on  the  orderly 
book  of  every  regiment,  would  be  dero- 
gatory to  the  dignity  of  that  assembly, 
and  the  House  was  earnestly  invoked  not 
to  suffer  him  to  enter  it  and  contaminate 
the  peerage.  The  obnoxious  viscount  de- 
fended himself  with  courage  and  calmness ; 
the  prerogative  of  the  crown  was  recog- 
nised ;  but  a  protest  recorded  the  sen- 
timents of  nine  peers,  and  the  object  thus 
arraigned  did  not  long  survive  the  accu- 
mulated indignities  to  which  he  had  been 
forced  to  submit. 


THE  LOUCHEUX  AND  ESQUIMAUX- 
LETTER  OF  REV.  W.  W.  KIRKBY  TO 
GEORGE  GIBBS,  ESQ. 

Dear  Sir: 

Hearing  that  you  are  desirous  of  obtain- 
ing information  of  any  kind  concerning  the 
aborigines  of  the  country,  I  venture  to  for- 
ward you  a  few  observations  on  the  man- 
ners and  customs  of  the  Esquimaux  and 
Loucheux,  made  during  a  visit  among  them 
last  summer.  They  are  very  broken  and 
fragmentary,  but  they  may  perhaps  furnish 
you  with  materials  to  work  up  in  a  better 
way.  Should  incidents,  apparently  trifling 
in  themselves,  be  noticed,  it  will  not  be 
without  design,  for  in  savage  life  they  often 
prove  the  truest  indices  to  character,  and 
help  us  to  understand  much  that  we  might 
otherwise  fail  to  comprehend. 

I  left  here  on  the  29th  of  May  in  a  small 
canoe,  paddled  by  a  couple  of  Chipewyan 
Indians  belonging  to  my  mission.  We 
followed  the  ice  down  the  McKenzie,  and 
on  the  11th  of  June  entered  the  frigid 
zone.  Then,  however,  it  was  more  like  a 
torrid  one,  for  the  sun  shed  upon  us  abun- 
dance of  light  and  heat  for  the  whole 
twenty-four  hours.  When  near  Point  Se- 
paration we  met  with  the  first  party  of 
Esquimaux,  and  between  there  and  the 
fort  on  Peel's  river  we  saw  great  numbers, 
all  of  whom,  from  their  thievish  propensi- 
ties, gave  us  a  great  deal  of  trouble.  They 
are  a  fine-looking  race  of  people,  and,  from 
their  general  appearance  and  habits,  I  ima- 
gine them  to  be  much  more  intelligent  than 
the  Indians.  And  if  proof  were  wanting, 
we  have  it  in  a  girl  who  was  brought  up 
from  the  Arctic  coast,  and  is  now  living  at 
my  house.  She  is  remarkably  clever  and 
active,  and  reads,  speaks,  and  writes  the 
English  language  very  correctly.  The  men 
are  tall,  active,  and  exceedingly  strong; 
most  of  them  have  a  profusion  of  beard  and 
whiskers.  The  women  are  rather  short, . 
but  comparatively  fair,  and  possess  very 
regular  and  by  no  means  badly  formed  fea- 
tures. The  peculiarity  in  both  sexes  con- 
sists in  the  obliquity  of  their  eyes  and 
somewhat  pear  shape  of  their  face.  The 
females  have  a  singular  practice  of  periodi- 
cally cutting  the   hair  from  the  crow  n   of 


166 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[May, 


their  husbands'  heads,  and,  fastening  the 
spoil  to  their  own,  wear  it  in  large  bundles, 
one  on  each  side  of  the  face,  and  a  third 
on  the  top  of  the  head,  somewhat  in  the 
manner  of  the  Japanese  visitors  recently  in 
the  United  States.  This  practice  by  no 
means  improves  either  their  figure  or  ap- 
pearance, and  as  they  advance  in  life  the 
bundles  become  uncomfortably  large.  Both 
sexes  are  inveterate  smokers,  but  they 
smoke  very  little  at  a  time.  Their  pipes 
are  made  principally  of  copper,  and  are  of 
their  own  manufacture.  In  shape  the  bowl 
is  very  like  a  reel  used  for  cotton,  and  the 
aperture  for  receiving  the  tobacco  not 
much  larger  than  the  hole  through  the  cen- 
tre of  the  reel.  This  they  fill  with  finely 
cut  tobacco,  and,  when  lighted,  withhold 
respiration  till  the  pipe  is  finished.  The 
smoke  is  all  swallowed,  none  being  allowed 
to  escape  even  through  the  nose.  The 
effect  is  very  great  upon  their  nervous  sys- 
tem, and  when  a  pipe  is  finished  they  will 
sometimes  lie  for  ten  minutes  trembling 
like  an  aspen  leaf.  All  that  I  saw  were 
exceedingly  well  dressed  in  deer-skin  cloth- 
ing, with  the  hair  outside  ;  and,  being  new 
and  nicely  ornamented  with  white  seal- 
skins, looked  clean  and  comfortable.  Their 
little  kiyacks  or  canoes  were  beautifully 
made,  and  all  well  armed  with  spears, 
bows,  and  arrows  of  their  own  manufacture. 
Their  omiacks,  or  boats,  were  clumsy  look- 
ing articles,  and  consisted  of  a  rough  frame- 
work of  wood,  lashed  together  with  walrus 
lines,  over  which  a  lining  of  parchment 
was  tightly  stretched.  They  are  used  solely 
by  the  women  and  children,  each  one  being 
large  enough  to  hold  three  or  four  families, 
with  their  baggage. 

At  Peel's  river  I  met  with  a  large  num- 
ber of  Loucheux  Indians,  and  with  a  far 
greater  number  at  the  Youcon.  They  are 
a  fierce,  turbulent,  and  cruel  race,  much 
more  nearly  approximating  to  Algonquin 
tribes  than  to  the  quiet  Chipewyans  of  the 
McKenzie  valley.  They  extend  from  about 
65°  N".  to  very  nearly  the  Arctic  coast, 
and  from  the  McKenzie  westward  to  Beh- 
ring's  Straits.  They  were  once  very  nume- 
rous, but  wars  among  them  and  with  their 
Eskimo  neighbors  have  diminished    their 


numbers  a  good  deal.  They  are  still,  how- 
ever, a  strong  and  powerful  people. 

They  are  doubtless  of  Tartar  origin ;  for 
their  personal  appearance,  the  practice  of 
Shamanism,  scarifications  in  sorrow,  burn- 
ing their  dead,  infanticide,  a  species  of 
caste,  and  many  other  customs,  point  us  at 
once  to  the  inhabitants  of  Eastern  Siberia 
as  the  parent  stock.  And,  though  there 
are  now  many  important  differences  both 
in  habits  and  language,  they  are  evidently 
a  branch  of  the  Chipewyan  or  Tinne  race. 
And  if  this  be  so,  then  the  Tinne  family 
holds  a  very  important  position  among  the 
aborigines  of  the  country,  extending  as  it 
does  in  an  unbroken  line  from  Hudson's 
Bay  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  in  a  broken 
though  visible  chain  from  near  the  Arctic 
coast  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  How  many 
centuries  they  took  to  traverse  and  occupy 
this  immense  extent  of  country,  break  up 
into  bands,  which  grew  up  into  tribes,  and 
by  non-intercourse  acquire  habits  and  dia- 
lects of  their  own,  I  can  form  no  conjec- 
ture. But,  with  their  wandering  habits, 
nothing  could  be  more  easy;  and  with 
abundant  means  of  life,  there  would  soon 
be  a  rapid  increase  in  numbers.  A  careful 
comparison  of  the  vocabularies  in  HaWs 
Ethnology  with  several  that  have  been 
taken  in  this  district,  and  with  the  aid  of  a 
valuable  and  beautiful  map  of  the  aborigi- 
nal tribes  of  the  country,  lately  published 
by  the  United  States  Government,  shows 
at  once  the  vast  range  the  Tinne  family 
takes.  According  to  the  above  authorities, 
together  with  a  census  of  the  tribes  here, 
taken  a  few  years  ago  by  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Company,  the  Tinne  number  forty-one 
tribes,  amounting  in  the  aggregate  to  about 
32,000  souls.  Many  subjects  of  interest 
here  suggest  themselves  for  remark ;  but 
as  they  apply  to  the  Tinne  generally,  and 
not  to  the  Loucheux  in  particular,  I  must 
not  indulge  myself  with  them. 

The  Loucheux  are  divided  into  many 
petty  tribes,  each  one  having  its  own  chief, 
as  the  Hun-Kootchin  (River  Indians),  Vun- 
ta-Kootchin  (Lake  Indians),  Toucjion-Koot- 
chin  (Wood  Indians),  and  many  others; 
but  the  general  appearance,  dress,  habits, 
and  language  are  very  much  the  same  in 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


167 


all,  and  all  go  under  the  general  names  of 
Loucheux  and  Kootchin.  The  latter  is 
their  own  appellation,  meaning  literally 
41  the  people,"  and  of  course  is  the  one  by 
which  they  ought  always  to  be  designated. 
The  former  was  given  to  them  by  the  whites 
who  first  came  to  trade  with  them.  There 
is  another  division  among  them  of  a  more 
interesting  and  important  nature  than  the 
petty  tribes  just  referred  to.  All,  irre- 
spective of  tribe,  are  divided  into  three 
grades,  faintly  resembling  the  upper,  mid- 
dle, and  lower  classes  of  civilized  nations. 
These  are  termed  respectively  Chit-sa, 
Nate-sa,  and  A-teet-sa,  the  former  being 
the  richest  and  the  latter  the  poorest. 
They  differ,  however,  from  the  customs  of 
civilized  life  in  this,  that  it  is  the  rule  for  a 
man  not  to  marry  in  his  own,  but  to  take 
a  wife  from  either  of  the  other  classes.  A 
Chitsa  nobleman  will  marry  an  A-teet-sa 
peasant  without  any  feeling  of  infra  dig. 
This  marriage  code  must  have  a  beneficial 
influence  in  allaying  feuds,  as  in  every  case 
the  children  belong  to  the  grade  of  the 
mother,  and  the  different  families  and 
tribes  that  belong  to  the  same  grade  will 
never  make  war  with  each  other.  A  man's 
children  may  belong  to  the  grade  against 
which  he  is  called  upon  by  his  chief  to 
fight,  in  which  case  he  will  naturally  seek 
for  peace.  And  so  it  has  been,  for  there 
is  very  little  warfare  among  them  now. 

Their  dress  is  the  same  in  all  the  tribes, 
and  very  nearly  so  of  both  sexes.  It  con- 
sists of  a  sort  of  tunic  or  pointed  shirt,  and 
trowsers,  to  which  the  shoes  are  attached. 
The  pointed  shirt  and  shoes  attached  to 
the  trowsers  are  two  differences  between 
their  dress  and  that  of  the  Tinne.  It  may, 
however,  be  a  difference  only  of  recent 
date.  For  if  the  derivation  of  the  word 
Chipewyan  be  "  pointed  shirt "  in  the  Cree, 
and  not  "  dead  dog,"  as  some  have  said, 
then  undoubtedly  the  Tinne  wore  garments 
of  that  shape  when  the  Crees  first  met 
them.  The  only  difference  observable  be- 
tween the  dress  of  the  women  and  that  of 
the  men  is  that  the  tunic  of  the  women  is 
rather  longer,  rounded  a  little  in  front,  and 
more  profusely  decorated  with  either  beads 
or  hyaquois  shells,  of  which  both  sexes  are 


passionately  fond.  Their  dresses  are  all 
made  of  leather,  and  when  new  look  be- 
coming and  comfortable. 

The  men  paint  their  faces  something  like 
the  Crees ;  and  all  have  the  septum  of  the 
nose  pierced,  through  which  two  or  more 
hyaquois  shells  are  placed,  giving  a  most 
extraordinary  expression  to  the  face.  The 
women  tatoo  their  chins  in  vertical  lines, 
from  one  corner  of  the  mouth  to  the  other ; 
and  in  some  few  instances  I  observed  two 
or  three  horizontal  lines  from  the  outer 
corners  of  their  eyes.  Neither  of  these 
customs  is  practised  by  the  Tinne  of  the 
McKenzie  valley,  but  both  are  adopted  by 
the  Moyave  (Tinne)  tribes  of  the  south. 

The  Kootchin  are  the  only  Indians  in 
the  Hudson's  Bay  territories  who  collect 
wealth  or  have  a  system  of  barter  among 
themselves.  Both  are  much  practised  by 
them,  hyaquois  shells  or  beads  being  the 
medium  of  currency.  The  man  who  has 
the  most  beads  is  considered  the  richest. 
After  they  are  purchased  from  the  Compa- 
ny's stores  they  are  threaded  by  the  women 
on  strips  of  leather  a  fathom  long,  and  are 
thus  kept  and  bartered  among  themselves. 
Some  never  hunt  a  fur,  but  trade  them 
from  more  distant  tribes,  among  whom 
they  make  annual  expeditions  for  that  pur- 
pose. Were  they  in  a  country  more  acces- 
sible and  hospitable  this  propensity  might 
be  turned  to  a  good  account,  and  they  be- 
come as  renowned  as  their  congeners,  the 
Navajos,  who  are  rich  in  agricultural  and 
commercial  wealth. 

The  Kootchin  women  are  inferior  in 
looks  and  fewer  in  number  than  the  men. 
The  former  arises,  probably,  from  the  harsh 
treatment  they  receive  and  the  heavy  work 
they  have  to  perform;  the  latter,  I  fear, 
must  be  attributed  to  female  infanticide, 
which  is  but  too  prevalent  among  them. 
The  Company's  officers  have  made  strenu- 
ous and  laudable  efforts  to  abolish  so  cruel 
a  practice,  and  in  many  cases  I  rejoice  to 
know  were  successful ;  but  it  still  obtains 
to  a  large  extent  among  them.  Polygamy 
is  also  the  source  of  many  evils  among 
them.  The  Kootchin  multiplies  his  wives 
as  a  farmer  increases  his  beasts  of  burden. 
The  more  wives  he  has  the  more  work  he 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[May, 


gets  clone.     Hence  it  is  not  uncommon  for 
an  influential  Indian  to  have  as  many  as 
four  or  five  at  the  same  time.     The  effect 
of  this,  where  the  number  of  females  is  so 
much  below  that  of  the  males,  may  be  easily 
conceived ;  dissatisfaction,  jealousies,  quar- 
rels, and  murders  are  the  natural  results. 
There  is  no  marriage  ceremony  of  any  kind, 
nor    previous    courtship    required.      The 
only  thing  necessary  is  the  consent  of  the 
bride's  mother ;  that  is  a  sine  qua  non  in 
all  cases.     Neither  father  nor  brothers  have 
a  voice  in  the  matter,  and  would  rather  sit 
and  see  the  girl  torn  in  pieces  by  contend- 
ing   rivals    than    interfere    in    any   way. 
Youths  of  both  sexes  mature  very  early. 
Girls  generally  have  their  first  menses  from 
thirteen  to  fourteen  years  of  age.     On  their 
first  appearance  the  unfortunate  creature 
is  banished  from  the  camp  for  a  whole  year. 
A  little  tent  is  built  for  her  at  a  distance 
from  the  others,  in  which  she  has  to  pass 
the  whole  of  that  time  alone.     Should  she 
walk  out  at  all,  it  must  be  with  a  kind  of 
bonnet  on  her  head,  with  long  fringes  at- 
tached, which   nearly    cover   her   face.     I 
saw  one  thus  exiled  near  to  Fort  Youcon. 
Formerly  it  was  the  practice  of  the  whole 
nation  to  burn  their  dead,  after  which  the 
ashes  were  collected,  and  being  carefully 
sewed  up  in  a  leather  bag,  were  suspended 
from  the  top  of  a  painted  pole  placed  in  a 
clear  and  elevated  spot.     But  owing  to  the 
long  residence  of  the  whites  at  Peel's  river, 
the  inhabitants  of  that  vicinity  now  bury 
on  stages  or  in  the  ground.     Their  neigh- 
bors of  the  Youcon  are  more  or  less  adopt- 
ing the  same  methods.     There  is  but  little 
ceremony  at  the  time  of  interment,  unless 
the  deceased  had  been  a  chief  or  some  other 
notable  personage.     The  property  is  inter- 
red with  the  owner,  and  nightly  wailings 
are  kept  up  for  a  time.     During  this  pe- 
riod, indeed  for  nearly  a  year,  the  nearest 
male  relative  is  employed  in  purchasing  or 
otherwise    collecting    meat,   grease,   furs, 
beads,  etc.,  for  a  "  dead  dance."     At  the 
time  appointed  all  who  are  invited  attend. 
The  first  day  is  spent  in  feasting  upon  the 
best   they  have,  and   in   the   evening   the 
dance  commences.     It  consists  of  a  large 
number    moving   round   and   round   in  a 


circle,  each  trying  to  outstrip  the  other  in 
the  contortions  of  his  body,  but  all  beating 
admirable  time  with  their  feet.  The  dance 
is  accompanied  by  a  song  or  kind  of  dirge, 
in  which  the  qualities  of  the  deceased  are 
enumerated.  Some  of  their  airs  are  ex- 
ceedingly plaintive  and  beautiful.  This 
custom  is  kept  up  so  long  as  the  host  can 
entertain  his  guests,  after  which  time  pre- 
sents of  beads,  etc.,  are  distributed,  and  the 
ceremonies  completed.  It  is  said  of  the 
Crees  that  they  have  a  no  music  in  their 
souls."  Be  this  as  it  may,  it  would  by  no 
means  apply  to  the  Kootchin.  Mr.  Lock- 
hart  has  already  collected  eight  or  ten  of 
their  songs,  which  he  has  set  to  music,  and 
is  still  collecting  others.  Unfortunately 
he  had  none  of  their  "  dead  songs  "  when 
I  was  there,  or  I  would  have  inserted  one 
here* 

There  is  no  regular  order  of  priesthood 
among  them,  though  Shamanism  prevails 
throughout.  Any  one  wTho  feels  disposed, 
may  turn  "  medicine-man  ;"  but  some  are 
esteemed  much  more  highly  than  others. 
All,  howTever,  are  implicitly  trusted,  and 
very  liberally  paid  when  their  services  are 
required.  And  not  only  do  the  people 
think  the  "doctors"  can  charm  away  sick- 
ness and  danger,  but  also  that  they  have 
power  to  inflict  them — even  on  Indians  at 
a  distance ;  and  so  deeply  rooted  is  this 
idea  in  their  minds,  that  they  believe  all 
who  die  before  reaching  old  age  have  been 
killed  by  the  influence  of  some  conjuror 
whom  they  have  offended,  or  whom  some 
other  person  had  hired  to  do  the  deed. 
When  the  services  of  a  medicine-man  are 
required,  a  female  takes  a  quantity  of  beads 
to  the  tent  of  the  selected  doctor,  and 
without  saying  anything  throws  them  at 
his  feet  and  returns.  If  he  thinks  the  sum 
sufficient,  he  rises  and  follows  her  back  to 
her  tent,  where  the  incantations  take  place. 
If  successful,  he  receives  all  the  credit ;  if 
otherwise,  he  declares  a  distant  doctor 
opposed  him,  wrho,  being  better  paid, 
proved  the  stronger.   * 

As  in  the  case  of  most  other  uncivilized 
people,  it  is  very  difficult  to  know  what 
their  real  dispositions  are,  as  they  so  fre- 
quently do  acts  so  completely  at  variance 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


169 


with  each  other.  As  a  whole  they  are  de- 
cidedly bloodthirsty,  cruel,  and  treache- 
rous, though  to  this  charge  there  are  many 
honorable  exceptions.  That  they  are  su- 
perstitious and  credulous,  their  whole  sys- 
tem of  Shamanism  goes  to  prove.  They 
are  tolerably  honest ;  that  is,  they  will  not 
pilfer  from  the  fort,  and  yet  they  pillage 
each  other's  wives  if  they  can,  and  often 
rob  distant  Indians  of  their  furs.  They 
are  exceedingly  hospitable  to  any  one 
visiting  them  in  their  camps ;  at  the  same 
time  selfishness  is  not  one  of  their  least 
prominent  traits.  All,  I  fear,  are  confirm- 
ed liars,  as  are  all  the  Indians  throughout 
the  whole  district.  The  inferior  estimation 
in  which  women  are  held,  the  practice  of 
robbing  each  other  of  their  wives,  and  the 
facilities  for  divorce,  combine  to  produce  a 
very  low  state  of  morality  among  them. 
But  as  the  Gospel  has  now  found  its  way 
among  them,  it  will,  I  trust,  produce  its 
legitimate  fruits  among  them.  Their  pre- 
sent religious  notions  are  very  few  and  in- 
distinct. They  have  some  knowledge  of  a 
supreme  being,  but  as  they  possess  no  idea 
of  a  future  state,  this  knowledge  exerts  no 
influence  over  their  actions.  If  they  have 
any  religion  at  all  it  is  one  of  fear,  as  they 
all  more  or  less  deprecate  the  wrath  of  de- 
mons. They  possess,  however,  neither 
rites  nor  altars  of  any  kind,  nor  do  their 
medicine-men  at  all  oppose  the  preaching 
of  the  Gospel  among  them.  When  there 
last  summer,  all  at  the  fort — upwards  of 
five  hundred  in  number — attended  my 
ministry  with  the  greatest  delight  three 
times  a  day,  and  before  I  left,  medicine-men 
renounced  their  craft,  polygamists  gave  up 
their  wives,  murderers  confessed  their 
crimes,  and  mothers  told  of  deeds  of  blood 
that  sickened  one  to  hear,  and  all  sought 
for  pardon  and  amendment.  Whether 
they  were  sincere  or  not  I  cannot  tell. 
Much  may  have  been  owing  to  novelty,  as 
they  had  never  seen  a  clergyman  of  any 
kind  before ;  but  as  I  am  just  on  the  eve 
of  visiting  them  again,  I  shall  know  this 
and  many  other  things  about  them. 

With  the  aid  of  my  good  friend,  Mr. 
Ross  here,  I  have  mapped  out  the  position 
of  the  different  tribes,  but  as  I  am  not  very 

HIST.   MAG.      VOL.    VIII.  22 


certain  as  to  its  accuracy,  will  not  Bend  it 
now.  I  will,  however,  take  a  copy  with 
me  this  summer,  and  when  on  the  spot 
shall  be  able  to  correct  all  the  errors  in  it, 
and,  if  I  hear  that  you  would  like  it,  will 
forward  it  next  year. 

Should  this  paper  be  of  no  use  to  you, 
may  I  ask  you  kindly  to  forward  it  to  the 
editor   of  the   Canadian  Naturalist,  as  it 
may  furnish  him  with  an  article. 
With  very  kind  regards, 

Believe  me,  yours  sincerelv, 

W.  W.  KlRKBY. 

Fobt  Simpson,  McKewzik's  Kivek,  June  1, 1862. 


ADDITIONAL  NOTES  ON  THE  MASSA- 
CHUSETTS LAWS  CONCERNING  SLA- 
VERY AND  NEGROES. 

We  have  noticed  with  satisfaction  the 
interest  manifested  in  the  articles  recently 
published  in  the  Historical  Magazine  on 
the  subject  of  slavery  in  Massachusetts. 
But  we  confess  a  little  disappointment  that 
the  writer  of  those  articles  has  not  con- 
tinued the  series — which  must  be  our  apo- 
logy to  that  gentleman  if  in  the  present 
communication  we  are  anticipating  his 
treatment  of  a  part  of  his  general  subject. 
If  so,  we  beg  "  E.  Y.  E."  to  receive  it  as 
a  contribution  of  materials  only  for  him  to 
work  up,  as  he  may  please,  hereafter. 

We  desire  now  to  call  attention  to  two 
acts  of  legislation  in  Massachusetts  which 
were  passed  in  the  year  1788 — eight  years 
after  the  alleged  termination  of  slavery  in 
that  State  by  the  adoption  of  the  Constitu- 
tion. These  acts  were  passed  just  after 
the  adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitution 
by  the  State  Convention. 

The  first  is  the  only  one  directly  and 
positively  hostile  to  slavery  to  be  found 
among  all  their  statutes. 

It  is  a  very  remarkable  fact  that  the 
reluctance  of  the  Legislature  to  meet  the 
subject  fairly  and  fully  in  front  should  have 
left  their  statute  book  in  such  a  question- 
able shape.  With  Portia  glowing  with 
delight  at  the  unsuccessful  choice  of  her 
sable  suitor,  they  seem  to  have  wished  to 
say: 


170 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[May 


"  A  gentle  riddance  :  draw  the  curtains;  go — 
Let  all  of  his  complexion  clmse  me  so." 

Merchant  of  Venice ;  Act  II.  Sc.  VIII. 

But  neither  the  cupidity  of  their  slave- 
trading  merchants  nor  the  peculiar  impro- 
vidence of  the  negro — the  one  sharpened 
by  successful  gain,  the  other  hardened  into 
hopeless  acquiescence  with  pauperism — 
would  permit  this  u  gentle  riddance,"  and 
although  the  "  curtains"  have  been  "  drawn" 
over  these  disagreeable  features  for  nearly 
a  century,  the  historian  of  slavery  must 
let  in  the  light  upon  them.  To  paraphrase 
slightly  the  verses  of  one  of  their  own 
early  elegiac  poets : — 

"  Let  all  New  England,  and  let  Boston  know, 
How  much  they  do  to  truth  for  slavery  owe." 

As  early  as  1785,  the  Legislature  insti- 
tuted an  inquiry  as  to  the  measures  proper 
to  be  adopted  by  them  to  discountenance 
and  prevent  any  inhabitant  of  the  com- 
monwealth being  concerned  in  the  slave- 
trade.  The  inquiry  was  also  extended  to 
the  condition  of  negroes  then  in  the  State, 
or  who  might  thereafter  come  or  be 
brought  into  it.  Journals  :  V.  222.  Bills 
were  prepared  and  referred  to  the  Com- 
mittee on  the  Revision  of  the  Laws,  with 
instructions  to  revise  all  the  laws  respect- 
ing negroes  and  mulattoes,  and  report  at  a 
future  session.     lb.  342. 

In  the  following  year,  a  joint  order  was 
made  for  a  committee  to  report  measures 
for  j)reventing  negroes  coming  into  the 
commonwealth  from  other  States.  Jour- 
nals: VI.  463.  Another  similar  order 
was  made  by  the  House  of  Representatives 
in  1787.     Journals:  VII.  524. 

Earlier  in  the  same  year,  a  number  of 
African  blacks  petitioned  the  Legislature 
for  aid  to  enable  them  to  return  to  their 
native  country.  lb.  "VII.  381.  A  Quaker 
petition  against  the  slave-trade  was  read  in 
the  Senate  June  20, 1787,  and  not  accepted, 
but  referred  to  the  Revising  Committee, 
who  were  directed  to  report  a  bill  upon 
"the  subject  matter  of  negroes  in  this 
Commonwealth  at  large."  Senate :  Vol. 
VIII.  81.     H.  of  B.  Vol.  VIII.  88. 

The  prohibition  of  the  slave-trade  by 
Massachusetts  was  at  last  effected  in  1788. 
A  most  flagrant  and  outrageous  case  of 


kidnapping  occurred  in  Boston  in  the 
month  of  February  in  that  year.  This 
infamous  transaction  aroused  the  public  in- 
dignation, and  all  classes  united  in  urging 
upon  the  Legislature  the  passage  of  effec- 
tual laws  to  prevent  the  further  prosecu- 
tion of  the  traffic,  and  protect  the  inhabit- 
ants of  the  State  against  the  repetition  of 
similar  outrages. 

The  movement  was  successful,  and  on 
the  26th  of  March,  1788,  the  Legislature 
of  Massachusetts  passed  "  An  act  to  pre- 
vent the  Slave- Trade,  and  for  granting 
Belief  to  the  Families  of  such  unhappy 
Persons  as  may  be  kidnapped  or  decoyed 
away  from  this  Commonwealth."  By  this 
law  it  was  enacted  "  that  no  citizen  of  this 
commonwealth,  or  other  person  residing 
within  the  same,"  shall  import,  transport, 
buy  or  sell  any  of  the  inhabitants  of  Africa 
as  slaves  or  servants  for  term  of  years,  on 
penalty  of  fifty  pounds  for  every  person 
so  misused,  and  two  hundred  pounds  for 
every  vessel  fitted  out  and  employed  in 
the  traffic.  All  insurance  made  on  such 
vessels  to  be  void  and  of  no  effect.  And 
to  meet  the  case  of  kidnapping,  when  inha- 
bitants were  carried  off,  actions  of  damage 
might  be  brought  by  their  friend's — the 
latter  giving  bonds  to  apply  the  moneys 
recovered  to  the  use  and  maintenance  of 
the  family  of  the  injured  party. 

A  proviso  was  added  "  that  this  act  do  not 
extend  to  vessels  which  have  already  sailed, 
their  owners,  factors,  or  commanders,  for 
and  during  their  present  voyage,  or  to  any 
insurance  that  shall  have  been  made  pre- 
vious to  the  passing  of  the  same."  How 
far  this  proviso  may  be  justly  held  to  be  a 
legislative  sanction  of  the  traffic  we  leave 
to  the  reader  to  decide.  It  is  obvious  that 
the  "public  sentiment"  of  Massachusetts 
in  1788  was  not  strong  enough  against  the 
slave  trade,  even  under  the  atrocious  pro- 
vocation of  kidnapping  in  the  streets  of 
Boston,  to  treat  the  pirates  who  had  al- 
ready sailed  as  they  deserved.  Rome  was 
not  built  in  a  day — neither  could  the  mo- 
dern Athens  rejoice  in  an  anti-slavery  Mi- 
nerva, fresh  in  an  instant  from  the  brain  of 
the  almighty  "public  sentiment"  of  Massa- 
chusetts. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


171 


This  act  was,  as  we  have  seen,  passed  on 
the  25th  of  March,  1788.  It  was  accom- 
panied by  another  act,  passed  on  the  fol- 
k> wing  day,  hardly  less  hostile  to  the  negro 
than  this  was  to  slavery — the  pioneer  of  a 
series  of  similar  acts  (though  less  severe) 
which  have  subjected  the  new  States  to 
most  unsparing  censure. 

The  Massachusetts  Act  of  March  26, 
1788,  entitled  "  An  Act  for  suppressing 
and  punishing  of  Rogues,  Vagabonds, 
common  Beggars,  and  other  idle,  disor- 
derly and  lewd  Persons,"  contains  the  fol- 
lowing very  remarkable  provision  : — 

"  V.  Be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid 
[the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  in  General 
Court  assembled],  that  no  person  being  an  African  or 
Negro,  other  than  a  subject  of  the  Emperor  of  Mo- 
rocco, or  a  citizen  of  some  one  of  the  United  States 
(to  be  evidenced  by  a  certificate  from  the  Secretary 
of  the  State  of  which  he  shall  be  a  citizen),  shall 
tarry  within  this  Commonwealth  for  a  longer  time 
than  two  months,  and  upon  complaint  made  to  any 
Justice  of  the  Peace  within  this  Commonwealth,  that 
any  such  person  has  been  within  the  same  more  than 
two  months,  the  said  Justice  shall  order  the  said  per- 
son to  depart  out  of  this  Commonwealth,  and  in  case 
that  the  said  African  or  Negro  shall  not  depart  as 
aforesaid,  any  Justice  of  the  Peace  within  this  Com- 
monwealth, upon  complaint  and  proof  made  that 
such  person  has  continued  within  this  Commonwealth 
ten  days  after  notice  given  him  or  her  to  depart  as 
aforesaid,  shall  commit  the  said  person  to  any  house 
of  correction  within  the  county,  there  to  be  kept  to 
hard  labor  agreeable  to  the  rules  and  orders  of  the 
said  house,  until  the  Sessions  of  the  Peace  next  to  be 
holden  within  and  for  the  said  county ;  and  the  mas- 
ter of  the  said  house  of  correction  is  hereby  required 
and  directed  to  transmit  an  attested  copy  of  the  war- 
rant of  commitment  to  the  said  Court,  on  the  first 
day  of  their  said  session,  and  if  upon  trial  at  the  said 
Court,  it  shall  be  made  to  appear  that  the  said  person 
has  thus  continued  within  the  Commonwealth  con- 
trary to  the  tenor  of  this  act,  ho  or  sho  shall  be 
whipped  not  exceeding  ten  stripes,  and  ordered  to 
depart  out  of  this  Commonwealth  within  ten  days; 
and  if  he  or  she  shall  not  so  depart,  the  same  process 
Khali  be  had  and  punishment  inflicted,  and  so  toties 
quoties." 

The  edition  from  which  we  copy  is  the 
earliest  classified  edition  of  "  The  Per- 
petual Laws  of  the  Commonwealth  of 
Massachusetts,"  and  is  not  to  be  found  in 
Part  I.  among  those  relating  to  "  The  Pub- 
lick  and  Private  Rights  of  Persons,"  nor 
among  the  "  Miscellaneous"  Statutes,  but 
in    "Part    IV."    concerning    "  Criminal 


Matters."  We  doubt  if  anything  in  hu- 
man Legislation  can  be  found  which  comes 
nearer  branding  color  as  a  crime  ! 

By  this  law,  it  will  be  observed  that  all 
negroes,  resident  in  Massachusetts,  not 
citizens  of  some  one  of  the  States,  were 
required  to  depart  in  two  months,  on  pen- 
alty of  being  apprehended,  whipped,  and 
ordered  to  depart.  The  process  and  punish- 
ment could  be  renewed  every  two  months. 
The  only  contemporary  explanation  of  the 
design  of  the  law,  which  we  have  met 
with,  is  to  the  effect  that  it  was  intended 
to  prevent  fugitive  slaves  from  resorting  to 
that  State,  in  hopes  to  obtain  freedom,  and 
then  being  thrown  as  a  dead  weight  upon 
that  community.  Belknap:  1795.  Are- 
cent  writer  states  that  this  "  enactment 
was  said  to  have  been  the  work  of  her 
[Massachusetts]  leading  lawyers,  who  were 
sufficiently  sagacious  to  foresee  the  danger- 
ous consequences  of  the  constitutional  pro- 
vision, which,  on  restoring  fugitives  from 
labor,  not  only  threatened  to  disturb  the 
public  peace,  but  the  stability  of  the  sys- 
tem." Amory's  Life  of  Sullivan,  I.  226, 
note.  We  give  this  illustration  of  legal 
sagacity  in  Massachusetts  for  what  it  is 
worth — although  we  are  satisfied  that  the 
statute  itself  clearly  illustrates  the  intention 
of  those  who  framed  it.  Expositio  con- 
temporanea  est  optima. 

Realizing  the  "  dead  weight"  already 
resting  upon  them  in  the  body  of  their  own 
free  negroes  (though  comparatively  small 
in  number)  they  evidently  thought  it  "  saga- 
cious" to  prevent  any  addition  to  it.  Fu- 
ture research  must  ascertain  who  were  "  ci- 
tizens" of  Massachusetts  in  1788 — before 
we  can  safely  declare  that  even  Massachu- 
setts Negroes,  Indians  and  Mulattoes  were 
exempted  from  the  alternative  of  exile  or 
the  penalties  of  this  statute.  The  reader 
will  not  fail  to  notice  below  the  arbitrary 
and  illegal  extension  of  the  statute,  in  its 
application  to  "people  of  color,  commonly 
called  Mulattoes,  presumed  to  come  within 
the  intention"  of  the  law. 

We  have  met  with  one  example  of  the 
enforcement  of  this  law,  which  is  almost 
as  "  singular"  as  the  statute  itself.  In  the 
Massachusetts   Mercury,  Boston,  printed 


172 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


(May 


by  Young  and  Minns,  Printers  to  the 
Honorable,  the  General  Court,  September 
16,  1800,  No.  22,  Vol.  XVI—  the  follow- 
ing notice  occupies  a  conspicuous  place, 
filling  a  column  of  the  paper : 

"NOTICE  TO  BLACKS. 
The  Officers  of  Police  having  made  return  to  the 
Subscriber  of  the  names  of  the  following  persons, 
who  are  Africans  or  Negroes,  not  subjects  of  the 
Emperor  of  Morocco  nor  citizens  of  the  United  States, 
the  same  are  hereby  warned  and  directed  to  depart 
out  of  this  Commonwealth  before  the  10th  day  of 
October  next,  as  they  would  avoid  the  pains  and 
penalties  of  the  law  in  that  case  provided,  which  was 
passed  by  the  Legislature,  March  26,  1788. 

Charles  Bulfinch,  Superintendent. 
By  order  and  Direction  of  the  Selectmen. 


Prince  Paterson, 
Flora  Nash, 


OF   PORTSMOUTH. 

Eliza  Cotton. 


RHODE 

Thomas  Nicholas  and 
Hannah  Champlin, 
Nancy  Scott, 
Thomas  Gardner, 
Violet  Freeman, 
Sylvia  Gardner, 
Dolly  Peach, 
Sally  Alexander, 


Philis  Nichols, 
Plato  Alderson, 
Jack  Jeffers, 
Julius  Holden, 
Cuffy  Buffum, 
Hagar  Blackburn 
Polly  Gardner, 
Philis  Taylor. 


Dinah  Miller, 
Rhode  Allen, 
Richard  Preeman, 
Nancy  Gardner, 


Bristol  Morandy, 
Scipio  Kent, 
Phoebe  Seam  ore, 
Phcebe  Johnson, 


John  Denny, 
Hannah  Burdine. 


Sally  Evens, 
Csesar  West  and 
Thomas  Peterson, 
Henry  Sanderson, 
Robert  Willet, 
Mary  Atkins, 
Amey  Spalding, 
George  Homes, 
Abraham  Fitch, 
Abraham  Francis, 
Sally  Williams, 
Rnchol  Pewnick, 
Esther  Dove, 


providence. 

Silvia  Hendrick, 
Nancy  Hall, 
Elizabeth  Freeman, 
Margaret  Harrison. 

CONNECTICUT. 

John  Cooper, 
Margaret  Russell, 
Jack  Billings. 

NEW  LONDON. 

Thomas  Burdine. 


NEW  YORK. 


Thomas  Bostick, 
Prince  Hayes, 
Nancy  Hamik, 
Peggy  Ocamum, 
Sally  Freeman, 
Hannah  West, 
Thomas  Stanton, 
Henry  Wilson, 
Edward  Cole, 
Polly  Brown, 
John  Johnson, 
Prince  Kilsbury, 
Joseph  Hicks, 


Elizabeth  Francis, 
William  Williams, 
David  Dove, 
Peter  Bayle, 


Katy  Bostick, 
Margaret  Bean, 
Samuel  Beujamin, 
Primus  Hutchinson 


PHILADELPHIA. 


Mary  Smith, 
Simon  Jeffers, 
Peter  Francis, 
Elizabeth  Branch, 
William  Brown, 
Clarissa  Scotland, 
John  Gardner, 
Fortune  Gorden, 


Peter  Larkiu  and 
Stepney  Johnson, 

James  Scott, 
Jane  Jackson, 
Oliver  Nash, 
Thomas  Thompson, 


Richard  Allen, 
Samuel  Posey, 
Prince  Wales, 
Peter  Gust, 
Butterfield  Scotland, 
Cuffy  Cummings, 
Sally  Gardner, 
Samuel  Stevens. 

BALTIMORE. 

Jenny  Larkin, 
Anne  Melville. 

VIRGINIA. 

John  Evens, 
Cuffey  Cook, 
Robert  Woodson. 


NORTH   CAROLINA. 


James  Jurden, 
Janus  Crage, 


Polly  Johnson. 


SOUTH   CAROLINA. 

Anthony  George,  Peter  Cane. 


Catherine  Gould, 
Cato  Small, 
Richard  M'Coy, 


HALIFAX. 

Charlotte  Gould, 
Philis  Colo. 

WEST  INDIES. 


James  Morfut  and 
Mary  Davis, 
Peter  Lewis, 
Peter  Hendrick, 
Mary  Shoppo, 
John  Pearce, 
Peter  Branch, 
Rosanna  Symonds, 
Lewis  Victor, 
John  Laco, 
Peter  Jesemy, 
David  Bartlet, 
Joseph  Lewis, 
John  Harrison, 
Boston  Alexander, 


Hannah,  his  wife, 
George  Powell, 
Charles  Sharp, 
William  Shoppo  and 
Isaac  Johnson, 
Charles  Esings, 
Newell  Symonds, 
Peter  George. 
Lewis  Sylvester, 
Thomas  Foster, 
Rebecca  Jesemy, 
Thomas  Grant, 
Hamet  Lewis, 
Mary  Brown. 


CAPE  FRANCOIS. 

Casme  Francisco  and  Nancy,  his  wife. 

Mary  Fraceway. 

AUX  CAYES. 

Susannah  Ross. 

PORT   AU  PRINCE. 

John  Short. 


1S64.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


m 


Charlotte  Morris, 


JAMAICA. 

John  Robinson. 

BERMUDA. 

Thomas  Williams. 

NEW  PROVIDENCE. 

Henry  Taylor. 

LIVERPOOL. 

John  Mum  ford. 


AFRICA. 


Francis  Thompson, 
Mary  Joseph, 
Samuel  Bean, 
Cato  Gardner, 
Sophia  Mitchel, 
Samuel  Blackburn, 
Joseph  Ocamum. 


John  Brown, 
James  Melvile, 
Hamlet  Earl, 
Charles  Mitchel, 
Samuel  Frazier, 
Tiimothy  Philips, 


FRANCE. 

Joseph  

ISLE    OF    FRANCE. 

Joseph  Lovering. 

LIST  OF  INDIANS  AND  MULATTOES. 
The  following  persons,  from  several  of  the  United 
States,  being  people  of  color,  commonly  called  Mulat- 
toes,  are  presumed  to  come  within  the  intention  of 
the  same  law,  and  are  accordingly  warned  and  direct- 
ed to  depart  out  of  the  Commonwealth  before  the 
10th  day  of  October  next: 


Peter  Badger, 
Waley  Green, 


Polly  Adams, 


John  Brown, 
John  Way  and 
Peter  Virginia, 
Lucinda  Orange, 
Britton  Doras, 
Frank  Francies. 


RHODE   ISLAND. 

Kelurah  Allen, 
Silvia  Babcock. 

PROVIDENCE. 

Paul  Jones. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Polly  Holland, 
Nancy  Way, 
Leville  Steward, 
Anna  Sprague, 
Amos  Willis, 

NEW   LONDON. 

Hannah  Potter. 


NEW    YORK. 


Jacob  &  Nelly  Cummings, 
John  Sch  um  agger, 
Peggy  Willouby, 
Mary  Reading, 
John  Miles, 
Betsy  Harris, 
Susannah  Foster, 
Mary  Thomson, 
Lucy  Glapcion, 


Judeth  Chew, 
Thomas  Willouby, 
John  Reading, 
Charles  Brown, 
Hannah  Williams, 
Douglas  Brown, 
Thomas  Burros, 
James  &  Freelove  Buck, 
Lucy  Lewis, 


Eliza  Williams, 

Caesar  and  Silvia  Caton, 

James  and  Rebecca  Smith, 


Diana  Bayle, 

Thompson, 

William  Guin. 


Elonc  Virginia, 
Lydia  Reed, 
Rebecca  Reed,  and 


Stephen  Boadley, 


ALBANY. 

Abijah  Reed,  and 
Abijah  Reed,  Jr, 
Betsy  Reed. 

NEW    JERSEY. 

Hannah  Victor. 


PHILADELPHIA. 

Polly  Boadley,  James  Long, 

Hannah  Murray,  Jeremiah  Green, 

Nancy  Principeso,  David  Jackson, 

George,  Jackson,  William  Coak, 
Moses  Long. 

MARYLAND. 

Nancy  Gust. 


John  Clark, 


Sally  Hacker, 
John  Johnson, 
Anthony  Paine, 
William  Hacker, 
Betsy  Guin, 


BALTIMORE. 

Sally  Johnson. 

VIRGINIA. 

Richard, 

Thomas  Steward, 
Mary  Burk, 
Polly  Losours, 
Lucy  Brown. 

AFRICA. 

Nancy  Doras." 


This  notice  appears  to  have  been  gene- 
rally published  in  Boston,  and  was  copied 
in  other  cities  without  the  list  of  names. 
We  have  met  with  it  in  the  Commercial 
Advertiser  of  the  20th  September,  1800, 
and  the  Daily  Advertiser,  22d  September, 
1800,  both  in  New  York.  Also  in  the  Ga- 
zette of  the  United  States  and  Daily  Ad- 
vertiser of  23d  September,  1800,  in  Phila- 
delphia. 

We  have  seen  no  comments  of  the  Bos- 
ton press  on  the  subject,  but  references  to 
it  in  the  New  York  and  Philadelphia 
papers  hint  at  the  probable  cause  of  this 
stringent  and  sweeping  application  of  this 
"  singular"  statute. 

In  the  year  1800,  the  whole  country 
was  excited  by  the  discovery  of  an  alleged 
plot  for  a  general  insurrection  of  negroes 
at  the  South.  Gabriel,  the  negro  general, 
was  the  "  hero,"  though  not  the  only  vic- 
tim. The  affair  assumed  at  once  a  very 
serious  aspect,  and  the  alarm  was  "  awful" 


174 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[May, 


in  Virginia  and  South  Carolina.  The  party 
violence  of  the  day  was  not  slow  to  make 
use  of  it,  and  it  was  doubtless  true  that 
the  principles  of  Liberty  and  Equality  had 
been  in  some  degree  infused  into  the  minds 
of  the  negroes,  and  that  the  incautious  and 
intemperate  use  of  these  words  by  the 
"  fierce  democracie"  of  that  day  in  Virgi- 
nia may  have  inspired  them  with  hopes  of 
success. 

But  the  alarm  was  not  confined  to  Vir- 
ginia. Even  in  Boston  fears  were  express- 
ed and  measures  of  prevention  adopted. 
N".  T.  Advertiser,  Sept.  26,  1800.  The 
Gazette  of  the  United  States  and  Daily 
Advertiser,  by  C.  P.  Wayne,  Vol.  XVIII., 
Number  2493,  Philadelphia,  September  23, 

1800,  copies  the  "  Notice"  with  these  re- 
marks : 

"  The  following  notice  has  been  published  in  the 
Boston  papers :  It  seems  probable,  from  the  nature  of 
the  notice,  that  some  suspicions  of  the  design  of  the 
negroes  are  entertained,  and  we  regret  to  say  there  is 
too  much  cause." 

Such  was  the  act,  and  such  was  one  of 
its  applications. 

Additional  acts  were  passed  in  1798  and 

1801,  but  this  portion  was  neither  modified 
ncr  r3pealed.  It  appears  in  the  revised 
edition  of  1807,  without  change. 

In  1821,  the  Legislature  of  Massachu 
setts,  alarmed  by  "increase  of  a  species  of 
population,  which  threatened  to  become 
both  injurious  and  burthensome,"  and  fully 
alive  to  "  the  necessity  of  checking''  it, 
appointed  a  committee  to  report  a  bill 
concerning  the  admission  into  the  State  of 
free  Negroes  and  Mulattoes. 

A  report  of  this  committee  to  the  House 
of  Representatives  in  1822  refers  to  the 
statute  of  1788,  in  these  words  : 

"  They  [the  committee]  have  already  found  in  the 
Statute  Books  of  this  Commonwealth,  a  law  passed 
in  1788,  regulating  the  residence  in  this  State  of  cer- 
tain persons  of  color — they  believe  that  this  law  has 
never  been  enforced,  and  ineffectual  as  it  has  proved, 
they  would  never  have  been  the  authors  of  placing 
among  the  Statutes  a  law  so  arbitrary  in  its  principle, 
and  in  its  operation  so  little  accordant  with  the  insti- 
tutions, feelings,  and  practices  of  the  people  of  this 
Commonwealth." 


this  act,  and  reported  no  new  bill  such  as 
they  were  instructed  to  prepare,  it  is  per- 
haps proper  to  infer  that  they  considered 
the  State  amply  protected  by  the  old  law. 
It  appears  again  in  the  revised  laws  of 
1823.  Another  additional  act  was  passed 
in  1825,  but  without  alteration  of  the  pro- 
vision against  negroes ;  and  this  statute, 
"  so  arbitrary  in  its  principle,  and  in  its 
operation  so  little  accordant  with  the  insti- 
tutions, feelings,  and  practices  of  the  people 
of  the  Commonwealth,"  continued  to  grace 
the  Statute  Book  of  Massachusetts  until 
the  first  day  of  April,  1834,  after  which 
time  its  repeal  no  longer  left  it  to  "  public 
opinion"  to  regulate  its  enforcement. — 
Journal  of  Commerce,  March  17,  1864. 

G.   E.   R. 


States  an&  tymm, 


"  These  be   good  words,"  but   as   the 
committee  did  not  recommend  a  repeal  of 


NOTES. 

The  Book  of  Common  Prayer  for  the 
Confederate  States. — I  have  very  recent- 
ly examined  one  of  the  copies  of  the  Book 
of  Common  Prayer  from  the  cargo  of 
the  Anglo-Rebel  blockade-runner,  Minna, 
captured  on  the  6th  Dec,  1863,  off  Wil- 
mington, by  the  Government  despatch- 
ship,  Circassian,  Capt.  Eaton.  The  prize 
was  carried  into  Boston,  and  this  portion 
of  the  cargo  sold  there. 

The  book  was  no  doubt  printed  in  Lon- 
don. I  will  give  you  a  transcript  of  the 
title-page.  I  do  not  know  whether  Jeff. 
Davis  is  head  of  the  Church  as  well  as 
head  of  the  Confederate  States.  Whoever 
was  employed  to  correct  the  book  has  exe- 
cuted his  work  about  as  well  as  Mr.  Davis's 
other  agents ;  of  this  I  will  offer  proof 
below. 

The  following  is  the  title : — The  Book  of 
Common  Prayer  and  Administration  of  the 
Sacraments  ;  and  other  Rites  and  Cere- 
monies of  the  Church,  according  to  the  use 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the 
Confederate   States  of  America,  together 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


175 


with  the  Psalter  or  Psalms  of  David. 
Richmond,  Virginia:  J.  W.  Randolph, 
1863.  On  the  verso  of  the  title,  "  London  : 
— Printed  by  G.  E.  Eyre  and  W.  Spottis- 
woode."  The  imprint  of  the  titles  to  the 
metrical  Psalms  and  to  the  Hymns  agree 
with  that  of  the  title  to  the  book ;  but 
there  is  no  reference  on  them  to  the  place 
of  printing  or  to  the  printers. 

The  alterations  in  the  book  itself  occur 
in  the  Prayer  for  the  President  of  the 
Confederate  States,  etc.,  in  the  service  of 
Morning  and  Evening  Prayer,  and  in  the 
Prayer  for  Congress.  But  in  the  form  of 
ordaining  or  consecrating  a  Bishop,  the 
promise  of  conformity  to  be  taken  by  the 
elected  Bishop  is  left  unchanged.  It  still 
reads,  "  I  do  promise  conformity  and  obedi- 
ence to  the  Doctrine,  Discipline,  and  Wor- 
ship of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church 
in  the  United  States  of  America,  etc." 

A  more  remarkable  oversight  occurs  in 
one  of  the  prayers  to  be  used  in  ships-of- 
war  at  sea.  The  following  passage  is  re- 
tained :  "  Preserve  us  from  the  dangers  of 
the  sea  and  from  the  violence  of  the  enemy ; 
that  we  may  be  a  safeguard  unto  the  United 
States  of  America,  and  a  security  for  such 
as  pass  on  the  seas  upon  their  lawful  oc- 
casions." 

Every  one  will  see  at  once  how  peculiar- 
ly appropriate  it  would  be  to  use  this  form 
of  prayer  on  board  of  the  Alabama  and 
the  other  Confederate  privateers. 

The  copy  I  describe  is  in  16mo ;  I  have 
seen  another  copy  in  12mo.,  but  I  have 
not  had  the  opportunity  of  examining  it.  I 
believe,  however,  that  the  two  editions 
correspond  in  all  respects. 

J.   L. 


The  Place  of  the  Death  of  Father 
Rene  Menard. — Bancroft,  in  the  third 
volume  of  his  history,  using  for  the  first 
time  the  simple  narratives  of  the  early 
mission  labors  of  the  Jesuit  Fathers,  drew 
a  picture  of  singular  beauty,  which  has 
prompted  many  to  read,  appreciate,  and 
study  the  period  and  the  men. 

Directed  to  it  myself,  I  made  his  chapter 
a  volume.  In  one  matter  I  came  to  a 
conclusion  different  from  his,  and  this  was 


as  to  the  place  where  Father  Menard  was 
lost. 

"  Bidding  farewell  to  his  neophytes  and 
the  French,"  says  the  eloquent  historian, 
"  and  to  those  whom  he  never  more  should 
meet  on  earth,  Menard  departed  with  one 
attendant  for  the  Bay  of  Chegoimegon. 
The  accounts  would  indicate  that  he  took 
the  route  by  way  of  Keweena  Lake  and 
portage."  History  of  the  United  States 
HI.  147. 

The  course  indicated  in  the  Relations 
did  not  'seem  to  me  to  bear  out  the  conclu- 
sion that  he  was  going  to  Chegoimegon 
from  Keweenaw  Bay. 

He  made  a  considerable  journey  to  a 
lake,  the  source  of  a  river  which  he 
descended  to  a  portage  where  he  was  lost, 
when  within  one  day's  journey  of  the 
Huron  village  to  which  he  was  proceeding. 

I  had  found  statements  that  led  me  to 
believe  that  the  Hurons  were  then  on  the 
Noquet  Islands  on  Green  Bay,  and  con- 
cluding the  river  to  be  the  Menomomee,  I 
gave,  in  the  History  of  the  Catholic  Missions 
(p.  356),  as  the  locality  of  his  death  the 
rapid  of  that  river. 

A  subsequent  examination  of  Perrot's 
Moeurs  et  Coutumes  des  Sauvages  makes 
it  evident  that  the  Hurons  were  then  not 
on  Noquet  Island,  but  on  the  Black  River. 
Perrot  states  it  expressly  in  connection 
with  Menard's  death  and  previously.  A 
branch  of  the  Wisconsin  still  bears  this 
name,  which  its  black  water  makes  true  and 
descriptive.  A  conversation  with  the  Hon. 
Geo.  Gale  makes  me  judge  that  the  Hurons 
were  on  this  river,  and  that  Menard  died 
on  its  banks. 

The  Black  River  in  name  tallies  with 
Perrot's  account.  In  character  it  corres- 
ponds with  that  described  in  the  Relations. 
It  rises  in  a  lake,  the  journey  to  which 
from  Keweenaw  would  have  been  long  and 
toilsome.  Here  Menard  rested.  The  river 
runs  at  first  through  a  marshy  tract,  and  then 
enters  a  rough  country,  the  channel  being 
embarrassed  with  granite  rocks.  A  fall 
occurs  at  last,  and  here  was  apparently 
the  portage  where  Menard  was  lost.  What 
makes  it  the  more  probable,  is  that  a  day's 
march  below  is  a  bluff  commanding  the 


176 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[May, 


river,  evidently  an  old  Indian  village  site, 
and  recently  occupied  for  a  time  by  the 
Winnebagoes.  It  would  be  exactly  the 
spot  for  a  band  of  fugitives  like  these 
Hurons  to  plant  their  temporary  village, 
as  it  gave  them  a  look-out  and  protection 
from  attack.  J.  G.  Shea. 


Fkanklin's  House  at  Passy. — Among 
the  contributions  to  the  Metropolitan 
Sanitary  Fair  was  a  sketch  of  the  residence 
occupied  by  Franklin  when  at  Passy, 
made  by  Victor  Hugo,  and  accompanied 
by  the  following  letter  : 

"In  1836  I  happened  to  be  one  day  at 
Passy,  at  M.  Raynouard's,  the  author  of 
the  tragedy  of  the  Knight  Templars.  He 
wore  his  white  hair  streaming  on  his  shoul- 
ders, and  I  said  to  him : 

M '  You  wear  your  hair  as  Franklin  used, 
and  you  look  like  him., 

"He  said  to  me  smiling:  'This  may 
come  from  the  neighborhood,'  and  he 
pointed  to  a  house  that  could  be  seen  from 
his  garden.  4  It  is  there,'  said  he  to  me, 
1  that  Franklin  lived  in  1778.' 

"I  drew  that  house,  now  pulled  down. 
This  is  the  sketch.  I  believe  that  this 
picture  of  the  house  of  Franklin,  at  Passy, 
is  the  only  one  in  existence.  I  offer  it  to 
the  United  States  Sanitary  Commission. 

"  I  am  happy  that  the  Sanitary  Commis- 
sion have  done  me  the  honor  to  call  upon 
me,  and  afford  me  an  opportunity  to  renew 
the  expression  of  my  heartfelt  sympathy 
for  the  gallant  men  who  are  struggling  so 
gloriously  to  rid  the  great  American 
Republic  of  that  sinful  system,  Slavery. 
"Victor  Hugo. 

"  Hatttkville  House,  15th.  March,  1864." 


A     Centenarian     in      Maine. — Mrs. 

Rebecca  Pendleton,  probably  the  oldest 
person  in  Maine,  died  at  Northport,  a 
town  adjoining  the  city  of  Belfast,  on  the 
fifth  of  March,  aged  one  hundred  and  four 
years  and  six  months.  She  was  born  on 
Cape  Elizabeth,  in  September,  1759.  She 
witnessed  the  burning  of  Falmouth,  now 
Portland,  in  1779.  Her  faculties,  with  the 
exception  of  her  hearing,  were  preserved 
to  the  day  of  her  death.    When  more  than 


a  hundred  years  old,  she  walked  two  miles 
and  back  on  the  same  day,  to  attend  the 
funeral  of  her  daughter  of  eighty  years  of 
age.  j.  w. 

Belfast,  Maine. 


The  Capucin  Missions  in  Maine. — 
During  the  autumn  of  1863,  Mr.  W.  H. 
Weeks  of  Castine,  while  at  work  on  the 
road  leading  to  the  battery,  which  the 
government  was  then  erecting  near  the 
mouth  of  the  harbor,  upon  the  site  of  the 
old  brick  battery  known  as  the  Lower 
Fort,  found  near  the  fort,  and  but  little 
below  the  surface  of  the  ground,  a  piece  of 
sheet-copper.  Not  observing  anything  re- 
markable on  it,  he  cut  off  a  piece  to  repair 
his  boat ;  subsequently,  however,  he  dis- 
covered letters ;  and  an  inscription,  which 
has  been  thus  rendered,  was  found : 

1648:  8  Jun:  F. 
Leo  Parisin : 
Capuc.  Miss 
Posvi  hoc  fv- 
ndtm  in  hnr- 
em  Nrse  Dmae 
Sanctse  Spei 

Some  of  these  letters  may  not  be  correct, 
but  the  inscription  is  clear,  and  the  plate 
was  undoubtedly  once  in  the  corner-stone 
of  the  chapel  of  our  Lady  of  Holy  Hope,  in 
the  old  French  Fort.  It  runs  in  English 
thus: 

1648.   June  8th,  I.  Friar 

Leo  of  Paris, 

Capucin  Missionary 

laid  this  corner  stone 

in  honor  of  Our  Lady 

of  Holy  Hope. 

The  first  French  missionary  effort  on  the 
coast  of  Maine  was  that  of  Rev.  Nicholas 
Aubri,  on  Neutral  Island,  in  1604  ;  but 
the  colony  soon  removed  to  Port  Royal, 
where  he  was  joined  by  the  Rev.  Jesse 
Fleche.  The  Jesuit  Fathers  who  came 
to  Port  Royal  in  1611,  attempted  in  1613 
to  found  a  mission  colony  on  Mount  Desert 
Island,  but  it  was  broken  up  by  Argal. 

The  two  French  fishing  companies  who 
next  obtained  rights  on  the  coast  of  Maine 
sent  out  priests.  The  first  who  came  were 
Reformed  Franciscans,  or  Recollects,  who 
had  a  convent  on  the  St.  John's.     One 


18G4.J 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


177 


perished  in  the  wilderness  in  1623,  and 
the  rest  abandoned  the  Held  the  next  year. 

In  1630,  under  the  protection  of  Charles 
St.  Etienne  de  la  Tour,  three  Recollect 
missionaries  labored  as  far  west  as  the 
Penobscot. 

D'Aulney  established  a  Capucin  Mission 
on  the  Kennebec  in  1643,  and  the  Superior 
residing  there  had  depending  on  him  a 
hospice  on  the  Penobscot  at  the  old  fort 
near  Castine. 

The  Chapel  founded  by  Father  Leo  in 
1648  was  evidently  one  raised  to  meet 
the  requirements  of  the  increasing  number 
of  French  on  the  coast. 

There  is  no  published  account  of  the 
labors  of  these  Capucins,  and  we  have 
simply  a  few  detached  facts  and  names. 

When  the  Jesuit  Father  Druillettes 
visited  the  Kennebec  in  1646,  he  found 
Father  Ignatius  of  Paris  as  Superior.  In 
1648,  Father  Cosmas  de  Mante  held  that 
office.  Father  Leo  of  Paris  is  not  named, 
and  was  doubtless  the  chaplain  of  the 
Fort.  At  that  time,  D'Aulney's  establish- 
ment was  broken  up  before  1650,  and  the 
Capucins  carried  off. 


Lieut.  Bexjamin  Jaques,  who  was 
the  direct  agent  in  the  death  of  Father 
Rale  at  Norridgewock,  Me.,  in  1724,  was  a 
native  of  Harpswell,  in  the  same  State. 
The  account  of  that  transaction,  as  pre- 
served among  his  descendants,  has  been  for- 1 
nished  to  the  writer  by  his  great-grandson. ' 

He  states  that  Capt.  Johnson  Harnian 
of  York,  the  father-in-law  of  his  ancestor, 
and  his  frequent  companion  in  Indian 
hunting,  came  into  the  Kennebec  region 
with  a  body  of  soldiers,  with  Capt.  Moul- 
ton,  to  ascend  the  river  and  attack  the 
Indian  settlement  at  Norridgewock.  The 
movement  of  the  detachment  was  suffi- 
ciently rapid  and  secret  to  take  the  enemy 
by  surprise.  But  they  availed  themselves 
of  the  very  brief  notice  given  them  to  meet 
the  invaders  in  a  hasty  but  vigorous  con- 
flict, in  which  they  were  soon  defeated. 
Rale  was  a  fighter  with  the  rest ;  and  from 
his  wigwam  endeavored  to  destroy  as 
many  of  his  foes  as  his  opportunity  would 
allow.     Harman  seeing  the  damage  done 

HIST.    MAG.      VOL.    VIII.  23 


from  that  quarter,  ran  to  his  habitation 
with  Jaques.  They  burst  in  the  door,  and 
saw  Rale  in  the  act  of  dropping  a  bullet 
into  the  muzzle  of  his  musket.  Jaques 
asked  him  if  he  would  "  take  quarter." 
He  replied  "None,  only  what  is  in  the 
muzzle  of  my  gun."  Thereupon  Jaques 
discharged  his  musket  and  wounded  him 
mortally.  Harman  was  a  witness  of  the 
scene,  but  did  not  fire.  When  the  Indians 
saw  their  spiritual  guide  was  killed  they 
became  discouraged.  They  lessened  their 
exertions  at  resistance  and  soon  fled,  leav- 
ing the  English  masters  of  their  village, 
which,  with  its  chapel,  was  immediately  com- 
mitted to  the  flames.  They  never  returned. 
Some  time  after  this  event,  Jaques  was 
ordered  to  Bagaduce  (Castine),  under  a 
colonel  with  the  office  of  captain.  Here  he 
was  commissioned  to  go  with  a  detachment 
of  soldiers  in  boats  to  a  point  of  land  to  be 
crossed  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  the 
movements  of  the  Indians.  He  told  the 
commander  that  he  thought  the  enterprise 
would  not  be  prudent.  In  reply  for  his 
opinion  he  received  a  reproof  that  was 
equivalent  to  an  imputation  on  his  courage. 
He  said  he  "  would  not  turn  on  his  heel  to 
save  his  life;"  but  that  he  "knew  the 
modes  of  Indian  warfare  so  well  that  he 
saw  reasons  for  believing  that  the  safety 
of  the  soldiers  in  making  the  scout  would 
be  greatly  endangered  by  ambush."  He 
obeyed  the  orders,  took  the  men  and  the 
boats,  and  landed  with  his  company  on  the 
shore  proposed.  They  had  proceeded  but 
a  short  distance  into  the  woods,  on  the 
point  of  land,  before  he  saw  an  Indian  step 
from  behind  a  tree  and  level  his  gun  at 
him.  Instantly  he  did  the  same  to  the 
Indian  ;  and  if  his  gun  had  not  missed  fire, 
probably  both  would  have  fallen,  as  he 
di*d  before  the  accurate  aim  of  his  enemy. 
The  Indian  fled  at  once,  fearing  the  attack 
of  the  soldiers.  Jaques  told  them  they 
"  would  see  no  more  Indians,  and  might 
make  their  discoveries  in  safety ;"  and  so 
it  proved.  He  lived  but  a  few  months 
afterwards.  His  remains  were  taken  to 
Harpswell  and  there  buried. 

Bkunovicus. 

Maine,  April. 


178 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[May, 


Letter  op  Benedict  Arnold. — Phila- 
delphia, March  20,  IV 80.— Sir: — The  Pre- 
sident and  Council  of  the  State  of  Pennsyl- 
vania having  published,  and  officially  trans- 
mitted to  the  different  States  Sundry  Re- 
solutions of  theirs,  dated  Philadelphia, 
Feb.  3,  1779,  containing  heavy  charges 
tending  to  prejudice  the  minds  of  my  Fel- 
low-Citizens against  me,  previous  to  a  trial, 
which  with  much  difficulty  I  have  at  length 
obtained. 

The  justice  due  to  my  own  character 
(and  to  the  Public  who  have  been  so  greatly 
deceived)  will  I  trust  excuse  the  liberty  I 
take  in  transmitting  to  your  Excellency  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Court  Martial  on  my 
trial,  which  I  must  request  you  will  do  me 
the  favor  to  lay  before  the  Council  and 
General  Assembly ;  as  I  would  wish  to 
take  off  from  the  minds  of  those  gentle- 
men every  unfavorable  impression,  which 
the  unprecedented  Publication  of  the  Pre- 
sident and  Council  of  Pennsylvania  may 
have  made,  and  to  convince  them  that  my 
character  has  been  most  cruelly  and  un- 
justly traduced. 

I  have  the  Honor  to  be  with  the 
greatest  Respect 
Your  Excellency 
most  obedient  and 
very  humble  servant. 

B.  Arnold. 
His  Excellency, 
Governor  Clinton. 


surviving  revolutionary  pensioner  in  Ver- 
mont, p.  h.  w. 

Coventry,  Vt.,  27  April,  18G4. 


Revolutionary  Pensioners. — (Vol. 
viii.  p.  148.)  Jonas  Gates,  one  of  the 
twelve  pensioners  supposed  to  have  been 
surviving  when  the  additional  pensions  were 
granted,  had  then  been  dead  some  weeks. 
He  died  at  Chelsea,  Vt.,  14  January,  1864, 
aged  99  years,  six  months,  and  nine  days. 
He  was  a  native  of  Barre,  Mass.,  and 
entered  the  service  at  the  age  of  fourteen 
as  waiter  to  his  father,  who  was  a  captain. 
When  about  seventeen  years  old  he  enlist- 
ed as  a  private,  but  was  promoted  to  the 
post  of  orderly  sergeant,  which  rank  he 
held  at  the  close  of  the  war.  He  also 
enlisted  in  the  war  of  1812,  and  held  a 
lieutenant's  commission.     He  was  the  last 


Indian  Tribes,  Chiefs,  and  Treaties. 
— The  following  paper,  bearing  the  above 
title,  and  prepared  by  Hon.  Henry  S.  Baird, 
an  early,  intelligent,  and  respected  resi- 
dent of  Green  Bay,  Wisconsin,  was  lately 
read  before  the  Chicago  Historical  Society. 
Presenting  a  compact  summary  of  facts, 
derived  in  part  from  authentic  public 
documents,  and  in  part  from  the  extensive 
personal  information  possessed  by  its  au- 
thor, it  may  be  convenient  for  reference. 

In  relation  to  the  "  orthography  "  of  the 
names,  Mr.  Baird  writes :  "  I  will  not  vouch 
for  its  correctness.  I  take  it  from  treaties; 
and  on  reference  to  them,  I  find  the  same 
names  often  differently  written  in  different 
treaties.  An  Indian  language  is  difficult 
to  write  correctly.  As  there  is  no  Indian 
alphabet,  names  are  written  according  to 
their  supposed  sound.  The  Winnebago 
is  the  most  harsh  and  guttural  of  all 
languages.  The  Menomonee  is  softer  and 
more  harmonious ;  but  both  are  very  diffi- 
cult to  speak  properly  by  any  one  who  has 
no  Indian  blood  in  his  veins. 

"  The  district  of  country  bounded  by 
the  Wisconsin  River,  Lake  Michigan,  Wolf 
River,  and  on  both  sides  of  Green  Bay, 
Fox  River,  and  Winnebago  Lake,  was 
formerly  claimed  and  occupied  principally 
by  the  Menomonee  and  Winnebago  tribes 
of  Indians.  Each  of  these  tribes,  forty 
years  ago,  was  powerful,  and  numbered 
several  thousands. 

Principal  chiefs  of  the  Menomonees  — 
Oshkosh  (The  Brave),  Kaush-kaw-no-naive 

(Grizzly  Bear),  Josette  Caron  ( ), 

A-yaw-mah-taw  (Fish  Spawn),  Osh-ke- 
e-na-neur  (The  Young  Man),  Pe-wait-e- 
naw  (Rain),  Che-na-po-mee  (One  that  is 
looked  at),  Ke-ma-ni-kin  (Little  Wave), 
Ke-shee-o-quo-teur  (Flying  Cloud),  Wa-bose 
(The  Rabbit),  Wain-e-saut  (One  who 
arranges  the  circle),  Ke-shoh  (The  Sun), 
Ma-con-cee-'wa-be-no-chee  (Bear's  Child), 
A-ca-mut  (The  Prophet),  Sh  a  w-e-no-ge-shick 
(South  Sky),  Sho-ne-on  (Silver),  Shaw-baw- 
so  (Pale  Color),  Pa  w-a-ko-neur  (Big  Soldier). 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


179 


Principal  chiefs  of  the  Winnebagoes. — 
Hoo-tshoop  (Four  Legs),  Hay-tay-tshoan- 
sarp  (Black-Hawk),  Karry-man-nee  (Walk- 
ing Turtle),  Shoank-skaw  (White  Dog), 
Shoank-tshunsk-kaw  (Black  Wolf),  Maunk- 
hay-raith  (Tattooed  Breast),  Wheank-kaw 
(Big  Duck),  Spoank-ay-paw-kaw  (Dog 
Head),  Sar-ray-num-nee  (Walking  Mat), 
Waunk-tsliay-hee-sootsh  (Red  Devil), 
Waw-kawn-hoa-noa-nick  (Little  Snake), 
Non-kaw  (Wood),  Kaw-nee-show  (White 
Crow),  Hoon-kaw  (Chief),  Hoo-wawn-ee- 
kaw  (Little  Elk),  Tshay-ro-tshoan-kaw 
(Smoker),  Morah-tshay-kaw  (Little  Priest), 
Man-ah-kee-tshump  (Spotted  Arm). 

In  character  these  two  tribes  were 
essentially  different,  as  may  be  inferred 
from  a  former  paper  on  the  "  North 
American  Indians." 

The  several  treaties,  by  which  the 
Indian  title  to  the  lands  and  domain 
formerly  occupied  and  owned  by  these 
tribes  was  purchased,  or,  in  popular  phrase, 
"extinguished,"  were  the  following: 

1.  Treaty  of  Butte  des  Morts,  August 
11,1827,  with  Chippewas,  Menomonees,  and 
Winnebagoes.  Lewis  Cass  and  Thomas  L. 
McKinney,  U.S.  Commissioners. 

2.  Treaty  of  Green  Bay,  August  25, 
1828,  with  Winnebagoes,  Pottawattimees, 
Chippewas,  and  Ottawas.  Lewis  Cass  and 
Pierre  Menard,  Commissioners. 

3.  Treaty  of  Prairie  du  Chien,  August 
1,  1829,  with  Winnebagoes.  Gen.  Mc- 
Neil, Pierre  Menard,  and  Caleb  Atwater, 
Commissioners. 

4.  Treaty  of  Washington,  February  8, 

1831,  with  Menomonees.     John  H.  Eaton 
and  Samuel  C.  Stambaugh,  Commissioners. 

5.  Treaty  of  Fort  Armstrong,  September 
15,  1832,  with  Winnebagoes.  Gen.  Scott 
and  John  Reynolds,  Commissioners. 

6.  Treaty  of  Green   Bay,  October   27, 

1832,  with  Menomonees.   Gov.  George  B. 
Porter,  Commissioner. 

7.  Treaty  between  the  United  States 
and  the  Menomonee  Nation  of  Indians, 
concluded  at  "  Cedar  Point,"  on  the  Fox 
River,  near  Green  Bay,  on  1st  September, 
A.D.  1836.  Hon  Henry  Dodge,  then 
Governor  of  Wisconsin,  Commissioner  of 
the  United  States. 


8.  Treaty  between  the  United  States 
and  the  same  Tribe  of  Indians,  concluded 
at  "  Winneconnee,"  on  Lake  Winneconnee, 
near  Oshkosh,  in  November,  A.D.  1848. 
Hon.  William  Medill,  then  Commissioner 
of  Indian  Affairs,  Commissioner  of  the 
United  States. 

The  last  are  the  latest  and  most  impor- 
tant, as  by  them  the  largest  portion  of  the 
land  owned  by  the  "Menomonees"  was 
purchased  by  the  Government. 


Mr.  Crawford,  the  last  N.  S.  Loyal- 
ist.— Mr.  Archibald  Crawford,  who  died 
on  Monday  last  at  Musquodobolt  Harbor, 
in  the  101st  year  of  his  age,  was  a  native 
of  South  Carolina,  and  of  Scottish  parent- 
age. He  was  a  Loyalist,  and  witnessed 
the  first  American  Revolution ;  and  when 
that  great  revolution  was  consummated, 
young  Crawford  and  his  parents  made  the 
best  of  their  way  to  Nova  Scotia,  in  order 
to  preserve  their  allegiance  to  George  III. 
He  lived  for  many  years  on  the  Musquodo- 
bolt River,  near  Crawford's  Falls,  where 
his  hospitality  was  often  enjoyed  by 
travellers.  From  this  place  he  removed 
to  Porter's  Lake,  where  his  house  was 
always  the  home  of  Presbyterian  clergy- 
men officiating  there.  For  the  last  few 
years  he  lived  with  his  grandchildren  at 
Musquodobolt  Harbor.  His  wife,  who 
died  about  five  years  ago,  was  also  a  loyal- 
ist. Mr.  Crawford  was  probably  the  last 
of  the  Refugee  Loyalists  in  the  Province. 
He  had  a  clear  recollection  of  all  the 
stirring  times  when  the  great  Republic  first 
took  its  place  among  the  nations. — Halifax 
Reporter. 


Beltrami,  the  Discoverer  op  the 
Northern  Source  of  the  Mississippi. 
— On  the  morning  of  the  28th  of  August, 
1823,  Beltrami,  an  ardent  Italian,  with 
only  an  Indian  guide,  and  bois-brule 
voyageur,  by  way  of  the  Red  River  of  the 
north,  boldly  penetrated  to  the  extreme 
northern  sources  of  the  Mississippi,  which 
he  designated  as  the  "Julian"  sources,  in 
compliment  to  the  esteemed  Countess  of 
Albany.  In  the  journal  of  his  tour,  he 
also  describes  Lac  La  Biche,  or  Elk  Lake, 


180 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[May, 


now  poetically  rather  than  accurately 
designated  Itasca,  and  says:  "It  is  here, 
in  my  opinion,  we  shall  fix  the  western 
sources  of  the  Mississippi." 

This  discoverer,  so  little  known  to 
Americans,  was  born  in  Bergamo,  and  in 
1807  was  chancellor  in  one  of  the  districts 
of  Italy.  In  1812  he  went  to  Florence  and 
became  one  of  an  interesting  literary  circle 
in  that  city,  of  which  the  Countess  of 
Albany  was  a  prominent  member. 

Suspected  of  "  Carbonarism,"  he  became 
an  exile,  and  visited  France,  Germany, 
England,  the  United  States,  and  Mexico. 
Later  in  life  he  resided  for  several  years 
near  Heidelberg,  but  at  length  returned  to 
his  beloved  Italia,  and  died  at  Filotrant  in 
1855,  aged  seventy-five  years. 

Prominent  in  the  public  library  of 
Bergamo,  there  is  a  finely-executed  paint- 
ing representing  Beltrami  in  a  canoe, 
pushing  towards  the  sources  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. A  letter  just  received  from  Berga- 
mo, dated  February  11,  and  addressed  to 
a  gentleman  who  has  given  great  attention 
to  the  topography  of  the  Upper  Mississippi, 
and  now  on  duty  at  the  headquarters  of 
the  army,  states  that  the  city  of  Bergamo 
is  about  to  publish  a  biographical  notice  of 
Beltrami,  with  a  portrait,  and  that  the 
work  will  be  dedicated  to  the  Historical 
Society  of  Minnesota. 

This  society  of  the  most  northern  State 
in  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  has  become 
favorably  known  in  Europe,  through  the 
labors  of  its  members,  who  have  given  to 
the  world  the  "Dakota  Grammar  and 
Lexicon,"  issued  by  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion, and  one  of  the  largest  works  on  the 
language  of  the  aborigines  of  North 
America  ever  published,  and  also  by  vari- 
ous additions  to  the  topography  and 
history  of  the  region  west  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior, printed  in  its  own  Annals,  and  other 
historical  magazines. 


Origin  of  the  Name  Pennsylvania. — 
Being  moved  to  inquire  when,  and  from 
whom,  and  under  what  circumstances  the 
State  received  its  name,  we  consulted  Day's 
Historical  Collections  of  Pennsylvania,  a 
very  good  compilation,  and  found  only  this 


simple  memorandum:  "By  the  King's 
order,  much  against  Penn's  inclination,  the 
new  province  was  to  be  called  Pennsylva- 
nia, in  honor  of  the  services  of  his  illus- 
trious father."  No  particulars  were  given 
and  no  proof  of  the  statement  was  cited. 
We  opened  a  book  of  more  research,  and 
found  the  particulars  recorded,  with  the 
authority  given.  It  was  Hazard's  Annals 
of  Pennsylvania,  a  work  which  contains,  it 
is  believed,  the  only  authentic  and  circum- 
stantial account  of  the  naming  of  the  pro- 
vince on  record.  And  now  see  how  true 
is  history : 

Hazard  quotes  from  official  records  to 
show  that  when  the  privy  council  of  Charles 
submitted  to  him  the  draft  of  the  charter 
of  the  province,  "  there  being  a  blank  left 
for  the  name,  their  lordships  agree  to  leave 
the  nomination  of  it  to  the  King."  The 
day  after  the  charter  was  granted  to  Penn, 
he  wrote  a  letter  to  a  certain  Robert  Tur- 
ner, in  which  he  gives  the  particulars  of 
the  naming  of  his  province.  The  essential 
parts  of  that  letter  we  quote : 

"  *  *  *  Know  that  after  many  waitings, 
watchings,  solicitings,  and  disputes  in  council,  this 
day  my  country  was  confirmed  to  me  under  the  great 
seal  of  England,  with  large  powers  and  privileges,  by 
the  name  of  Pennsylvania,  a  name  the  King  would 
give  it  in  honor  of  my  father.  I  chose  New  Wales, 
being  a  pretty  hilly  country ;  but  Penn  being  Welsh 
for  a  head,  as  Penmanmoire  in  Wales,  and  Penrith  in 
Cumberland,  and  Penn  in  Buckinghamshire,  the  high- 
est land  in  England,  called  this  Pennsylvania,  which 
is  the  high  or  head  woodlands ;  for  I  proposed,  when 
the  Secretary,  a  Welshman,  refused  to  have  it  called 
New  Wales,  Sylvania,  and  they  added  Penn  to  it, 
and  though  I  much  opposed  it  and  went  to  the  King 
to  have  it  struck  out  and  altered,  he  said  it  was  past, 
and  would  take  it  upon  him ;  nor  could  twenty  guineas 
move  the  under-secretaries  to  vary  the  name,  for  I 
feared  lest  it  should  be  looked  on  as  a  vanity  in  me, 
and  not  as  a  respect  in  the  King,  as  it  truly  was,  to 
my  father,  whom  he  often  mentions  with  praise." 

Although  it  may  appear  irreverent  in  us 
to  say  so,  we  cannot  resist  the  temptation 
to  remark  that  the  great  Quaker  seems  to 
have  been  a  perfect  master  of  the  art  of 
"how  not  to  do  it."  At  first  sight  the 
reader  will  probably  conclude,  as  we  did, 
that  to  the  King  do  we  owe  the  whole  of 
the  name  of  our  State;  but  a  second  look 
will  convince  him  that  we  are  indebted  to 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


181 


1*01111  for  the  Sylvania  portion  of  it.  So 
much  seems  to  be  clear  and  unquestionable. 
Now,  from  whom  came  the  prefix  Pennf 
That  is  not  so  clear.  Penn  having  at  first 
stated  with  much  positiveness  that  "the 
King  would  give"  to  the  province  "the 
name  of  Pennsylvania,''  and  having  sub- 
sequently stated  that  he  proposed  Sylva- 
nia, Ave  naturally  hesitate  to  receive  the 
remainder  of  his  statement  without  a  care- 
ful analysis  of  its  meaning.  Failing  to 
obtain  the  adoption  of  the  name  of  New 
Wales,  Penn,  as  we  have  seen,  proposed 
Sylvania,  and  immediately  afterwards  re- 
marks that  "they  added  Penn  to  it."  To 
whom  does  the  term  "  they  "  refer  ?  There 
are  three  considerations  which  point  to  the 
secretary  and  his  assistants  as  the  persons 
meant.  First,  if  Penn  had  meant  the 
King  it  is  to  be  presumed  that  he  would 
have  said  so ;  secondly,  the  term  is  plural, 
not  singular ;  thirdly,  Penn  offered  to  bribe 
the  uncler-secretaries  to  omit  the  prefix, 
which  he  would  hardly  have  done  if  the 
King  had  ordered  it  to  be  inserted.  So 
far  the  evidence  points  from  the  King. 
But  Penn  does  not  forget  himself,  and 
straightway  proceeds  to  give  evidence  on 
the  other  side — "  for  I  feared  lest  it  should 
be  looked  on  as  a  vanity  in  me,  and  not  as 
a  respect  in  the  King,  as  it  truly  was,  to 
my  father."  And  this  is  the  history  of 
the  naming  of  our  State.  That  the  King's 
privy  council,  in  submitting  to  his  majesty 
the  draft  of  the  charter  of  the  province, 
left  to  him  the  selection  of  a  name  there- 
for, Hazard  expressly  states  and  proves 
before  giving  the  Turner  letter ;  but  that 
the  King  exercised  the  privilege  is  not 
proved  from  that  letter,  nor  from  anything 
else  in  Hazard's  book. 

We  add  a  remark  or  two  appropriate  to 
the  general  subject.  Inappropriate  and 
uneuphonious  as  would  have  been  the  name 
by  which  Penn  first  proposed  to  call  our 
State — namely,  New  Wales— there  was 
nevertheless  ample  precedent  for  its  use. 
The  impulse  to  prefix  new  to  the  names  of 
provinces  and  towns  was  a  strong  one  with 
our  colonial  forefathers.  There  were  New 
England,  New  Netherlands,  New  Amster- 
dam, New  York,  New  Jersey,  New  Swe- 


den, etc.  Why  not  New  Wales  and  New 
Welshmen ! 

The  charter  of  the  province  of  Pennsyl- 
vania Avas  granted  to  AVilliam  Penn  in  con- 
sideration of  a  debt  of  £16,000  due  by  the 
King  to  his  father  at  the  time  of  his  death. 
Sir  William  Penn,  the  father,  had  been  an 
admiral  of  distinction  in  the  British  navy 
and  a  warm  personal  friend  of  his  majesty. 
The  son,  therefore,  in  reality  paid  nothing 
out  of  his  own  pocket,  as  we  say,  for  his 
province,  except  the  sum  it  cost  him  to 
make  the  Elm-Tree  treaty. 

Penn's  fears  that  the  name  of  Pennsyl- 
vania would  be  attributed  to  a  desire  on 
his  part  to  perpetuate  his  own  name  in 
that  of  his  province,  have  been  realized  in 
the  popular  opinion  of  the  day.  But  how 
many  pioneers  of  civilization  who  build 
towns  and  found  cities  in  these  latter  days 
— there  are  no  longer  any  provinces  to  be 
chartered — reflect  the  modesty  of  William 
Penn ! 


The  Late  Thaddeus  Morrice,  the 
Speaker's  Page. — No  one  who  has  been 
accustomed  to  attend  the  sessions  of  Con- 
gress during  the  past  fifteen  years  has 
failed  to  notice  at  the  right  of  the  Speaker 
a  tall,  slim,  pale-faced,  bright-looking  lad, 
who  gradually  grew  up  into  manhood,  and 
still  retained  his  position  and  title,  which 
was  that  of"  Speaker's  page."  No  matter 
what  party  was  in  power  in  Congress, 
Thad.  Morrice  was  retained.  Every  new 
Speaker  found  him  an  almost  indispensable 
assistant.  Standing  just  at  the  Speaker's 
elbow,  with  his  arm  leaning  upon  the  desk 
and  his  chin  resting  upon  his  hand,  which 
was  between  the  Speaker  and  the  audience, 
in  that  attitude  of  whispering  to  the 
Speaker,  the  faithful  Thaddeus  has  stood 
during  many  sessions  of  Congress,  the 
prompter  of  Boyd,  Banks,  Orr,  Penning- 
ton, Grow,  and  Colfax.  It  is  said  he  knew 
more  of  parliamentary  law  than  any  man 
in  America.  And  he  knew  every  member 
of  the  House  in  all  these  Congresses ;  it 
was  his  special  business  to  know  them. 
No  Speaker  could  get  along  without  such 
an  assistance  at  first.  When  Pennington 
was   Speaker   a  good   portion  of  all  the 


182 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[May, 


words  he  uttered  were  literally  put  into 
his  ear  by  Thad.  He  did  not  know  one- 
quarter  of  the  members  even  by  sight,  and 
was  sadly  deficient  in  parliamentary  law. 
When  any  member  arose  he  would,  say, 
"the  gentleman  from,"  generally  without 
the  least  idea  what  State  he  was  to  name, 
but  so  prompt  was  Thad.  to  give  it,  and  so 
unobserved,  in  doing  so,  that  not  one  in  a 
hundred  who  was  not  cognisant  of  the  pro- 
cess would  imagine  but  what  Pennington 
knew  all  the  members.  And  many  and 
many  a  time  the  old  man  would  commence 
the  statement  of  a  question,  not  knowing 
how  he  was  to  finish  his  sentence,  which 
was  furnished  and  finished  by  the  youthful 
parliamentarian  at  his  elbow. 


Old  House  in  Boston. — One  of  the 
most  noted  landmarks  in  our  city  is  about 
to  disappear.  The  ancient  building  which 
has  stood  for  nearly  one  hundred  and  fifty 
years  at  the  corner  of  Water  and  Washing- 
ton streets,  is  doomed.  Workmen  are  now 
at  work  upon  it,  and  it  is  to  be  taken 
down,  and  in  a  few  days  it  will  be  num- 
bered with  the  things  that  were.  It  is 
without  doubt  the  oldest  building  now 
standing  in  its  original  state  on  Washing- 
ton street,  it  having  been  built  in  1715-16. 
Its  dilapidated  condition  at  the  present 
time  renders  it  an  event  not  to  be  regretted, 
except  by  a  certain  few,  who  in  their  zeal 
for  the  preservation  of  the  monuments  of 
the  past,  seem  to  forget  what  is  due  to  the 
present  age.  If  such  persons  could  always 
have  had  their  way,  what  a  queer  place 
Boston  would  be  now!  There  are  reminiscen- 
ces relating  to  this  old  building  and  its  asso- 
ciations with  the  newspaper  press  in  this  city, 
as  well  as  with  the  printing  business  gene- 
rally, that  may  not  be  uninteresting. 

The  estate  formerly  belonged  to  one 
Enoch  Greenleaf,  saddler,  who,  in  1709, 
owned  seventy-one  feet  on  Washington 
street,  north  of  Water  street,  and  included 
the  site  of  the  Journal  building  that  now 
is,  and  that  now  occupied  by  Whittemore's 
book  store. 

In  April,  1716,  Greenleaf  sold  this  estate, 
measuring  twenty-four  feet  on  Oornhill 
street,  as   it  was  then   called,  to   Thomas 


Debuke,  for  £800.  Debuhe  was  a  butcher, 
and  had  for  a  long  time  occupied  part  of 
the  premises — his  slaughter-house  was  in 
the  rear.  In  June,  same  year,  he  mort- 
gaged it  to  John  Cutler,  surgeon,  for  £400 
— including  in  the  description  "  my  new 
built  messuage^  <&c.  This  fixes  the  date 
of  the  erection.  In  front  it  was  used  as  a 
butcher*  s-shop,  by  Mr.  Debuke  ;  and  for  a 
long  time  after  his  death  a  ponderous  hook 
and  staple  were  to  be  seen  affixed  to  one 
of  the  principal  beams,  upon  which  it  was 
said  he  used  to  hang  his  slaughtered  cattle. 
He  resided  there  till  his  death.  In  1731 
it  was  sold  by  his  heirs,  Thomas  and 
Jemima  Debuke,  to  James  JBowdoin,  for 
"  £1200  good  public  bills  of  credit" — he  to 
assume  the  payment  of  a  mortgage  of  £460 
to  one  John  Valentine. 

In  June,  1744,  Bowdoin  sold  the  estate 
to  Thomas  Fleet,  for  £650,  lawful  money, 
equal  to  $2167  67.  Mr  Fleet  was  a  printer, 
and  had  formerly  carried  on  his  business  in 
Pudding  lane,  now  Devonshire  street. 
He  had,  however,  occupied  these  premises 
as  a  tenant  since  1731.  He  had  designated 
the  building  as  the  " Heart  and  Crown" 
in  Cornhill — the  emblems  of  which  were 
displayed  from  the  outer  walls.  This  was 
a  common  practice  in  those  days,  the  streets 
not  bein^  numbered.  "The  Three  Kings" 
—'•The  Three  Nuns"— The  Three  Fans" 
— and  the  " Brazen  Head"  were  all  in  the 
immediate  vicinity. 

The  printing  office  was  located  in  the 
upper  rooms  of  the  building ;  the  front 
chamber  was  fitted  up  as  a  "  Vendue"  or 
auction-room,  and  was  used  for  that  purpose 
many  years  ;  and  on  the  lower  floor  was  a 
bookstore;  while  his  family  occupied  the 
other  parts  of  the  house. 

For  more  than  forty  years  a  weekly 
newspaper  was  issued  from  this  place.  The 
first  was  the  "  Weekly  Rehearsal,"  the 
fifth  newspaper  established  in  Boston  ;  the 
first  number,  dated  "Monday,  September 
27,  1731,"  and  "printed  by  J.  Draper,  for 
the  Author."  The  Author  was  Jeremy 
Gridley,  a  young  man  of  fine  literary 
acquirements,  who,  in  after  life,  attained  to 
great  distinction  in  the  Province.  The 
paper  was  more  than  half  filled  with  moral 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


183 


and  entertaining  essays,  which  were  good 
specimens  of  the  kind  of  writing  that  was 
popular  in  the  times  of  the  "  Tatler," 
"  Guardian"  and  " Spectator?"*  It  did 
not  succeed,  however,  according  to  his 
wishes,  and  he  soon  retired  from  the 
concern,  and  in  1733  it  fell  into  the  hands 
of  Thomas  Fleet,  who  had  for  some  time 
been  the  printer,  and  was  interested  in  the 
publication.  He  now  became  sole  proprie- 
tor. The  "  Rehearsal "  was  continued  by 
him  till  August,  1735,  when  its  publication 
was  brought  to  a  close — to  be  succeeded 
by  "  The  Boston  Evening  Post"  of  which 
Mr.  Fleet  was  sole  editor  and  proprietor 
as  well  as  printer  and  publisher.  The 
Evening  Post  soon  became  the  most  popu- 
lar of  the  Boston  newspapers,  and  was 
conducted  in  an  able  and  independent 
manner. 

Mr.  Fleet  was  a  man  of  more  than  ordi- 
nary talent,  well  versed  in  the  ways  of  the 
world,  and  of  great  wit  and  humor ;  of 
these  he  frequently  furnished  specimens  in 
editorial  paragraphs  and  advertisements. 
He  was  also  well  able  to  defend  himself  in 
any  controversy  in  which  he  was  engaged, 
whether  secular  or  religious,  as  the  co- 
lumns of  his  paper  abundantly  testify. 

He  died  in  July,  1758,  in  the  seventy- 
third  year  of  his  age.  The  Evening  Post 
was  continued  by  his  sons,  Thomas  and 
John  Fleet,  and  conducted  with  equal 
ability  till  April,  1775,  when  it  was  discon- 
tinued by  order  of  General  Howe.  As  all 
insignia  of  royalty  had  become  unpopular 
at  this  time,  the  Crown  was  stricken  from 
their  sign  and  the  Bible  put  in  its  place ; 
and  the  "  Bible  and  Heart "  soon  became 
equally  as  well  known  as  the  "  Heart  and 
Crown"  previously  had  been.  The  printing 
business  generally  was  also  carried  on  by 
them,  and  of  which  they  had  always  enjoyed 
a  large  share.  For  more  than  twenty 
years,  from  1779  to  1801,  "Fleet's  Pocket 
Almanac  and  Register" — a  very  useful 
manual  of  nearly  two  hundred  pages — was 
compiled  and  published  by  them,  and  met 
with  extensive  sales.  It  afterwards  passed 
into  the  hands  of  Manning  and  Loring,  and 
John  West. 

Thomas  Fleet,  the  son,  died  in  1797, 


aged  65  years.  He  was  never  married. 
John  Fleet  died  in  1806,  aged  72,  leaving 
several  children;  one  of  them,  Thomas 
Fleet,  a  printer,  was  connected  in  business 
with  his  father,  but  relinquished  it  soon 
after  his  father's  death,  or  in  1809,  when 
the  family  vacated  the  premises  and  re- 
moved to  another  location.  Thus,  for  a 
period  of  seventy-eight  years,  the  Fleets, 
father,  sons  and  grandson,  conducted  the 
printing  business  in  this  same  venerable 
building,  well  known  in  times  past  as  the 
"  Heart  and  Crown"  and  the  "  Bible  and 
Heart F  in  Cornhill,  but  now  known  simply 
as  the  corner  of  Water  and  Washington 
streets.  The  estate  is  still  in  possession  of 
the  family. 

Until  a  few  years,  comparatively,  it 
continued  to  be  used  as  a  dwelling  by 
many  families,  and  for  various  kinds  of 
business  down  to  the  present  time ;  but  no 
one  person  has  occupied  the  premises  so 
long  as  to  have  become  identified  with  the 
building,  or  the  building  with  them. 
Although  it  has  stood  so  many  years,  it 
seems  to  have  undergone  no  material 
alteration  in  its  outward  appearance,  and 
may  therefore  be  considered  a  fair  speci- 
men of  the  style  of  building  a  century  and 
a  half  ago.  The  walls  appear  frail,  and  in 
danger  of  falling,  and  have  more  than  once 
been  complained  of  to  the  city  govern- 
ment,— but  examination  by  competent 
persons  appointed  for  the  purpose  has 
resulted  each  time  in  the  opinion  that  they 
were  as  firm  as  when  first  built ;  the  proof 
of  this,  however,  will  be  ascertained  in  a 
few  days. 

A  new  structure  will  soon  rise  upon  the 
site,  and  being  from  plans  drawn  and  under 
the  superintendence  of  B.  F.  Dwight,  Esq., 
the  well  known  architect,  is  a  sufficient 
guaranty  that  it  will  be  worthy  the  location, 
an  ornament  to  the  city,  and  an  honor  to 
all  parties  concerned. — Boston  Transcript. 

How  Tecumseh  was  Killed.— The 
Western  Christian  Advocate  recently  con- 
tained an  obituary  notice  of  Isaac  Ham- 
blin,  Sen.,  who  died  at  his  residence,  near 
Bloomfield,  Ind.,  a  few  months  since,  aged 
about  eighty-six  years.     Mr.  Hamblin  was 


184 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[May, 


a  man  of  deep  piety  and  unquestionable 
veracity.  He  was  in  the  battle  of  the 
Thames,  and  the  writer  gives  the  following 
as  his  statement  in  regard  to  the  manner 
in  which  Tecumseh  was  killed : 

He  says  he  was  standing  but  a  few  feet 
from  Colonel  Johnson  when  he  fell,  and  in 
full  view,  and  saw  the  whole  of  that  part 
of  the  battle.  He  was  well  acquainted 
with  Tecumseh,  having  seen  him  before 
the  war,  and  having  been  a  prisoner  seven- 
teen days,  and  received  many  a  cursing 
from  him.  He  thinks  that  Tecumseh 
thought  Johnson  was  Harrison,  as  he  often 
heard  the  chief  swear  he  would  have 
Harrison's  scalp,  and  seemed  to  have  a 
special  hatred  towards  him.  Johnson's 
horse  fell  under  him,  himself  being  also 
deeply  wounded;  in  the  fall  he  lost  his 
sword,  his  large  pistols  were  empty,  and 
he  was  entangled  with  his  horse  on  the 
ground.  Tecumseh  had  fired  his  rifle  at 
him,  and  when  he  saw  him  fall,  he  threw 
down  his  gun  and  bounded  forward  like  a 
tiger,  sure  of  his  prey.  Johnson  had  only 
a  side  pistol  ready  for  use.  He  aimed  at 
the  chief  over  the  head  of  the  horse,  and 
shot  him  near  the  centre  of  his  forehead. 
When  the  ball  struck  it  seemed  to  him 
that  the  Indian  jumped  with  his  head  full 
fifteen  feet  into  the  air.  As  soon  as  he 
struck  the  ground  a  little  Frenchman  ran 
his  bayonet  into  him,  and  pinned  him  fast 
to  the  ground. 


An  Eaely  Canal  (vol.  viii.  p.  114). — 
Worthington,  in  his  History  of  Dedham, 
p.  12,  gives  the  following  account  of  a 
canal  constructed  soon  after  the  settlement 
of  the  Massachusetts  Colony.  If  his  state- 
ments are  to  be  relied  upon,  this  canal  was 
dusj   about  a  century  before  that  in  the 


County  of   Orange,  N.  Y.,  mentioned  in 
your  March  number. 

"  About  a  quarter  of  a  mile  north  of  the 
new  Court-House  in  Dedham,  Mother 
Brook  starts  out  of  Charles  River  and 
runs  in  a  proper  and  direct  course  round 
the  highlands  near  the  village,  and  then,  at 
the  only  place  where  it  could  find  a  pass- 
age, goes  easterly  and  joins  the  Nepouset 
River,  forming  in  its  course  between  the 


two  rivers  five  mill  seats  of  great  value. 
This  stream,  thus  leaving  its  principal  bed 
and  running  off  to  join  a  neighboring 
stream,  has  been  represented  as  a  natural 
curiosity  ;  at  least  the  inhabitants  have  no 
knowledge  of  its  having  been  caused  by 
them.  When  I  discovered  the  record  of 
its  being  an  artificial  work,  a  natural  but 
groundless  fear  was  excited  that  it  would 
do  harm  to  publish  the  truth  concerning  it. 
Abraham  Shaw  had  been  encouraged  to 
build  a  water  mill  in  the  first  year  of  the 
settlement,  and  a  committee  was  appointed 
to  designate  the  place.  Shaw  soon  after 
died,  but  the  committee  suggested  the 
measure  of  forming  this  new  stream,  which 
is  recorded  in  these  words : 

'28th  day,  1st  month,  1639.  Ordered 
that  a  ditch  shall  be  dug  at  common 
charge,  through  upper  Charles  Meadow 
into  East  Brook,  that  it  may  both  be  a 
partition  fence  in  the  same,  and  also  may 
form  a  suitable  course  into  a  water  mill, 
that  it  shall  be  found  fitting  to  set  a  mill 
upon  in  the  opinion  of  a  workman  to  be 
employed  for  that  purpose.' 

"  The  water-mill  was  soon  after  built,  as 
we  shall  see  hereafter.  The  source  of  East 
Brook  was  more  than  one  hundred  yards 
east  of  the  Norfolk  and  Bristol  Turnpike, 
where  it  crosses  the  stream.  At  this  point 
a  curious  observer  may  "see  the  truth  of 
this  account  in  the  original  state  of  the 
ground ;  he  will  in  vain  seek  for  any  natu- 
ral bed  of  this  stream.  In  addition  to  this 
evidence,  the  tradition  of  cutting  the  canal 
for  this  stream  has  been  preserved  in  one 
family,  which,  from  fear  of  consequences, 
has  refrained  from  divulging  the  fact." 

I  remember  hearing,  several  years  ago,  a 
gentleman  well  versed  in  the  history  of 
Dedham,  Mass.,  express  strong  doubts  of 
Mother  Brook  being  an  artificial  work,  but 
do  not  recollect  his  reasons.  The  subject 
is  certainly  worth  investigating. 

Boston. 


QUERIES. 
House  where  Hamilton  died. — "The 
house  in  which  General  Alexander  Hamil- 


18G4.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


185 


ton  breathed  his  last  is  still  standing  on 
the  north-west  corner  of  Eighth  Avenue 
and  Eighteenth  street." — Evening  Post, 
March  25th. 

Is  not  this  an  error  ? 

A  large  modern  edifice  now  occupies 
the  whole  of  that  corner.  On  the  north- 
east corner  is  a  house  with  modern  brick 
front,  while  the  main  body  of  the  building 
is  evidently  of  a  much  more  ancient  con- 
struction. But  it  has  been  generally 
understood  that  Hamilton  was  taken  from 
the  boat  which  bore  him  from  Weehawken, 
to  the  house  of  his  friend,  William  Bayard, 
where  he  died.  Did  not  Mr.  Bayard  live 
at  or  near  the  foot  of  the  present  Thirteenth 
street  ? 


Alsop,  Boerum,  Haring,  Low. — Can 
any  reader  give  me  information  respecting 
the  living  descendants  of  the  late  John 
Alsop,  Simon  Boerum,  John  Haring,  or 
Isaac  Low,  who  represented  this  State  in 
the  Continental  Congress — their  names, 
present  addresses,  &c. 

Albany. 


Mayor  John  Whistler. — Where  can 
I  find  a  fuller  account  of  this  officer  than 
the  necessarily  brief  statements  of  facts 
given  by  Gardiner  in  his  dictionary  of  the 
army  ?  h.  j.  r. 


KEPLIES. 

Henry  Francisco. — (vol.  viii.  p.  78.) 
His.  Mag.,  Feb.  1864.— An  intelligent 
resident  of  this  city  states,  that  one 
"  Francisco"  held  the  plough  at  one  of 
the  first  agricultural  fairs  in  Washington 
County,  N.  Y.,  about  the  year  1820,  and 
was  there  spoken  of  as  "  the  oldest  man  in 
America." 

The  same  informant  adds,  that  in 
November,  1824,  he  became  slightly  ac- 
quainted with  a  Mr.  Francisco  Tyler,  of 
one  of  the  Masonic  Lodges  in  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  who,  during  a  brief  conversation, 
informed  him  that  he  was  the  youngest 
son  of  Henry  Francisco,  of  or  near  White- 
hall, N.  Y.,  and  that  his  father  was  then 
deceased. 

HIST.  MAG.      VOL.  VIII.  24' 


The  records  of  the  agricultural  fair  re- 
ferred to,  as  also  inquiries  at  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  may  throw  some  light  upon  the 
American  patriarch  of  the  nineteenth 
century. 

Chicago. 


A  Statue  on  the  Battery,  New 
York. — (vol.  viii.  p.  154). — I  recollect 
having  seen  an  equestrian  statue  of  Wash- 
ington or  Jackson  on  the  Battery  about 
twenty-five  years  ago,  but  if  memory  serves, 
it  was  a  plaster  model.  It  remained  there 
some  time,  until  sharpshooting  youth  be- 
came too  daring  or  expert  for  its  safety.  I 
think  one  knocked  off"  the  index  finger  point- 
ing to  victory  or  in  a  better  direction. 

Anchor. 


Sumtm  Ritir  tljeir  |rjrcnMngf« 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

The  Massachusetts  Historical  Society. — 
Boston,  April  14. — The  annual  meeting  of  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society  was  held  on  the 
14th,  the  President,  Hon.  Eobert  C.  Winthrop, 
in  the  chair.  The  attendance  was  uncommonly 
large.  The  President,  at  the  conclusion  of  the 
usual  monthly  business,  thus  referred  to  the  pro- 
posed Shakspeare  commemoration ; 

You  will  hardly  need  to  be  reminded,  gentle- 
men, that  you  are  now  wTithin  a  few  days  of  the 
great  Tercentenary  Commemoration  of  the  birth- 
day of  Shakspeare  ;  and  though  our  society  has 
made  no  arrangements  for  any  formal  observance 
of  the  day,  we  can  none  of  us  be  insensible  to 
the  interest  of  the  occasion. 

It  is  eminently  appropriate  that  the  principal 
celebration  of  the  event  should  take  place  in  the 
land  and  on  the  spot  where  it  occurred ;  and  we 
shall  look  eagerly  for  the  reports  of  what  shall  be 
said  and  done  at  Stratford-upon-Avon  on  the 
successive  days  which  have  been  designated  for 
the  commemoration.  Our  own  land  is,  unhap- 
pily, hardly  in  a  condition  for  engaging  in  the 
festivities  of  such  an  anniversary  with  all  the  zeal 
and  heartiness  it  is  so  well  calculated  to  excite. 
Yet  we  all  feel  that  it  might  well  become  us  to 
take  a  part  in  the  jubilee.  We  all  feel  that,  as 
the  descendants  of  English  ancestors  who  were 


186 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[May 


cotemporary  with  Shakspeare,  we  have  a  full 
share  both  in  the  large  inheritance  of  his  fame, 
and  in  the  world's  great  debt  to  his  memory. 

We  do  not  forget  that  he  had  finished  his  mar- 
vellous work,  and  gone  to  his  rest  four  years 
before  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  landed  at  Plymouth 
Rock ;  fourteen  years  before  the  Massachusetts 
Company  embarked  at  Southampton. 

We  do  not  forget  that  it  was  the  wreck  of  Sir 
George  Somers  in  the  Bermudas  in  1609,  when 
on  his  way  to  Virginia  for  the  settlement  of  an 
American  Colony,  which  suggested  the  scene  and 
some  of  the  most  striking  incidents  for  that  one 
of  his  dramas  which  stands  first  in  his  printed 
volumes,  and  which,  for  the  sublimity  of  its  con- 
ceptions and  the  exquisite  beauty  of  its  language, 
is  second  to  nothing  which  he  ever  wrote. 

It  is  interesting  to  us  to  remember,  too,'  that 
the  son  of  the  same  Earl  of  Southampton,  who 
was  Shakspeare's  earliest  patron  and  especial 
friend,  and  to  whom  he  dedicated  his  first  poem, 
was  among  the  best  friends  of  some  of  our  own 
New  England  colonies. 

But,  above  all,  we  cannot  forget  the  inexhaust- 
ible wealth  which  Shakspeare  has  contributed 
to  that  English  Literature,  which,  down  to  the 
period  of  our  National  Independence,  certainly, 
we  have  a  right  to  speak  of  as  our  literature,  and 
to  that  English  language,  which,  thank  Heaven, 
is  ours,  and  will  be  ours  for  ever. 

Nor  can  we  fail,  as  an  Historical  Society,  toj 
remember  Shakspeare  as  an  historian  as  well; 
as  a  dramatist  and  poet.  The  original  title  of 
his  collected  works,  as  published  successively  in 
1623,  1632,  1664,  and  1685,  was  "Mr.  WiUiam 
Shakspeare's  Comedies,  Histories,  and  Tra- 
gedies." And  what  historian  has  ever  done  so 
much  as  he  to  give  life  and  individuality  to  the 
great  characters  which  he  portrays,  or  to  make 
the  events  which  he  describes  familiar  as  house- 
hold words  for  ever?  It  may  be  that  he  was  not 
always  exact  in  following  the  old  chronicles  of 
Hollinshed,  or  that  he  may  have  sometimes  in- 
dulged a  poetic  license  in  dressing  his  figures  for 
the  stage.  Yet  no  one  will  doubt  that  the 
common  mind  of  the  last  two  centuries  has  owed 
its  most  vivid  impressions — I  had  almost  said  its 
only  impressions — of  the  Richards  and  the 
Henries,  of  Macbeth  and  Hamlet,  of  King  Lear 
and  King  John — to  say  nothing  of  Julius  Caesar 
and  Mark  Antony — to  the  historical  dramas  ol 
Shakspeare. 

Unhappily  he  that  has  given  us  so  many  grand 
delineations  of  others  has  left  but  few  records  oi 
himself.  Even  the  day  of  his  birth,  which  is 
about  to  be  celebrated,  is  but  a  matter  of  infer- 
ence ;  it  is  only  known,  certainly,  as  the  day  of 
his  death.     We  know  the  date  of  his  baptism 


born  and  where  he  was  buried.  We  know  that 
he  married  Anne  Hathaway,  and  had  three 
children.  We  know  that  he  went  to  London, 
wrote  plays,  and  helped  to  perform  them  at  the 
Globe  and  the  Blackfryers.  We  know  that  he 
returned  to  Stratford-upon-Avon,  made  a  will, 
"  commending  his  soul  into  the  hands  of  God  his 
creator,  hoping  and  assuredly  believing,  through 
the  only  merits  of  Jesus  Christ  his  Saviour,  to  be 
made  partaker  of  life  everlasting,"  and  soon 
afterwards  died  at  fifty-two  years  of  age. 

Almost  every  thing  else  is  inference,  conjecture, 
uncertain  tradition.  And  so  it  happens  that  we 
know  least  of  him  of  whom  we  should  all  desire 
to  know  most.  Not  one  familiar  letter,  not  one 
authentic  conversation,  hardly  a  domestic  inci- 
dent. Only  three  or  four  known  autographs, 
and  those  but  signatures.  Not  a  scrap  of  his 
original  manuscript,  a  single  line  of  which  would 
outsell  the  collected  autographs  of  all  the  mon- 
archs  of  the  world ;  not  a  scrap  of  those  priceless 
manuscripts,  though  the  players  must  have  had 
them  all  when  they  said,  in  their  preface  to  the 
first  edition  of  his  works,  that  °  his  mind  and 
hand  went  together ;  and  that  what  he  thought 
he  uttered  with  that  easiness  that  we  have  scarce 
received  from  him  a  blot  in  his  papers." 

And  this  brings  before  us  a  fact  most  import- 
ant to  his  character.  We  know  that  so  insensible 
was  he  to  the  worth  of  his  own  writings,  or  so 
indifferent  to  their  fate,  that  he  never  collected 
or  revised  them  for  publication,  and  that  it  was 
seven  years  after  his  death  before  they  entered 
upon  that  world-wide  career  of  immortality 
which  the  press  and  the  stage,  the  art  and  the 
literature  of  almost  every  land  beneath  the  sun, 
have  since  united  to  secure  for  them,  and  which 
they  seem  destined  to  enjoy,  generation  after 
generation,  age  after  age,  above  all  other  writings 
except  the  Holy  Scriptures. 

Nor  would  we  willingly  forget  that  the  only 
epithets  coupled  with  his  name  by  his  cotem- 
poraries  and  friends  were,  "  Our  gentle  Shak- 
speare " — "  Our  worthy  Shakspeare  " — "  Our 
beloved  Shakspeare." 

But  it  is  not  my  purpose,  gentlemen — even 
were  it  in  my  power — to  forestall  the  eloquent 
eulogies  which  will  be  pronounced  on  the  great 
English  Dramatist,  at  home  and  abroad,  during 
the  approaching  Commemoration  Week.  I  only 
designed  by  these  few  remarks  to  prepare  the 
way  for  the  following  resolution,  which  your 
Standing  Committee  have  authorized  me  to  sub- 
mit for  your  adoption : 

Resolved,  By  the  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society,  that  in  view  of  the  near  approach  of  the 
Tercentenary  Commemoration  of  the  birthday 
of  Shakspeare,  we  gladly  avail  ourselves  of  the 


and  of  his  funeral.    We  know  where  he  was  opportunity  afforded  us  by  this,  our  Seventy- 


1SG4] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


187 


third  Annual  Meeting,  to  enter  upon  our  records  We  have,  happily,  changed  all  that.  People 
an  expression  of  profound  reverence  for  the  j  who  reside  here  begin  to  own  Brooklyn,  feel 
genius  of  that  marvellous  man;  of  our  gratitude  proud  of  it,  and  try  to  improve  it.     One  of  the 


to  God  for  the  matchless  gifts  with  which  he 
was  endowed  for  the  instruction  and  delight  of 
mankind  ;  of  our  deep  sense  of  the  inexhaustible 
riches  which  his  writings  have  added  to  the 
literature  and  the  language  which  were  the  birth- 
right of  our  fathers,  and  which  are  ours  by  in- 
heritance ;  and  of  our  hearty  sympathy  with  all 
those,  whether  in  Old  England,  in  our  own 
country,  or  in  any  other  part  of  the  world,  who 
shall  unite  in  celebrating  so  memorable  a  nativity. 
The  resolution  was  unanimously  adopted. 
The  reports  of  the  Standing  Committee,  the 
Librarian,  and  the  Treasurer  were  read. 

After  the  transaction  of  some  private  business 
the  following  gentlemen  were  elected  officers  for 
the  ensuing  year: — 

President,  Hon.  Robert  C.  Winthrop,  LL.D.  ; 
Vice-Presidents,  Jared  Sparks,  LL.D.,  Colonel 
Thomas  Aspinwall,  A.M. ;  Recording  Secretary, 
Charles  Deane,  A.M.  (in  place  of  Rev.  Chandler 
Robbins)  ;  Corresponding  Secretary,  Rev.  Chan- 
dler Robbins,  D.D.  (in  place  of  Joseph  Willard 
who  declined  a  re-election) ;  Treasurer,  Hon 
Richard  Frothingham,  A.M. ;  Librarian,  Thomas 
C.  Amory,  jr.,  A.M.  (in  place  of  Dr.  Nathaniel 
B.  Shurtleff,  who  declined  a  re-election)  ;  Cabinet 
Keeper,  Samuel  A.  Green,  M.D. ;  Standing  Com- 
mittee, William  G.  Brooks,  esq.,  Rev.  George  E. 
Ellis,  D.D.,  Horace  Gray,  jr.,  A.M.,  Charles  E. 
Norton,  A.M.,  Rev.  Edward  E.  Hale,  A.M. 


NEW  YORK. 

Long  Island  Historical  Society. — A  Sketch 
of  its  Origin,  Progress,  and  Position.  Ten  years 
ago  it  was  justly  said  of  Brooklyn  that  it  was 
merely  a  dormitory  for  New  York  business  men. 
Thousands  of  residents  of  Brooklyn  —  citizens 
of  Brooklyn  they  could  not  be  called,  for 
they  exercised  none  of  the  most  cherished  pri- 
vileges of  citizenship  here — knew  and  cared 
nothing  about  our  local  affairs,  took  no  in- 
terest in  local  institutions,  except  their  own 
churches.  Brooklyn  was  called  the  City  01 
Churches  probably  because  it  had  no  other  insti- 
tutions. Something  had  been  done  for  the  cause 
of  education,  but  that  had  its  origin  in  a  charita- 
ble bequest,  and  was  not  an  evidence  of  public 
spirit.  We  had  a  few  scattered  literary  socie- 
ties, which  lingered  along  in  a  feeble  condition  ,, 
no  place  of  public  amusement ;  a  lecture-room,  ( 
and  a  second  rate  ball-room  or  two,  limited  our 
facilities  for  providing  anything  else  in  the  shape 
of  a  public  entertainment. 


consequences  of  this  change  has  been  the  esta- 
blishment of  various  institutions  which  enhance 
the  attractions  of  our  city  as  a  place  of  residence 
for  persons  of  taste  and  culture.  Our  present 
object  is  to  sketch  the  most  recent  of  these  insti- 
tutions, the  Long  Island  Historical  Society.  The 
growth  of  this  Society  has  been  remarkable ;  any 
person  stepping  into  its  well  furnished  rooms, 
looking  through  the  amply  stocked  library  and 
museum,  not  acquainted  with  the  facts,  would 
scarcely  believe  that  this  Society  is  hardly  a  year 
old. 

The  first  movement  towards  the  formation  of 
this  Society  was  the  issuing  of  a  circular  dated 
Feb.  14,  1863,  which  says:  "The  time  has  ar- 
rived when  the  city  of  Brooklyn  should  found 
and  foster  institutions — religious,  historical,  lite- 
rary, scientific,  educational,  and  humanitarian — 
beyond  the  scope  of  former  undertakings.  As 
one  of  these,  a  Historical  Society,  associated  with 
our  peculiar  geographical  position,  naturally  sug- 
gests itself."  The  details  of  the  proposed  Soci- 
ety are  more  fully  set  forth  as  follows :  To  call 
out  the  recollections  of  the  living,  who  will  soon 
pass  away,  drawing  public  records  and  private 
writings  from  their  concealment,  having  a  fit 
place  for  the  collection  and  deposit  of  trophies, 
medals,  and  historic  materials,  and  also  for  con- 
versations and  lectures  upon  historic  subjects,  it 
cannot  be  doubted  that  much  valuable  know- 
ledge will  be  saved  and  communicated  which 
would  otherwise  be  lost. 

This  call  was  signed  by  representatives  of  the 
three  counties  on  the  Island,  gentlemen  whose 
names  had  been  long  identified  with  our  public 
institutions  and.  had  contributed  to  their  success. 
The  first  meeting  was  held  in  the  Hamilton 
Buildings,  corner  of  Court  and  Joralemon  streets; 
it  was  well  attended,  and  there  was  a  deep  inter- 
est manifested  in  the  movement. 

A  resolution  offered  by  Mr.  A.  J.  Spooner  was 
unanimously  adopted,  "  declaring  that  the  time 
had  arrived  when  Brooklyn  should  found  and 
establish,  and  this  meeting  does  found  and  esta- 
blish the  'Long Island  Historical  Society,'  whose 
objects  shall  be  to  discover,  procure,  and  preserve 
whatever  may  relate  to  general  history,  to  the 
national,  civil,  ecclesiastical,  and  literary  history 
of  the  United  States,  the  State  of  New  York, 
and,  more  particularly,  of  the  counties,  cities, 
towns,  and  villages  of  Lc«g  Island." 

A  committee  on  by-laws  was  then  appointed, 
which  in  one  week  from  that  date  drew  up  and 
presented  a  constitution  and  by-laws  which  were 
adopted,  the  Society  duly  formed,  and  thirty- 
one  members  enrolled  that  evening  (March  10). 


188 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[May, 


The  memberships  rapidly  increased;  a  suite  of 
rooms  was  engaged  in  the  Hamilton  Buildings ; 
a  library  speedily  accumulated;  and  on  the  7th 
of  May  last  the  Society  made  its  public  debut  at 
the  Academy  of  Music,  when  the  Rev.  R.  S. 
Storrs,  D.D.,  read  his  address  on  the  "  Life,  Cha- 
racter, and  Services  of  the  late  General  0.  M. 
Mitchell." 

Since  that  date,  the  progress  of  the  Society  in 
the  acquisition  of  literary  treasures,  as  well  as  in 
the  increase  of  its  membership  and  its  consequent 
influence,  has  been  rapid  and  brilliant  to  a  degree 
hitherto  unequalled  in  the  history  of  similar  in- 
stitutions. Its  roll  of  members,  already  number- 
ing more  than  500,  is  rapidly  increasing  by  the 
addition  of  a  class  of  citizens  whose  character, 
social  position,  and  high  cultivation,  form  a  sure 
guarantee  of  the  future  prosperity  and  perma- 
nence of  the  Society.  Its  library  now  comprises 
(principally  by  donation)  more  than  10,000  dis- 
tinct works,  of  which  over  6,500  are  bound  vo- 
lumes— the  whole  forming  a  collection  of  rare  in- 
terest and  value,  and,  in  some  departments,  al- 
ready superior  to  any  other  collection  in  the 
State.  The  liberality  of  several  of  our  well 
known  citizens  has  further  secured  the  founda- 
tion, on  a  broad  and  liberal  basis,  of  certain  spe- 
cial departments  of  historical  research,  and  has 
also  adorned  the  walls  with  the  attractions  of 
several  fine  portraits,  paintings,  etc. 

In  addition  to  the  library  there  is  a  collection 
of  curiosities  and  relics,  embracing  over  three 
hundred  specimens,  many  of  rare  interest,  and 
nearly  all  pertaining  to  Long  Island.  Nearly  all 
these  articles  were  donated  to  the  Society.  They 
were  in  possession  of  descendants  of  the  oldest 
settlers  on  the  Island,  and  the  Society  has  been 
looked  upon  with  great  favor  by  the  old  families, 
who  have  cheerfully  contributed  these  relics  to 
enrich  its  collection. 

Government  of  the  Society.- — The  Society  has 
a  set  of  officers  similar  to  all  other  organizations 
— a  President,  Vice-President,  Secretary,  etc., 
also  a  Board  of  three  councillors  from  each 
county  on  the  Island ;  likewise  a  Board  of 
twenty-five  directors,  and  the  necessary  com- 
mittees. 

The  following  are  the  present  officers  of  the 
Society : 

President — J.  Carson  Brevoort. 

First  Vice-President — John  Greenwood. 

Second  Vice-President — Charles  E.  West. 

Foreign  Corresp.  Sec'y — Henry  C.  Murphy. 

Home  Corresp.  Sec'y — John  Winslow. 

Recording  Secretary — A.  Cooke  Hull, 

Treasurer — Charles  Congdon. 

Librarian — Henry  R.  Stiles. 

Counsellors — King's  County — Hon.  John  A. 
Lott,  Francis  Vinton,  D.D.,  Teunis  G.  Bergen,  Esq. 


Queens  County — Wm.  Cullen  Bryant,  Esq.,  Hon. 
John  A.  King,  Rich.  C.  McCormick,  Esq.  Suf- 
folk County  —  Hon.  Selah  B.  Strong,  Hon.  J. 
Lawrence  Smith,  Wm.  S.  Pelletreau,  Esq. 

The  Society  comprises  Resident,  Correspond- 
ing, and  Honorary  Members,  the  first  being  resi- 
dents on  Long  Island,  the  second  and  third  resi- 
dents elsewhere.  The  initiation  fee  is  $5,  with 
$3  per  annum  for  dues,  or  the  payment  of  $25 
secures  a  life-membership. 

The  rooms  of  the  Society,  situated  on  the  se- 
cond floor  of  the  Hamilton  Building,  on  the  cor- 
ner of  Court  and  Joralemon  streets,  are  five  in 
number.  First,  the  lecture-room,  a  very  com- 
fortably furnished  apartment,  with  desk  and  plat- 
form for  lecture,  will  seat  175  persons,  and  by 
throwing  open  the  back  room,  250  can  be  seated 
so  as  to  see  and  hear  all  that  is  going  on. 

The  second  room  serves  as  an  office  for  the 
librarian,  and  students1  room.  The  third  room 
is  devoted  to  curiosities  and  relics,  books  of  gen- 
eral literature,  and  European  history.  The  fourth 
room  contains  the  collection  of  works  on  United 
States  political  history.  The  fifth  is  a  reading- 
room,  where  may  be  found  the  local  newspapers 
and  current  publications  on  file. 

The  library  contains  many  works  of  great 
merit,  and  the  most  complete  historical  collection 
to  be  found  anywhere.  The  library  has  been 
very  handsomely  endowed  by  several  of  our  libe- 
ral and  public-spirited  citizens.  Mr.  Charles 
Storrs  has  contributed  a  fund  of  $500  for  the 
purchase  of  English  County  and  Local  Histories, 
and  works  of  Topography  illustrative  of  the  early 
colonization  of  America,  which  have  already  been 
purchased  and  are  on  their  way  from  England. 
Mr.  S.  B.  Caldwell  has  since  added  $100  to  this 
fund. 

Mr.  Franklin  B.  Woodruff  has  given  $500  for 
the  purchase  of  works  on  Voyages  of  Discovery, 
illustrative  of  the  discovery  of  America  and  the 
extension  of  commerce. 

Mr.  Henry  Sheldon  has  donated  $1,250,  to  be 
applied,  $750  for  historic  paintings  and  portraits, 
$500  for  books  of  art. 

Another  gentleman,  too  modest  to  see  his  name 
in  print,  has  commenced  a  fund  for  the  purchase 
of  works  on  Heraldry. 

Still  another  gentleman,  reticent  of  fame,  is 
now  purchasing  in  Paris  for  the  Society  a  valu- 
able collection  of  French  historical  works  on 
America. 

Mr.  S.  B.  Chittenden,  whose  public-spirited 
generosity  embraces  all  things,  gave,  in  October 
last,  a  valuable  set  of  Congressional  documents, 
embracing  800  volumes,  collected  by  the  late 
Hon.  Ashbury  Dickens,  of  Washington. 

The  library  contains  also  a  collection  of  works 
on  American   genealogy,  and  is  very  rich  in 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


189 


American  local  history;  some  four  hundred  vo- 
lumes of  newspapers,  bound  and  unbound,  and 
a  collection  of  pamphlets  and  other  publications 
on  the  Rebellion.  But  for  fuller  particulars  we 
must  refer  our  readers  to  the  catalogue,  or  to  the 
courteous  librarian,  Dr.  Stiles,  who  is  an  enthu- 
siast in  his  vocation,  and  takes  a  pleasure  in  im- 
parting information  to  visitors. 

Curiosities  and  Relics. — As  we  have  before 
mentioned,  nearly  all  the  curiosities  and  relics 
belong  to  Long  Island,  and  they  have  been  judi- 
ciously selected.  There  is  no  accumulation  of 
rubbish ;  every  specimen  possesses  an  individual 
interest.  The  recent  Sanitary  Fair  collected  to- 
gether many  rare  and  curious  things,  many  of 
which  were  purchased  and  presented  to  the  His- 
torical Society  by  its  members. 

There  is  a  fine  collection  of  autographs,  and  a 
beginning  has  been  made  towards  a  numismatic 
collection ;  and  the  Society  already  possesses 
several  hundred  coins  and  medals  of  great  va- 
riety. 

Zoology  has  not  been  entirely  neglected ;  over 
the  librarian's  desk  we  notice,  as  we  enter,  a 
fine  specimen  of  the  grey  or  white  owl,  a  native 
of  Queens  county,  now  a  very  rare  bird  on  the 
Island. 

We  can  notice  but  a  few  of  the  more  import- 
ant specimens  in  the  museum  department,  which, 
better  than  anything  that  could  be  written,  illus- 
trates the  "olden  times"  of  Long  Island.  Here 
are  specimens  of  the  old  Dutch  tiles  in  blue,  pur- 
ple, and  white,  with  Scriptural  illustration,  Hol- 
land landscapes,  etc. ;  the  pewter  platters,  old- 
fashioned  chair  and  spinning-wheel,  bed-hang- 
ings, and  other  domestic  articles.  There  are  also 
many  Indian  relics,  a  copper  axe-head,  the  stone 
apparatus  for  grinding  corn,  etc.,  all  found  on 
Long  Island. 

A  specimen  of  early  Brooklyn  manufactures 
is  given  by  a  glass  bottle,  the  first  one  manufac- 
tured at  a  glass  works  started  in  1754  near  the 
site  of  the  present  glass  works  in  State  street. 
This  enterprise,  we  are  informed,  was  brought  to 
an  untimely  end  for  want  of  sand — that  is,  the 
right  kind  of  sand. 

There  is  a  wooden  gun  rack,  used  in  the  first 
meeting-house  on  Long  Island.  This  is  a  rather 
curious  piece  of  furniture  for  a  church,  but  it  was 
necessary  in  those  times.  The  rascally  Indians 
were  no  respecters  of  the  Sabbath,  and,  learning 
the  devout  character  of  our  ancestors,  often  at- 
tempted to  surprise  them  at  their  devotions.  So 
the  male  members  of  the  congregation  took  their 
guns  to  church  with  them,  and  put  them  up  in 
these  racks,  as  we  hang  up  our  hats  and  over- 
coats; and  it  was  no  uncommon  thing  for  the 
dominie  to  be  cut  short  in  the  middle  of  his  ser- 
mon by  a  rush  for  the  gun  rack  and  a  stampede 


of  the  brethren  to  get  a  shot  at  the  Red  Skins. 
Let  our  church  folks  be  thankful  that  their  lot 
has  fallen  in  more  peaceful  times. 

Next  of  interest  in  the  martial  line,  though 
not  a  relic  of  the  past,  but  a  painful  reminder  of 
the  present  unhappy  condition  of  our  country, 
we  find  the  battle-flags  of  the  First  Long  Island 
Regiment.  Borne  on  many  a  hard  contested 
field  ever  in  van,  they  are  mementoes  of  the  va- 
lor of  Long  Island's  sons — an  evidence  that  they 
are  worthy  descendants  of  the  brave  old  settlers 
who  first  disputed  with  the  Indians  the  posses- 
sion of  the  soil,  and  then  consecrated  it  with  their 
blood  to  freedom  in  the  revolutionary  struggle. 

A  more  pleasing  relic  of  revolutionary  times 
is  a  set  of  bed-hangings  embroidered  by  a  lady 
of  Bridgehampton,  Long  Island.  This  lady  had  a 
patriotic  disgust  of  the  Britishers,  and  she  cari- 
catured their  army  in  embroidery  for  her  own 
entertainment.  The  figures  are  exceedingly  gro- 
tesque, and  afford  much  amusement  to  the  visitor 
of  the  museum. 

An  iron  "back-plate"  of  a  fireplace,  bearing 
the  royal  arms  and  the  date  of  casting,  1704,  ta- 
ken from  one  of  our  old  mansions ;  and  a  brass 
pepper-box  of  ample  dimensions,  brought  from 
Zivol,  in  the  province  of  Overyssel,  Holland,  by 
Garret  Cornelius  Van  Duyn,  who  emigrated  in 
1649,  are  among  the  most  curious  of  the  domes- 
tic relics. 

The  Communion  cup  used  in  the  Old  Dutch 
Church  in  Bushwick,  in  1708,  is  presented  here. 
Engraved  on  it  are  some  wise  axioms :  "  Speak 
what  is  true — eat  what  is  well  done — drink  what 
is  pure." 

The  most  interesting  natural  curiosity  is  a 
large  stone  bearing  the  distinct  imprint  of  a  hu- 
man foot.  This  was  found  at  Fort  Pond,  near 
Montauk  Point.  It  attracted  the  notice  of  some 
of  the  earliest  settlers  of  that  part  of  the  Island. 
The  Indians  regarded  it  with  veneration,  and  had 
a  legend  about  it  to  the  effect  that  on  tins  spot 
the  Evil  Spirit  and  the  Good  Spirit  had  a  despe- 
rate struggle,  in  which,  as  in  all  proper  works  of 
fiction,  the  Evil  One  got  the  worst  of  it,  and  in 
despair  he  jumped  from  this  stone  into  the  pool 
below  and  disappeared,  and  was  never  seen  in 
body  or  spirit  again,  but  left  the  measure  of  his 
foot  indelibly  impressed  on  this  boulder  that  he 
might  live  in  the  memory  of  future  generations. 

A  piece  of  the  genuine  Plymouth  Rock  is  also 
embraced  in  the  collection. 

One  of  our  religious  sects  will  be  particularly 
interested  in  a  curious  memento  of  their  cele- 
brated preacher,  the  Rev.  George  Whitfield.  It  is 
a  simple  pane  of  glass,  with  four  words  scratched 
upon  its  surface,  the  history»of  which  is  given  as 
follows:  During  his  visit  to  tins  country  in  1765, 
Whitfield  visited  Southold,  Long  Island,  and  was 


190 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[May, 


lodged  at  the  house  of  one  Thomas  Fanning,  who 
was  well  provided  with  worldly  treasures,  but 
lacked  what  his  worthy  guest  preferred  to  all 
besides,  an  "  upright  heart  and  pure."  Whitfield 
wrote  with  a  diamond  upon  a  pane  of  glass  in 
his  bedroom  window  these  words :  "  One  thing 
is  needful."  The  house  passed  through  many 
hands,  was  altered  and  repaired ;  every  other 
pane  of  glass  in  the  house  was  broken  and  re- 
placed at  some  time  or  another,  but  this  one  re- 
mained intact,  and  was  recently  presented  to  the 
Historical  Society,  who  have  it  framed  and  will 
preserve  it  for  the  edification  of  future  genera- 
tions of  the  followers  of  the  great  apostle  of 
Methodism. 

By  way  of  variety  there  is  a  collection  of  small 
Egyptian  curiosities. 

Portraits. — The  Society  has  a  few  valuable 
historical  portraits,  the  commencement  of  a  col- 
lection. 

The  walls  of  the  lecture-room  are  ornamented 
with  the  principal  pictures.  First,  a  portrait  of 
General  Warren,  who  fell  at  Bunker  Hill,  painted 
by  Copley,  father  of  the  late  Lord  Lyndhurst. 
A  portrait  of  De  Witt  Clinton,  by  Ingham.  A 
portrait  of  Commodore  Truxton,  of  Long  Island, 
by  Otis,  1817.  These  three  paintings  were  pur- 
chased from  the  Sheldon  fund.  Two  others  have 
been  purchased  and  will  be  shortly  added  to  the 
collection. 

Opposite  are  fine  portraits  of  G-enerals  Banks 
and  Meade,  presented  to  the  Society  by  Mr.  H. 
B.  Cromwell. 

Near  the  door  is  a  portrait  of  Judge  Egbert 
Benson,  of  Long  Island,  painted  by  Gilbert  Stu- 
art, and  presented  to  the  Society  by  Mr.  G-eorge 
S.  Stephenson. 

There  is  a  smaller  picture  of  the  Rev.  Samuel 
Buck,  who  was  pastor  of  the  church  at  East- 
hampton,  Long  Island,  from  1746  to  1798,  pre- 
sented by  Mr.  J.  B.  Woolworth. 

In  the  museum  is  a  fac-simile  of  the  bust  of 
Shakspeare  over  his  tomb  at  Stratford  on  the 
Avon.     Only  four  copies  were  ever  taken. 

There  are  also  fine  and  costly  bronze  portraits 
(in  relievo)  of  Washington  and  Franklin  by  H. 
K.  Browne,  the  sculptor,  donated  by  Mr.  A.  S. 
Kellogg. 

Entertainments. — The  Society  has  not  only 
furnished  all  these  means  for  its  members  to  en- 
tertain and  instruct  themselves,  but  has  given 
semi-monthly  entertainments  of  a  literary  and 
scientific  character,  in  which  learning  and  talent 
of  a  high  order  have  been  engaged. 

Since  the  opening  of  its  rooms  the  following 
addresses  and  original  papers  have  been  read  be- 
fore the  Society :     « 

June  11.  In  the  chapel  of  the  Packer  Institute, 
an  oration  on  "  The  Annals  of  Rhode  Island  and 


the  Providence  Plantations,"  by  Rev.  Francis 
Vinton,  D.D. ;  accompanied  by  a  poem  by  George 
W.  Curtis,  Esq. 

July  4.  In  the  Academy  of  Music,  an  oration, 
by  Grenville  Tudor  Jenks,  Esq. 

Sept.  4.  At  a  county  meeting  held  at  Hemp- 
stead, Long  Island,  a  paper  on  "  Experience  in 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  in  the  earlier  Part  of 
the  Rebellion,  and  as  United  States  Consul  at 
the  Bahamas  during  the  first  two  Years  of  the 
War,"  by  Captain  Samuel  Whiting;  also,  a  "Me- 
moir of  Timothy  Clowes,  LL.D.,  of  Hempstead, 
Long  Island,"  by  Alden  J.  Spooner,  Esq. 

Sept.  24.  At  a  special  meeting  of  the  Society, 
a  paper  entitled  "Personal  Recollections  of  Aaron 
Burr,  and  some  of  his  Contemporaries  of  the  New 
York  Bar,"  by  the  Hon  John  Greenwood. 

Oct.  9.  A  conversational  meeting.  Subject, 
"  The  Indian  History  of  Long  Island." 

Nov.  2.  At  a  regular  meeting  of  the  Society, 
a  paper  on  "  Long  Island,"  by  Wm.  Alfred  Jones, 
Esq.,  Librarian  of  Columbia  College,  New  York. 

Nov.  10.  In  the  chapel  of  the  Packer  Insti- 
tute, the  first  of  a  series  of  six  lectures,  to  be 
delivered  on  successive  Tuesday  evenings,  on 
"  The  Fall  of  Rome,"  by  the  Rev.  John  Lord. 

Dec.  3.  At  a  regular  meeting  of  the  Society] 
in  the  chapel  of  the  Packer  Institute,  a  paper  on 
"  The  Battle  of  Long  Island,"  by  Henry  B.  Daw- 
son, Esq.,  of  Morrisania,  New  York. 

Dec.  17.  Conversational  meeting.  Subject, 
"Indian  History." 

Special  lecture,  at  Packer  Institute,  by  Dr.  W. 
H.  Thompson,  "  Arabs,  and  their  Contributions 
to  Science." 

Jan.  7,  1864.  Regular  meeting.  By  Rev.  Jo- 
shua Leavitt,  D.D.,  "  Monroe  Doctrine." 

Feb.  4.  Regular  meeting.  Rev.  I.  S.  Prime, 
on  "  Early  Ministers  of  Long  Island." 

Feb.  18.  Poem  by  Charles  Thurber,  "  Social 
Nature  of  Man  considered  by  the  aid  of  History." 

March  3.  A  paper  by  A.  H.  Dana,  Esq.,  of 
Brooklyn,  on  "  Greek  Life  in  the  Fourth  Century 
B.  C." 

March  17.  Dr-  Winslow  delivered  a  lecture  on 
the  "  Telegraph." 

And  on  Thursday  evening  next  Dr.  Peter  Wil- 
son, Chief  Sachem  of  the  Six  Nations,  will  lec- 
ture before  the  Society  on  the  "Legends  and 
History  of  the  Iroquois." 

The  Society  is  gradually  exciting  an  interest 
throughout  the  Island,  and  has  attracted  the  at- 
tention of  other  societies.  It  has  awakened  also 
an  interest  in  our  local  history  ;  and  one  of  the 
Society's  members  and  founders,  Alden  J.  Spoon- 
er, Esq.,  has  projected  a  new  History  of  Long 
Island,  a  work  that  has  never  yet  been  properly 
done;  but  if  written  by  a  gentleman  so  well 
quaMfied  for  the  task  as  Mr.  Spooner,  will,  we 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


191 


are  sure,  prove  a  valuable  addition  to  the  histori- 
cal works  of  the  country. 

In  conclusion,  we  would  advise  such  of  our 
readers  as  are  not  members  of  the  Society  to 
pay  a  visit  to  its  rooms ;  they  will  be  well  re- 
paid for  their  trouble.  They  will  find  the  libra- 
rian, Dr.  Stiles,  a  gentleman  with  whom  it  is  a 
pleasure  to  hold  communication,  always  at  his 
post,  to  receive  and  conduct  them  through  the 
rooms  and  give  them  all  the  information  and  ex- 
planations they  may  ask. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


Pennsylvania  Historical  Society. — April, 
1864. — The  Historical  Society  met  at  their  rooms 
in  the  Adelphi  Building.     Dr.  Coates  presided. 

The  list  of  donations  to  the  Society  was  as 
large  as  usual,  and  embraced  several  articles  of 
rare  value  and  curious  associations.  A  beautiful 
series  of  photographic  views  were  exhibited, 
comprising  representations  of  the  Leib  mansion 
on  Frankfbrd  road,  presented  by  A.  H.  Hemple  ; 
a  large  photograph  of  Gen.  Meade,  from  Wende- 
roth  &  Taylor ;  sundry  photographs  of  historic 
buildings,  from  F.  D.  B.  .Richards ;  a  copy  of  the 
Philadelphia  Post  Office  Circular  for  the  year 
1791,  from  Mr.  Walborn.  In  those  days  but  one 
collection  and  delivery  was  made  daily.  Photo- 
graphs of  St.  John's  Church — interior  and  ex- 
terior views — presented  by  John  A.  McAllister ; 
a  view  of  the  interior  of  the  First  Dutch  Reformed 
Church  of  Philadelphia,  by  Jno.  Moran  ;  photo- 
graph of  the  destruction  of  Priestly's  house  at 
Birmingham. 

Among  the  donations  were  copies  of  the 
Philadelphia  Directory  for  1816  and  1837;  a 
newspaper  of  1765,  with  several  curious  ad- 
vertisements ;  the  Aurora  or  General  Advertiser, 
published  in  1797 ;  Poulson's  American  Advertiser  I 
for  1803 ;  an  appeal  to  the  nations  of  Europe 
against  the  Continental  System,  by  Madame 
Stael  Holstein,  published  in  1813  ;  an  old  life  of 
Stephen  Girard,  by  Stephen  Simpson ;  a  gavel 
made  from  a  piece  of  oak  taken  from  William 
Penn's  Brew-House  at  Perm's  Manor,  cut  before 
there  was  a  saw-mill  in  America ;  chronicles  of 
the  first  Planters  of  the  Colony  of  Massachusetts 
Bay,  from  1623  to  1636;  the  works  of  John  C. 
Calhoun ;  the  correspondence  of  Daniel  Web- 
ster ;  correspondence  of  eminent  men  to  George 
Washington  during  the  Revolution. 

Dr.  H.  J.  Morton  and  Jos.  H.  Trotter  were 
elected  members  of  the  Society. 


The  Committee  on  procuring  views  of  Penn- 
sylvania battle-fields  was,  on  motion  of  Colonel 
Childs,  increased  to  five,  and  General  Henry  D. 
Maxwell,  of  Easton,  and  Dr.  Henry  J.  Morton, 
appointed  as  the  additional  members. 
Mr.  Armstrong  offered  the  following : — 
Whereas,  It  is  represented  that  the  premises 
at  the  south-east  corner  of  Second  and  Norris 
alley,  on  which  the  Penn  Mansion  stands,  have 
been  sold ;  and  whereas,  it  is  desirable  that  so 
interesting  a  relic  of  the  past  as  this  house 
should,  if  practicable,  be  preserved ; 

Resolved,  That  a  committee  of  six  be  appointed 
to  ascertain  if  the  building  can  be  purchased ;  if 
not,  if  it  can  be  removed  to  the  Park,  or  to  some 
other  suitable  place ;  and  if  this  can  be  accom- 
plished, to  take  such  action  as  may  secure  its 
removal  or  preservation. 

The  resolution  was  agreed  to,  and  Messrs. 
Richard  Wright,  Thomas  McAllister,  Cephas  G. 
Childs,  Thomas  H.  Montgomery,  Jno.  C.  Trout- 
wine,  and  John  Rice,  were  appointed  the  com- 
mittee. 

A  general  discussion  then  ensued  between 
the  members.  It  was  generally  desired  to  pos- 
sess and  preserve  the  building  entire,  or,  if  not,  to 
preserve  as  much  of  the  house  as  possible.  Dif- 
ferent statements  were  made  concerning  the 
condition  of  the  building.  The  woodwork  of 
the  lower  portions  of  the  house  are  disintegrated 
by  time,  but  the  original  woodwork  of  the  upper 
stories  is  little  injured.  If  it  cannot  be  preserved 
entire,  the  members  present  urged  the  purchase 
of  the  materials,  to  be  incorporated  into  the  new 
hall  to  be  erected  for  the  Society,  or  to  be  used 
to  build  a  monumental  structure.  The  building 
and  ground  were  sold  to  the  parties  at  present 
owning  it  for  $65,000.  The  house  cannot  be 
moved  as  it  stands,  as  it  is  wider  than  the  street. 
If  it  is  attempted  to  remove  it,  it  will  have  to  be 
taken  to  pieces  and  rebuilt.  After  a  further  dis- 
cussion, the  meeting  adjourned. 


ftates  n  lo0lis. 


Early  History  of  New  England,  being  a  relation 
of  Hostile  Passages  between  the  Indians  and 
European  Voyagers  and  First  Settlers ;  and  a 
full  Narrative  of  Hostilities  to  the  close  of  the 
War  with  the  Peqnote,  in  the  year  1637 ;  also  a 
detailed  account  of  the  Origin  of  the  War  wifh 
King  Philip.  By  Increase  Mather.  With  an 
Introduction  and  Notes  by  Samuel  G.  Drake 


192 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[May,  1864. 


Boston :  Printed  for  the  Editor,  and  sold  by 
him  at  No.  12  Bromfield  street;  also  J.  Mun- 
sell,  Albany,  N.Y.     1864.     xxxvm.     Pp.  309. 
Mr.  Drake,  well  aware  of  the  increase  of  the 
antiquarian  taste  which  he  has  done  so  much  to 
foster,  gives  us  from  Mr.  Munsell's  elegant  press 
Increase  Mather's  Early  History  of  New  Eng- 
land.    It  matches  the  historical  series  of  Mr.  M., 
which  included  one  volume  on   King   Philip's 
war,  and,  with  the  volume  issued  by  Mr.  Drake 
last  year,  increases  well  our  collection  for  the 
period. 

Mr.  Drake's  preface  and  notes  are  characteriz- 
ed by  his  well  known  research,  clearness,  and 
frankness. 


The  Chaplains  and  Clergy  of  the  Revolution.  By 
J.  T.  Headlej7-,  author  of  "  Washington  and  his 
Generals,"  "  Napoleon  and  his  Marshals,"  etc. 
New  York:  Scribner,  1864.     12mo.  pp.  402. 

The  part  of  the  clergy  in  the  great  movement 
of  the  last  century  which  resulted  in  American 
Independence  is  beginning  to  be  treated  as  a 
specialty.  We  have  already  had  two  collections 
of  important  sermons  of  the  epoch,  edited  by 
Frank  Moore  and  by  J.  Wingate  Thornton,  nei- 
ther, perhaps,  wide  enough  in  its  scope  or  broad 
enough  in  conception  and  handling.  In  the 
present  volume  Mr.  Headley  presents  biographi- 
cal sketches  of  many  of  the  prominent  clergy- 
men of  the  Revolution.  His  volume  cannot  fail 
to  interest  and  attract  the  general  reader,  and 
at  the  same  time  afford  a  convenient  manual 
even  for  students.  The  mission  of  Eev.  Mr.  Car- 
roll to  Canada,  and  his  services,  we  hope  to  see 
given  in  a  future  edition. 


was,  has  long  been  needed,  and  it  is  now  a  matter 
of  satisfaction  that  the  task  has  fallen  into  the 
competent  hands  of  Mr.  Hunt. 

The  life  of  Livingston,  whose  code  alone  gives 
him  immortality,  was  one  of  great  interest.  An 
active  lawyer,  a  member  of  Congress  fully  im- 
pressed with  the  responsibilities  of  legislative 
duty,  Secretary  of  State  when  Jackson  issued 
his  celebrated  proclamation  against  South  Caro- 
lina, and  subsequently  minister  to  France  in  a 
time  of  great  difficulty,  Livingston  everywhere 
displayed  talents  and  abilities  of  the  highest  order. 


Pisrtllanj. 


My   Cave  Life  in  Vicksburg.     New  York:    D. 
Appleton  &  Co.,  1864.     12mo.  pp.  196. 

This  is  a  charming  book.  Tiring  as  the  pub- 
lic is  of  works  on  the  war,  going  over  the  same 
ground  or  presenting  the  same  views,  it  must 
receive  with  welcome  this  picture  of  a  true  wo- 
man's trials  during  the  siege  of  Vicksburg.  As 
a  picture  of  the  strange  subterranean  life  led  by 
polished  and  educated  ladies  in  the  midst  of  our 
civilization  and  refinement,  it  is  one  to  read  and 
be  pondered  o*.  How  much  the  women  of  the 
South  labored  to  stimulate  the  passions  of  men  ! 
How  bitterly  some  have  tasted  of  the  dregs  of 
the  bitter  chalice  of  war ! 


Life  of  Edward  Livingston.  By  Charles  Havens 
Hunt,  with  an  Introduction  by  George  Bancroft. 
New  York :  D.  Appleton  &  Co.     8vo.  pp.  448. 

A  carefully  digested,  well  written  life  of  the 
great  Edward  Livingston,  for  great  he  really 


The  recent  issues  and  announcements  of  works 
relative  to  the  history  of  the  country  are  not 
very  numerous. 

Poe  and  Hitchcock:,  of  Cincinnati,  have  in 
press  u  Contributions  to  the  Early  History  of 
the  North- West,  including  the  Moravian  Mission 
in  Ohio,"  by  S.  P.  Hildreth,  M.D. 

W.  J.  Dodge  promises  a  history  of  the  Second 
Division  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  under 
McCook,  Sill,  and  Johnson,  with  plates  and 
maps. 

Newspapers  of  the  Revolution. — A  tin  ped- 
dler in  Berkshire  county  brought  to  North 
Becket,  the  other  day,  among  his  collections  of 
rags,  papers,  &c,  some  rare  old  newspapers, 
printed  in  1775  and  1776,  among  them  twelve 
copies  of  the  Massachusetts  Spy,  nine  of  the 
Connecticut  Courant,  two  of  the  New  York 
Packet,  and  one  of  the  New  York  Advertiser. 
They  luckily  fell  under  the  eye  of  C.  O.  Petkins, 
of  North  Becket,  who  has  rescued  and  will  pre- 
serve them 

The  Winslow  Family. — A  register  of  this 
family  is  being  prepared  by  the  Rev.  Hubbard 
Winslow,  D.D.  It  is  intended  that  the  work 
shall  contain  a  full  and  accurate  genealogy  of  the 
family,  with  biographical  sketches  of  the  most 
distinguished  of  its  members.  Information  on 
the  subject  will  be  gladly  received,  and  should 
be  sent  to  No.  160  West  49th  st.,  New  York. 


THE 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE; 


Vol.  VIII.J 


JUNE,  1864. 


[No.  6. 


Gntml  JUprtnunt. 


HISTORICAL  NOTES  ON  SLAVERY  IN 
THE^  NORTHERN  COLONIES  AND 
oTATES. 

Continued  from  page  30.* 

NO.   IV.— MASSACHUSETTS. 

t  But  the  humane  efforts  of  Roger  Wil~ 
hams  and  John  Eliot  to  abate  the  severity 
of  judgment  against  captives,  and  mitigate 
the  horrors  of  slavery  in  Massachusetts, 
hardly  amounted  to  a  positive  protest 
against  the  institution  itself. 

In  their  time  there  was  no  public  opinion 
against  slavery,  and  probably  very  little 
exercise  of  private  judgment  against  it. 
Even  among  the  Quakers  the  inner  light 
had  not  yet  disclosed  its  enormity,  or 
awakened  tender  consciences  to  its  utter 
wickedness. 

Morgan  Godwyn,  a  clergyman  of  the 
Church  of  England,  who  wrote  and  pub- 
lished in  1680  "The  Negro's  and  Indian's 
Advocate,  suing  for  their  Admission  into 

*  In  article  No.  I.,  Vol.  vii.,  p.  343,  in  the  refer- 
ences to  Wmthrops  Journal,  the  dates  should  be  July, 
1637,    instead   of  May,  1637,    and  February,.  1633, 
instead  of  December,  1637. 
•In   the  concluding  sentence  of  article  No.  III., 

■urii-  Vm''  P'  3°'  "a  Dudley"  was  mentioned  with 
W  illiams,  Ehot,  and  Sewall,  as  having  been  in  ad- 
vance of  their  contemporaries  in  their  views  of  slaverv. 
Ihe  reference  was  to  Paul  Dudley,  who  was  the 
author  of  a  tract,  published  in  1731,  entitled  "  Au 
Essay  on  the  Merchandize  of  Slaves,  and  Souls  of 
,!!;  ■        ltn  aa  APphcation  to  the  Church  of  Rome." 

1  us  title  and  references  to  the  tract  by  others,  gave 
us  the  impression  that  it  was  against  slavery;  but  an 
opportunity  recently  enjoyed  of  examining  the  tract 
itself  showed  the  mistake.  It  is  altogether  "  an 
application  to  the  Church  of  Rome"— in  fact  "an 
oration  against  Popery,"  of  which  Massachusetts  had 
a  much  greater  horror  than  of  slaverv. 

IH3T.  mag.     vol.  vm.         25 


"he  Church,"  etc.,  hardly  intimates  a  doubt 
of  the  lawfulness  of  their  slavery,  while  he 
pleads  for  their  humanity  and  right  to 
religion  against  a  very  general  opinion  of 
that  day,  which  denied  them  both. 
'  Dean  Berkeley,  in  his  famous  sermon 
(before  the  Venerable  Society  in  1731, 
jspeaks  of  u  the  irrational  contempt  of  the 
|Blacks,  as  Creatures  of  another  Species, 
•Who  had  no  right  to  be  instructed  or 
admitted  to  the  Sacraments."  Sermon, 
p.  19. 

And  George  Keith  (then  Quaker),  whose 
paper  against  the  practice  was  said  to  be 
given  forth  by  the  appointment  of  the 
meeting  held  by  him  in  the  city  of  Phila- 
delphia, about  the  year  1693,  gave  a  strict 
charge  to  Friends  "  that  they  should  set 
their  negroes  at  liberty,  after  some  reason- 
able  time  of  service."  Pamphlet  quoted 
by  Dr.  Franklin  in  his  letter  to  John 
Wright,  4  November,  1789.  Works,  X., 
403. 

This  would  seem  to  have  been  the  very 
earliest  testimony  against  slavery  in  Ame- 
rica, if,  indeed,  it  went  far  enough  to 
deserve  that  character.  Keith  appears 
simply  to  have  repeated  the  words  of 
George  Fox  in  Barbadoes  in  1671,  when 
he  urged  the  religious  training  of  the 
negroes,  as  well  as  kind  treatment,  in  place 
of  "cruelty  towards  them,  as  the  manner 
of  some  hath  been  and  is ;  and  that  after 
certain  years  of  servitude  they  should 
make  them  free."  Journal,  II.,  140.  The 
explicit  answer  of  Fox  to  the  charge  that 
the  Quakers  "  taught  the  negroes  to 
rebel,"  shows  very  clearly  that  anti-slavery 
doctrines  were  no  part  of  the  Quaker 
creed  at  that  time.  Ibid,  pp.  147-9. 
Compare  454.  See  also  Ralph  Sandi- 
ford's  Brief  Examination,  etc.,  Preface. 


194 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[June, 


But  for  half  a  century  afterwards  "  that 
people  were  as  greedy  as  any  Body  in 
keeping  ."Negroes  for  their  Gain,"  so  as  to 
induce  the  belief  that  they  "  approved  of 
it  as  a  People  with  one  consent  unani- 
mously." Lay,  84.  Ralph  Sandiford,  in 
1729,  in  his  "Brief  Examination,"  etc., 
thus  bemoaned  the  fact,  "that  it  hath 
defaced  the  present  Dispensation." 

"  Had  Friends  stood  clear  of  this  Prac- 
tice, that  it  might  have  been  answered  to 
the  Traders  in  Slaves  that  there  is  a  People 
called  Quakers  in  Pennsylvania  that  will 
not  own  this  Practice  in  Word  or  Deed, 
then  would  they  have  been  a  burning  and 
a  shining  Light  to  these  poor  Heathen,  and 
a  Precedent  to  the  Nations  throughout  the 
Universe  which  might  have  brought  them 
to  have  seen  the  Evil  of  it  in  themselves, 
and  glorifyed  the  Lord  on  our  Behalf,  and 
like  the  Queen  of  the  East,  to  have  ad- 
mired the  Glory  and  Beauty  of  the  Church 
of  God.  But  instead  thereof,  the  tender 
seed  in  the  Honest-hearted  is  under  Suffer- 
ing, to  see  both  Elders  and  Ministers  as  it 
were  cloathed  with  it,  and  their  offspring 
after  them  filling  up  the  Measure  of  their 
Parents'  Iniquity ;  which  may  be  suffered 
till  such  Time  that  Recompence  from  Him 
that  is  just  to  all  his  Creatures  opens  that 
Eye  the  god  of  this  World  has  blinded. 
Though  I  would  not  be  understood  to 
pervert  the  Order  of  the  Body,  which  con- 
sists of  Servants  and  Masters,  and  the  Head 
cannot  say  to  the  Foot,  I  have  no  need  of 
thee/  but  it  is  the  Converting  Men's  Liberty 
to  our  Wills,  who  have  not,  like  the  Gi- 
beonites,  offered  themselves  willingly,  or 
by  Consent  given  their  Ear  to  the  Door- 
post, but  are  made  such  by  Force,  in  that 
Nature  that  desires  to  Lord  it  over  their 
Fellow  Creatures,  is  what  is  to  be  abhorred 
by  all  Christians."     pp.  9-10. 

Again,  he  says  in  another  place  :  "  But 
in  Time  this  dark  Trade  creeping  in 
amoogst  us  to  the  very  Ministry,  because 
of  the  profit  by  it,  hath  spread  over  others 
like  a  Leprosy,  to  the  Grief  of  the  Honest- 
hearted."     Preface. 

Public  sentiment  and  opinion  against 
slavery  were  first  aroused  and  stimulated 
in  America  in  the  latter  part  of  the  seven- 


teenth century  by  sympathy  for  the 
Christian  captives,  Dutch  and  English, 
who  were  enslaved  by  the  Turks  and  the 
pirates  of  Northern  Africa.  The  efforts 
to  ransom  and  release  these  unfortunate 
persons,  excited  by  the  terrible  sorrow  of 
relatives  and  friends,  kinsmen  and  coun 
trymen,  brought  home  to  some  minds 
(though  few)  the  injustice  of  their  own 
dealings  with  the  negroes.  The  earliest 
writers  against  slavery  urged  that  argu- 
ment with  peculiar  force  and  unction,  but 
with  little  effect.  They  seem  to  have 
made  no  impression  on  the  legislation  of 
the  colonies,  and  curious  and  zealous  re- 
search only  can  recover  the  memorials  of 
their  righteous  testimonies. 

The  earliest  positive  public  challenge  to 
slavery  in  Massachusetts  of  which  we  have 
any  knowledge,  was  in  the  year  1700, 
when  a  learned,  pious,  and  honored  magis- 
trate entered  the  lists  alone,  and  sounded 
his  solitary  blast  in  the  ears  of  his  brother 
magistrates  and  the  people,  who  listened 
in  amazement  and  wonder,  not  unmingled 
with  sorrow  and  contempt.  His  per- 
formance is  all  the  more  remarkable 
from  the  fact  that  it  stands  out  in  the 
history  of  the  time  separate  and  distinct 
as  "  the  voice  of  one  crying  in  the  wilder- 
ness." 

Samuel  Sew  all,  at  that  time  a  Judge  of 
the  Superior  Court,  and  afterwards  Chief- 
Justice,  published  a  brief  tract  in  1700, 
entitled :  "  The  /Selling  of  Joseph  a  Me- 
morial" It  filled  three  pages  of  a  folio 
sheet,  ending  with  the  imprint :  "  Boston 
of  the  Massachusetts  y  Printed  by  Bar- 
tholomew Green  and  John  Allen.  June 
24th,  1700." 

The  author  presented  a  copy  of  this 
tract  "  not  only  to  each  member  of  the 
General  Court  at  the  time  of  its  publica- 
tion, but  also  to  numerous  clergymen  and 
literary  gentlemen  with  whom  he  was  inti- 
mate." MS.  Letter.  Compare  Brissot, 
I.,  224.  Although  thus  extensively  circu- 
lated at  that  day,  it  has  for  many  years 
been  known  apparently  only  by  tradition, 
as  nearly  all  the  notices  of  it  which  Ave 
have  seen  are  confined  to  tlie  fact  of  its 
publication   early  in   the    eighteenth    cen- 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


195 


tury,   the    date    being  nowhere  correctly 
stated. 

Beyond  this,  it  appears  to  have  been 
unknown  to  our  historians,  and  is  now 
reproduced  probably  for  the  first  time  in 
the  present  century.  Indeed,  we  have 
met  with  no  quotation  even  from  it  later 
*  than  1738,  when  it  was  reprinted  in  Penn- 
sylvania, where  anti-slavery  took  an  earlier 
and  deeper  root,  and  bore  earlier  fruit  than 
in  any  other  part  of  America. 

Its  rarity  and  peculiar  interest  will  jus- 
tify us  in  placing  the  reprint  before  our 
readers  in  this  connection.  It  is  somewhat 
remarkable  that  so  signal  a  testimony 
against  slavery  should  have  escaped 
the  research  of  those  who  have  in 
their  custody  "  the  historic  fame  "  of  Mas- 
sachusetts. It  is  a  most  honorable  memo- 
rial of  its  venerated  author. 

"  THE    SELLING   OF    JOSErH  A  MEMORIAL. 

By  the  Hon'ble  Judge  Sew  all  in  New  England. 

"  FORASMUCH  as  LIBERTY  is  in 
real  value  next  unto  Life ;  None  ought  to 
part  with  it  themselves,  or  deprive  others 
of  it,  but  upon  most  mature  consideration. 

"  The  Numerousness  of  Slaves  at  this 
Day  in  the  Province,  and  the  Uneasiness 
of  them  under  their  Slavery,  hath  put 
many  upon  thinking  whether  the  Founda- 
tion of  it  be  firmly  and  well  laid ;  so  as 
to  sustain  the  Vast  Weight  that  is  built 
upon  it.  It  is  most  certain  that  all  Men, 
as  they  are  the  Sons  of  Adam,  are  Co- 
heirs, and  have  equal  Right  unto  Liberty, 
and  all  other  outward  Comforts  of  Life. 
God  hath  given  the  Earth  [with  all  its 
commodities]  unto  the  So?is  of  Adam, 
Psal.,  115,  16.  And  hath  made  of  One 
Blood  all  Nations  of  Men,  for  to  dwell 
on  all  the  face  of  the  Earthy  and  hath 
determined  the  Tunes  before  appointed, 
and  the  bounds  of  their  Habitation: 
That  they  should  seek  the  Lord.  Foras- 
much then  as  we  are  the  Offspring  of 
God,  &g.  Acts  17.  26.  27.  29.  Now, 
although  the  Title  given  by  the  last  Adam 
doth  infinitely  better  Men's  Estates,  re- 
specting God  and  themselves  ;  and  grants 
them  a  most  beneficial  and  inviolable 
Lease  under  the  Broad   Seal  of  Heaven, 


who  were  before  only  Tenants  at  Will ; 
yet  through  the  Indulgence  of  God  to  our 
First  Parents  after  the  Fall,  the  outward 
Estate  of  all  and  every  of  their  Children, 
remains  the  same  as  to  one  another.  So 
that  Originally,  and  Naturally,  there  is  no 
such  thing  as  Slavery.  Joseph  was  right- 
fully no  more  a  Slave  to  his  Brethren,  than 
they  were  to  him  ;  and  they  had  no  more 
Authority  to  Sell  him,  than  they  had  to 
Slay  him.  And  if  they  had  nothing  to  do 
to  sell  him ;  the  Ishmaelites  bargaining 
with  them,  and  paying  down  Twenty 
pieces  of  Silver,  could  not  make  a  Title, 
Neither  could  Potiphar  have  any  better 
Interest  in  him  than  the  Ishmaelites  had. 
Gen.  37,  20,  27,  28.  For  he  that  shall  in 
this  case  plead  Alteration  of  Property, 
seems  to  have  forfeited  a  great  part  of  his 
own  claim  to  Humanity.  There  is  no  pro- 
portion between  Twenty  Pieces  of  Silver 
and  LIBERTY.  The  Commodity  itself 
is  the  Claimer.  If  Arabian  Gold  be  im- 
ported in  any  quantities,  most  are  afraid  to 
meddle  with  it,  though  they  might  have  it 
at  easy  rates;  lest  it  should  have  been 
wrongfully  taken  from  the  Owners,  it 
should  kindle  a  fire  to  the  Consumption 
of  their  whole  Estate.  'Tis  pity  there 
should  be  more  Caution  used  in  buying  a 
Horse,  or  a  little  lifeless  dust,  than  there 
is  in  purchasing  Men  and  Women  :  Where- 
as they  are  the  Offspring  of  God,  and 
their  Liberty  is, 

Auro  pretiosior  Omni. 

"  And  seeing  God  hath  said,  He  that 
Stealeth  a  Man,  and  Selleth  him,  or  if  he 
be  found  in  his  Hand,  he  shall  surely  be 
put  to  Death.  Exod.  21,  16.  This  Law 
being  of  Everlasting  Equity,  wherein  Man- 
Stealing  is  ranked  amongst  the  most  atro- 
cious of  Capital  Crimes  :  What  louder  Cry 
can  there  be  made  of  that  Celebrated 
Warning. 

Caveat  Emptor  ! 

"  And  all  things  considered,  it  would 
conduce  more  to  the  Welfare  of  the  Pro- 
vince, to  have  White  Servants  for  a  Term 
of  Years,  than  to  have  Slaves  for  Life. 
Few  can  endure  to  hear  of  a  Negro's 
being  made  free ;    and  indeed   they   can 


190 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[June, 


seldom  use  their  Freedom  well ;  yet  their 
continual  aspiring  after  their  forbidden 
Liberty,  renders  them  Unwilling  Servants. 
And  there  is  such  a  disparity  in  their  Con 
ditions,  Colour,  and  Hair,  that  they  can 
never  embody  with  us,  &  grow  up  in 
orderly  Families,  to  the  Peopling  of  the 
Land ;  but  still  remain  in  our  Body  Poli- 
tick as  a  kind  of  extravasat  Blood.  As 
many  Negro  Men  as  there  are  among  us, 
so  many  empty  Places  are  there  in  our 
Train  Bands,  and  the  places  taken  up  of 
Men  that  might  make  Husbands  for  our 
Daughters.  And  the  Sons  and  Daughters 
of  New  England  would  become  more  like 
Jacob  and  Rachel,  if  this  Slavery  were 
thrust  quite  out  of  Doors.  Moreover  it  is 
too  well  known  what  Temptations  Masters 
are  under,  to  connive  at  the  Fornication 
of  their  Slaves ;  lest  they  should  be  obliged 
to  find  them  Wives,  or  pay  their  Fines. 
It  seems  to  be  practically  pleaded  that 
they  might  be  lawless  ;  'tis  thought  much 
of,  that  the  Law  should  have  satisfaction 
for  their  Thefts,  and  other  Immoralities ; 
by  which  means,  Holiness  to  the  Lord  is 
more  rarely  engraven  upon  this  sort  of  Ser- 
vitude. It  is  likewise  most  lamentable  to 
think,  how  in  taking  Negroes  out  of  Afri- 
ca, and  selling  of  them  here,  That  which 
God  has  joined  together,  Men  do  boldly 
rend  asunder;  Men  from  their  Country, 
Husbands  from  their  Wives,  Parents  from 
their  Children.  How  horrible  is  the  Un- 
cleanness,  Mortality,  if  not  Murder,  that 
the  Ships  are  guilty  of  that  bring  great 
Crouds  of  these  miserable  Men  and  Wo- 
men. Methinks  when  we  are  bemoaning 
the  barbarous  Usage  of  our  Friends  and 
Kinsfolk  in  Africa,  it  might  not  be  unrea- 
sonable to  enquire  whether  we  are  not 
culpable  in  forcing  the  Africans  to  become 
Slaves  amongst  ourselves.  And  it  may  be 
a  question  whether  all  the  Benefit  received 
by  Negro  Slaves  will  balance  the  Accompt 
of  Cash  laid  out  upon  them ;  and  for  the 
Redemption  of  our  own  enslaved  Friends 
out  of  Africa.  Besides  all  the  Persons 
and  Estates  that  have  perished  there. 

"Obj.   l.    These  Blaclcamores   are    of 
the  Posterity  of  Cham,  and  therefore  are 


lender  the   Curse  of  Slavery.     Gen.  9.  25. 

20.  27. 

u  Ans.  Of  all  Offices,  one  would  not 
beg  this ;  viz.  Uncall'd  for,  to  be  an  Exe- 
cutioner of  the  Vindictive  Wrath  of  God  ; 
the  extent  and  duration  of  which  is  to  us 
uncertain.  If  this  ever  was  a  Commission  ; 
How  do  we  know  but  that  it  is  long  sinee 
out  of  Date?  Many  have  found  it  to  their 
Cost,  that  a  Prophetical  Denunciation  of 
Judgment  against  a  Person  or  People, 
would  not  warrant  them  to  inflict  that 
evil.  If  it  would,  Hazael  might  justify 
himself  in  all  he  did  against  his  master, 
and  the  Israelites  from  2  Kings  8.  10.  12.^ 

"  But  it  is  possible  that  by  cursory  read- 
ing, this  Text  may  have  been  mistaken. 
For  Canaan  is  the  Person  Cursed  three 
times  over,  without  the  mentioning  of 
Cham.  Good  Expositors  suppose  the 
Curse  entailed  on  him,  and  that  this  Pro- 
phesie  was  accomplished  in  the  Extirpation 
of  the  Canaanites,  and  in  the  Servitude  of 
the  Gibeonites.  Vide  Pareum.  Where- 
as the  Blackmores  are  not  descended  of 
Canaan,  but  of  Cush.  Psal.  68.  31. 
Princes  shall  come  out  of  Egypt  [Miz- 
raim].  Ethiopia  [Cush]  shall  soon  stretch 
out  her  Hands  unto  God.  Under  which 
Names,  all  Africa  may  be  comprehended  ; 
and  their  Promised  Conversion  ought  to 
be  prayed  for.  Jer.  13.  23.  Can  the 
Ethiopian  change  his  Skin  f  This  shows 
that  Black  Men  are  the  Posterity  of  Cush. 
Who  time  out  of  mind  have  been  distin- 
guished by  their  Colour.  And  for  want 
of  the  true,  Ovid  assigns  a  fabulous  cause 
of  it. 

Sanguine  turn  credunt  in  corpora  summa  vocato. 
JEthiopum  populos  nigrum  traxisse  colorern. 
Metamorph.  lib.  2. 

"  Obj.  2.  The  Nigers  are  brought  out 
of  a  Pagan  Country,  into  places  where  the 
Gospel  is  preached. 

"  Ans.  Evil  must  not  be  done,  that  good 
may  come  of  it.  The  extraordinary  and 
comprehensive  Benefit  accruing  to  the 
Church  of  God,  and  to  Joseph  personally, 
did  not  rectify  his  Brethren's  Sale  of  him. 


1864.  J 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


19V 


"  Obj.  3.  The  Africans  have  Wars  one 
with  another  :  Our  Ships  bring  lawful 
Captives  taken  in  those  wars. 

"Answ.  For  aught  is  known,  their  Wars 
are  much  such  as  were  between  Jacob's 
Sons  and  their  Brother  Joseph.  If  they  be 
between  Town  and  Town ;  Provincial  or 
National  :  Every  War  is  upon  one  side 
Unjust.  An  Unlawful  War  can't  make 
lawful  Captives.  And  by  receiving,  we 
are  in  danger  to  promote,  and  partake 
in  their  Barbarous  Cruelties.  I  am  sure, 
if  some  Gentlemen  should  go  down  to 
the  Brewsters  to  take  the  Air,  and  Fish  : 
And  a  stronger  Party  from  Hull  should 
surprise  them,  and  sell  them  for  Slaves 
to  a  Ship  outward  bound;  they  would 
think  themselves  unjustly  dealt  with ;  both 
by  Sellers  and  Buyers.  And  yet  'tis  to  be 
feared,  we  have  no  other  Kind  of  Title  to 
our  Nigers.  Therefore  all  things  whatso- 
ever ye  would  that  men  should  do  to  you, 
do  you  even  so  to  them:  for  this  is  the 
Law  and  the  Prophets.    Matt.  1.  12. 

"  Obj.  4.  Abraham  had  Servants  bought 
with  his  Money  and  bom  in  his  House. 

"  Ans.  Until  the  Circumstances  of 
Abraham's  purchase  be  recorded,  no  Argu- 
ment can  be  drawn  from  it.  In  the  mean 
time,  Charity  obliges  us  to  conclude,  that 
He  knew  it  was  lawful  and  good. 

"It  is  Observable  that  the  Israelites  were 
strictly  forbidden  the  buying  or  selling  one 
another  for  Slaves.  Levit.  25.  39.  46. 
Jer.  34.  8—22.  And  God  gaged  His  Bless- 
ing in  lieu  of  any  loss  they  might  conceit 
they  suffered  thereby,  Deut.  15.  18.  And 
since  the  partition  Wall  is  broken  down, 
inordinate  Self-love  should  likewise  be  de- 
molished. God  expects  that  Christians 
should  be  of  a  more  Ingenious  and  benign 
frame  of  Spirit.  Christians  should  carry  it 
to  all  the  World,  as  the  Israelites  were  to 
carry  it  one  towards  another.  And  for 
Men  obstinately  to  persist  in  holding  their 
Neighbours  and  Brethren  under  the  Rigor 
of  perpetual  Bondage,  seems  to  be  no  pro- 
per way  of  gaining  Assurance  that  God 
has  given  them  Spiritual  Freedom.     Our 


Blessed  Saviour  has  altered  the  Measures 
of  the  ancient  Love  Song,  and  set  it  to  a 
most  Excellent  New  Tune,  which  all  ought 
to  be  ambitious  of  Learning.  Matt.  5.  43. 
44.  John  13.  34.  These  Ethiopians,  as 
black  as  they  are,  seeing  they  are  the  Sons 
and  Daughters  of  the  First  Adam,  the 
Brethren  and  Sisters  of  the  Last  Adam, 
and  the  Offspring  of  God  ;  They  ought  to 
be  treated  with  a  Respect  agreeable. 

"  Servitus  perfecta  voluntaria,  inter 
Christianum  &  Christianum,  ex  parte  servi 
patientis  saipe  est  licita>  quia  est  necessa- 
ria  ;  sed  ex  parte  domini  agentis,  &  pro- 
curando  &  exercendo,  vix  potest  esse  licita  ; 
quia  non  convenit  regidm  illi  generali: 
Qumcunque  volueritis  ut  faciant  vobis 
homines,  ita  &  vosfacite  eis.     Matt.  1. 12. 

11  Perfecta  servitus  pmnrn,  non  potest 
jure  locum  habere^  nisi  ex  delicto  gravi 
quod  ultimum  supplicium  aliquo  modo 
meretur :  quia  Libertas  ex  naturali  msti- 
matione proxime  accedit  ad  vitam  ipsam, 
<jb  eidem  a  midtis  prwferri  solet. 

"Ames.  Cas.  Consc.  Lib.  5.  Cap.  23.  Thes. 
2.  3." 

Thus  signally  and  clearly  did  Judge 
Sewall  expose  the  miserable  pretences  on 
which  slavery  and  the  slave-trade  were  then 
justified  in  Massachusetts,  as  they  continued 
to  be  long  years  after  he  "  slept  with  his 
fathers."  And  he  exhibited  in  his  corre- 
spondence his  desire  that  "  the  wicked  prac- 
tice of  slavery"  might  cease,  as  well  as  his 
strong  conviction  that  there  would  be  "  no 
progress  in  gospelling"  until  slavery  was 
done  away.  When  about  to  sit  on  the 
trial  of  a  master  for  killing  his  negro,  he 
wrote  to  a  friend  : 

"The   poorest   boys    and   girls  in   this 

Province,  such  as  are  of  the  lowest  condition, 

whether  they  be   English,  or   Indians,  or 

Ethiopians,  they  have  the  same  right  to  reli- 

j  gion  and  life  that  the  richest  heirs  have  ; 

|  and   they  who  go  about  to  deprive  them 

of  this  right  attempt  the  bombarding  of 

[heaven  ;  and  the  shells  they  throw  will  fall 

down  on  their  own  heads." 

But  Sewall  was  far  in  advance  of  his  day 
and  generation  in  these  views,  and  has 
himself  left  the  record  that  he  met  more 


198 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[June, 


"  frowns  and  hard  words"  than  sympathy 
"  for  this  undertaking." — Letter  to  Hig- 
g  ins  on,  April  13,  1706. 

Nor  was  his  publication  allowed  to  pass 
without  reply.  John  Saffin,  a  judge  of 
the  same  court  with  Judge  Sewall,  and  a 
slaveholder,  printed  an  answer,  of  which 
we  regret  to  say  we  have  been  able  to  find 
no  copy.  Could  it  be  found,  it  would  un- 
doubtedly be  an  interesting  document  and 
very  important  in  illustration  of  the  his- 
tory of  slavery  in  Massachusetts.  We 
might  naturally  expect  to  find  in  it  some 
references  to  the  laws,  the  principles,  and 
the  practices  of  the  Puritan  Fathers  of  that 
colony. 

It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  "  the  ques- 
tion of  tolerating  the  slave  trade  and  the 
question  of  abolishing  slavery  rested  on 
different  grounds.  The  one  related  to 
the  refusal  of  a  trust,  the  other  to  the 
manner  of  its  exercise." — Bancroft,  III. 
410. 

It  was  obvious  that  the  first  step  towards 
the  destruction  of  slavery  was  the  restraint 
or  prohibition  of  the  importation  of  slaves. 
We  have  already  noticed  the  acts  of  1705, 
with  the  additional  acts  of  1728  and  1738, 
imposing  and  enforcing  the  collection  of  an 
import  duty  of  four  pounds  per  head  upon 
all  negroes  brought  into  the  Province. 

There  is  no  indication  in  the  acts  them- 
selves, nor  have  we  been  able  to  find  any 
evidence  that  they  were  intended  other 
than  as  revenue  acts,  beyond  that  which 
we  have  presented  in  these  notes. 

We  have  heretofore  quoted  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  town  of  Boston  in  1701.  It  is 
not  improbable  that  it  was  the  result  of 
Judge  Sewall's  efforts  in  1700.  Fruitless 
as  it  seems  to  have  been,  it  shows  that  even 
at  that  date  some  were  wise  enough  to  see 
that  the  importation  of  negroes  was  not  so 
beneficial  to  the  Crown  or  Country  as  white 
servants  would  be.  In  1706,  an  essay  or 
"  Computation  that  the  Importation  of 
Negroes  is  not  so  profitable  as  thai  of 
White  /Servants,"  was  published  in  Bos- 
ton, which  may  properly  be  reproduced 
here.  It  was  the  first  newspaper  article 
against  the  importation  of  negroes  pub- 
lished  in   America,   and  appeared   in  the 


.Boston  Neics-Letter,  No.  112,  June  12, 
1706.  We  are  inclined  to  attribute  this 
article  also  to  Judge  Sewall. 

"  By  last  Year's  Bill  of  Mortality  for  the 
Town  of  Boston,  in  Number  100  News- 
Letter,  we  are  furnished  with  a  List  of  44 
Negroes  dead  last  year,  which  being  com- 
puted one  with  another  at  30?.  per  Head, 
amounts  to  the  Sum  of  One  Thousand  three 
hundred  and  Twenty  Pounds,  of  which  we 
would  make  this  Remark:  That  the  Im- 
porting of  Negroes  into  this  or  the  Neigh- 
boring Provinces  is  not  so  beneficial  either 
to  the  Crown  or  Country,  as  White  Ser- 
vants would  be. 

"For  Negroes  do  not  carry  Arms  to 
defend  the  Country  as  Whites  do. 

"  Negroes  are  generally  Eye-Servants, 
great  Thieves,  much  addicted  to  Stealing, 
Lying  and  Purloining. 

"  They  do  not  People  our  Country  as 
Whites  would  do  whereby  we  should  be 
strengthened  against  an  Enemy. 

"  By  Encouraging  the  Importing  of 
White  Men  Servants,  allowing  somewhat 
to  the  Importer,  most  Husbandmen  in  the 
Country  might  be  furnished  with  Servants 
for  8,  9,  or  10?.  a  Head,  who  are  not  able 
to  launch  out  40  or  50?.  for  a  Negro  the 
now  common  Price. 

"  A  Man  then  might  buy  a  White  Man 
Servant  we  suppose  for  10?.  to  serve  4 
years,  and  Boys  for  the  same  price  to  Serve 
6,  8,  or  10  years ;  If  a  White  Servant  die, 
the  Loss  exceeds  not  10?.  but  if  a  Negro 
dies,  'tis  a  very  great  loss  to  the  Husband- 
man ;  Three  years  Interest  of  the  price  of 
the  Negro,  will  near  upon  if  not  altogether 
purchase  a  White  Man  Servant. 

"  If  Necessity  call  for  it,  that  the  Hus- 
bandman must  fit  out  a  Man  against  the 
Enemy  ;  if  he  has  a  Negro  he  cannot  send 
him,  but  if  he  has  a  White  Servant,  'twill 
answer  the  end,  and  perhaps  save  his  Son 
at  home. 

"Were  Merchants  and  Masters  En- 
couraged as  already  said  to  bring  in  Men 
Servants,  there  needed  not  be  such  Com- 
plaint against  Superiors  Impressing  our 
Children  to  the  War,  there  would  then  be 
Men  enough  to  be  had  without  Impressing. 


.864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


199 


"  The  bringing  in  of  such  Servants  would 
much  enrich  this  Province  because  Hus- 
bandmen would  not  only  be  able  far  better 
to  manure  what  Lands  are  already  under 
Improvement,  but  would  also  improve  a 
great  deal  more  that  now  lyes  waste  under 
Woods,  and  enable  this  Province  to  set 
about  raising  of  Naval  Stores,  which  would 
be  greatly  advantageous  to  the  Crown  of 
England,  and  this  Province. 

"  For  the  raising  of  Hemp  here,  so  as  to 
make  Sail-cloth  and  Cordage  to  furnish  but 
our  own  Shipping,  would  hinder  the  Im- 
porting it,  and  save  a  considerable  sum  in 
a  year  to  make  Returns  for  which  we  now 
do,  and  in  time  might  be  capacitated  to 
furnish  England  not  only  with  Sail-cloth 
and  Cordage,  but  likewise  with  Pitch,  Tar, 
Hemp,  and  other  Stores  which  they  are 
now  obliged  to  purchase  in  Foreign  Nations. 

"  Suppose  the  Government  here  should 
allow  Forty  Shillings  per  head  for  five 
years,  to  such  as  should  Import  every  of 
these  years  100  White  Men  Servants,  and 
each  to  serve  4  years,  the  cost  would  be 
but  200/.  a  year,  and  a  1000/.  for  the  5 
years.  The  first  100  Servants,  being  free 
the  4th  year  they  serve  the  5th  for  Wages, 
and  the  6th  there  is  100  that  goes  out  into 
the  Woods,  and  settles  a  100  Families  to 
Strengthen  and  Baracado  us  from  the  In- 
dians, and  also  a  100  Families  more  every 
year  successively. 

"  And  here  you  see  that  in  one  year  the 
Town  of  Boston  has  lost  13201.  by  44  Ne- 
groes, which  is  also  a  loss  to  the  Country 
in  general,  and  for  a  less  loss  (if  it  may  im- 
properly be  so  called)  for  a  1000/.  the  Coun- 
try may  have  500  Men  in  5  years  time  for 
the  44  Negroes  dead  in  one  year. 

"  A  certain  person  within  these  6  years 
had  two  Negroes  dead  computed  both  at 
60/.  which  would  have  procured  him  six 
white  Servants  at  10/.  per  head  to  have 
Served  24  years,  at  4  years  apiece,  without 
running  such  a  great  risque,  and  the  Whites 
would  have  strengthened  the  Country,  that 
Negroes  do  not. 

"  'Twould  do  well  that  none  of  those 
Servants  be  liable  to  be  Impressed  during 
their  Service  of  Agreement  at  their  first 
Landing. 


"That  such  Servants  being  Sold  or 
Transported  out  of  this  Province  during 
the  time  of  their  Service,  the  Person  that 
buys  them  be  liable  to  pay  3/.  into  the 
Treasury.'' 

A  few  years  after  the  publication  of 
Judge  Sewall's  tract,  Elihu  Coleman  of 
Nantucket  is  said  to  have  written  and 
published  a  tract  against  slavery.  Coffin's 
Newbury :  p.  338. 

In  1755,  March  10,  the  town  of  Salem 
authorized  a  petition  to  the  General  Court 
against  the  importation  of  negroes.  FeWs 
Salem,  II.  416.  There  may  have  been 
other  occasional  efforts  of  this  sort,  but 
they  must  have  been  comparatively  few 
and  fruitless. 

We  have  thus  noticed  the  most  import- 
ant, if  not  the  only  anti-slavery  demonstra- 
tions which  appear  in  the  history  of  Massa- 
chusetts down  to  the  period  immediately 
preceding  the  revolution.  Excepting  those 
already  mentioned,  we  know  of  no  public 
advocates  for  the  slave  in  that  Colony  and 
Province  until  the  cry  of  resistance  to 
British  tyranny  began  to  resound  through 
the  Colonies. 

James  Otis's  great  speech  in  the  famous 
Cause  of  the  Writs  of  Assistance  in  1761 — 
the  first  scene  of  the  first  act  of  opposition 
to  the  arbitrary  claims  of  Great  Britain — 
declared  the  rights  of  man  inherent  and 
inalienable.  In  that  speech  the  poor  ne- 
groes were  not  forgotten.  None  ever  as- 
serted their  rights  in  stronger  terms. 
Adams's  Works,  X.  315.  Mr.  Bancroft 
postpones  Otis's  "protest  against  negro 
slavery"  to  a  later  year  (1764),  when  he 
translated  the  "  scathing  satire"  of  Montes- 
quieu in  his  assertion  and  proof  of  the 
rights  of  the  British  Colonies.  The  differ- 
ence in  time  is  not  material  for  our  present 
purpose.  Many  years  were  to  pass  away 
before  his  views  on  this  subject  were  ac- 
cepted by  the  children's  children  of  those 
to  whom  his  words  then  sounded  like  a 
rhapsody  and  an  extravagance. 

It  was  a  strong  arm,  and  it  struck  a 
sturdy  blow,  but  the  wedge  recoiled  and 
flew  out  from  the  tough  black  knot  of 
slavery,  which  was  destined  to  outlast  the 


200 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[June, 


fiercest  fires  of  the  revolution  in  Massa- 
chusetts, though  kindled  with  live  coals 
from  the  altar  of  universal  liberty. 

John  Adams  heard  the  words  of  Otis, 
and  "shuddered  at  the  doctrine  he  taught," 
and  to  the  end  of  his  long  life  continued 
"  to  shudder  at  the  consequences  that  may 
be  drawn  from  such  premises."  ,  Yet  John 
Adams  u  adored  the  idea  of  gradual  aboli- 
tions." Works,  X.  315.  For  his  later 
views  on  emancipation,  see  Works,  VI. 
511.,  X.  379. 

The  views  expressed  by  Otis  must  have 
sounded  strangely  in  the  ears  of  men  who 
"  lived  (as  John  Adams  himself  says  he  did) 
for  many  years  in  times  when  the  practice 
[of  slavery]  was  not  disgraceful,  when  the 
best  men  in  my  vicinity  thought  it  not 
inconsistent  with  their  character."  Works, 
X.  380. 

If  there  was  a  prevailing  public  senti- 
ment against  slavery  in  Massachusetts — as 
has  been  constantly  claimed  of  late — the 
people  of  that  day,  far  less  demonstra- 
tive than  their  descendants,  had  an  extra- 
ordinary way  of  not  showing  it.  Hutchin- 
son, who  was  certainly  the  man  of  his  time 
most  familiar  with  the  history  of  his  native 
province,  says  in  his  first  volume,  published 
in  1764:  "Some  judicious  persons  are  of 
opinion  that  the  permission  of  slavery  has 
been  a  publick  mischief,"  p.  444.  This 
is  certainly  the  indication  of  a  very  mild 
type  of  opposition — by  no  means  of  a  per- 
vading public  sentiment. 

John  Adams  was  not  alone  in  his  asto- 
nishment at  the  ideas  expressed  by  Otis. 
These  ideas  were  as  new  as  they  were 
startling  to  the  people  of  Massachusetts 
in  that  day.  And  to  the  calm  judgment 
of  the  historian  there  is  nothing  strange  in 
the  fact  that  the  foremost  man  of  his  time 
in  that  province  should  have  shuddered  at 
the  doctrines  which  Otis  taught. 

More  than  a  century  passed  away  before 
all  the  ancient  badges  of  servitude  could 
be  removed  from  the  colored  races  in  Mas- 
sachusetts, if  indeed  it  be  even  now  true 
that  none  of  those  disabilities  which  so 
strongly  mark  the  social  status  of  the 
negro  still  linger  in  the  legislation  of  that 
State.  e.  y.  e. 


EXCHANGE  OF  PRISONERS   1779. 

KEPOKT   OF  BEITISH   COMMISSIONERS. 

Overtures  having  been  made  by  Gene- 
ral Washington  for  settling  a  Cartel  for 
the  Exchange  of  Prisoners,  Commissioners 
met  by  appointment  at  Amboy,  April 
12th,  and  remained  there  until  the  23d, 
when  Colonel  Hyde  of  the  Foot  Guards 
and  Captain  Andre,  Aid-de-Camp  to  his 
Excellency  the  Commander-in-Chief,  re- 
turned to  New  York  and  made  the  follow- 
ing Report. 

To  His  Excellency 

Sir  Henry  Clinton,   K.B. 

<&c,  &c,  &c. 

Report. 
Report  of  Colonel  Hyde    and   Captain 
Andre,  Commissioners  on  the  part  of 
His  Excellency  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  for 
negociating  an  exchange  of  prisoners,  dbc. 
To  His  Excellency  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  K.B, 
Sir, 
We   beg  leave  in  this  report,  to  refer 
your  Excellency  to  our  letters  from  Am- 
boy :    In    these    we    expressed   our  sur- 
prise to   find  that  General  Washington's 
commissioners  objected  anew,  to  the  pow- 
ers we  produced,  as  being  incompetent  to 
a  general  cartel,  which  must  rest,  as  they 
termed  it,  on  the  broad  basis  of  national 
faith,   not   on  personal   confidence ;    they 
quoted  on   this  occasion,  the  customs   of 
nations  at  war  where  commissioners  were 
vested   with   powers  from    the    supreme 
authority  of  the  State,  not  from  the  Com- 
manders of  armies :    We  would  not  con- 
sume time  in   refuting  such  inapplicable 
parallels,    or    in    questioning     the    great 
breadth  of  basis  ascribed  to  the  faith  of 
unrecognized    power    which    ratified  the 
Convention,  but  desired  to  proceed  on  the 
powers  we  had,  to  an  immediate  exchange 
of  prisoners,  and  to  frame  regulations  for 
others    in   future,   under   whatever   name 
they  chose  to  enter  into   such   an   agree- 
ment, as  it  was  surely  an  object  of  import- 
ance enough  to  deserve  our  attention,  and 
fully  within  the  compass  of  our  commis- 
sion to  redeem   some    ****** 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


201 


and  to  provide  for  the  more  speedy  relief 
and  more  comfortable  maintainance  of 
such  as  should  hereafter  be  taken.  We 
thought  it  rather  derogating  from  the  zeal 
professed  by  the  enemy  in  this  affair,  to 
hear  their  commissioners  propose  in  an- 
swer, that  in  case  your  Excellency  was 
not  authorized  to  pledge  the  faith  of  the 
nation,  the  exchange  might  be  deferred 
till  such  authority  could  be  obtained  from 
Europe.  They  however  admitted,  that 
they  could  treat  on  a  present  exchange. 
In  order  therefore,  to  enter  closely  on  the 
subject,  we  proposed  a  mutual  communi- 
cation of  the  nature  of  the  agreement  we 
had  in  view,  and  we  produced  to  them  an 
imperfect  sketch  of  a  cartel  which  we  had 
drawn  up,  according  to  the  spirit  of  our 
instructions,  and  of  which  we  subjoin  a 
copy. 

In  return  they  exhibited  to  us  some  arti- 
cles which  they  had  compiled,  and  had  in- 
tended as  the  chief  tenor  of  a  general 
cartel,  had  they  judged  our  commissions 
to  have  been  sufficient.  These  pieces  were 
not  interchanged,  wre  can  therefore  only 
observe  as  to  them,  that  most  of  the  arti- 
cles differed  widely  from  ours,  and  many 
appeared  to  us  ill  defined  and  leaving 
room  for  arbitrary  constructions,  which 
might  easily  afford  ill  grounded  pretences 
for  violations.  We  could  not  but  be  very 
cautious  in  barkening  to  terms  of  such  a 
tendency,  when  the  business  under  out- 
consideration,  brought  to  mind  such  fla- 
grant instances  of  perversions  of  that  na- 
ture in  the  affair  of  the  Cedars,  and  in  a 
treaty  of  much  greater  importance,  where 
a  few  cartouch  boxes  were  wrested  into 
a  pretext  for  invalidating  a  solemn  con- 
vention. 

The  American  Commissioners  refused 
their  assent  to  our  first  article  for  the  uni- 
versal delivery  of  prisoners,  in  which  Ave 
conceived  they  would  on  computation, 
have  remained  indebted  to  us,  but  from 
our  account,  they  struck  of!  all  prisoners 
in  Georgia,  having,  they  assured  us,  no 
authentic  intelligence  concerning  them, 
probably  upwards  of  1000  men  ;  likewise 
between  4  and  500  officers  and  soldiers 
pretended  to  be  forfeited  by  an  infringe- 

0         HIST.    M.\G.       VOL.    VIII.       26 


ment  on  the  agreement  at  the  Cedars  : 
Officers  of  militia  not  taken  in  arms,  there- 
fore styled  citizens.  By  these  and  similar 
deductions,  they  transferred  the  balance 
to  their  own  side. 

We  were  not  more  successful  in  bring- 
ing their  ideas  to  coincide  with  ours,  when 
we  propose;!  to  agree  on  an  exchange  as 
far  as  our  abilities  should  be  found  to  ex- 
tend, involving  in  the  exchange  of  all  offi- 
cers, that  of  a  certain  proportion  of  pri- 
vate soldiers. 

Upon  the  whole  they  appeared  to  cir- 
cumscribe their  views  to  the  redemption 
of  their  officers  on  Long  Island,  pressing 
us  to  mention  the  number  of  private  men 
we  should  insist  on  receiving  if  any  ex- 
change took  place,  as  if  whatever  equivalent 
we  might  have,  their  instructions  had  been 
to  limit  the  private  men  they  were  to  sur- 
render. 

Unable  to  bring  them  to  compliance 
with  our  terms,  or  induce  them  to  name 
their  own,  we  at  length  on  Monday  the 
19th  inst.,  presented  the  following  defini- 
tive proposals,  the  form  and  diction  of 
which,  we  said,  might  be  altered,  if  neces- 
sary, as  we  had  not  adverted  particularly 
to  those  points. 

As  each  subject  of  these  others  had  been 
fully  discussed  in  our  several  conferences 
during  the  preceding  week,  we  thought, 
if  the  enemy's  instructions  admitted  of  any 
agreement,  much  time  could  not  be  requir- 
ed for  deliberation.  But  as  they  had 
throughout  the  negotiation  objected  to 
everything  in  a  minutious  spirit  of  conten- 
tion, we  drew  no  favourable  inference  from 
their  delay  in  answering,  and  presumed 
they  were  only  framing  a  reply  which 
should  serve  as  an  apology  to  the  unhappy 
people  who,  through  the  obvious  policy 
of  avoiding  all  exchange  (except  possi- 
bly  on  a  very  particular  and  confined  prin- 
ciple) are  to  remain  in  captivity.  We, 
therefore,  after  wailing  three  days,  wrote 
to  them  the  letter  which  we  annex,  toge- 
ther with  their  answer. 

Having  thus  closed  our  business,  we 
quitted  Amboy.  We  have  now  with  oar 
warmest  acknowledgments  to  assure  your 
Excellency  of  our  sense  of  the  honour  you 


202 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[June, 


conferred  upon  us,  and  to  entreat  you  to 
be  persuaded,  that  our  zeal  to  effect  the 
benevolent  purposes  of  our  commission  is 
only  equalled  by  the  concern  we  feel  at 
their  having  been  so  unhappily  frustrated. 
We  have  the  honour  to  be,  &c, 

West.  Hyde, 
John  Andre. 

Definite  Proposals  to  Colonels  Dames  and 
Harrison^  Commissioners  on  the  part 
of  General  Washington^  for  an  Ex- 
change of  Prisoners. 

We  renew  our  first  proposal  which  we 
still  think  the  most  equitable  that  could 
be  adopted  :  That  a  general  restoration 
of  all  prisoners  of  war  now  in  possession 
of  both  parties  take  place,  including  the 
troops  of  the  Convention  of  Saratoga,  the 
balance  in  favour  of  either  to  be  accounted 
for  by  the  other  with  the  first  prisoners 
taken  :  In  default  of  similar  ranks  unequal 
to  be  interchanged  on  a  Tariff  which  we 
annexed. 

But  as  this  was  objected  to  on  a  supposi- 
tion that  the  prisoners  of  one  party  would 
not  extend  to  the  redemption  of  those  of  the 
other,  a  more  partial  mode  was  suggested. 
Having  in  our  several  conferences  on  that 
subject  fully  investigated  the  matter,  we 
now  offer  the  following  terms  as  the  result 
and  a  final  proposal. 

1.  The  troops  of  the  Convention  shall 
be  first  exchanged,  and  in  the  following 
succession  as  far  as  the  prisoners  in  the 
hands  of  the  British  in  any  part  of  the 
Continent  will  suffice  to  exchange. 


Half  the  Artillery  ^ 

One  Regt.  British  I 

One  Foreign 

British  ( 

Major  General 

Foreign 

British 

Foreign 
Lieut.  General 

British 

Foreign 

Britisli 
Major  General 

Foreign 

Britisli 

Foreign 

Half  the  -rtillery^ 


Right  Wing 


Left  Wing 


Dragoons,  Staff-Officers  and  Corps  not 
included  above,  to  be  exchanged  half  with 
each  wing,  and  disposed  of  as  may  be 
agreed  upon. 

Brigadier  Generals  with  their  regiments. 

2.  In  the  above  exchange  officers  shall 
be  accounted  for  according  to  the  ranks 
they  held  on  the  17th  Oct.  17 7 7  (the  day 
of  signing  the  Convention)  and  shall  be 
exchanged  by  us  for  officers  of  equal  rank 
as  far  as  numbers  will  admit.  In  cases 
where  the  ranks  and  numbers  will  not  ex- 
actly apply,  officers  shall  be  exchanged  by 
an  adequate  proportion  for  other  ranks  the 
nearest  to  their  own,  according  to  the 
Tariff  annexed. 

In  the  exchange  of  our  General  Officers 
we  will  return  those  of  the  highest  ranks 
in  our  possession,  reserving  a  sufficient 
number  of  Brigadiers  and  Field-Officers  to 
release  all  those  of  ours  who  are  prisoners, 
according  to  the  principle  of  equality. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  private  soldiers 
of  the  Convention  who  shall  exceed  the 
number  of  privates  we  may  have  to  return 
for  them,  shall  be  exchanged  by  an  ade- 
quate proportion  (according  to  the  Tariff) 
of  such  Staff-Officers,  Subaltern-Officers, 
and  afterwards  officers  of  next  inferior 
rank  as  may  remain  in  our  possession  more 
than  the  number  of  Subalterns  or  Stall- 
officers  of  the  Convention  troops. 

The  account  of  these  balances  to  be  set- 
tled according  to  the  returns  of  officers 
and  men  actually  and  bona  fide  restored 
on  each  side,  and  such  British  regimental 
officers  as  are  absent  on  parole  shall  be 
accounted  for  with  their  regiments,  or  if 
required,  be  exchanged  amongst  the  first 
on  the  footing  of  their  being  already  re- 
stored. 

3.  And  should  there,  after  this,  remain 
prisoners  in  the  hands  of  the  British  in 
any  part  of  the  Continent — Georgia  par- 
ticularly included — they  shall  be  assigned 
to  a  further  exchange  of  prisoners,  as  far 
as  they  will  extend. 

4.  Officers  who  being  on  parole  have 
not  complied  with  the  summons  to  return, 
and  officers  who  have  violated  their  pa- 
roles, are  to  be  sent  back  immediately,  or 
accounted  for  first  in  the  exchange.     And 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


203 


Sir  Henry  Clinton  leaves  it  with  General 
Washington  in  the  present  case  to  deter- 
mine as  to  officers  of  the  American  army, 
which  shall  be  accounted  for  as  having 
unwarrantably  absented  themselves. 

5.  And  though  we  are  instructed  to 
assert  the  just  pretension,  and  to  claim 
in  the  most  explicit  manner  the  due  per- 
formance of  the  Capitulation  of  the  Ce- 
dars, yet  that  no  obstacle  may  remain  to 
impede  the  immediate  object  of  these  pro- 
posals, we  consent  that  the  discussion  of 
that  affair  shall  remain  for  some  future 
opportunity. 

6.  And  we  further  consent,  in  the  same 
view  of  removing  difficulties,  that  sergeants 
continuing  to  be  exchanged  as  heretofore 
as  privates,  subaltern-officers  shall  only  be 
rated  as  you  propose  at  6  men,  though 
we  think  the  appreciation  inadequate. 

1.  In  case  either  party  from  motives  of 
generous  confidence,  and  to  accelerate  re- 
lief, should  be  induced  to  dispossess  them- 
selves of  a  portion  of  prisoners  before 
circumstances  admit  of  receiving  an  equi- 
valent, the  plighted  honour  of  the  Gene- 
rals, or  some  adequate  security,  must 
guarantee  the  delivery  of  the  said  equiva- 
lent, so  that  no  pretence  whatever  may 
be  made  use  of  to  delay  or  evade  it.  But 
we  can  neither  on  the  present  or  in  any 
future  case  admit  that  officers  and  soldiers 
of  militia  not  on  service  shall  be  exempted 
from  being  made  prisoners  of  war. 

We  are  not  unwilling  to  frame  regula- 
tions to  establish  and  facilitate  future  peri- 
odical exchanges  upon  terms  of  mutual 
advantage,  and  which  can  leave  no  room 
for  altercation  or  misconstruction.  Whe- 
ther such  an  instrument  shall  be  called  a 
General  Cartel,  we  will  not  dispute,  and 
shall  be  contented  with  powers  on  the 
part  of  the  American  Commissioners  of  a 
like  manner  with  our  own. 


Tariff. 

General  commanding  in  chief. 5000 

Lieutenant  General .1200 

Major  General 350 

Brigadier  General 250 

AidesSd^Carmpd°  }  a^rdinS  to  rank  in  the  army 


Colonel 150 

Lieutenant  Colonel 75 

Major 35 

Captain 20 

Lieutenant 10 

Ensign 5 

Adjutant 10 

Quarter- Master 10 

Chaplain 10 

Serjeant 2 

Corporal l 

Private 1 

Drummer 1 

If  the  above  rates  are  agreed  to,  it  will 
be  easy  to  settle  others  for  the  Stafl^  &c, 
upon  the  same  principles  of  equity. 
(Signed)  West.  Hyde. 

John  Andre, 
Commissioners  on  the  part  of 
Sir  Henry  Clinton. 


Amboy,  Thursday,  April  22, 1779.   ' 

Gentlemen, 

With  a  patience  inspired  by  our  anxious 
wishes  to  effect  the  end  of  our  commis- 
sion, and  supported  by  the  duties  of  per- 
sonal politeness,  we  have  waited  three 
days  to  receive  your  assent  or  negative 
to  the  proposals  we  offered  you  on  Mon- 
day ;  as  they  are  determinate  and  unalter- 
able, so  we  hope  they  are  clear.  In  the 
first  case,  they  can  only  require  a  decisive 
answer;  should  they  be  deficient  in  per- 
spicuity we  shall  be  happy  to  explain 
them. 

We  present  you  on  our  part  terms  un- 
propped  by  argument,  and  resting  only 
on  the  basis  of  their  equity ;  should  you 
not  be  inclined  to  acquiesce  in  them,  we 
trust  you  will  not,  on  your  side,  detain  us 
for  the  purpose  only  of  entering  at  large 
into  your  motives,  especially  as  we  havo 
Sir  Henry  Clinton's  orders  to  bring  this 
negociation  to  a  speedy  conclusion,  and 
to  return  to  New  York  as  soon  as  we 
are  convinced  there  are  no  hopes  of  suc- 
cess. 

We  are,  Gentlemen, 

Your  most  obedient  and 
Most  humble  servants, 

West.  Hyde, 
John  Andre. 
Colonels  Dames  and  Harrison. 


204 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[June , 


Amboy,  April  22d,  1779. 

Gentlemen, 

We  are  sensible  of  your  personal  polite- 
ness through  the  whole  of  our  negociation, 
and  should  be  extremely  unwilling  you 
should  indulge  an  idea  that  in  any  instance 
we  would  wish  to  detain  you  unneces- 
sarily. 

We  affect  not  delay,  but  actuated  by 
the  warmest  desires  to  accomplish  the 
humane  purposes  of  our  appointment,  we 
have  paid  the  closest  attention  to  the  pro- 
posals you  have  offered  ;  we  have  found 
them  extensive  and  important  in  their 
consequences,  involving  a  variety  of  inter- 
ests, which  necessarily  required  much  con- 
sideration. With  a  truly  anxious  zeal  we 
have  endeavoured  to  accommodate  them 
to  our  mutual  advantage  and  that  of  the 
prisoners,  and  are  sensibly  distressed  to 
find  ourselves  unexpectedly  restricted  to 
a  bare  assent  or  negative  to  your  propo- 
sals. Should  they,  however,  be  finally 
determinate  and  unalterable  as  you  ex- 
press, we  have  only  to  lament  that  they 
are  such  as  we  cannot  accede  to  without 
manifest  injury  to  our  country,  and  incur- 
ring the  disapprobation  even  of  our  unfor- 
tunate prisoners  themselves. 
We  are,  Gentlemen, 

Your  most  obedient  and 
Most  humble  servants, 

William  Davies, 
Rob.  H.  Hakrisost. 
Col.  Hyde  and  Capt.  Andre. 


Copies  of  the  Letters  referred  to  in  the 
Report. 

Amboy,  April  14th,  1779. 

Sir, 
We  landed  on  Monday  at  about  12 
o'clock,  and  yesterday  had  a  first  Con- 
ference with  the  gentlemen  deputed  to 
meet  us.  At  interchanging  our  powers, 
we  were  not  a  little  surprised  to  find  ours 
objected  to  as  to  their  competence  to 
effect  a  general  permanent  cartel,  these 
being  the  same  grounds  on  which  they 
had  before  obliged  British  Commissioners 
to  break  off  a  similar  conference.  They 
wished    to  have  read  in  our  Commission 


from  your  Excellency — "  I  do  hereby  in 
virtue  of  full  powers  to  me  delegated  nomi- 
nate and  appoint  you,  &c,  &c." 

We  also  thought  it  rather  inauspicious 
and  not  easily  to  be  reconciled  to  the  zeal 
expressed  by  the  enemy  for  an  exchange, 
to  hear  their  Commissioners  in  a  first  inter- 
view propose,  that  if  your  Excellency  were 
not  authorised  to  pledge  the  faith  of  the 
nation,  the  release  of  prisoners  might  be 
deferred  till  such  authority  could  be  ob- 
tained from  Europe. 

Solicitous,  however,  to  find  if  any  desire 
of  treaty  existed  on  their  part,  and  cordi- 
ally resolved  to  attempt  everything  on 
ours,  we  entered  on  the  subject ;  and  in 
our  conversations  of  yesterday  and  this 
morning  have  been  able  to  observe  : 

That  although  they  conceive  our  powers 
inadequate  to  a  general  cartel,  they  do  not 
alledge  them  to  be  so  as  to  a  present  ex- 
change of  prisoners,  nor  can  we  find  where 
they  mean  to  draw  the  line  which  is  to  cir- 
cumscribe our  regulations  for  the  future  ; 
we  are  therefore  inclined  to  hope  that  in 
this  we  are  disputing  on  words. 

They  disclaim  all  intention  to  draw  us 
into  an  acknowledgement  of  their  inde- 
pendence, and  have  fully  satisfied  us  that 
the  preamble  may  be  couched  in  terms  not 
repugnant  to  our  general  mode  of  expres- 
sion with  respect  to  them.  They  appear 
willing  to  talk  of  an  exchange  without 
entering  into  accounts. 

But  they  stile  General  Burgoyne  a  Com- 
mander-in-Chief, and  intimate  that  he  and 
the  other  General  Officers  should  be  first 
exchanged. 

They  will  not  accede  to  the  general  deli- 
very of  prisoners,  pretending,  contrary  to 
what  we  know  to  be  the  case,  that  the 
balance  is  greatly  in  their  favour. 

They  profess  ignorance  of  all  transac- 
tions in  Georgia  and  refuse  to  enter  into 
any  agreement  extending  to  prisoners 
taken  there. 

They  cavil  upon  the  rates  at  which 
unequal  ranks  might  be  interchanged 
where  their  interest  in  the  present  case 
appears  concerned. 

And  they  seem  to  be  aiming,  in  the 
mode    of   exchange,  at    an    arrangement 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


205 


which  may  leave  private  soldiers  in  their 
possession. 

We  will  not  however  despair  of  agree- 
ing upon  some  measures  for  granting  relief 
to  the  whole  or  a  large  portion  of  the  pri- 
soners now  in  their  hands,  and  of  fixing 
some  line  by  which  to  be  guided  on  future 
occasions  of  this  nature. 

We  take  the  liberty  to  observe  to  your 
Excellency  that  we  cannot  recommend  the 
concession  they  require  in  the  matters 
relative  to  our  powers,  confident  that  the 
main  point  of  shortening  or  alleviating 
the  pain  of  captivity  is  in  no  manner  con- 
nected with  it,  and  as  we  think  it  only 
demanded  in  the  same  spirit  of  encroach- 
ment with  which  in  each  successive  power 
granted  to  Commissioners  for  treating  on 
this  subject,  they  have  affected  to  display 
more  at  large  their  usurped  dignities. 

We  must  acknowledge  that  the  Gentle- 
men we  have  met,  are  personally  such  as 
we  could  have  wished  to  confer  with. 
We  have  the  honour,  <fcc, 

West.  Hyde, 
John  Andre. 
To  His  Excellency  Sir  Henry  Clinton. 


Sir, 


Amboy,  April  16th,  1776. 


We  have  to  give  your  Excellency  some 
further  information  as  to  our  proceed- 
ings. 

We  find  that  the  American  Commission- 
ers still  urge  the  enlargement  of  our  powers 
as  necessary  for  a  General  Cartel,  but  we 
evidently  see  that  it  is  for  the  purpose  of 
appearing  to  treat  on  the  footing  of  a 
nation  at  war ;  and  we  cannot  perceive 
that  a  concession  on  this  head  would  have 
any  other  effect  than  giving  them  a  tri- 
umph, especially  as  they  introduce  very 
improper  matter  to  be  acceded  to,  which 
this  would  not  tend  to  remove. 

We  have  candidly  shown  them  the 
ground  on  which  we  can  proceed,  and 
even  made  a  proposal  as  to  the  rates  at 
which  officers  of  dissimilar  ranks,  and  pri- 
vates, might  be  exchanged  for  each  other  ; 
but  we  have  told  them  on  the  other  hand, 
that  if  only  a  partial  exchange  was  to  take 
place,  we  insisted  on,  and  would  not  de- 


part from  our  demand  of  receiving  private 
men,  with  officers,  in  a  battalion  propor- 
tion ;  or  by  exchanging  the  soldiers  of 
each  regiment  of  the  convention  army  at 
the  same  time  with  their  officers,  in  order 
impartially  to  afford  relief  to  all  conditions 
of  men. 

They  appear  as  though  they  felt  they 
must  accede  to  something  of  this  nature, 
and  consequently  want  to  confine  it  as 
much  as  possible,  and  to  reduce  to  the 
lowest,  the  proportion  of  privates  given 
with  officers,  rejecting  that  proposed  ;  and 
they  lay  some  stress  on  the  different  value 
of  our  trained  soldiers,  inlisted  for  life,  and 
their  own  troops,  whose  term  of  service  is 
daily  expiring,  or  who  are  a  rude  militia, 
lending  a  precarious  assistance,  thus  jus- 
tifying their  reluctance  to  giving  ours  up  ; 
they  also,  with  the  utmost  perseverance, 
strive  to  enhance  the  ranks  they  chiefly 
possess,  and  depreciate  those  where  we 
have  the  advantage  in  number,  without 
reference  to  precedent,  or  regard  to  im- 
partiality. 

The  articles  which  they  have  shewn  us 
in  a  model  for  a  cartel  are  many  of  them 
utterly  inadmissible,  and  for  the  most  part 
are  vague  and  obnoxious  to  wilful  con- 
structions, tending  to  furnish,  pretences  for 
retaliative  infringements.  Whatever  suc- 
cess may  attend  our  labours,  they  shall  be 
'unremitted :  We  shall  continue  to  com- 
pare our  ideas  upon  matters  that  can  be- 
come the  objects  of  this  negociation,  and 
shall  see,  if  (when  all  is  rejected  on  both 
sides  that  cannot  be  agreed  upon,)  there 
will  be  a  residue  worthy  of  making  the 
substance  of  a  treaty.  We  shall  at  least 
acquire  materials  for  evincing  your  Excel- 
lency's generous  intentions,  and  the  satis- 
faction of  having  followed  up  the  enemy's 
difficulties,  till  we  found  them  originating 
in  severe  and  unjustifiable  policy. 

We  shall  be  happy  to  know  that  your 
Excellency  approves  our  conduct,  and  to 
receive  your  further  commands  and  ad- 
vice. 

We  have,  &c. 

West  Hyde, 
John  Andre. 
To  His  Excellency  Sir  Henry  Clinton. 


206 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[June, 


New  York,  April  17, 17T9. 

Gentlemen, 
I  have  received  your  letters  of  the  14th 
and  16th  of  this  month,  from  the  hope 
that  the  Enemy's  Commissioners  would 
soon  be  convinced  of  the  generous  inten- 
tions with  which  you  mean  to  prosecute 
the  business,  and  would  in  consequence 
meet  you  with  as  fair  an  inclination.  I  do 
not  think  it  necessary  to  answer  your  ac- 
count of  their  first  cavils  ;  I  am  concerned 
to  find  by  your  second  letter,  that  on  their 
Part  there  still  subsists  an  Hesitation  and 
Chicane,  so  little  merited  by  the  Tenor  of 
your  Propositions. 

_  I  have  only  to  say,  that  I  approve  en- 
tirely, both  the  Liberality  and  Circumspec- 
tion of  your  Conduct  in  those  Points  of 
your  Negociation  you  have  hitherto  laid 
before  me ;  should  the  conference  prove 
fruitless,  the  Uprightness  of  your  Proceed- 
ings will  at  least  mark  undeniably  the 
generosity  of  our  views. 

I  have  the  Honour  to  be,  Gentlemen, 
Yonr  most  obedient  Humble  Servant, 
H.  Clinton. 
To 
Col.  West  Hyde,  and  Copt.  John  Andre, 


Sir, 


Amboy,  the  17th  April,  1779. 


We  had  the  honour  to  inform  your  Ex- 
cellency, that  whatever  might  be  our 
hopes  of  our  success,  we  wou'd,  if  possi- 
ble, make  ourselves  acquainted  with  the 
real  views  of  the  enemy,  as  to  an  ex- 
change :  We  are  sorry  to  have  to  report, 
that  the  more  we  become  acquainted  with 
them,  the  more  dissonant  we  find  them 
from  liberality,  and  the  less  hopes  we  con- 
ceive of  being  able  to  come  to  any  kind 
of  arrangement.  They  appear  to  us  to  be 
totally  governed  by  the  policy  of  not  giv- 
ing up  private  men  ;  and  the  whole  of 
their  meeting  us,  seems  to  have  been  to 
amuse  the  clamorous  prisoners  in  our  hands. 
There  are,  perhaps,  some  extravagant 
terms  on  which  they  wou'd  accede  to  a 
partial  exchange,  excluding  from  it  450 
officers  and  privates  due  from  the  agree- 
ment at  the  Cedars.  The  prisoners  of 
Georgia,  of  whom  they  have  no  authentic 


account,  amounting  perhaps  to  upwards  of 
a  thousand,  striking  off  militia-officers  and 
soldiers,  whose  capture  whilst  out  of  ser- 
vice, they  think  inadmissible,  reducing  the 
rank  of  others,  and  rating  officers  for  pri- 
vates, at  a  proportion  of  their  own  ;  but 
even  these  terms  we  cannot  bring  them  to 
propose,  and  only  find  that  they  would  not 
give  us  anything  approaching  to  a  batta- 
lion proportion  of  men  with  officers. 

In  consequence  of  their  refusing  their 
assent  to  a  general  delivery  of  prisoners, 
and  declaring  they  cou'd  not  frame  a  Ge- 
neral Cartel  on  the  powers  we  had,  we 
proposed  to  them  to  exchange  two  regi- 
ments of  the  Convention  at  a  time  (one 
British  and  one  foreign)  a  Major-Gen eral 
with  a  wing ;  General  Burgoyne  after  the 
first  half,  &c,  as  far  as  the  number  of 
Prisoners,  both  officers  and  men  here,  or 
elsewhere,  in  our  power,  should  extend. 

In  the  whole  course  of  our  conferences, 
they  have  found  obstacles  to  whatever  we 
have  thrown  out ;  nor  have  we  been  able 
to  discover  that  any  opening  to  compound, 
or  even  any  concession,  tended  to  soften 

or  bring  them  nearer  to  an  agreement 

We  have  therefore  resolved  to  make  a  de- 
finitive offer,  as  soon  as  we  shall  hear  from 
your  Excellency  what  your  determina- 
tion is  on  the  prisoners  of  the  Cedars,  <fec, 
have  you  further  instructions,  where  you 
may  see  them  necessary.  On  a  refusal  to 
accede  to  that  offer,  we  shall  with  the 
utmost  disappointment  and  mortification 
close  this  fruitless  negociation. 
We  have,  <fcc, 

West  Hyde, 
John  Andre. 
To  His  Excellency  Sir  Henry  Clinton. 


New  York,  April  18th,  1779. 

Gentlemen, 

I  have  received  your  letter  of  yesterday, 
and  am  sorry  to  find,  that  the  fixed  deter- 
mination of  the  enemy's  Commissioners  to 
evade  every  preliminary  which  might  tend 
to  real  negociation,  becomes  hourly  more 
palpable. 

I  agree  in  sentiment  with  you,  that  this 
conference  was  solicited  by  Congress,  mere- 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


207 


ly  to  still  clamours  of  their  officers ;  their 
real  indifference  for  whose  fate,  appears 
clearly  through  every  step  of  their  pro- 
ceedings. 

With  this  conviction,  possibly  the  most 
becoming  step  would  be  to  break  off  in- 
stantly, and  spurn  the  idea  of  further  nego- 
ciation  with  a  people  who  invariably  meet 
you  with  such  ungenerous  resolutions :  But 
a  just  tenderness  for  the  sensations  of  our 
officers  and  soldiers  in  their  hands,  and 
even  a  desire  to  prove  to  those  of  the 
enemy,  prisoners  with  us,  how  averse  we 
are  to  take  any  unworthy  advantage  of 
the  severity  of  their  situation,  oblige  me 
to  attend  to  two  or  three  articles  on 
which  the  enemy  ground  their  principal 
subterfuges. 

I  am  not  sufficiently  informed  as  to  the 
transaction  at  the  Cedars  ;  but  having 
always  heard  that  affair  stigmatized  as  a 
glaring  breach  of  faith  on  the  part  of  the 
Americans,  I  cannot  give  my  sanction  to 
the  infraction  of  that  capitulation,  by 
yielding  the  claim  in  this  public  negocia- 
tion  :  Yet,  that  from  thence  no  bar  may 
arise  to  your  present  business,  I  will  con- 
sent that  the  charge  shall  sleep  'till  Sir 
Guy  Carleton,  or  those  more  particularly 
interested  shall  have  made  their  represen- 
tations. 

The  principle  of  not  accounting  for  offi- 
cers bearing  commissions  in  the  militia, 
and  not  taken  actually  in  the  field,  is  utter- 
ly inadmissible,  the  proposition  is  as  illibe- 
ral towards  us,  as  it  is  cruel  to  the  unfor- 
tunate objects  concerned  ;  It  is  a  point 
which  could  not  have  been  disputed,  but 
for  their  present  purpose. 

With  regard  to  the  prisoners  whom  we 
have  taken  in  Georgia,  as  I  have  sent  with 
you  a  formal  return,  signed  by  Major 
General  Prevost,  of  all  taken  before  their 
defeat  at  Briar  Creek,  I  cannot  accede  to 
the  enemy's  proposal  of  paying  no  regard 
to  those  prisoners,  should  exchange  either 
general  or  partial  be  agreed  upon.  When 
they  say  they  have  no  authentic  documents 
on  that  head,  I  must  consider  it  merely  an 
evasion :  It  is  not  to  be  conceived  that 
they  have  not  yet  procured  exact  returns 
of  a  matter,  in  which  so  many  anxious 


families  amongst  them  must  be  distress- 
ingly interested.  I  will  suspend,  if  neces- 
sary, the  consideration  of  the  prisoners 
taken  at  Briar  Creek,  'till  a  more  formal 
report  shall  have  been  made  of  their  rank 
and  number. 

As  to  the  arbitrary  and  incongruous 
proportion  of  men  for  officers,  on  which 
they  hint  a  possibility  of  their  acceding  to 
a  Tariff,  which  Avould,  toward  us,  be  very 
inequitable,  it  is  not  to  be  supposed  that 
they  even  expected  your  concurrence  to 
such  vague  and  partial  propositions. 

I  have  now,  gentlemen,  given  you  my 
final  determination  on  those  points  of  their 
changeable  and  indefinite  pretensions,  to 
which  they  seem  most  to  adhere.  Should 
that  spirit  of  evasion  still  subsist  on  their 
part  it  will  neither  be  becoming,  nor  will 
my  wishes  for  your  satisfaction  permit, 
that  you  should  remain  with  them  an  hour 
longer ;  and  I  do  therefore  in  that  case, 
direct  your  immediate  return. 

I  have  the  honour  to  be,  Gentlemen, 
Your  most  obedient, 

Humble  Servant, 

H.  Clinton. 

To 
Col  West  Hyde,  and  Capt.  John  Andre. 


K. 


gtotes  an&  (Qmks. 


NOTES. 


"Josiah  Qtjincy,  Jr.,  of  1775. — (Vol. 
VII.  p.  192). — In  consequence  of  the  notice 
of  the  death  of  Josiah  Quincy,  Jr.,  of  1775, 
in  "  The  Historical  Magazine  for  June, 
1863,"  it  is  requisite  to  state  that  the  ac- 
count of  his  death,  given  in  the  memoir 
published  by  his  son  in  1825,  was  received 
from  his  widow,  and  confirmed  by  his  sister, 
Mrs.  Storer,  who  died  in  1826,  at  the  age 
of  ninety  years.  Previous  to  the  publica- 
tion of  the  memoir,  a  letter  was  addressed 
to  Mr.  John  Rogers,  who  held  the  office 
of  Town  Clerk  of  Gloucester,  Cape  Ann, 


208 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[June, 


for  upwards  of  forty-five  years,  and  also 
that  of  Notary  Public.  In  the  reply  of 
Mr.  Rogers  to  Mr.  Quincy,  dated  "  Glou- 
cester, April  2, 1825,"  he  regrets  that  "  after 
examining  the  Records  of  that  Town  and  of 
the  Board  of  Selectmen  for  that  period, 
and  after  conversing  with  two  aged  men 
who  attended  the  funeral  of  Josiah  Quincy, 
Jr.,  in  April,  1775,  he  has  no  farther  infor- 
mation to  impart,  except  the  assurance  that 
the  last  services  were  very  fully  attended, 
and  every  testimony  of  respect  and  of  sor- 
row for  the  loss  the  country  had  sustained 
rendered  by  the  inhabitants  of  Gloucester." 

This  communication  has  been  delayed 
until  the  letter  of  Mr.  Rogers,  written 
thirty-nine  years  ago,  could  be  found  and 
consulted. 

The  conflicting  accounts  of  the  death  of 
Mr.  Quincy  are  to  be  attributed  to  the 
agitation  and  alarm  prevalent  in  the  coun- 
try around  Boston  in  April,  1775,  when  all 
direct  intercourse  was  interrupted. 

Eliza  S.  Quincy. 

No.  5  Pake  St.,  Boston,  May  11, 1864. 


Capt.  Thomas  Machen. — Vol.  VIII.  p. 
149. — It  is  due  to  the  memory  of  Capt. 
Thomas  Machen  to  say  that  the  note,  page 
149  of  the  April  number  of  your  magazine, 
is  not  correct  in  the  statement  that  his 
coinage  was  illegal.  In  1787,  Capt.  Ma- 
chen formed  a  partnership  with  Samuel 
Atlee  and  others,  of  New  York,  for  the 
purpose  of  coining  money  under  charter 
to  be  obtained  from  the  Legislature  of 
New  York.  They  either  failed  to  obtain 
such  charter  or  made  better  arrangements, 
for  in  1788  they  united  with  Reuben 
Harrison,  and  others  of  Bennington,  Vt., 
who  had  a  charter  from  that  state,  and 
also  authority  to  coin  for  the  state  of 
Connecticut,  and  it  was  under  this  authori- 
ty that  Capt.  Machen's  mill  at  New  Grange 
was  conducted.  As  soon  as  the  coinage 
of  money  was  taken  from  the  states  by  the 
adoption  of  the  federal  constitution,  Capt. 
Machen's  mill  was  stopped.  The  business 
was  certainly  discontinued  in  1790.  Capt. 
Machen  never  transacted  any  illegal  busi- 
ness, and  the  authorities  never  had  occa- 
sion to  interfere  with  him.     Mr.  Bushnell, 


of  New  York,  and  Gen.  Thos.  Machen, 
now  residing  in  Albany,  can  satisfy  your 
correspondent  upon  these  points. 


Indians  in  Orange  County. — (Vol. 
viii.  p.  152.)  The  article  on  "Indians  in 
Orange  County"  (p.  152)  would  be  of 
much  value  if  authorities  Avere  given.  I 
have  been  led  to  believe  that  there  never 
was  a  "  Wawayanda  Tribe,"  and  I  beg  to 
say  that  •"  Minsies"  was  never  corrupted 
into  "Minisink."  The  fact  in  the  latter 
case  is,  that  the  terminal  ink  is  pure  Dela- 
ware or  Algonquin,  and  signifies  locality 
— literally  the  country  of  the  Minsies. 
The  term  Wawayanda  was  applied  as 
describing  land,  not  tribe,  or  my  reading 
of  the  original  deed  is  sadly  at  fault  (see 
land  papers  at  Albany).  Will  "  J.  M.  E." 
favor  me  with  his  authorities  ?  x. 


An  Acrostic  from   the   Massachusetts 

Magazine  for  September,  1789  : — 

"  G-reat  in  the  martial  field,  in  council  wise  ; 
Bach  virtue  guides  thee  in  thy  pleasing  way, 
On  wings  triumphant,  how  thy  glories  rise  1 
Eefulgent  as  th' unclouded  God  of  Day  1 
George  on  his  sea-girt  throne  beholds  his  sun, 
Eclips'd  forever  by  a  Washington  I 

"When  War's  tumultuous  bloody  front  alarmed ; 
And  civil  discord,  every  torch  had  fired; 
Serenely  brave,  the  tyrants  thou  disarmed, 
Hence,  at  thy  frown,  Britannia's  host  retired, 
In  peace ;  reverting  to  thy  Vernon's  stream ; 
No  views  ambitious  pointed  thee  to  thrones ; 
Genius  of  Freedom,  thou  art  hailed  supreme, 
The  chosen  guardian  of  Columbia's  sons. 
On  brass  and  marble  shall  thy  deeds  remain; 
No  time's  corroding  breath  can  blight  thy  fame." 

H.    P.,   JR. 
Philadelphia. 


Col.  Pickering.— (Vol.  VIII.  p.  m.)— 
The  tradition  that  this  distinguished  patriot 
died  at  the  Hasbrouck  house,  New  burgh, 
N.Y.,  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution,  al- 
luded to  in  the  interesting  sketches  of  Mr. 
Eager,  is  not  correct.  He  died  at  his  na- 
tive town,  Salem,  Mass.,  Jan.  29,  1829,  in 
his  84th  year,  after  a  life  of  great  useful- 
ness and  honor.  r. 


Lineage  op  the  "  Signers." — On  look- 
ing over  the  immortal  roll  of  the  Signers 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


209 


of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  curio- 
sity has  led  me  to  examine  from  what  stock 
they  sprang.  I  find  that  4  of  them  were 
natives  of  Ireland,  viz.  Thornton,  Rut- 
ledge,  Smith,  and  Taylor  ;  2  of  Scotland, 
Wilson  and  Witherspoon ;  1  of  Wales, 
Lewis ;  and  1  of  England,  Robert  Morris. 
There  are  also  3  of  direct  Welsh  origin, 
Williams,  Floyd  (originally  Lloyd)  and  L. 
Morris ;  3  of  Irish,  Carroll,  Read,  and 
McKean  ;  2  of  Scotch,  Hooper  and  Living- 
ston; 1  of  Swedish,  Morton;  1  of  Norman, 
Bartlett,  and  1  of  Austrian,  Lynch.  The 
others  are  of  old  English  stock  generally ; 
though  there  is  Welsh  blood  in  the  ances- 
try of  John  Adams,  Jefferson,  Hewes  (pro- 
bably), Clymer,  Gwinnett  (originally  Grwin- 
nedd),  and  perhaps  Robert  Morris,  as  I  am 
informed  by  a  gentleman  better  informed 
on  genealogical  matters  than  myself.  Mor- 
ris was  born  in  Lancashire,  near  Wales, 
and  from  the  name  there  cannot  be  much 
doubt  of  his  Welsh  origin.  Clymer  and 
his  wife,  the  daughter  of  Reese  Meredith 
(originally  Meredidd),  were  both  of  Welsh 
origin.  The  Signers  from  New  England 
were  generally  direct  descendants  from  the 
Puritans.  j.  b.  r. 

Washington,  D.C.J 


Ruled  Paper. — Why  will  paper-makers 
and  stationers  persist  in  leaving  the  last 
page  of  letter  or  note-paper  blauk,  in  rul- 
ing it?  I  believe  this  question  is  daily 
asked  by  thousands.  Now  that  the  use  of 
envelopes  is  all  but  universal,  there  is  no 
sense  or  reason  in  leaving  the  last  page  un- 
ruled, to  the  annoyance  of  every  letter- 
writer.  Let  some  stationer  try  the  expe- 
riment of  ruling  and  advertising  a  lot,  half 
with  the  blank  page  and  half  without,  and 
see  which  sells  tirst.  Although  it  is  really 
less  trouble  to  rule  over  the  whole  sheet 
completely,  I  would  pay  twenty-live  cents 
per  ream  more  for  paper  thus  ruled,  being 
somewhat  of  an  extensive 

Letter- Writer. 


drew  Jackson,  written  during  the  troublous 
times  of  1814. 

To  Col.  PniLLip  Plpkin. 

Fort  Jackson  Ckef.k  Nation  \ 

hbadgvaktebb  "th  ijist.      > 

Mobile  Sept  12th  1S14.  ) 

Sir  :  It  is  with  extreme  regret,  that  I 
learn  from  your  letter  the  mutinous  dispo 
sitioii  that  has  made  its  appearance  in 
your  Regt.  This  is  a  bud  of  that  spirit 
that  was  excited  long  ago  by  the  officers 
of  the  volunteers  and  mditia  last  fall,  and 
the  indulgence  of  the  Governor  and  thro 
his  influence  that  was  extended  to  them  by 
the  General  Government. 

I  told  him  it  would  have  a  baneful  influ- 
ence on  the  service — but  must  be  checked 
or  our  independence  and  liberty  is  gone 
forever.  Unless  checked  a  war  cannot  be 
carried  on,  a  defence  against  that  foreign 
coalition  that  we  have  every  right  to  be- 
lieve does  exist,  cannot  be  made. 

I  have  ordered  a  general  court  martial 
to  be  held  at  Fort  Jackson.  A  proper 
example  will  put  an  end  to  all  further  at- 
tempts at  meeting — and  if  the  troops  or 
any  part  should  attempt  to  desert,  the 
troops  now  organizing  at  Fayetteville  will 
be  competent  to  apprehend  them. 

On  such  an  event,  send  an  express  direct 
to  have  them  apprehended  and  confined. 

A  few  being  shot,  will  learn  the  ballance 
that  the  have  a  country,  and  the  have 
rights  to  defend  ;  and  if  the  expect  the 
protection  of  the  law,  the  must  perform 
the  duty  of  good  citizens. 

We  have  various  accounts  of  the  British. 
They  are  in  Pensacola,  and  would  the 
Government  say  the  word  we  would  soon 
have  a  frolic. 

With  sentiments  of  esteem  and  respect, 
I  am  your  most  ob't  serv't, 

ANDREW  JACKSON, 
Maj.  General  Commanding. 


Autograph  Letter  of  Andrew  Jack- 
son.— Among  the  donations  of  a  sanitary 
fair  was  an  official  letter  by  General  An- 

HIST.  MAG.      VOL.  VIII.  27 


Latin  Ode  on  Washington. — (Vol. 
VIII.  p.  154.) — The  following  translation  <  f 
this  ode,  more  literal  than  poetical,  will 
allow  the  English  reader  to  sej  its  measure 
and  the  classic  spirit  in  the  heroic  times 
of  1775: 


210 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[June, 


On  Geo.  Washington  appointed  to  the  office  of  General- 
in-Chief  by  Congress  and  the  American  people. 


Boston  demands  thee,  (where  a  wicked  leader 
Shuts  up  the  hapless  people,  and  forbids  them 
Leaving  the  city) ;  and  she  is  excitiDg 

Courage  of  old  time. 

Brave  man !  may  prosper  what  thou  art  preparing. 
They  slay  the  people,  and  the  maid  assaulted 
Perishes  wretchedly  1  and  the  shrill  outcry 

Sounds  on  our  hearing. 

May  God  afford  thee  what  we  are  entreating, 
Safely  return  thee  to  a  grieving  nation  : 
Quick  may'st  thou  smite  the  armies  of  the  foemen 
Raging  with  slaughter. 

Praises  await  thee,  and  the  kindest  favor 
Gives  thee  a  welcome  from  the  face  of  all  men, 
Where  once  the  cruel  Indian  spread  his  havoc 

Sprinkled  with  bloodshed, 
BBimswiCK,  Mb. 


QUERIES. 

Gilmartin. — What  is  the  force  of  the 
first  syllable,  Gil,  in  this  and  similar  com- 
binations ;  GiLman,  GiLpatrick  (Kilpatrick), 
and  perhaps  others  ?  b. 

Gil  in  Irish  and  Scotch  names  is  from 
the  word  Giolla,  meaning  servant,  and  is 
found  before  the  name  of  God,  Jesus, 
Christ,  Mary,  forming  Gildea  (Culdee), 
Gillis,  Gilchrist,  Gilmore  (Gilmary) ;  before 
the  name  of  St.  Martin  alone  of  foreign 
saints ;  but  before  a  great  number  of  Irish 
saints — Gilpatrick,  Gilbride,  Gilsenan,  Kil 
is  often  a  corruption  of  Gil,  but  as  a  local 
name  means  church. 


Trial  of  Tortoises  in  Canada. — In  a 
note  on  trials  of  animals  for  crimes  and 
misdemeanors  in  the  London  Notes  and 
Queries  it  is  stated  that  tortoises  were  tried 
in  Canada  towards  the  end  of  the  16th 
century.  He  seemed  to  draw  his  state- 
ment from  Berriat  St.  Prix  (Mem.  de  la 
Societe  des  Antiquaires).  What  can  be 
the  meaning  of  this?  As  there  was  no 
French  settlement  in  Canada  at  the  close 
of  the  16th  century,  we  are  left  in  the 
dark  ? 


REPLIES. 

The  Arms  of  Herbendinck. — (Vol. 
VIII.  p.  154).— If  "H.»  (instead  of  putting 
an  idle  query  in  the  April  number  of  the 
Historical  Magazine)  had  taken  the  trou- 
ble to  look  into  the  North  Dutch  Church  in 
William  street  some  Sunday  morning  he 
would  have  seen  the  hatchment  containing 
John  Harpendinck's  or  (Herbendinck's) 
arms  hanging  over  the  pulpit,  where  it  has 
been  for  the  last  ninety  years,  since  it  was 
first  removed  from  the  old  Garden  Street 
Church.  e.  b. 


Descendants  of  John  Fenwick. — (Vol. 
Vin.  p.  154.) — There  appears  to  have  been  a 
close  connexion  between  the  families  of 
"  Lorraine,"  of  Northumberland,  and  "  Fen- 
wiche ;"  thus  Sir  Thomas  Lorraine  had  a 
son  William,  a  daughter  Catharine,  and  a 
son  "Fenwich";  his  son  William  had 
a  daughter  Jane,  who  married  "  John 
Fenwiche,"  thought  to  be  the  Major  John 
Fenwich  who  was  of  Cromwell's  army, 
and  was  on  duty  at  the  execution  of  King 
Charles  the  First ;  and  possibly,  though  I 
should  think  not  probably,  the  West  Jersey 
proprietor  in  connexion  Avith  Penn,  who 
was  I  believe  a  royalist  and  courtier.  Ca- 
tharine above  named  as  daughter  of  Sir 
Thomas  Lorraine,  married  (a  runaway 
match  I  believe)  David  Lyell,  an  artizan 
of  London,  and  they  came  to  this  country 
and  settled  at  Amboy ;  they  had  a  son 
"Fenwiche  Lyell"  (died  in  1742),  he  left  a 
son  Fenwich  Lyell  ;  the  name  of  both 
Fenwich  and  Lyell,  however,  I  think  is 
now  extinct  in  that  line ;  there  are  descen- 
dants from  him  of  the  name  of  Micheau 
in  New  Jersey ;  this  is  all  I  know.  I  should 
like  to  club  my  slender  stock  with  your 
querist's  for  common  benefit. 

Asher  Taylor. 

No.  37  Wall  Stbbet. 


The  Duke  of  York's  Laws. — (Vol. 
VIII.  p.  116.)— In  the  last  March  number 
of  the  Historical  Magazine  it  is  asked, 
"When  and  where  did  the  idea  originate 
that  Clarendon  drew  up  these  laws  ?  Was 
not  '  scissors'  more  properly  the  author  ?" 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


211 


Let  me  answer  botli  queries.  Judge  C. 
P.  Daly,  in  his  introduction  to  E.  D.  Smith's 
Common  Pleas  Reports,  published  in  1855, 
states  that  after  the  Duke  of  York  learned 
t/ie  success  of  JVicolls's  expedition,  he  ap- 
plied to  Lord  Chancellor  Clarendon,  "to 
draw  up  a  body  of  laws  for  the  government 
of  his  new  territory.  Clarendon  accord- 
ingly prepared  a  code,  and  this  code  or 
digest  was  transmitted  to  Nicolls,  who 
immediately  called  a  convention  formally 
to  ratify  and  adopt  it."  In  a  foot-note, 
Judge  Daly  reiterates  "  the  fact  that  Cla- 
rendon was  the  author  of  this  code,"  add- 
ing that  "  many  circumstances  might  be 
adduced,  the  result  of  a  very  full  investi- 
gation of  the  subject,  to  show  that  he  was 
author."  This  appears  to  have  been  the 
first  publication  of  the  theory. 

In  a  letter  to  Secretary  Hedges,  dated 
July  15,  1705,  Lord  Cornbury  states  that 
when  the  Duke  sent  Nicolls  to  take  posses- 
sion of  New  York,  u  he  gave  him  certain 
laws  by  which  the  Province  was  to  be 
governed,  which  to  this  day  are  called  the 
Duke's  laws." — Colonial  Documents,  IV. 
1154.  There  is  also  a  marginal  note  in 
Learning  and  Spicer's  Grants  and  Con- 
cessions, page  174,  that  the  Duke's  laws 
were  "  supposed  to  be  sent  over  with 
Governor  Nicolls."  Both  these  statements 
are  without  authority. 

On  the  other  hand,  Chalmers,  in  his 
Political  Annals,  p.  577,  says  that  the 
"  Court  of  Assizes"  (which  Nicolls  "  co- 
pied" or  continued  from  that  established  by 
the  Dutch,  and  in  which  he  had  the  chief 
voice),  prepared  the  code  before  the  meeting 
of  the  Assembly  at  Hempstead  on  the  28th 
of  February,  1665,  at  which  it  was  pro- 
mulgated. On  page  578,  Chalmers  adds, 
"  there  is  the  most  decisive  evidence  that 
the  code  was  compiled  at  the  Assizes  be- 
fore mentioned."  The  code  was  evidently 
the  work  of  Nicolls  himself,  assisted  by 
his  Provincial  Secretary,  Mathias  Nicolls, 
who  was  a  lawyer,  and  perhaps  by  other 
members  of  the  Court  of  Assizes.  Many 
of  its  provisions  are  borrowed  from  those 
"in  practice  in  His  Majesty's  other  colo- 
nies in  New  England." — See  Thompson'' s 
Long  Island,  II.  324.     It  resembles  them 


in  its  general  arrangement.  The  laws  of 
New  Haven  had  been  printed  as  early  as 
1656  {New  Haven  Rec.  II.  146,  154,  186, 
559),  while  those  of  Connecticut  were  left 
in  manuscript  until  1673  {Trumbull  I. 
332;  Thomas  I  260;  Col.  Rec.,  Conn., 
II  190,  201,  214,  567,  568).  Nicolls 
seems  to  have  had  copies  of  the  printed 
New  Haven  and  Massachusetts  codes,  and 
appears  to  have  asked  Governor  Winthrop 
to  furnish  him  with  a  copy  of  that  Connec- 
ticut not  yet  printed.  But  he  was  disap- 
pointed in  the  latter  case ;  for  on  the  23d 
of  February,  1665,  five  days  before  the 
Hempstead  Assembly,  he  thus  wrote  to 
Winthrop — "  I  am  very  sorry  that  the  copy 
of  your  Lawes  will  not  come  early  enough 
to  my  hands,  out  of  which  I  might  have 
made  a  choice  before  the  generall  meeting 
which  will  be  next  Tuesday  at  Hempstead  ; 
having  made  it  my  whole  business  to  pre- 
pare a  body  of  Lawes  against  that  time : 
— but  however,  I  shall  be  glad  to  receive 
your  lawes,  knowing  that  nothing  of  so 
public  a  nature  as  Lawes  can  be  perfect  at 
first,  especially  from  my  collection,  whose 
genius  and  capacity  (if  any)  hath  not  been 
applyd  to  matters  of  that  nature." — Trum- 
bull Papers,  XX.  74.  MSS.  Mass.  Mist. 
Soc.  Nicolls  sent  his  code  to  the  Duke  of 
York  for  confirmation  after  November, 
1665  :  Col.  Doc.  III.  104,  226  ;  Chalmers, 
577,  580,  599.  I  trust  this  will  settle  the 
question  of  the  authorship  of  "The  Duke's 
Laws."  J.  b.  b. 


gamitts  an&  tfeeir  f  nratogs, 


ILLINOIS. 

Chicago  Historical  Society. — April  19,  1864. 
— The  stated  monthly  meeting  was  duly  held, 
W.  L.  Newberry,  Esq.,  presiding. 

The  library  collections  for  the  month,  making 
an  aggregate  (of  all  classes)  of  1,422,  included 
an  extensive  contribution  from  the  literary  re- 
mains of  the  late  John  Russell,  LL.D.,  of  Bluff- 
dale,  Illinois,  the  obliging  gift  of  the  family.  A 
bound  volume  of  autographs  of  officers  of  the 


212 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[June, 


11  Confederate"  army,  prisoners  on  Johnson  s 
Island,  was  presented  by  Lieutenant  J.  E.  John- 
son, U.S.A.  A  valuable  collection  of  MS.  sta- 
tistics from  the  several  counties  of  Iowa  was  do- 
nated by  Mr.  N.  H.  Parker. 

The  monthly  correspondence  (twenty-six  let- 
ters received,  and  sixty-seven  written)  was  then 
communicated.  A  letter  was  read  from  Mr. 
Spencer  G.  Russell,  giving  interesting  particulars 
of  the  life  and  literary  remains  of  his  father,  the 
late  John  Russell. 

A  paper  was  then  read,  presented  to  the  So- 
ciety by  Mr.  L.  Proudfoot,  of  Chicago,  furnish- 
ing the  substance  of  information  given  by  Guo- 
dcn  S.  Hubbard,  Esq.,  relative  to  the  Indian 
Treaties  of  1832,  by  which  the  Pottowattomie 
Indians  ceded  to  the  United  States  their  lands, 
then  embraced  in  the  territories  of  Illinois,  In- 
diana, and  Michigan,  Mr.  Hubbard  having  been 
"  Indian  Interpreter"  during  the  treaty  negotia- 
tions. 


MASSACHUSETTS, 

American  Antiquarian  Society. — The  semi- 
annual meeting  of  the  American  Antiquarian 
Society  was  held  at  the  Hall  of  the  American 
Academy,  in  the  Athenaeum  Building  in  Boston, 
April  27th.  The  President,  Hon.  Stephen  Salis- 
bury, in  the  chair.  The  semi-annual  report  of 
the  council  was  read  by  Hon  Ira  M.  Barton. 
It  reviewed  the  condition  of  the  funds,  library, 
and  cabinet,  and  contained  a  defence  of  the 
Puritans  of  New  England  against  the  charge  of 
cruelty  in  the  removal  of  the  French  neutrals 
from  Acadie. 

The  report  of  the  treasurer,  Nathaniel  Paine, 
Esq.,  showed  the  present  state  of  the  funds  of 
the  society  as  follows :  Librarian's  and  general 
Fund,  $21,763.82 ;  Collection  and  Research  Fund, 
$8,910.06;  Bookbinding  Fund,  $6,691.04;  Pub- 
lishing Fund,  $6,092.H4 ;  aggregate,  $44,2(57.56. 

The  librarian,  Samuel  F.  Haven,  Esq.,  in- 
troduced his  report  by  a  reference  at  some 
length  to  the  position  occupied  before  the  world 
by  an  American  antiquarian  society  in  con- 
nexion with  the  fict  of  the  superior  anti- 
quity of  this  continent,  while  the  supposed 
primitive  inhabitants  of  Europe,  in  respect  to 
arts,  habits,  and  even  physical  conformation,  had 
apparently  their  exact  counterpart  in  the  recent 
aborigines  of  America,  and  while  the  extinct 
mammals  and  fishes  ascribed  to  remote  geological 
periods  are  here  still  represented,  or  have  been 
coexistent  with  man  of  no  very  distant  date. 
302  bound  volumes  and  1,002  pamphlets  had 
been  added  to  the  library,  including  a  large  col- 
lection of  matter  relating  to  the  war. 


A  resolution  of  respect  to  the  memory  of 
Shi.kspeare,  and  paying  a  tribute  to  his  wonder- 
ful intellectual  endowments,  offered  by  the  pre- 
sident, was  adopted. 

The  following  gentlemen,  recommended  by 
the  council,  were  nominated  and  elected  mem- 
bers of  the  society :  Ashbel  Woodward,  M.D., 
of  Connecticut ;  Hon.  Wm.  Willis,  of  Maine ; 
President  M  rtin  B.  Anderson,  of  Rochester 
University,  New  York ;  Alexander  S.  Taylor, 
Esq.,  of  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Mr.  Folsom  presented  to  the  notice  of  the 
Society  an  interesting  Latin  inscription  on  a 
p'ate  of  copper  recently  discovered  at  Castine, 
Me.  This  plate  was  evidently  once  attached  to 
the  foundation  of  a  Roman  Catholic  chapel, 
built  in  1648,  and  dedicated  to  the  Virgin  under 
the  title  of  "  Nostrse  Dominae  Sanctse  Spf-i" — 
"  Our  L  >dy  of  the  Holy  Hope" — the  inscription 
being  written  by  a  Capucin  missionary,  Leo  of 
Paris. 

It  was  voted  that  the  reports  and  proceedings 
of  the  meeting  should  be  printed  in  the  usual 
manner. 

After  a  vote  of  thanks  was  passed  to  the 
American  Academy  for  the  use  of  its  rooms,  the 
meeting  adjourned. 

New  England  Historic  Genealogical  So- 
ciety.— Boston,  April  6  — A  quarterly  meeting 
was  held  this  afternoon,  at  three  o'clock,  Vice- 
President  Moore  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  Sheppard,  the  Librarian,  reported  eleven 
volumes  of  books  and  two  of  newspapers,  se- 
venty-three pamphlets  and  two  manuscripts,  re- 
ceived as  donations  since  last,  meeting. 

Frederick  Kidder  reported  that  the  Board  of 
Directors  had  decided  in  favor  of  celebrating  the 
tercentenary  birthday  of  Shakspeare,  and  had 
invited  Rev.  James  Freeman  Clarke,  D.D.,  to 
deliver  an  address  on  the  occasion. 

Colonel  Almon  D.  Hodges  announced  the 
death  of  his  friend,  John  Barstow,  one  of  the 
Vice-Presidents  of  the  Society,  and  offered  the 
following  resolutions,  which  he  prefaced  with  a 
few  remarks  upon  his  character  : 

Resolved, — That  in  the  death  of  John  Barstow, 
Esq.,  of  Providence,  R  I.,  our  Society  has  ex- 
perienced the  loss  of  one  of  its  most  liberal  bene- 
factors— an  upright,  honorable,  and  honest  man, 
a  true  and  faithful  Christian,  an  enterprising  and 
universally  respected  citizen,  and  one  who  has 
filled  all  offices  of  responsibility  and  trust  with 
honor  to  himself,  and  for  the  good  of  all  with 
whom  he  has  been  connected. 

Resolved, — That  a  memoir  of  the  deceased  be 
prepared  for  publication  in  the  New  England 
Historical  and  Genealogical  Register. 

Resolved, — That  we  deeply  sympathize  with 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


213 


the  afflicted  family  of  the  deceased,  and  that  the 
Recording  Secretary  be  instructed  to  communi- 
cate to  them  these  resolutions. 

Rev.  A.  P.  Putnam,  of  Roxbury,  read  an  able 
and  interesting  paper  on  Oar  Country,  as  seen 
from  a  Distance. 

Rev.  F.  W.  Holland,  from  the  committee  to 
whom  the  communications  of  Rev.  G.  G.  Hep- 
good,  of  Delta,  N.  Y.,  were  referred,  made  a  re- 
port adverse  to  the  views  on  the  Eastern  lan- 
guages advocated  in  those  communications. 

Boston,  May  4. — A  stated  meeting  was  held 
this  afternoon.  Rev.  Mr.  Bradley,  the  Corre- 
sponding Secretary,  reported  a  letter  from  Fre- 
derick W.  Sawyer,  of  Boston,  accepting  resident 
membership,  to  which  he  had  been  elected. 

Thanks  were  voted  to  Rev.  J.  F.  Clarke,  D.D., 
John  H.  Sheppard,  and  Rev.  F.  W.  Holland,  for 
the  able  manner  in  which  they  acquitted  them- 
selves on  the  occasion  of  the  tercentenary  cele- 
bration of  Shakspeare's  birth,  April  23,  and 
copies  of  the  addresses  and  ode  were  requested. 

Rev.  F.  W.  Holland,  of  Cambridge,  was  una- 
nimously elected  a  director  in  place  of  the  late 
John  Barstow. 

Rev.  William  P.  Tilden,  of  Boston,  read  a  care- 
fully prepared  and  discriminating  memoir  of 
Hon.  Horace  Mann,  whose  labors  in  the  cause 
of  education  have  laid  New  England,  and  espe- 
cially Massachusetts,  under  a  lasting  debt  of 
gratitude. 

Boston,  April  23. — Shakspeare  Celebration 
— The  300th  anniversary  of  the  birthday  of 
Shakspeare  was  celebrated  in  this  city  by  the 
New  England  Historic  Genealogical  Society,  in 
the  Hall  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  com- 
mencing at  3  o'clock  Saturday  afternoon. 

Dr.  Winslow  Lewis,  the  President,  called  upon 

-  Governor  Andrew  to  preside,  and  the  Governor, 

on  taking  the  chair,  said  he  did  so  merely  for 

the  purpose  of  introducing  those  who  were  to 

make  the  addresses  on  the  occasion. 

Rev.  James  Freeman  Clarke  delivered  the  prin- 
cipal address,  and  in  speaking  of  the  little  that 
was  known  of  the  early  life  of  Shakspeare,  said 
the  class  of  critics  who  denied  the  existence  of 
Homer,  Moses,  and  Christ,  might  find  equally 
strong  grounds  for  doubting  whether  such  a  man 
as  Shakspeare  lived.  With  all  the  labor  that 
had  been  expended  by  the  numerous  critics  that 
had  been  on  his  track,  there  had  been  but  a  few 
incidents  of  his  life  learned.  These  were  that 
he  married,  had  three  children,  was  an  actor  in 
London  and  a  writer  of  plays ;  became  tolerably 
wealthy,  returned  to  Stratford,  and  died  at  the 
age  of  fifty-two. 

Shakspeare  was  better  known  by  his  works, 
but  neither  in  the  century  in  which  he  lived  nor 


the  following  one  was  he  appreciated.  _  It  re- 
mained for  a  German,  Schlegel,  to  rediscover 
him,  and  since  his  day,  the  standard  of  learning 
and  taste  was  to  be  measured  in  proportion  to 
the  appreciation  in  which  Shakspeare  was  held, 
until  it  had  come  to  this  result,  in  the  estimation 
of  men  of  learning,  to  place  him  at  the  summit 
of  human  intellect.  The  conclusion  from  this 
followed  that  imagination  was  the  highest  of 
human  faculties. 

The  speaker  referred  to  some  of  the  character- 
istics of  the  plays  of  Shakspeare,  the  greatest  of 
all  which  was  his  wisdom  in  the  knowledge  of 
the  laws  which  govern  the  world — his  know- 
ledge of  human  nature,  of  man  as  an  individual, 
and  mankind  in  action.  The  address  was  closed 
with  quotations  which  were  said  to  be  appli- 
cable to  the  affairs  of  our  own  country  at  this 
time,  and  to  Great  Britain  in  expressing  sym- 
pathy for  a  rebellion  which  was  likened  to  that 
of  Jack  Cade. 

John  H.  Sheppard,  the  librarian  of  the  Soci- 
ety, made  some  quotations  of  the  opinions  of 
Fisher  Ames,  Rev.  Dr.  Chalmers,  and  others,  of 
the  genius  of  Shakspeare,  and  gave  some  remi- 
niscences of  his  early  remembrance  of  the  Fede- 
ral Street  Theatre  in  the  days  of  Cooper.  He 
then  recited  with  spirit  the  following  original 
poem  upon  Shakspeare : 

In  Stratford  upon  Avon 

Where  the  silent  waters  flow, 
The  immortal  Drama  woke  from  sleep, 

Three  hundred  years  ago ; 
When,  as  the  long,  dark  ages  roll'd  away, 
A   light  from  Heaven  shone  on  Shakspeare's 

face. 
Land  of  the  illustrious  Dead !     With  thee  this 

day, 
We  love  to  liuger  near  that  hallowed  place. 
For  thou  wert  there  the  Fatherland  of  our  New  Eng- 
land race. 

Beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains, 

From  the  Golden  Gate  of  fame, 
To  Schoodia's  distant  misty  shores, 

Is  heard  his  honored  name. 
Live  where  we  may,  such  life-like  scenes  he  drew, 
Arrayed  in  robes  of  beauty,  all  his  own, 
Nature  herself  proclaims  each  picture  true 
To  Albion's  echoing  hills ; — nor  there  alone, 
Even  Niagara  speaks  in  Prospero's  thunder-tone. 

Ah  I  what  a  halcyon  memory 

Our  school-boy  days  bring  on, 
When  young  Othello  told  us  how 

He  Desdemona  won. 
Where  are  the  voices  that  once  fill'd  the  air? 
Let  no  stern  manhood  deem  the  allusion  wrong, 
When  the  boy  dream'd  the  enchanted  isle  was 
there 


214 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[June, 


Near  Academic  grove,  unknown  to  song 
Where  Kennebec  among  the  hills  meandering  glides 
along. 

Not  in  the  Theatre  alone 

Is  seen  his  wondrous  power, 
Though  some  great  actor  tread  the  stage, 

The  pageant  of  an  hour ; 
He  visits  many  a  humble  home — and  when 
Some  brave  thought  stirs  the  heart  sorrow  riven, 
"We  feel  like  heroes — though  we  live  like  men 
In  lowly  lot ;  and  yet  where  oft  at  even 
The  Bard  of  Avon  sweeps  th'  iEolian  harp  of  Heaven. 

England  1  with  all  thy  glory 

lYom  the  Druid  days  of  old, 
Not  Cressy's  pride,  nor  Agincourt, 
Nor  Field  of  the  cloth  of  gold, 
Shine  with  such  virtue  in  all  coming  time 
As  genius,  learning,  minstrelsy  inspire. 
They  fill  the  ideal  world  with' thoughts  sublime, 
Guiding  Ambition's  eye  to  aim  far  higher, 
Than  light  the  flames  of  civil  war,  with  strange,  un- 
holy tire! 

They^gleam  like  stars  in  history 

Along  a  dreary  waste, 
"Who  first  enlarged  the  bounds  of  mind, 

Or  raised  the  tone  of  taste. 
Thus  Bacon  looms  up  in  that  glorious  age 
Of  Spenser's  lay  and  Johnson's  critic  eye, 
"When  a  Promethean  spark  illum'd  the  Stage, 
And  Shakspeare  drew  such  scenes  of  time  gone 
by 

That  life  seems  bat  a  Drama  here — midst  shadows  of 
Eternity. 

Rev.  R  W.  Holland  also  made  an  Address,  in 
which  some  of  the  principal  characteristics  of 
Shakspeare  were  pointed  out. 

These  addresses  closed  the  celebration,  the 
Hall  of  the  House  and  the  galleries  being  well 
filled  on  the  occasion. 


NEW  YORK. 


Long  Island  Historical  Society. — Brooklyn, 
May. — A  special  meeting  of  this  Society  was 
held  on  Thursday  evening.  Prof.  West  in  the 
chair.  A  donation  of  $250  for  the  purchase  of 
books  on  American  biography  was  received  from 
Mr.  William  H.  Swan.  Dr.  Stiles,  the  librarian, 
read  a  paper  on  the  battle  of  Long  Island,  trans- 
lated from  Max  von  Eelking's  "History  of  the 
Hessians  in  the  Revolution."  Mr.  John  Fowler, 
jr.,  read  a  paper  on  Wayne's  attack  on  the  Jer- 
sey Block  House.  It  was  announced  by  the 
chairman  that  the  annual  meeting  would  be  held 


on  the  first  Thursday  in  May,  at  which  time 
there  would  be  an  election  of  officers  for  the 
ensuing  year. 

New  York  Historical  Society. — April  5. 
—  The  President,  Frederick  De  Peyster,  pre- 
sided. 

The  minutes  were  read. 

Dr.  Osgood,  Domestic  Corresponding  Secre- 
tary, read  letters  from  Alexander  C.  Anderson, 
of  Victoria,  Vancouver's  Island,  accepting  his 
election  as  a  corresponding  member ;  and  from 
Jared  P.  Kirtland,  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  giving  an 
account  of  the  discovery  at  different  times  in 
Rockport  (five  miles  west  of  Cleveland)  of  war- 
like instruments,  and  especially  of  an  extensive 
common  grave,  containing  very  many  human 
skeletons. 

The  Librarian,  among  a  long  list  of  donations, 
called  the  especial  attention  of  the  members  to 
that  of  the  President,  Mr.  De  Peyster,  an  ori- 
ginal pencil  portrait  of  the  once  famous  John 
Cleves  Symmes,  by  the  late  Mr.  Audubon.  Mr. 
Benjamin  R.  Winthrop  presented  on  behalf  of 
Hon.  Robert  C.  Winthrop,  of  Boston,  a  copy  of 
the  original  "  Conditions  for  New  Planters,"  pro- 
mulgated by  Governor  Nicolls  soon  after  the 
conquest  of  New  Netherland,  regarded  by  the 
Society  as  one  of  the  most  interesting  memorials 
of  early  New  York  history. 

Mr.  Moore  also  mentioned  the  recent  dona- 
tion by  Mr.  John  Austin  Stevens,  Jr.,  of  all  the 
original  letters  and  documents  connected  with 
the  great  meetings  of  the  Loyal  National  League, 
and  referred  to  Mr.  Stevens's  previous  gift  of  a 
similar  collection  of  the  papers  of  the  Loyal 
Meeting  of  the  15th  July,  1862. 

The  thanks  of  the  Society  were  tendered  to 
Messrs.  Winthrop  and  Stevens  for  their  dona- 
tions. 

Judge  Kirkland,  from  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee, reported  on  the  nominations  for  mem- 
bership, and  the  following  gentlemen  were 
elected  : — As  an  honorary  member,  M.  Edouard 
Laboulaye,  of  Paris.  As  resident  members : 
Thomas  R.  Hawley,  Rinaldo  M.  Waters,  Reuben 
W.  Howes,  Jr.,  S.  Howard  Howes,  Leonard  W. 
Tobey,  John  W.  Somers,  James  B.  Stokes,  John 
Wolfe,  Thomas  E.  Brown,  Thomas  A.  Whitte- 
more,  Appleton  Sturgis,  John  E.  Barron. 

Candidates  for  new  members  were  submitted 
and  referred  to  the  Executive  Committee. 

The  President  read  a  letter  from  Rev.  Dr. 
Dix,  Rector  of  Trinity  Church,  presenting  to  the 
Society,  on  behalf  of  the  vestry,  "  the  monumen- 
tal stone  which  formerly  marked  the  grave  of 
William  Bradford,  and  which  has  been  recently 
replaced  by  a  new  head-stone,  its  perfect  fac- 
simile." 


1864] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


215 


Thanks  were  voted  to  the  vestry  for  the  in- 
teresting relic. 

Mi.  Edward  Satterlee,  from  a  Special  Com- 
mittee appointed  at  a  preceding  meeting,  read 
a  report  confirmatory  of  Mr.  Thomas  J.  Bryan's 
views  of  his  intention  to  present  to  the  Society 
his  collection  of  paintings,  about  250  in  number, 
which  he  had  been  collecting  during  the  past 
thirty  years ;  his  object  being  to  form  a  collec- 
tion of  pictures  representing  the  early  schools  of 
painting,  and  to  illustrate  in  some  degree  the 
relation  existing  in  early  times  between  Art  and 
Religion.  Mr.  Satterlee  submitted  the  form,  a 
conveyance  setting  forth  the  terms  of  the  gift, 
which  are  substantially  that  the  pictures  shall 
be  properly  taken  care  of,  and  advantageously 
exhibited  in  the  buildings  of  the  Society  for 
public  inspection,  and  that  artists  and  visitors 
shall  have  the  privilege  of  studying  and  making 
copies  thereof,  subject  to  the  rules  and  regula- 
tions of  the  Society. 

The  Society  adopted  the  report  of  the  com- 
mittee, and  ordered  its  officers  to  execute  the 
necessary  instruments  to  carry  into  effect  the 
munificent  intentions  of  Mr.  Bryan. 

Dr.  Osgood  made  a  report  on  behalf  of  the 
committee  appointed  to  tender  a  welcome  to 
the  Iroquois  chiefs,  on  visiting  this  city,  on  their 
way  to  Washington,  stating  that  committees  of 
the  Ethnological  and  Geographical,  and  of  this 
Society,  had  performed  that  duty,  and  that  the 
chiefs  were  welcomed  in  the  hall  of  the  Histori- 
cal Society  on  the  evening  of  the  21st  March. 

John  Fowler,  Jr.,  Esq.,  of  New  Rochelle,  read 
the  paper  of  the  evening,  entitled,  "  Wayne's 
Attack  on  the  Jersey  Blockhouse,  July  21st, 
1780." 

The  Society  returned  thanks  to  Mr.  Fowler 
for  the  reading  of  his  paper,  and  asking  him  for 
a  copy  for  its  archives. 

Mr.  George  H.  Moore,  in  a  suitable  resolution, 
called  the  attention  of  the  Society  to  the  death 
of  its  fellow-member,  Thomas  Tileston.  Dr. 
Osgood  made  some  remarks  on  the  character  of 
Mr.  Tileston,  and  was  followed  by  General  W. 
K.  Strong,  and  the  resolution  was  adopted  una- 
nimously. 

Mr.  Fowler,  after  some  remarks,  submitted  a 
resolution  expressive  of  the  sentiments  of  the 
Society  on  the  recent  decease  of  its  fellow-mem- 
ber, William  J.  Davis.  The  resolution  was 
adopted. 

The  Society  then  adjourned. 

New  Yorh,  May  3. — The  regular  meeting  of  the 
Society  took  place  on  Tuesday  evening.  President 
De  Peyster  in  the  chair,  and  a  large  audience  pre- 
sent.    The  literary  exercises  of  the  occasion 


consisted  of  two  papers  prepared  by  Mr.  Geo. 
H.  Moore,  the  librarian  ;  one  of  tliem  upon  the 
War-sword  of  Washington  and  John  Bailey  the 
cutler  who  forged  it,  and  the  other,  a  sketch 
of  a  Council  of  the  Six  Nations,  held  in  1785 
upon  the  spot  where  Buffalo  now  stands.  This 
sketch  is  part  of  an  account  of  a  journey  from 
Montreal  to  Detroit  in  1785,  written  by  Miss 
Powell,  the  daughter  of  a  Boston  loyalist  who 
fled  away  in  1776,  sister  of  Chief  Justice 
Powell,  of  Canada,  and  a  connexion  by  mar- 
riage of  Lord  Lyndhurst.  A  paper  by  Judge 
Charles  P.  Daly  was  also  read,  entitled,  "  When 
was  the  Drama  introduced  into  America  ?"  Some 
interesting  articles  from  the  Metropolitan  Fair, 
gifts  from  Col.  Rush  C.  Hawkins,  were  exhibit- 
ed, including  a  complete  model  of  a  pontoon 
train  and  bridge,  John  Morgan's  saddle,  and  one 
of  those  ingenious  "letter  boats"  by  which  the 
rebels  used  to  communicate  with  the  mainland 
from  Fort  Macon  and  other  island  places.  A 
resolution,  moved  by  Col.  Hawkins,  was  adopt- 
ed, to  constitute  a  Committee  to  secure  for  the 
Society  trophies,  arms,  and  other  memorials  of 
the  war,  and  the  Committee  was  appointed 
Colonel  Hawkins,  Chairman.  Upon  occasion  of 
the  presentation  of  a  book  to  the  Society  by 
Mr.  Yerplanck,  Mr.  Bancroft  delivered  a  very 
eulogistic  address  upon  the  attainments  and 
merits  of  the  donor.  Mr.  Bancroft  also  made 
some  remarks  upon  Mr.  W.  J.  Davis,  a  deceased 
member  of  the  Society.  Mr.  Davis  was  a  man 
of  many  pleasant  qualities,  possessed  of  a  large 
store  of  local  antiquarian  knowledge,  and  for 
some  time,  we  understand,  a  faithful  and  useful 
literary  assistant  to  the  historian. 

Buffalo  Historical  Society. — Bvffalo,  March. 
— At  the  meeting  for  the  month  of  March,  M. 
Fillmore,  President,  in  the  Chair,  and  Guy  H. 
Salisbury,  Secretary,  the  following  were  among 
the  proceedings : — 

Guy  H.  Salisbury,  as  Corresponding  Secretary, 
in  his  written  report  for  the  preceding  month, 
mentions  the  matters  below  noted. 

The  weekly  Club  meetings  during  the  month 
were  held  at  the  following  places :  Feb.  15th, 
at  Gibson  T.  Williams's,  where  0.  G.  Steele 
read  a  biographical  sketch,  prepared  by  him,  at 
the  request  of  the  Society,  of  the  late  Walter 
Joy;  and  Charles  D.  Norton  read  a  similar 
sketch,  relative  to  the  late  Silas  Sawin — both  of 
the  deceased  having  been  members  of  the  Soci- 
ety ;  February  22,  at  E.  S.  Prosser's,  where  a 
memoir  of  the  late  Judge  James  Mullett,  former- 
ly of  this  city,  was  read — having  been  prepared 
by  0.  Stiles,  Esq.,  of  Fredonia,  for  the  Scientific 
and  Historical  Association  of  that  place;  Feb. 
19th  at  Dr.  Jas.  P.  White's,  where  a  portion  of 


216 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[June, 


a  History  of  the  Lake  Marine,  prepared  by  Capt- 
Augustus  Walker,  was  read. 

An  important  historical  feature  of  the  month, 
was  the  "  Old  Folks'  Festival,"  held  at  American 
Hall,  during  the  entire  week,  commencing  Feb. 
22d.  The  hall  was  hung  with  portraits  of  many 
of  our  oldest  residents,  and  all  of  the  exercises 
had  were  of  an  interesting  character.  Papers, 
intended  to  be  read  on  the  occasion,  were  fur- 
nished as  follows : 

By  Col.  Benj.  Hodge,  a  sketch  entitled,  "Buf- 
falo— Past,  Present,  and  Future." 

By  Wm.  Hodge — A  brief  narrative  of  the 
journey  performed  by  his  father,  the  late  William 
Hodge,  when  he  came  from  Exeter,  Otsego 
County,  in  1805. 

By  Henry  Lovejoy — An  interesting  review 
of  the  progress  of  Buffalo  during  the  past  half 
century. 

By  Mrs.  Jane  Bidwell — Her  recollections  of 
the  War  of  1812,  during  a  part  of  which  her 
husband,  Mr.  Benjamin  Bidwell,  was  engaged  in 
building  the  American  fleet  at  Sackett's  Harbor 
and  Erie. 

By  Mrs.  Frances  E.  Lay — Her  mother,  Mary 
Enos,  came  to  Buffalo  in  1804,  and  shortly  after 
married  Asahel  Atkins,  who  held  a  Lieutenant's 
commission  in  the  war  of  1812. 

By  Mrs.  Thaddeus  Weed — Her  father,  Doctor 
Cyrenius  Chapin,  first  came  to  Buffalo  in  1801, 
before  the  land  was  surveyed  into  village  lots, 
and  proposed  to  Joseph  Ellicott,  that  he  and 
forty  others  would  buy  a  township,  including 
the  site  of  Buffalo,  but  the  application  was  un- 
successful. After  the  village  was  laid  out,  he 
located  here  permanently,  and  opened  the  first 
apothecary's  shop  in  the  place.  He  was  a  Colo- 
nel in  the  war  of  1812,  and  did  most  efficient 
service. 

By  Mrs.  Dr.  Warner — A  brief  notice  of  her 
father,  the  late  Benjamin  Caryl,  who  came  to 
Buffalo  in  1807,  but  in  1812  removed  to  Wil- 
liamsville  in  this  country,  where  the  firm  of 
Juba  Storrs  &  Co.,  in  which  he  was  a  partner, 
had  a  store,  and  several  large  mills.  He  return- 
ed to  Buffalo  in  1812,  and  lived  here  nearly  forty 
years. 

By  Ira  Merrill — A  statement  of  his  first  jour- 
ney to  Buffalo  in  1814,  with  a  stock  of  goods, 
and  a  recital  of  his  adventures  in  Canada,  in  dis- 
posing of  them. 

By  Sophia  Reynolds — Recollects  well  the 
burning  of  the  village.  Her  brother-in-law, 
John  Reynolds,  then  owned  a  farm  of  200  acres 
on  Batavia  street,  about  a  mile  east  of  the  Court 
House,  now  covered  with  hundreds  of  houses. 

By  Daniel  Brayman,  of  Hamburgh,  Erie  Coun- 
ty— Came  to  Buffalo  in  1810,  and  furnished  a 
detailed  statement  of  the  burning  of  the  village, 


in  the  defence  of  which  he  participated.     He 
removed  to  Hamburgh  in  1815. 

By  Nathaniel  Wilgus — Relating  an  incident 
that  occurred  when  Judge  Wilkeson  was  build- 
ing the  harbor  at  Buffalo  Creek ;  also,  that  he 
was  employed  to  paint  and  decorate  the  "  Sene- 
ca Chief,"  the  first  boat  that  made  the  passage 
through  the  Erie  Canal,  from  Buffalo  to  New 
York  in  1825. 

By  Capt.  F.  P.  Billings— In  the  spring  of  1839, 
he  fitted  out  and  sailed  the  Brig  '•  Osceola,"  be- 
longing to  Kingman  and  Durfee  of  Black  Rock, 
and  Oliver  Lee,  of  Silver  Creek,  and  during  that 
season,  brought  the  first  load  of  wheat  in  bulk 
that  was  shipped  from  Chicago. 

By  Theodore  N.  Boynton— In  relation  to  the 
Old  School  House  that  stood  at  the  junction  of 
Swan  and  Erie  streets,  35  years  ago,  its  teachers, 
and  its  scholars. 

By  Mrs.  Mary  B.  Wesley— Came  to  Buffalo  in 
1836 — is  mother-in-law  of  the  late  Capt.  Edward 
DreWj  and  has  sacrificed  several  of  her  family 
upon  the  altar  of  the  country's  cause  during  the 
present  war. 

By  James  Clark,  of  Lancaster,  Erie  Co. — 
Came  to  what  is  now  Lancaster,  1808,  when 
there  were  but  twelve  dwelling-houses  on  the 
road  from  Buffalo  to  the  eastern  bounds  of  the 
county.  He  was  in  the  war  of  1812,  and  de- 
scribes the  appearance  of  Buffalo,  the  next  day 
after  it  was  burned. 

By  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Keller — A  poem,  entitled 
"  Ffty  Years  Ago." 

By  Guy  H.  Salisbury — An  ode,  which  was 
sung  at  the  Old  Folks'  Concert. 

Charles  D.  Norton  tendered  to  the  Society 
his  resignation  of  the  office  of  Recording  Secre- 
tary, which  was  accepted,  and  George  Gorham 
was  duly  elected  in  his  stead. 

The  following  persons  were  elected  as  Corres- 
ponding Members:  Rev.  James  K.  Hosmer,  of 
Deerfield,  Mass.;  George  F.  Houghton,  of  St. 
Albans,  Vt.  Edward  Everett,  of  Boston,  was 
elected  an  honorary  member. 

Buffalo  Historical  Society. — Buffalo,  April. 
— At  the  meeting  for  April,  M.  Fillmore  in  the 
chair,  and  George  Gorham,  Rrcording  Secre- 
tary, the  following  were  among  the  proceedings. 

Guy  H.  Salisbury,  Corresponding  Secretary, 
submitted  his  monthly  report,  in  which  the 
matters  below  mentioned  are  noticed  : 

The  deaths  in  the  families  of  old  residents  have 
been  unusually  numerous.  They  are  noted  as 
follows :  March  1st,  at  San  Francisco,  Alexan- 
der G.  Ramsdell,  aged  41  years,  formerly  of  Buf- 
falo, and  son  of  the  late  Capt.  Ramsdell ;  March 
8th,  Albert  L.  Baker,  Jr.,  aged  20,  Midshipman 
in  the  U.S.N.,  and  youngest  son  of  Judge  A.  L. 


1864] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


217 


Baker;  March  14th,  Charles  Taintor,  aged  58;' 
March   15th,   Mrs.  Francis  Kimmett,   aged  56 ; 
March  18th,  Mrs.  Julia  Pool,  wife  of  Cyrus  0. 
Pool,  and   daughter  of  the  late  Win.    Meade; 
March  19th,  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  Maj.  Isaac  San- 
ford,  son-in-law  of  Geo.  W.  Bull,  of  this  city  ; 
March  22d,  Pliny  F.  Barton,  aged   58 ;    Wm. ; 
Rink,  aged  35;  March  27th,  at  Cleveland,  Mrs.1 
Maria  Fiske,  aged   73,  mother  of  Mrs.  Orson 
Phelps,  of  this  city,  and  eldest  daughter  of  the 
late  Gamaliel  and  Margaret  K.  St.  John,  wi-o 
were  among  the  earliest  residents  of  the  village  I 
of  Buffalo ;  April  3d,  Geo.  Hadley,  aged  17,  son ' 
of  Elijah  Hadley ;    April  6th,  Aaron  Rumsey, ! 
aged  67,  a  life  member  of  the  Buffalo  Historical 
Society  and  the  fifth  member  that  has  deceased 
since  its  organization ;  April  11th,  Charles  Wolfe, 
aged  26,  only  son  of  Christian  Wolfe. 

The  Historical  Society  Club  Meetings  have 
been  held  as  follows :  March  14th,  at  Geo.  Pal- 
mer's, where  Gapt.  E.  P.  Dorr  read  a  paper  on 
11  Insurance ;"  March  21st,  at  H.  W.  Rogers's, 
where  Prof.  Bradish,  of  Fredonia,  read  a  memoir 
of  the  late  Douglas  Houghton,  State  Geologist 
of  Michigan,  prepared  by  him  for  the  Fredonia 
Scientific  and  Historical  Association;  March 
28th,  at  Capt.  E.  P.  D  jit's,  where  A.  R.  Ketchum 
read  a  paper  on  the  Buffalo  Water  Works,  Judge 
Clinton  an  obituary  notice  of  the  late  Edward 
S.  Warren,  and  Judge  Skinner  one  of  the  late 
Hon.  Jas.  G.  Hoyt.  No  further  weekly.  Club 
meetings  are  to  be  held  this  season. 

On  motion  of  H.  W.  Rogers,  the  Correspond- 
ing Secretary  was  directed  to  express  to  Peter 
Emslie,  Civil  Engineer,  the  thanks  of  the  Soci- 
ety for  his  valuable  donation  of  a  manuscript 
map  of  the  "  Tillage  of  New  Amsterdam,"  now 
part  of  the  city  of  Buffalo,  showing  the  original 
lots  and  subdivisions  of  them,  with  names  of 
grantees,  and  the  date  of  each  deed  from  the 
Holland  Land  Company. 

On  motion  of  Lewis  F.  Allen,  a  committee  of 
three  was  appointed  to  prepare  a  memoir  of  the 
late  Aaron  Rumsey,  and  resolutions  expressive 
of  the  regret  of  the  Society  for  his  loss.  The 
President  appointed  as  such  committee  Judge 
Skinner,  H.  W.  Rogers,  and  Judge  Hall. 

On  motion  of  H.  W.  Rogers,  the  Correspond- 
ing Secretary  was  directed  to  procure  a  book 
for  the  registration  of  vistors,  to  be  opened  May 
1st. 

The  Library  Committee  reported  in  favor  of 
purchasing  a  complete  set  of  the  New  England 
Historical  and  Genealogical  Register,  from  its 
commencement,  being  18  volumes;  and  were 
authorized  to  make  such  purchase. 

The  following  Corresponding  Members  were 
elected :  Theodore  C.  Peters,  of  Darien,  N.Y. ; 
Henry  E.  Davies,  New  York;    Joel  Munsell, 

HIST.    MAG.      VOL.    VIII.  28 


Albany ;  Monroe  Weed,  Wyoming ;  Samuel  B. 
Woolworth,  Albany;  Dr.  Samuel  Freeman, 
Saratoga ;  Jas.  R.  Doolittle,  Racine,  Wisconsin  ; 
Henry  S.  Randall,  Cortland  Village,  N.Y. ;  Wm. 
W.  Campbell,  Cherry  Valley;  Chas.  E.  West, 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Guy  H.  Salisbury,  Corresponding  Secretary 
and  Librarian,  tendered  his  written  resignation 
of  those  offices,  which  was  accepted,  and  Dr. 
Wm.  K.  Scott  was,  by  ballot,  unanimously 
elected  in  his  stead. 

On  motion  of  Lewis  F.  Allen,  the  thanks  of 
the  Society  were  unanimously  voted  to  Guy  H. 
Salisbury,  for  his  untiring  zeal  and  faithful  ef- 
forts in  behalf  of  the  Society,  since  its  inception. 

An  arrangement  formerly  made  by  the  Secre- 
tary with  the  proprietors  of  the  daily  papers 
who  publish  the  notices  and  proceedings  of  the 
Society,  and  furnish  their  respective  newspapers 
to  the  Society,  for  preservation,  in  return  for 
one  membership  for  each  paper,  was  confirmed ; 
and  the  privilege  hereafter  extended  to  two 
memberships. 


PENNSYLVANIA.  J 

Pennsylvania  Historical  Society. — Phila- 
delphia, May  9. — A  meeting  of  the  members  of 
this  Society  was  held  at  their  room,  Dr.  Ben- 
jamin H.  Coates  in  the  chair.  ; 

Several  interesting  communications  and  memo- 
rials, etc.,  were  presented.  Among  them  was  a 
handsomely  engraved  invitation  card  to  a  ball 
given  on  the  President's  birth-night  in  1796,  in 
the  amphitheatre.  Admittance  at  six  o'clock. 
A  letter  was  read  from  Hon.  John  William  Wal- 
lace, written  at  Newport,  R.I..  transmitting  a 
volume  as  having  been  found  m  that  ancient 
town,  which  was  the  first  ever  issued  from  the 
press  of  the  middle  colonies.  This  tract  was 
printed  in  Philadelphia  in  the  year  1685. 

In  May  last,  at  the  celebration  in  New  York 
of  the  Bradford  bi-centenary,  Mr.  Wallace  re- 
ferred to  this  tract  in  the  following  words,  having 
then  known  but  little  about  it : 

The  earliest  issue  of  Bradford's  press  known 
to  me  is  an  Almanac  for  the  year  1686,  produced 
of  course  in  1685.  One  copy  alone  seems  to 
have  survived  to  this  day,  and  that  one  has 
wandered  far  from  the  place  of  its  origin.  New 
England  boasts  its  possession.  It  was  called 
"jAmerica's  Messenger."  A  certain  Samuel 
Atkyns  edited  it.  Among  the  remarkable 
events  which  were  set  down  opposite  to  par- 
ticular days,  there  was  set  down  opposite  to 
that  one  on  which  Mr.  Penn  assumed  the  con- 
trol of  tilings  in  Pennsylvania,  the  following 


218 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[June, 


entry :  "  The  beginning  of  Government  here  by 
the  Lord  Penn."  This  title  of  courtesy  given 
to  their  G-overnor  was  offensive  to  the  Pro- 
vincial Magistracy.  Atkyns  was  summoned 
before  the  Council  and  ordered  to  blot  out  the 
words  "  Lord  Penn,"  and  Bradford  was  warned 
"  not  to  print  anything  but  what  shall  have  ly- 
cence  from  the  Council." 

The  copy  which  Mr.  Wallace  now  writes  about 
is' a  second  one  the  one  to  which  he  referred 
in  New  York  not  being  in  the  possession  of  any 
one,  so  far  as  he  knows. 

The  Librarian  then  read  a  long  list  of  dona- 
tions to  the  library  since  the  last  meeting,  among 
which  were  several  valuable  pamphlets.  Among 
the  number  was  "A  Confession  of  Faith"  of 
the  Quakers,  printed  at  Philadelphia  by  William 
Bradford,  in  1693. 

There  was  also  exhibited  one  of  the  origi- 
nal diaries  kept  by  Mason  and  Dixon,  sur- 
veyors of  the  celebrated  Mason  and  Dixon's 
line.  This  has  been  given  to  the  Sanitary 
Fair. 

Other  communications  were  read,  after  which 
the  meeting  adjourned. 


WISCONSIN. 

State  Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin. — 
Madison,  Jun.  2,  1864. — Prof.  0.  M.  Conover  in 
the  Chair.  The  Librarian  reported  many  addi- 
tions to  the  Library  and  Cabinet : 

Messrs.  Shipman  and  Carpenter  were  ap- 
pointed on  the  Auditing  Committee,  with  S.  Gr. 
Benedict,  to  audit  accounts  and  Treasurer's 
Report,  which  were  reported  correct ;  and  the 
Annual  Report  of  the  Executive  Committee  was 
approved. 

The  annual  meeting  was  called  to  order,  Jan. 
2,  1864;  twelve  members  present.  Hon.  Geo. 
B.  Smith  in  the  Chair. 

Messrs.  Benedict,  Carpenter,  Gurnee,  Cono- 
ver, and  Firmin,  were  appointed  a  committee  to 
nominate  suitable  officers  for  the  ensuing  year. 

During  the  absence  of  the  committee,  the 
annual  reports  of  the  Treasurer  and  of  the 
Executive  Committee  were  read  and  adopted — 
the  latter  as  follows  : 

TENTH    ANNUAL    REPORT— 1863. 

While  our  national  troubles,  with  their  con- 
stant excitements  and  anxieties,  have  so  com- 
pletely monopolized  the  attention  of  all  classes 
of  people,  an  institution  like  this  could  not  rea- 
sonably expect  to  receive  the  same  amount  of 
public  favor  and  patronage  as  in  the  halcyon 


days  of  peace  and  prosperity.  Though  the  addi- 
tions to  the  library  and  cabinet  have  been  con- 
siderably less  the  past  year  than  during  any 
preceding  twelve  months  since  the  society's 
reorganization,  yet  the  additions  are  not  with- 
out their  interest  and  intrinsic  value. 

The  Treasurer's  report  shows  the  financial 
condition  of  the  society  for  the  past  year — ex- 
hibiting $1,042.78  received,  including  the  small 
balance  on  hand  at  the  commencement  of  the 
year,  and  $852.17  disbursed,  leaving  an  unex- 
pended balance  of  $190.61. 

During  the  past  year,  the  library  additions 
have  been  248  volumes,  and  356  unbound  docu- 
ments and  pamphlets,  making  the  total  addi- 
tions 604.  Of  these  additions,  112  are  bound 
volumes  of  newspapers,  of  folio  size,  5  volumes 
of  works  of  quarto  size,  the  rest  being  chiefly 
octavos.  The  library  now  numbers  790  volumes 
of  folios,  and  795  quartos. 

The  present  condition  of  the  Library,  with 
its  successive  annual  increase,  for  the  past  ten 
years,  since  the  reorganization  of  the  Society 
in  January,  1854,  may  be  seen  in  the  following 
table : 

VoCe    Doc's  &     Both         Total 
Added.  PurrCts.    TogetTur.    in  Lib'y. 

1854  Jan.  1 50     50  50 

1855  "  2 1,000  1,000  2,000  2,050 

1856  "  1 1,065  2,000  3,065  5,115 

1857  "     6 1,005  300  1,305  6,420 

1858  "  1 1,024  959  1,983  8,403 

1859  "  4 1,107  500  1,607  10.010 

1860  "  3 1,800  723  2,523  12,533 

1861  '■  2 837  1,134  1,971  14,504 

1862  "     2 610  711  1.321  15,825 

1863  "  2 544  2,373  2,917  18,742 

1864  "  2 248  356  604  19,346 


9,290  10,056 


During  these  ten  years,  the  total  cash  disburse- 
ments have  been  $9,980.53  ;  of  which  $5,387.79 
has  been  for  books  and  binding  alone,  and 
$4,592.74  for  rents,  fuel,  postage,  cataloguing, 
and  other  incidental  expenses — thus  exhibiting 
an  average  annual  book  expenditure  of  $538.78, 
and  $459.27  for  incidental  purposes. 

The  whole  number  of  bound  newspaper  files 
in  the  Library  reported  last  year,  was  811 ;  we 
now  add,  as  the  result  of  another  year's  effort, 
112  volumes — making  a  total  of  923  volumes  of 
oound  newspaper  files  in  our  collection. 

Of  the  past  year's  additions,  the  newspaper 
files  are  the  most  valuable  and  important.  They 
are  as  follows : 

Boston  Evening  Post,  1769-74,  purchased,  3 
vols,  folio. 

Pennsylvania   Packet   &   Advertiser,    1782    to 


1864] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


219 


1822,  nearly  complete,  and  from  1831  to  1838, 
inclusive,  purchased,  79  volumes  folio. 

Carolina  Gazette,  1798-1800,  1  vol.  folio,  from 
E.  Herrick,  Jr. 

Western  Courier,  Louisville,  Ky.,  November, 
1812,  to  December,  1816,  1  voL,  rescued  from  a 
burning  rebel  house,  at  Greenville,  Miss.,  March, 
1863,  and  presented  by  Capt.  A.  R.  Jones,  Lt. 
J.  M.  Sumner,  and  Adj't  W.  Gr.  Pitman,  of  the 
23d  Wis.  Infantry. 

Plough  Boy,  Albany,  1820-1,  1  vol.  quarto, 
from  Mrs.  A.  H.  Oilman. 

Metropolitan,  New  York,  1834-5,  1  vol. 
quarto,  from  E.  Gribbs. 

Western  Eagle,  Cape  G-irardeau,  Mo.,  May, 
1849,  to  March,  1851,  1  voL  folio,  from  Quarter- 
master J.  C.  Mann,  1st  Wis.  Cavalry, 

And  the  following  files  sent  to  the  Society, 
and  recently  bound,  viz. : 

New  York  Daily  Herald,  July,  1861,  to  December, 
1862,  3  vols.,  folio. 

New  York  Daily  Tribune,  July,  1861,  to  December, 
1862,  3  vols.,  folio. 

New  York  Daily  World,  July,  1861,  to  December, 
1862,  3  vols.,  folio. 

Milwaukee  Daily  Sentinel,  July,  1861,  to  December, 
1862,  3  vols.,  folio. 

Mdivaukee  Daily  Wisconsin,  July,  1861,  to  Decem- 
ber, 1862,  3  vols.,  folio. 

Janesville  Daily  Gazette,  July,  1861,  to  December, 
1862,  3  vols,  folio. 

Madison  Daily  Journal,  July,  1861,  to  December, 
1862,  3  vols,  folio. 

Madison  Daily  Patriot,  July,  1861,  to  December, 
1862,  3  vols,  folio. 

Madison  Daily  Argus,  July  to  December,  1862,  1 
vol.,  tblio. 

The  venerable  files  of  the  Boston  Evening 
Post,  and  the  Pennsylvania  Packet  and 
Advertiser,  deserve  especial  notice:  The 
former  volume  contains  24  numbers  for  the 
year  1769,  17  for  1770,  34  for  1771,  16 
for  1772,  5  for  1773,  31  for  1774,  and 
4  for  1775.  The  Packet  &  Advertiser  are  quite 
complete  for  the  years  1782,  1783,  1785,  1786,  j 
1787,  1788,  one  half  of  1790,  three  quarters  of 
1791,  nearly  all  of  1792,  1796,  1797,  and  1798 ; 
and  consecutively  from  1800  to  1822,  and  from 
1831  to  1838;  and  being  a  daily  nearly  from 
the  commencement,  each  full  year  is  divided, 
for  convenience,  into  two  bound  volumes. 

The  volume  of  the  Carolina  Gazette  for  the 
year  1798-'99  and  1800,  is  rare  and  valuable. 

Ten  maps  have  been  added  to  the  map  de- 
partment of  our  collection,  and  a  beautiful  topo- 
graphical map  on  linen,  of  the  battle  of  Stone 
River,  and  another  of  the  battle  of  Prairie 
Grove. 


During  the  year  we  have  received  about  the 
usual  number  of  magazines  and  newspapers — 
seventy-one  altogether ;  and  these  are  preserved 
with  great  care.  One  hundred  and  four  vo- 
lumes of  ancient  and  modern  newspaper  files 
have  been  bound,  thus  making  available  a  large 
accession  to  that  invaluable  department  of  our 
collection. 

The  Librarian,  during  the  'year,  has  arranged 
and  catalogued  several  thousand  pamphlets  and 
documents — so  that  anything  in  our  document 
department  is  now  readily  accessible.  The 
cataloguing  of  the  Library  has  also  been  con- 
tinued, as  opportunities  have  offered. 

Space  will  not  permit  naming  all  donors  of 
the  year,  but  we  may  particularly  mention  Hon. 
T.  O.  Howe,  Hon.  W.  D.  Mclndoe,  Cyrus 
Woodman,  J.  P.  McMullen,  Rev.  J.  Watts, 
Capt.  S.  V.  Shipman,  Prof.  Butier,  D.  Appleton 
&  Co.,  D.  T.  Valentine,  Cyrus  Catlin,  and  D. 
W.  Patterson,  Esq.,  of  Connecticut — the  latter 
of  whom  has  been  constantly  attentive  to  the 
Society's  interests,  and  well  merits  the  special 
acknowledgments  of  the  Executive  Committee, 
for  his  valuable  services  and  donations. 

The  Picture  gallery  remains  as  reported  last 
year — fifty-six  oil  paintings.  Quite  a  number 
of  pioneers  and  distinguished  persons  have 
heretofore  promised  their  portraits — promises 
which,  we  hope,  will  not  be  forgotten. 

The  additions  to  the  Cabinet,  embracing 
documents,  manuscripts,  specimens  of  natural 
history,  oriental  relics,  photographs,  engrav- 
ings, and  coins  and  trophies,  were  there  enume- 
rated. 

Probably  few  Historical  or  Literary  Institu- 
tions in  our  country  have  succeeded,  in  so 
brief  a  period,  in  accumulating  so  rich  and  rare 
a  collection  of  American  and  English  newspaper 
files  of  the  last  century  as  it  has  been  our  good 
fortune  to  bring  together.  It  is  probably  much 
more  extensive  than  has  been  supposed  even  by 
those  most  familiar  with  that  department  of  our 
collections.  As  a  matter  of  general  interest  we 
give  a  list  of  such  files  as  were  published  in  the 
last  century  alone — being  only  about  one-ninth 
of  our  whole  newspaper  collection,  yet  this 
particular  portion  numbers  123  volumes,  and 
may  almost  be  literally  said  to  be  worth  their 
weight  in  gold : 

Vols.       Tear. 

Loudon  Gazette 1 1680-2. 

True  Briton 1 . . .  .1723-4. 

Edinburg  Evening  Courant 1 1727.... 

Pennsylvania  Gazette 4. . .  .1755-63 

London  Evening  Post 1   . .  .1757-8 . 

London  Evening  Post 1 .  . .  .1757-9. 

Edinburg  Chronicle 1 1759 . . . 


220 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[June, 


Edinburg  Chronicle 1 1760. .. 

Maryland  Gazette 1 1760-62 

Maryland  Gazette 1 1163-67 

Boston  Gazette 1 1764. . . 

Edinburg  Advertiser 1. . .  .1766. . . 

Boston  Chronicle 1 1767-3. 

Boston  Evening  Post,  &c 1 1769 , . . 

Boston  Evening  Post,  &c 1 1770. .. 

Boston  Evening  Post,  &c 1 1771. .. 

Edinburg  Advertiser 1 1772 . . . 

Boston  Evening  Post,  &c 1 1772-3. 

Edinburg  Advertiser 1 1773... 

Boston  &  New  York  Papers 1 1774. . . 

Pennsylvania  Gazette,  &c 1 1775. . . 

Pennsylvania  Evening  Post 1 1776-77 

Boston  Gazette,  &c 1 1776-77 

Boston  Journal,  &c 1.    ..1778... 

Boston  Journal,  &c 1. . .  .1779.  . . 

Edinburg  Advertiser. 1 . . . .  1779 . . . 

Boston  and  New  York  Papers 1 1 780-83 

Royal  Jamaica  Gazette 1 . . . .  1 782. . . 

Pennsylvania  Packet 1 1782 . . . 

Boston  Chronicle 1. . .  .1782-84 

Pennsylvania  Packet 2 1783.. . 

Edinburg  Advertiser 1. . .  .1783. . . 

Maryland  Gazette 1.  . .  .1784. . . 

Edinburg  Advertiser. 2 1784. . . 

Edinburg  Advertiser 1 1786... 

Pennsylvania  Journal 1....1785... 

Pennsylvania  Packet , 3.  . .  .1786. . . 

Massachusetts  Gazette 1 1786 .. . 

Edinburg  Advertiser 1...  .1786.  . . 

Pennsylvania  Packet 2.  . .  .1787. . . 

New  York  Journal 1 1787-88 

Pennsylvania  Packet 2 1788. . . 

Pennsylvania  Journal 1 .    .  .1788 .  .  , 

United  States  Gazette 1 1789-90 

Pennsylvania  Packet 1 1790.,. 

United  States  Gazette 1. . .   1790-91 

Pennsylvania  Advertiser 1 1791. . . 

London  Chronicle 1....1791... 

London  Chronicle 1 1792. . . 

Pennsylvania  Advertiser 2.  . .  .1792. . . 

Massachusetts  Spy 2 1792..  . 

London  Chronicle 1 1793. .  . 

Poughkeepsie  Journal 1 1 793-94 

Massachusetts  Spy 1 1793-94 

New  York  Diary 1 1794..  . 

London  Chronicle 1 1794. . . 

Philadelphia  Advertiser 1. . .  .1794-95 

Baltimore  Intelligenoer 1 1 794 . . . 

Baltimore  Gazette 1 1795. . . 

United  States  Gazette 1 1795-96 

Philadelphia  New  World 1 1795-97 

Philadelphia  Minerva 1 1795-99 

Pennsylvania  Advertiser 2 1796. . . 

Massachusetts  Spy 1 1796 . . . 

Pennsylvania  Advertiser 3 ....  1 797 . . . 

Massachusetts  Spy 1. . .  .1797. . . 

New  York  Time  Piece 1 . . ,  ,1797-98 

New  York  Journal 1..,.  1797-99 

Philadelphia  Advertiser 2 1798. . . 

Philadelphia  Advertiser 1 . . ,  .1798-99 


Columbian  Centinel 1 1798... 

Carolina  Gazette 1 1798-99 

Columbian  Centinel 1 1799 .. . 

Baltimore  Gazette 1 1799 .. . 

London  Gazette 34  1767  to  1799 

Ten  years  ago  this  very  month,  Gen.  W.  R. 
Smith,  Rev.  Charles  Lord,  Hon.  Hiram  A. 
Wright,  Dr.  John  W.  Hunt,  Prof.  O.  M.  Cono- 
ver,  S.  H.  Carpenter,  and  L.  C.  Draper,  met  in 
the  office  of  State  Superintendent  Wright,  in 
the  N.W.  corner  room  of  the  main  floor  of  the 
old  capitol,  adopted  a  new  constitution,  and  re- 
organized the  Society  under  the  charter  obtained 
the  year  previous.  The  Society  had  had  a 
nominal  existence  for  five  years,  and  had  secured 
a  small  book-case,  three  and  a  half  feet  wide, 
and  four  feet  high,  containing  four  shelves. 
During  the  first  year,  Frank  Hudson — the  first 
donor  to  the  Society — contributed  two  volumes 
of  Transactions  of  the  American  Ethnological 
Society,  and  an  original  drawing  of  a  lizard- 
shaped  mound,  discovered  by  him,  in  1842,  near 
Third  Lake,  in  Madison ;  a  bibliographical  vo- 
lume on  the  Literature  of  American  Local  Histo- 
ry, was  received  from  the  author,  Herman  E. 
Ludewig,  of  New  York ;  and  a  patent  deed  of 
land  in  the  State  of  New  York,  dated  1794,  and 
signed  by  Gov.  George  Clinton,  from  Dr.  J.  W. 
Hunt.  Gen.  W.  R.  Smith  delivered  the  first 
anniversary  address.  And  thus  we  have  the 
sum  total  of  the  first  year's  doings  and  collec- 
tions of  the  Society.  During  Gov.  Farwell's 
term,  he  caused  a  set  of  the  Territorial  and 
State  Legislative  Journals  to  be  placed  on  the 
shelves  as  the  gift  of  the  State  ;  an  unbound  file 
of  three  or  four  years  of  the  Milwaukee  Wisconsin 
accumulated;  and  Hon.  M.  L.  Martin  delivered 
an  historical  address,  and  Rev.  A.  Branson  and 
Joshua  Hathaway  contributed  historical  papers. 
Thus  the  first  five  years'  gatherings  of  the 
Society  did  not  exceed  fifty  volumes;  and 
considerable  unoccupied  space  was  still  left  in 
the  small  book-case.  This  case — which  we  still 
retain — occupied  a  conspicuous  place  in  the 
Executive  Office  during  the  administrations  of 
Governors  Dewey  and  Farwell,  with  a  lettered 
plate  at  the  top,  "  State  Historical  Society." 
The  Society  during  that  period  was  certainly  in 
no  very  prosperous  condition. 

But  at  the  annual  meeting  of  January,  1854, 
it  was  resolved  to  make  an  earnest  effort  to  ac- 
complish something  commensurate  with  the 
hopes  and  purposes  of  such  an  institution.  A 
circular  was  directed  to  be  prepared  and  dis- 
tributed by  the  Corresponding  Secretary,  appeal- 
ing for  suitable  contributions  for  a  Library  and 
Cabinet.  A  committee  was  appointed  to  memo- 
rialize the  Legislature  for  an  annual  approprja. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


221 


tion  to  aid  the  Society  in  its  objects  and 
collections ;  and  when  the  Secretary  read  the 
memorial  he  had  prepared  for  that  purpose  to 


when  we  removed  into  our  present  quarters, 
which  have  since  been  somewhat  enlarged.  Our 
rooms,  covering  a  ground  area  of  45  by  60  feet, 


Gen.   W.    R.    Smith,    the  latter   approved   the   are  so  well  packed,  that  further  extension  would 
general  scope  of  the  document,  but  strenuously 
objected  to  asking  for  so  large  an  appropriation 
as  five  hundred  dollars  a  year — two  hundred,  he 
thought,  was  as  much  as  should  be  asked  for ; 
that  by  asking  for  five  hundred,  we  should  defeat 
the  whole  object,  and  get  nothing.     The  Secre- 
tary  replied,   that  he  thought  the  Legislature 
would  as  readily  grant  five  hundred  as  two  hun- 
dred for  such  a  purpose  ;    that  little    could  be 
accomplished  with  two  hundred  dollars,  but  with 
five  hundred  we  could  make  a  beginning,  and 
he  was  willing  the  wisdom  of  the  appropriation 
should  be  judged  by  its  results.     While  the   old 
General  shook  his  head  in  doubt,  the  memorial 
was  signed  by  the  committee  and  a  few  others — 
was  presented  to  the  Assembly  by  Judge  Orton, 
then   the  Madison   representative,  who  had  it 
referred  to  the  committee  on   State  Affairs,  of 
which  Hon.  Sam.  Hale,  of  Kenosha,  was  chair- 
man.    At  Judge  Orton's  suggestion,  Judge  Hale 
and  his  committee  spent  a  Saturday  afternoon 
with  the  Secretary,  at  his  private  library,  who 
entertained  them  with  an  exhibition  of  his  private 
collections  on  Western  history ;  and  the  com- 
mittee concluded — we  hope  wisely — that   if  a 
single  individual  could  accomplish  so  much,  what 
might  not  the  associated  effort  of  a  whole  state, 
like  Wisconsin,  effect  ?     They  unanimously  re- 
commended the  passage  of  an  act  in  accordance 
with  the  prayer  of  the  memorialists — and,  with 
the  friendly  attention  of  Judge  Orton  in  the  As- 
sembly, and  Beriah  Brown's  efforts  among  the 
Senators,  the  bill  passed  without  any  material 
opposition.     This  was  the  beginning  of  friendly 
legislative  action  in  the  Society's  behalf,  which 
has   since  led  Hon.  Richard  S.  Field,  of  New 
Jersey,  to  point  to  its  success  as  the  result  of  the 
"  enlightened  liberality   of  the   Legislature   of 
Wisconsin." 

At   the   re-organization   of    the    Society,    in 
January,  1854,  Dr.  Hunt  was  chosen  Librarian, 
and  transferred  the  Society's  book-case  from  the 
Executive  Room  to  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of 
State,  where  it  remained  that  year  ;  though  loner 
before  the  year  closed,  it  was  crowded  with  ad- 
ditions to  the  Library,  and  several  hundred  vo- 
lumes had  to  be  stored  in  the  private  library  of  j  j^ 
the  Secretary.     In  January,  1855,  a  small  room,  ,  Hon 
15  feet  square,  in  the  south-eastern  corner  of  I  Horace  Rublee, 
the  basement  of  the  Baptist  Church,  was  rented  j  prof  j  p.  Butler, 
and  occupied  for  two  years,  when  further  room  j  Qen  l.  Fairchild, 
was  needed— and  in  January,  1857,  a  room  on   Hon.  D.  Worthington 
the  west  side  of  the  basement  of  the  same  build- 
ing, forty-four  feet  in  length   by   fourteen   in 
breadth,  was  rented  and  occupied  for  one  year — 


be  exceedingly  desirable. 

More  room  we  mvst  have,  sooner  or  later, — and 
the  next  removal  should  be  a  permanent  one  and 
to  a  fire-proof  building,  if  possible. — A  few 
friends  sufficiently  realize  its  importance,  and 
evince  their  willingness  to  lend  a  generous  help- 
ing hand  in  providing  a  fund  for  a  fire-proof 
building  sufficiently  commodious  for  the  present 
and  prospective  wants  of  the  Society.  Will  not 
the  friends  of  the  Society  in  Madison  and  else- 
where, resolve  to  make  suitable  provisions  for 
this  greatly  needed  edifice  ? 

And  when,  ten  years  hence,  tho?e  who  may 
have  the  management  of  the  Society  meet  to 
review  its  progress  during  its  second  decade, 
may  we  not  fondly  hope  that  they  may  have — 
not  twenty  thousand  volumes,  as  our  present 
number  nearly  approaches — but  twice  twenty 
thousand  volumes  upon  its  shelves,  in  a  durable 
fire-proof  building,  worthy  of  our  noble  Society, 
and  worthy  too  of  its  generous,  unflagging 
friends  who,  from  first  to  last,  have  sturdily  and 
manfully  adhered  to  its  fortunes  ? 

The  nominating  committee  reported  the  fol- 
lowing ticket  for  officers  for  the  ensuing  year, 
which  was  unanimously  elected  : 

President : 
Increase  A.  Lapham,  LL.D.,  Milwaukee 


Vice  Presidents: 

1.  .Gen.  Wra.  R  Smith.  Mineral  Point. 

2.  .Hon.  Henry  S.  Baird,  Green  Bay. 

3.  .Gen.  James  Sutherland,  Janesville. 

4.  .Hon.  James  T.  Lewis,  Columbus. 

5.  .Hon.  Charles  S.  Benton,  La  Crosse. 

6.  .Hon.  Charles  Durkee,  Kenosha. 
Recording  Secretary.  .Frank  H.  Firmin. 
Corresponding  Secretary.  .Lyman  C.  Draper. 
Treasurer.  .Prof.  0.  M.  Conover. 
Librarian.  .Daniel  S.  Durrie. 


Curators . 


Hon. 
Gen. 
Gen. 


H.  S.  Orton, 
S.  Mills, 
D.  Atwood, 
G.  B.  Smith, 
D.  J.  Powers, 


Gen.  G.  P.  Delaplaine, 
Hon.  George  Hyer, 
Hon   E.  B.  Dean,  Jr. 
S.  G.  Benedict, 
F.  G.  Tibbits, 
S.  V.  Shipman, 
J.  D.  Gurnee, 
S.  H.  Carpenter, 
John  H.  Clark. 


After  the  result  of  the  election  was  announced 
the  annual  meeting  adjourned. 


222 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[June, 


Immediately  succeeding  the  adjournment,  the 
new  Executive  Committee,  thirteen  members 
being  present,  were  called  to  order — Hon.  G.  B. 
Smith  in  the  chair. 

Hon.  Simeon  Mills,  Hon.  H.  S.  Orton,  Hon.  G. 
B.  Smith,  Samuel  Marshall,  and  J.  D.  Gurnee 
were  re-elected  Trustees  of  the  Building  Fund 
for  the  ensuing  year. 

An  arrangement  was  entered  into  with  D.  S. 
Durrie  for  cataloguing  the  Library  and  arranging 
newspaper  files  for  the  year  18 til. 

Voted,  that  the  Society  favorably  entertain 
the  question  of  rooms  in  the  new  capitol,  should 
any  be  tendered  for  its  use. 

Stated  Meeting,  April  2d,  1864.  Present,  eight 
members  of  the  Executive  Committee — Hon.  D. 
Worthington  in  the  chair. 

Thirty-five  letters  were  submitted  by  the 
Secretary. 

The  Additions  to  the  Library  and  Cabinet  in- 
cluded 71  vols. ;  31  broadside  slips  from  1ST.  E. 
Loyal  Publication  Society;  and  76  pamphlets, 
from  various  donors. 

Messrs.  Carpenter,  Conover,  Shipman,  and 
Dean,  were  appointed  a  committee  to  report  upon 
the  Drake  historical  papers. 

Hon.  Chas.  S  Todcl,  of  Kentucky,  a  surviving 
aide  of  Gen  Harrison,  of  the  War  of  1812,  and 
subsquently  Minister  to  Russia,  was  chosen  an 
honorary  member  of  the  Society ;  Hon.  J.  P. 
Usher,  Hon.  Wm.  P.  Dole,  Hon.  Isaac  Newton, 
Hon.  F  W.  Seward,  Hon.  Alfred  Ely,  Dr.  Geo. 
Smith,  Wm.  L.  Stone,  Frank  H.  Baldwin,  F.  A. 
Marble,  Hon.  Anthony  Van  Wyck,  Horace  W. 
Smith,  Pierre  M  Irving,  and  others,  were  chosen 
corresponding  members ;  John  S.  Dean,  Geo.  W. 
Gilman,  and  B.  W.  Suckow,  active  members. 

Adjourned. 


.  NEW  JERSEY. 

The  New  Jersey  Historical  Society  (Officers, 
etc.,  Vol.  VIH.  p.  121)  held  its  regular  May  meet- 
ing in  Newark,  on  19th  May.  The  Hon.  James 
Parker,  of  Perth  Amboy,  in  his  88th  year,  and 
the  Hon.  Richard  S.  Field,  of  Princetown,  Vice- 
Presidents,  presiding. 

Mr.  Whitehead,  the  Corresponding  Secretary, 
made  his  report  of  the  correspondence  since  the 
lust  meeting,  and  presented  a  large  number  of 
letters,  including  one  from  Hon.  John  Clement, 
communicating  some  information  respecting  the 
Swedish  records  of  South  Jersey,  and  others  from 
Mr.  C.  0.  Tichenor,  of  Appleton,  Wis.,  relative 
to  the   early  settlers  of  his  name  in  Newark; 


from  Mr.  J.  E.  Hilgard,  of  the  Coast  Survey 
office,  transmitting  copies  of  Dr.  Kohl's  Notes  on 
the  Eastern  Coast  of  New  Jersey,  etc. ;  from  Mr. 
T.  J.  Richards,  of  Burlington,  relative  to  the  set- 
tlement of  Washington  Township,  in  that  county; 
and  from  various  gentlemen  engaged  in  genealo- 
gical researches,  seeking  information. 

In  regard  to  the  resolution  of  the  Society  sug- 
j  ges':ing  the  name  of  Hudson  for  the  new  fort  at 
Sandy  Hook,  Gen.  R.  S.  Canby,  Assist.  Adj't 
Gen.,  had  informed  the  Society  that  there  is  a 
battery  of  fifty  guns  on  Staten  Island  named 
"  Battery  Hudson,"  and  the  Department  does  not 
deem  it  proper  to  change  the  name  to  confer  it 
upon  the  new  fort. 

The  Treasurer,  Mr.  Alofsen,  reported  a  balance 
of  $908.60  in  the  Treasury. 

The  Librarian,  Mr.  Congar,  reported  the  dona- 
tions of  books  since  January,  including  upwards 
of  forty-five  different  publications,  relative  to  the 
present  war,  from  Mr.  S.  Alofsen,  of  Jersey  City, 
whose  donations  already,  referring  to  the  same 
subject,  fill  several  shelves  of  the  library. 

The  Committee  on  Publications  reported  that 
the  Society's  "  Proceedings  "  and  the  sixth  vo- 
lume of  its  "  Collections  "  (Newark  Town  Re- 
cords) had  been  delayed,  but  were  now  in  press. 

The  Library  Committee  made  a  strong  appeal 
for  renewed  subscriptions  to  enlarge  and  improve 
the  library,  and  preserve  its  valuable  documents. 

Several  new  members  were  elected  and  new 
nominations  received. 

John  Rutherford,  Esq.,  presented  the  original 
Field  Book  of  John  Lawrence,  containing  his 
notes  while  running  the  Quintipartite  Line  be- 
tween East  and  West  Jersey  in  1743.  Mr. 
Whitehead  explained  the  contents,  which  include 
many  items  of  local  interest  as  to  the  location  of 
houses,  lands,  &c,  along  the  line  at  the  period  .of 
the  survey,  and  he  regarded  their  identification 
as  well  worth  the  attention  of  some  local  histo- 
rian. The  little  volume  would  also  be  valuable 
in  many  questions  affecting  the  landed  property, 
and  should  be  printed  by  the  State. 

A  beautiful  volume  of  the  "Dodd  Genealo- 
gies," recently  published,  was  presented  by  Dr. 
B,  L.  Dodd — a  book  reflecting  great  credit  on  all 
engaged  in  its  publication. 

Mr.  Walter  Rutherfurd  remarked  on  the  im- 
portance of  the  action  of  the  last  Legislature  to 
ascertain  the  rights  of  the  State  and  private 
parties  to  lands  under  water,  and  offered  a  reso- 
lution requesting  the  Librarian  to  furnish  the 
Commissioners  appointed  by  the  State  such  in- 
formation as  the  Society's  archives  contain  on  the 
subject. 

The  Society  then  took  a  recess  for  dinner,  and 

on  reassembling,  Mr.  Whitehead  presented  and 

|  read   extracts   from  the  unpublished  reports  of 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


223 


Dr.  Kohl,  relative  to  localities  along  the  Eastern 
Coast  of  N.  J.,  which  were  obtained  from  the 
Coast  Survey  in  Washington,  with  Dr.  K.'s 
notes  of  early  maps  referring  to  the  Province, 
illustrated  by  tracings  of  some  of  them.  Some 
of  the  maps  referred  to  are  in  the  possession  of 
the  Society,  and  with  others  from  the  private 
library  of  Mr.  Whitehead,  were  also  exhibited. 

Captain  W.  S.  Boudinot  presented  a  photo- 
graph and  a  rare  print  of  Washington,  when 
President  of  the  Convention,  in  1787. 

From  Captain  Charles  S.  Boggs,  U.  S.  N, 
was  received  a  valuable  donation  of  manuscripts, 
about  one  hundred  in  number,  many  of  them  of 
several  folio  sheets,  connected  with  events  in 
New  Jersey  between  1733  to  1808,  papers  which 
belonged  to  Kobert  Hunter  Morris,  Chief  Jus- 
tice, etc.,  and  Robert  Morris,  Judge  of  U.  S. 
District  Court.  Among  the  later  documents 
were  the  original  packages,  unopened,  containing 
the  electoral  votes  of  New  Jersey,  in  1800,  for 
Thomas  Jefferson  as  President,  and  C.  C.  Pinck- 
ney  as  Vice-President ;  and  in  1808,  for  James 
Madison  as  President,  and  George  Clinton  as 
Vice-President.  These  were  the  triplicate  pack- 
ages which,  as  directed  by  the  constitution,  were 
deposited  with  the  District  Judge,  the  others 
having  been  forwarded  to  Washington  at  the 
time.  The  commission  of  the  electors  who  cast 
the  vote  of  the  State  for  Washington  in  1792, 
under  the  great  seal  of  the  State,  was  also  among 
the  papers.  These  memorials  of  other  days  and 
their  political  parties,  which  had  so  long  re- 
mained undisturbed,  were  regarded  with  lively 
interest  by  all  present ;  the  venerable  presiding 
officer  of  the  Society  stating  that  he  had  made 
one  of  the  interested  throng  that  witnessed  the 
administration  of  the  oath  of  office  to  Washing- 
ton. 

The  Society  then  listened  with  much  satisfac- 
tion to  a  paper  of  the  Rev.  John  Proudfoot, 
D.D.,  "  On  Early  Confederacies  and  Our  Own," 
in  which  an  interesting  review  was  given  of  the 
peculiar  features  of  the  Italian,  Grecian,  Ger- 
manic, Hollandic,  and  other  federations,  as  com- 
pared with  our  own,  and  showing  the  superior- 
ity of  the  latter.  It  exhibited  a  very  thorough 
acquaintance  with  the  subject,  and  its  reading 
occupied  about  an  hour. 

The  Society  then  adjourned,  and  the  remainder 
of  the  afternoon  was  passed  by  the  members 
in  examining  the  books  and  objects  of  interest 
in  the  library. 


glisttllanj, 


The  Allan  Library. — The  principal  event  of 
the  last  month,  in  a  bibliographical  sense,  has 
been  the  sale  of  the  curious  collection  of  books, 
engravings,  and  knick-knacks,  which  the  late 
John  Allan  left  as  evidences  of  his  perseverance 
as  a  book-hunter,  his  taste  as  an  illustrator,  and 
his  unconquerable  love  of  his  native  Scotland — 
love  which  not  even  his  seventy  years'  resi- 
dence in  this  city  could  overcome,  or  even  sen- 
sibly diminish. 

Of  Mr.  Allan  himself  nothing  need  be  said  in 
this  place,  so  well  was  he  known  while  living 
to  every  collector  in  the  country. 

Of  the  Collection  itself,  were  we  to  say  that  it 
was  just  such  a  one  as  any  man,  possessing 
such  a  character  as  that  which  we  have  quoted, 
might  reasonably  be  expected  to  collect,  we 
might  leave  the  subject.  It  was  simply  a  collec- 
tion of  odds  and  ends, — books,  engravings,  mi- 
nerals, costumes,  snuff-boxes,  old  china,  old 
armor,  shoe-buckles,  old  watches,  etc.,  without 
any  apparent  object  beyond  the  mere  collection 
of  them,  and  with  no  other  aim  than  the  mere 
possession  of  them.  Not  even  his  own  beloved 
Scotland  could  induce  him  to  make  her  a  special- 
ity ;  while  America,  his  home  for  much  the 
greater  portion  of  his  life,  attracted  so  little  of 
his  attention,  that  it  appears  to  have  been  a  sub- 
ject of  minor  importance  to  him.  So  far  from 
the  collection  having  been  a  useful  one  in  any 
department  of  knowledge,  we  venture  to  say 
that  no  student,  in  any  department,  would  have 
remained  in  its  owner's  library  a  day  for  the 
single  purpose  of  gathering  information —  he 
would  have  stayed  much  longer,  it  is  probable, 
to  enjoy  the  genial  society  of  the  venerable  man, 
to  look  at  things  which  were  rare  and  curious, 
and  to  gather  from  the  spirited  descriptions  of 
"  Old  New  5Tork,"  by  Mr.  Allan  himself,  an  in- 
sight into  the  society  and  manners  of  the  city  in 
the  beginning  of  this  century,  an  accurate  detail 
of  the  family  connexions  of  our  older  familiee, 
and  a  graphic  description  of  events  which  are 
remembered  only  by  the  few,  and  appreciated 
only  by  even  a  smaller  number.  The  illustrated 
works,  on  which  Mr.  Allan  had  spent  much  time 
and  money,  and  on  which  he  greatly  prided 
himself,  afforded  fewer  evidences  of  his  taste 
and  good  judgment  as  an  artist  than  many  had 
expected ;  and  among  the  more  experienced 
book-collectors  and  illustrators  the  disappoint- 
ment was  extended  and  freely  expressed. 

Of  the  Catalogue,  which  was  prepared  by 
Joseph  Sabin,  of  Philadelphia,  with  the  assist- 


224 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[June,  1864. 


ance  of  several  others,  much  complaint  was 
made,  and  not  without  reason.  The  exaggera- 
tions as  well  as  the  inaccuracies  of  description 
with  which  that  portion  which  described  the 
books  abounded,  were  particularly  noticeable ; 
the  announcement  on  the  title,  and  at  the  close 
of  the  volume,  that  Mr.  Sabin  was  the  only  per- 
son who  was  entitled  to  any  credit  for  the  pre- 
paration of  any  portion  of  the  catalogue  except 
the  covers,  gave  offence  to  those  who  were  ac- 
quainted with  the  services  which  were  ren- 
dered by  several  of  Mr.  Allan's  intimate  personal 
friends,  by  whom,  we  believe,  the  engravings, 
minerals,  coins,  and  other  property — the  books 
excepted — were  exclusively  catalogued. 

The  strange  use  of  Latin  words,  and  blunder- 
ing application  of  them,  exceed  anything  that 
we  ever  met. 

Of  the  Sale  itself  we  could  say  much  more  than 
our  space  will  allow — in  the  language  of  a  gen- 
tleman who  is  fully  qualified  to  speak  of  its  pe- 
culiarities, "  there  has  been  nothing  to  compare 
with  it  since  the  world  began." 

The  salesman,  Mr.  Merwin,  discharged  his  de- 
licate duties,  in  the  struggle  between  buyers, 
with  his  accustomed  patient  good-nature ;  and 
the  proceeds  of  the  sale  will   prove   that   his 
efforts  were  not  without  their  reasonable  result. 
The  number  of  bidders  in  attendance  was  not 
large  ;  the  number  of  those  whom  those  bidders 
represented  was  probably  much  greater.     The 
prevailing    fashion   of    purchasing    at    auction 
through  brokers,  while  it  tends  to  diminish  the 
number  of  those  who   attend  such  sales,  and 
serves  to  afford  a  living  to  several  worthy  men 
who  act  in  a  representative  capacity,  serves  also 
to  make  the  auction-room  a  less  agreeable  place 
of  resort  for  collectors  than  it  once  was,  pre- 
vents the  formation  of  many  a  desirable  personal 
acquaintance  among  book-buyers,  and  assimilates 
the  occupation  of  a  book-collector  to  that  of  a 
gambler  in  stocks  at  that  soulless  concern  known 
as  the  Board  of  Brokers.      Could  Royal  G-urley 
have  dropped  in  at  the  sale  which  is  under  con- 
sideration, he  would   have  failed  to  recognise 
more  than  one  or  two  faces  among  the  buyers ; 
while  the  brilliant  sallies  of  poor  John  Keese 
would  have  fallen  still-born  among  the  audience 
which   attended   the  Allan   sale;    an   audience 
among  whom   the  amount  of  brokerage  to  be 
realized  on  the  purchase  of  the  several  lots  which 
were   offered  was   vastly  more   important,    in 
many  cases,  than  the  intrinsic  value  of  the  lots 
themselves,  either  to  the  bidders'  principals  or  to 
any  other  person. 

The  bidding,  among  such  an  audience,  may  be 
easily  understood ;  there  has,  indeed,  "  been  no- 
thing to  compare  with  it  since  the  world  began." 
Those  among  the  bidders  who  represented  them- 


selves only,  were  compelled,  in  many  cases,  to 
abandon  the  contest  which  the  brokers  made 
over  the  greater  number  of  the  lots ;  in  other 
cases,  where  the  volume  was  considered  a  neces- 
sity, they  also  rushed  into  the  fight,  and  battled 
for  the  prize. 

Our  readers   will   not  be  surprised  to  learn, 
under  these  considerations,  that  the  "  Account  of 
the  Banquet  given  by  the  St.  Nicholas  Society  of 
the  City  of  New  York,  on  the  Occasion  of  the 
Visit  of  the  Dutch  Frigate  '  Prins  van  Orange,' 
May,  1852," — a  mere  pamphlet — brought  $22.50; 
"  Alden's  American  Epitaphs,"  $13.75  ;  Barlow's 
"  Columbiad,"  quarto,  $30  ;  Bartlett's  "  Destruc- 
tion of  the  Gaspee,"  $6 ;  Bryant's  '  Address  on 
Irving,"  illustrated,  $37.50 ;  the  first  edition  of 
Burns's    "  Poems,"   $106 ;   Cheetham's  "  Life  of 
Paine,"  illustrated,  $11 ;  Coleman's  "  Collection 
of  Facts  relative  to  the  Death  of  Gen.  Hamilton," 
illustrated,    $25  ;     "  Cromwelliana,"    illustrated, 
$80  ;  Dawson  and  Davis's  "  Reminiscences  of  the 
Park,"  $15  ;  Dibdin's  "  Bibliomania,"  illustrated, 
$720  ;  "  The  Croakers,"  Bradford  Club's  edition, 
$25;  Dunlap's  "Arts  of  Design,"  $15;   "Life  of 
General  Eaton,"  $5  ;    "  The  Echo,"  $12  ;  Eliot's 
Indian  Bible,   $825  ;  Doctor  Francis's  Address 
on  "  New  York,  during  the  last  Half  Century," 
extended     and     illustrated,    $150  ;     Freneau's 
"  Poems,"    Monmouth   edition,   $10 ;    Holgate's 
"American  Genealogy,"  $15;  Ingraham's  "Cap- 
ture of  Washington,"  $8  ;  Irving's  Knickerbock- 
er's New  York,  extended,  and  with  265  plates 
inserted,  $1,250 ;    another  copy,  extended  and 
with  107  plates  inserted,  $400 ;  the  same,  Lon- 
don,  1821,   $55;    Irving's  Washington,   quarto, 
$275;  Josselyn's  "Voyages  to  New  England,"  title 
in  facsimile,  $27  ;  Josselyn's  "  New  England's 
Rarities  Discovered,"  $40;  Livermore's  "  Histori- 
cal Research,"  large  paper,  $12  ;  Lossing's  "  Field 
Book,"  $15;  Melvin's  "Journal,"  $20;  Miller's 
"  New    York,"   London   edition     $4 ;     Moore's 
"  Treason  of  Charles  Lee,"  $4  ;  Morton's  "  New 
England's  Memorial,"  MS. 
on  Hatfield  and  Deerfield," 


title. 


,  $40  ;  "  Papers 
Bradford  Club's  edi- 
tion, $11  ;  Commodore  Porter's  "  Journal," 
$3.50  ;  Sherburne's  "  John  Paul  Jones,"  36  por- 
traits inserted,  $20;  Simms's  "Life  of  Marion," 
22  prints  inserted,  $16  ;  Sternhold  and  Hopkins, 
Ed.  London,  1628,  $19  ;  the  same,  1632,  $11 ; 
Thomas's  "  Pensilvania  and  West-New-Jersey," 
Brady's  reprint,  on  writing  paper,  illustrated, 
|47.50;  the  same,  in  ordinary  style,  illustrated, 
$15;  "  The  Simple  Cobbler  of  Aggavvam,"  edit. 
London,  1647,  $55  ;  Washington's  Diary,  31 
plates  inserted,  $50;  Watson's  Annals  of  New 
York,  illustrated,  $20 ;  and  an  Autograph  Letter 
of  Gen.  Washington,  the  enormous  sum  of 
$2,050  I 


THE 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


Vol.  VIII.] 


JULY,   1864. 


[No. 


<$*iunl  gtprimtiti. 


THE  COLONIAL  POLICY  OF  FRANCE 
IN  NORTH  AMERICA  IN  THE  EIGH- 
TEENTH CENTURY. 

Scarcely  a  century  since,  and  from  the 
silent  cliffs  and  living  deeps  of  New  Found- 
land,  from  the  frigid  waters  which  break 
upon  the  flinty  coast  of  Labrador  to  the 
warm,  turbid,  outflowing  of  the  Mississippi, 
the  Fleurs-de-Lys  waved  from  a  chain  of 
posts  whose  morning  drum  at  once  awoke 
the  Arctic  seal,  and  roused  the  Tropic  mon- 
key. "  I  was  struck" — to  quote  the  letter 
of  a  friend,  an  artillery  officer  of  great  re- 
flection and  learning,  since  a  prominent 
brigadier  general  in  the  present  war  — 
"when  I  visited  that  region  of  country,  by 
the  evidence  which  I  saw  of  former  French 
power  upon  this  continent.  As  I  descended 
the  St.  Lawreuce  by  night,  the  lights  from 
French  cottages  were  glimmering  all  along  its 
banks;  thehousesbecamethickerand thicker 
as  we  proceeded,  and  then  I  reflected  thatonce 
a  line  of  French  settlements  had  extended 
from  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Mississippi.  All  along  the 
immensely  extended  frontier,  marked  out 
by  these  two  streams,  there  exist  points, 
such  as  Detroit,  Mackinac,  St.  Mary,  St. 
Ignace,  Green  Bay,  Chicago,  Kaskaskia, 
Prairie  du  Chien,  St.  Louis,  Baton  Rouge, 
New  Orleans,  etc.,  which  still  indicate  the 
giant-like  grasp  which  France  once  held 
upon  the  territory  of  North  America,  and 
especially  upon  the  English  colonies.  She 
seemed  on  the  very  point  of  strangling  not 
only  these  colonies  here,  but  also  the  other 
English  colonies  in  Hindostan;  but,  the 
11  Great  Monarch"  (Louis  XIV)  preferred 
"glory"   at  home   to  empire  abroad,  and, 

HIST.  MAG.      VOL.  VIII.  29 


while  waging  a  cruel  war  against  Holland, 
surrendered  the  rest  of  the  world  to  Eng- 
land. 

While  few  are  aware  that  such  was  the 
facts,  that  such  a  state  of  affairs  did  actually 
exist  but  a  little  period  prior  to  our  first 
War  of  Independence, — still  fewer  are  cog- 
nizant of  the  master  mind  which  indicated 
that  zone  of  military  positions  and  forts  and 
planned  operations  which,  if  carried  out  as 
he  designed,  would  have  rendered  the 
French  yoke  of  dominion  on  this  continent 
much  harder  to  break  than  Wolfe  and  his 
successor  found  the  work  to  be. 

The  brain  which  saw  ahead  so  far  and 
planned  so  ably  was  that  of  Bo  land  Mi- 
chel Barrin,  Marquis  de  la  Galis- 
sojniere,  born  11th  November,  1693,  at 
Bochcfort,  the  third  military  post  of  France, 
i.  e.  at  the  apex  of  a  triangle  whose  base 
terminated  at  Finisterre  (cape)  in  Spain 
and  Finisterre  (province)  in  France.  The 
son  of  a  lieutenant-general  of  the  military 
forces  of  France  he  attained  the  same 
elevated  rank  himself  as  much  by  deserts  as 
favor.  Doubtless  he  owed  much  to  his 
inherited  genius;  but  much  likewise  is  attri- 
butable to  the  admirable  education  he  re- 
ceived at  the  hands  of  Rollins,  the  cele- 
brated Rector  of  the  University  of  Paris,  and 
historian.  Entering  the  navy  in  1710,  in 
1738,  he  was  made  post-captain.  In  1741,  in 
command  of  two  vessels  of  the  line,  he  was 
charged  with  the  convoy  of  the  East 
Indian  fleet.  This  duty  he  discharged  in 
the  happiest  manner.  On  his  return,  he 
was  surprised  to  learn  that  his  government 
intended  to  confer  upon  him  the  rule  and 
administration  of  Canada,  the  most  import- 
ant of  the  French  colonies.  La  Galis- 
soniere  represented  to  the  minister  that 
his  inclinations  were  rather  to  command  and 
combat   iu  his  regular  line  of  service,  at 


226 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[July, 


sea,  than  administer  the  affairs  of  a 
colony.  This  honorable  refusal  was  favor- 
ably received,  and  he  was  appointed  to  a 
naval  command,  when  news  arrived  that  the 
governor,  designated  in  his  place,  had  been 
captured  on  his  passage  by  the  English. 
Then  the  sea-captain  became  governor, 
against  his  will,  yielded  without  farther  re- 
monstrance to  the  force  of  circumstances. 
He  consented  to  proceed  to  Canada,  in 
1745,  because  he  foresaw  that  he  would 
there  find  frequent  opportunities  to  signalize 
his  zeal,  stipulating,  however,  that  he  was 
to  be  recalled  on  the  declaration  of  peace, 
because  he  felt  that  his  sphere  of  useful- 
ness as  a  military  commander  would  be 
too  constrained  on  a  political  post  to  satisfy 
his  peculiar  activity  of  mind. 

Upon  his  arrival  in  Canada,  he  at  once 
get  to  work  to  justify  the  confidence  re- 
posed in  him,  and  demonstrated  that  in  his 
case,  as  in  so  many  others,  the  externals  of 
the  casket  were  no  indication  of  the  wealth 
contained  therein.  Like  Marshal  Luxem- 
burg the  able  opponent  of  the  great  Wil- 
liam III,  the  Marquis  De  Lede,*  the 
Fleming,  the  sole  general  Spain  possessed 
in  1717—1719,  who  conquered  Sardinia  and 
Sicily,  and  other  celebrities  in  intellect,  La 
(tALISSONIERE  was  not  only  diminutive 
in  stature  but  humpbacked.  Nor  were  his 
other  physical  peculiarities  attractive,  so  that 
when  the  Indian  chiefs  came  to  pay  their 
homage  to  the  representative  of  their  Great 
Father  beyond  the  big  sea,  they  remarked 
in  their  salutatory  address:  "Thou  must 
indeed  have  a  grand  soul,  since,  possessing 
such  a  repulsive  person,  the  great  chief, 
our  father,  has  sent  thee  hither  to  com- 
mand us."  Nor  was  it  long  before  they 
recognized  the  justice  of  their  opinion,  and 


*  It  is  to  the  military  superiority  of  De  Lede 
that  the  House  of  Savoy  owe  their  inferior  title 
of  Kings  of  Sardinia,  since  had  it  not  been  for 
him  th^y  would  have  been  kings  of  Sicily.  It 
was  said  of  Spain  at  this  epoch  that  her  king  was 
a  Frenchman,  the  Duke  of  Aragon,  her  prime 
minister  an  Italian,  Alberoni,  her  general,  a 
Fleming,  De  Lede,  and  to  a  Dutch  engineer  was 
confided  the  enterprise  of  rendering  the  Manzan- 
ares  navigable  and  Madrid  accessible  by  water. 
Happy  for  Spain  had  she  been  ever  so  ruled  and 
by  such  foreigners. 


testified,  in  every  manner  possible,  their 
love  and  veneration  for  a  man, — to  whom, 
with  one  consent,  according  the  title  of 
Father, — who  made  no  other  use  of  the 
authority  and  power  with  which  he  was  in- 
vested, except  to  ameliorate  their  condition. 
To  the  talents  for  administration  which 
he  subsequently  displayed  and  his  eminent 
ability  as  a  seaman  and  commander  which 
he  demonstrated  through  his  career,  La 
GrALissoNiERE  united  an  infinite  number 
of  other  estimable  qualities  and  vast  prac- 
tical intelligence.  He  loved  and  cultivated 
natural  history.  In  all  the  islands  which 
he  visited  he  took  pains  to  sow  useful  seeds, 
to  plant  fruit  trees,  and  thus  naturalize,  far 
and  wide,  the  productions  of  the  climate 
and  soil  of  Europe.  He  likewise  brought 
back  with  him  foreign  trees  and  plants 
with  which  he  enriched  his  own  land.  At 
his  country-seat  about  12  miles  from  Nantes, 
he  established  an  arboretum  wherein  he 
collected  and  naturalized  a  large  number 
of  foreign  trees.  Keserved  and  firm,  but 
at  the  same  time  gentle,  considerate,  affable 
and  honest,  he  won  the  respect  and  affec- 
tion of  all  who  served  under  him.  He  was 
absolutely  adored  by  his  sailors,  well  aware 
of  his  incessant  efforts  to  preserve  their 
health  and  watch  over  their  general  inter- 
ests and  rights.  At  the  same  time  such 
were  the  regrets  with  which  he  inspired 
his  sovereign,  that,  when,  worn  out  by  the 
indefatigable  efforts  of  his  mind,  he  died  in 
1756,  six  months  after  his  fortunate  naval 
campaign  in  the  Mediterranean,  in  which  he 
foiled  Byng,  and  occasioned  the  capture 
of  Port  Mahon,  Louis  XV  expressed  his 
lively  grief  that  his  admiral's  decease  had 
deprived  him  of  the  gratification  of  pre- 
senting him  with  the  baton  of  Marshal  of 
France,  ready  and  due  to  his  seamanship 
and  success. 

Such  was  the  man  to  whom  the  governor- 
ship of  Canada  was  entrusted,  in  troublous 
times,  in  1745.  From  the  moment  he  as- 
sumed the  charge,  he  contemplated  his  field 
of  operations  with  an  eye  which  saw  far,  far 
beyond  the  requirements  of  his  own  day; 
and  his  combinations  embraced  not  only  the 
necessities  of  the  present  but  of  the  extend- 
ed future.     Happy  indeed  had  it  been  for 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


227 


the  interests  of  France  if  his  successors  had 
been  gifted  with  his  enlarged  views  and 
energy.  He  filled  the  office  of  governor  as 
if  he  had  brought  to  it  the  experience  of  a 
life  passed  in  similar  administrative  service, 
or  rather  as  if  the  object  of  his  whole  pre- 
vious life  had  been  a  preparation  for  such 
a  commission;  and  lie  administered  the 
colouial  affairs  like  an  expert  in  statesman- 
ship. He  established  at  Quebec  a  marine 
arsenal,  and  extensive  naval  ship  yards,  in 
which  no  timber  was  used  but  that  grown 
in  the  colony.  The  Admiral  Governor  De- 
LA  Galissoniere,  conceived,  proposed,  and 
succeeded  in  having  adopted  the  vast  plan 
of  joining  Canada  and  Louisiana  by  a 
chain  of  forts  and  establishments  at  once 
military  and  commercial,  along  the  Ohio 
and  Mississippi,  across  the  desert  regions 
which  separated  these  two  colonies,  to  the 
west  of  the  lakes.  The  links  of  this  chain, 
stretching  from  1600  to  2000  miles,  through 
the  wilderness,  were  located  with  a  sagacity 
which  subsequent  experience  shows  to  have 
nevererred.  Whereverthe  French  engineers 
located  their  forts  or  posts,  there  has  in- 
variably been  found  the  very  best  site  for 
our  largest  and  most  flourishing  cities. 
Witness,  as  a  few  examples,  Pittsburgh, 
Detroit,  Chicago,  St.  Louis,  Baton  Rouge, 
New  Orleans,  <fcc. 

To  the  advantage  of  establishing  an  easier 
inter-communication  between  the  settled 
points,  was  added  the  power  of  forwarding 
convoys  and  dispatches  to  the  home  author- 
ities, in  France,  in  winter  as  well  as  summer, 
by  the  route  of  Louisiana,  while  the  mouth 
of  the  St.  Lawrence  was  entirely  blockaded 
by  ice.  And  last,  and  especially,  this  chain 
of  military  establishments,  so  planned  and 
located  as  to  command  key  points,  strategical 
as  well  as  commercial,  shut  in  the  English 
colonies  between  the  Alleghanies  and  their 
spurs  and  parallel  mountain  chains  and  the 
ocean.  By  the  order  which  he  established 
La  Galissoniere,  not  only  made  it  a  most 
difficult  operation  for  the  English  to  under- 
take any  warlike  enterprise  against  his 
people,  but  almost  rendered  impossible  the 
success  of  any  such  aggression.  Under  the 
guidance  of  this  humpbacked,  diminutive 
seaman,  gifted    with    a  giant  intellect,  the 


success  of  the  French  compelled  the  English 
to  remain  upon  the  defensive,  and  hara>>c(l 
them  to  such  a  degree,  along  their  exposed 
and  constricted  frontier,  that  the  mother 
country,  but  especially  the  colonists,  became 
very  desirous  of  peace. 

La  Galissoniere  was  not  content  how- 
ever with  securing  the  tranquillity  of  the 
frontier  of  his  colonial  governments.  He 
devoted  himself  ardently  to  every  measure 
which  would  render  them  flourishing,  and 
at  the  same  time  make  them  productive  of 
revenue  to  France.  Nor  was  he  backward 
in  laboring  for  the  happiness  of  both  her 
white  and  red  subjects.  He  won  their 
attachment  so  that  the  wild  men  became 
affectionately  bound  to  him  as  a  sagacious 
and  paternal  benefactor;  and  upon  his  return 
to  France,  in  1749,  he  carried  with  him  the 
regrets  of  all  who  had  been  subject  to  his 
authority. 

After  the  peace  of  Aix  la  Chapelle  in 
1748,  Louis  XI  charged  La  Galisson- 
iere and  Stephen  de  Silhouette  pre- 
viously comptroller  general  and  afterwards 
minister  of  finance,  with  the  responsibility  of 
negotiating  with  the  English  commissioners 
the  limits  between  Canada  and  the  other 
French  colonies,  in  North  America,  and 
those  of  the  English.  The  memoirs  and 
reports  published  in  this  connection,  prove 
with  what  care  La  Galissoniere  had 
collected  the  most  extensive  and  accurate 
information  in  regard  to  the  vast  territory 
over  which  he  had  exercised  authority. 
Nevertheless,  notwithstanding  the  ability 
of  the  commissioners  on  both  sides,  they 
could  not  agree  upon  the  boundaries.  With 
his  withdrawal  from  this  particular  duty 
terminated  La  Galissoniere's  immediate 
connection  with  French  colonial  affairs. 
His  subsequent  career  was  equally  useful 
and  glorious ;  but  the  blade  of  his  intellect 
was  surely  and  unceasingly  wearing  out  the 
scabbard  of  his  body.  His  triumphs  in  science 
and  naval  affairs,  however,  have  nothiug  to 
do  with  the  subject  of  this  article;  and 
having  thus  briefly  recorded  his  immense 
influence  in  the  affairs  of  France  on  this 
continent,  it  remains  for  other  hands  to  trace 
and  delineate  his  equally  important  services 
in  the  naval  Bureaux  and  in  the  command 


228 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[July, 


of  fleets.  Had  France  kept  La  Gamsson- 
iere  at  the  helm  of  her  colonial  administra- 
tion or  found  an  honest,  energetic,  sagacious 
chief  to  succeed  him,  rulers  gifted  with  his 
extraordinary  powers  of  prevision  and  pro- 
vision, history  would  have  had  a  different 
account  to  give  of  the  progress  of  the  An- 
glo-Saxon race  in  North  America. 


LETTER  OF  THOMAS  JEFFERSON 
TO  THE  EARL  OF  I5UCHAN. 

The  following  letter  by  Thomas  Jefferson 
addressed  to  the  Earl  of  Buchan  dated 
Washington,  July  10th,  1803,  appears  in  a 
catalogue  of  "  Autographs  and  Manuscripts  " 
issued  by  Holloway  and  Son,  London,  the 
present  year.  The  letter  is  stated  to  be  un- 
published. It  fills  two  pages  4°  of  manuscript 
and  is  priced  £5.  5s. 

"  My  Lord — I  received  through  the  hands 
of  Mr.  Lenox,  on  his  return  to  the  U.  S. 
the  valuable  volume  you  were  so  good  as  to 
seud  me,  on  the  Life  and  Writings  of 
Fletcher  of  Saltoun.  The  political  princi- 
ples of  that  patriot  were  worthy  the  purest 
periods  of  the  British  constitution.  They 
are  those  which  were  in  vigour  at  the  Epoch 
of  the  American  emigration.  Our  ancestors 
brought  them  here,  and  they  needed  little 
strengthening  to  make  us  what  we  are;  but 
in  the  weakened  condition  of  English  whig- 
ism  at  this  day,  it  requires  more  firmness 
to  publish  and  advocate  them,  than  it  then 
did  to  act  on  them.  This  merit  is  peculiarly 
your  Lordship's;  and  no  one  honors  it 
more  than  myself;  freely  admitting  at 
the  same  time,  the  right  of  a  nation  to 
change  its  political  principles  and  con- 
stitution at  will,  and  the  impropriety  of  any, 
but  its  own  citizens,  censuring  that  change. 
I  expect  your  Lordship  has  been  disap- 
pointed, as  I  acknowledge  I  have  been,  in 
the  issue  of  the  convulsions  on  the  other 
side  the  Channel.  This  has  certainly  les- 
sened the  interest  which  the  Philanthropist 
warmly  felt  in  those  struggles.  Without 
befriending  human  liberty,  a  gigantic  force 
has  risen  up  which  seems  to  threaten  the 
world ;  but  it  hangs  on  the  thread  of  opin- 


ion, which  may  break  from  one  day  to 
another.  I  feel  real  anxiety  on  the  conflict 
in  which  your  nation  is  again  engaged;  and 
bless  the  Almighty  Being,  who  in  '  gather- 
ing together  the  waters  under  the  heavens 
into  one  place,  divided  the  dry  lands'  of 
your  hemisphere,  from  the  dry  lands  of 
ours,  and  said  '  here,  at  least,  be  there  peace/ 
I  hope  that  peace  and  amity  with  all  nations 
will  long  be  the  charter  of  our  land,  and 
that  its  prosperity  under  this  charter  will 
re-act  on  the  mind  of  Europe,  and  profit 
her  by  the  example.  My  hope  of  preserv- 
ing peace  for  our  country  is  not  founded  on 
the  Quaker  principle  of  non-resistance  un- 
der every  wrong,  but  in  the  belief  that  a 
just  and  friendly  conduct  on  our  part  will 
procure  justice  and  friendship  from  others, 
and  that  in  the  existing  contest,  each  of  the 
combatants  will  find  an  interest  in  our 
friendship.  I  cannot  say  we  shall  be  un- 
concerned spectators  of  the  combat.  We 
feel  for  human  sufferings  j  and  we  wish  the 
good  of  all.  We  shall  look  on  therefore 
with  the  sensations  which  these  dispositions 
and  the  events  of  the  war  will  produce. 

I  feel  a  pride  in  the  justice  which  your 
Lordship's  sentiments  render  to  the  char- 
acter of  my  Illustrious  countryman,  Wash- 
ington. The  moderation  of  his  desires, 
and  the  strength  of  his  judgment,  enabled 
him  to  calculate  correctly  that  the  road  to 
that  glory  which  never  dies  is  to  use  power 
for  the  support  of  the  laws  and  liberties  of 
our  country,  not  for  their  destruction  and 
his  will  accordingly  survive  the  wreck  of 
everything  now  living. 

Accept  my  Lord,  the  tribute  of  esteem 
from  one  renders  it  with  warmth  to  the 
disinterested  friend  of  mankind,  and  assur- 
ances of  my  very  high  consideration  and 
respect. 

THOMAS  JEFFERSON. 


MEMORIALS  OF  GOV.  STUYVESANT. 

We  are  indebted  f  jr  the  following  unpub- 
lished letter  of  Governor  Stuyvesant,  the 
last  Dutch  ruler  in  New  York,  to  the  cour- 
tesy of  Lewis  J.   Cist,  Esq.,  stray  leaves 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


229 


from  whose  most  extensive  autograph  col- 
lection have  often  enriched  our  columns. 

I.  Letter  from  Peter  Stuyvesant  to  Jeremias 

Van  Rensselaer,  1664. 
Erentfeste,  Voorsieniye  en  seer  discrete  Hccr  : 

UE.  aengenaeme  van  8  deses  is  my  den 
17d.  wel  geworden,  bedanke  UE  voor  de 
genome  nioyte  in  't  vernemen  nae  myn  paert 
hebbe  met  den  brengen  deses  geschreven 
aen  Jurian  Wcstval,  om  het  paert  by  gele- 
genheyt  uyt  de  Catskil  to  laeten  haelen. 
Aengaende  den  tocstant  der  saecken  alhier 
referere  my  aen  missive  in  beantwoordinge 
van  de  haar,  aen  de  gerichte  geschreven ; 
myne  hoope  en  voornemen  was  in  de  hcr- 
west  in  de  Esopus  en  met  eeuen  boven  te 
coomen,  bysonderlyck  om  met  UE  gecom 
muquecrt  te  hebben  het  gepasserede  tussch- 
en  my  en  Bostons  commissioners;  aengaen- 
de haer  pattent  en  pretensie  die  sy  als  noch 
syn  maeckend  van  de  42 J  graat  aff:  van 
see  tot  see ;  't  welck  nae  myn  opinie  (?)  on- 
der  de  hooge  bergen  off  u  boven  hy  lant 
dwars  door  de  Colonie  soude  loopen  wat 
daar  benoorden  leyt  pretenderen  sy  haar  toe 
te  coomen  uyt  cracht  van  Connicks  pattent 
en  neffens  dien  noch  eenige  andere  saecken 
van  dat  subjact;  maar  wy  verhindert  door 
myn  sieckte ;  en  UE  tegens  hoop  en  meen- 
inge  van  UE  schoonvader,  niet  afgecoomen 
synde,  moeten  die  saecken  differeren  tot  het 
voorjaar;  hoop  dat  met  het  erste  open  water 
malcanderen  met  gesentheyt  sullen  out- 
moetcn  en  ten  beaten  van  't  gemeen  demon- 
strercn  daar  het  behoort,  dat  doch  dese  pre- 
tensien  eenmal  moogen  geweest  werden. 
Inmiddels  sal  CJE  in  die  hem  lieff  syn  G-odes 
schutt  en  schsrni  bevoolen,  en  blyve 

Erentfesfe,  voorsienige,  seer  discrere  H> 

U©  geaffectionneerde 

Vrient, 

P.  Stuyvesant. 

Groetenisse  aen  hr  Schuyler,  met  recom- 
mandatie  dat  op  myn  wey  lant  hy  wat  acht- 
ing  gelieft  te  geven. 

N.  Amsterdam  in  N.  Neerlant, 

A.  Di.  vi  Jannuarie,  1664. 

Address : 
Eventfeste,  voorsienygte,  seer  discrete  Hr 
Heer  Jeremias  van  Reuselaer,  Directeur 
der  Colonie,  Renselaerswyck. 


TRANSLATION  OF  THE  FOREGOING. 

Honorable,  prudent,  and  most  discreet  Sir  : 

Your  welcome  letter  of  the  8th  of  this 
month  has  reached  me,  in  good  order,  on 
the  17th.  I  thank  you  for  the  pains  you 
have  taken  in  making  inquiries  about  my 
horse.  I  write  by  the  bearer  of  this  to 
Jurian  Trespool  to  have  some  one  fetch  the 
horse  from  the  Catskil,  should  an  oppor- 
tunity offer. 

As  regards  the  state  of  affairs  here,  I 
refer  to  my  letter  to  the  court,  in  answer  to 
theirs.  It  was  my  hope  and  intention  to 
have  come  during  the  fall  to  Esopus,  and  at 
the  same  time  above,  mainly  to  communi- 
cate to  you  what  took  place  between  myself 
and  the  Boston  Commissioners,  as  to  their 
Patent,  and  the  pretensions  they  still  make 
from  degree  42 £,  from  sea  to  sea.  The  line, 
according  to  my  opinion,  would  run  along- 
side the  high  mountains,  or  on  the  same, 
by  land,  diagonally  through  the  Colony; 
whatever  lies  to  the  north  thereof  they  pre- 
tend to  be  theirs,  on  the  strength  of  the 
King's  Patent. 

Besides  this,  I  desired  to  confer  with  you 
on  some  other  matters,  relating  to  the  same 
subject,  but  was  prevented  by  sickness,  and 
as  you,  contrary  to  the  hope  and  expectation 
of  your  father-in-law,  did  not  come  down, 
we  must  necessarily  delay  said  matters  until 
spring.  I  hope  we  may  meet  in  good  health, 
as  soon  as  the  river  opens,  and  show  at  the 
proper  place,  in  behalf  of  the  public  inter- 
erest,  that  henceforth  a  stop  must  be  put  to 
all  such  pretensions.  In  the  meantime,  I 
commend  you  and  all  those  dear  to  you,  to 
Glod's  care  and  protection,  and  remain, 

Honorable,  prudent,  and  most 
discreet  Sir, 

Your  affectionate  friend, 
.  P.  Stuyvesant. 

My  compliments  to  Mr.  Schuyler,  with 
my  recommendation  that  he  will  please  to 
take  some  care  of  my  pasture. 

New  Amsterdam  in  New  Netherland, 
A.  D.  January  6th,  1664. 

Address  : 
Honorable,  prudent,  and  most  discreet  Lord, 
Mr.  Jeremias  Van  Renselaer,  Director  of 
the  Colony,  Renselaerswyck. 


230 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[July, 


The  following  order  made  by  the  Duke  of 
York,  on  a  petition  of  ex-Governor  Stuyve- 
sant  (see  the  document  in  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc., 
Ill,  16  J-),  is  given  in  "  Memoirs  of  English 
affairs,  chiefly  naval,  from  the  year  1660  to 
1673,  written  by  his  Royal  Highness  James 
Duke  of  York."  London,  1729,  p.  155. 

"  Whereas  the  King,  my  Sovereign  Lord 
and  Brother,  by  his  Majesty's  Order  sitting 
in  Council,  dated  the  23d  of  October  1667, 
upon  the  humble  petition  of  Peter  Stuyve- 
sant  on  behalf  of  himself,  and  the  Dutch 
nation,  now  his  Majesty's  subjects  in  New 
York,  hath  been  pleased  to  grant  a  tempo- 
rary Permission  for  seven  years  (with  three 
Ships  only)  unto  the  Dutch,  freely  to  trade 
with  the  Inhabitants  of  the  Lands,  lately 
reduced  from  the  Dutch,  unto  the  obedience 
of  his  Majesty  :  These  are  therefore  to 
will  and  require  you,  to  permit  and  suffer 
the  ship  called  the  King  Charles,  whereof  Pe- 
ter lieyerts  is  master,  belonging  to  Cornelius 
Steenwick,  Mayor  of  New  York,  Jeremias 
Renslaer,  Johannes  Prugge,  and  Francis 
Boone,  with  their  participants  (being  the 
first  of  the  three  Ships  allowed  for  this  year) 
to  pass  and  repass,  for  the  Space  of  one 
whole  Year,  to  commence  from  the  23d  of 
October  instant,  with  her  Company,  Passen- 
gers, Goods,  and  Merchandizes,  unto  any 
of  the  Forts  of  the  Lands  lately  reduced 
from  the  Dutch,  unto  his  Majesty's  obedi- 
ence, without  any  Lett,  Hindrance  or  Mo- 
lestation, according  to  the  aforesaid  Grant. 
And  for  so  doing  this  shall  be  your  Warrant. 
Given  wider  my  Hand  and  Seal  at  St. 
James's,  this  24ll»  of  October  1668. 

To  all  Persons  whom 

this  may  concern  James." 


STRAY  LEAVES  FROM  AN  AUTOGIiAPH 
COLLECTION.    NO.  VI. 

LETTERS  OF  GOVS.  ANDROS  AND  LEISLER,  OF 
NEW  YORK.  LETTERS  OF  ROBERT  MORRIS 
TO  JOHN  NICHOLSON. 

I. 

Sir  Edmund  Andros  to  Mathias  Nichols, 

Mayor  of  New  York. 
Mr.  Major, 

This  person,  Samuel  Carman,  Canting  up 


&  down,  from  place  to  place,  and  pretend- 
ing imediate  revelation  to  preach  and  ex- 
pound ye  Scriptures,  and  aleagin  that  no 
Ministers  or  teachers  apointed  or  upheld  by 
ye  Magistrates  are  from  God,  I  think  itt  our 
duty  that  such  licentious  (fellows)  be  res- 
trained, &  therefore  that  he  be  bound  over 
to  answer  itt  att  ye  next  Court  of  Sessions 
of  ye  North  ridings  and  in  ye  meane  time  to 
be  of  ye  good  behaviour  &  nott  to  wander 
from  home,  &  if  you  think  fitt,  that  he  give 
security  for  ye  same,  in  wch  I  pray  y°  take 
pres1  order. 

I  am  yrs 
4th  of  June  '75.  E.  Andross. 

To  Mr.  Mathias  Nicols 
Major  of  New  York 
(Endorsed)    From  the  Governo1-  June  Ses- 
sions 1675  Gravesend. 

II. 

Commission  issued  by  Jacob  Leisler  Lieu- 
tenant and  Acting  Governor  of  New  York, 
1689—91.     Executed  for  treason,  1691. 

By  the  Lieu1  Govern1-  and 
[l.  S.]  Commander  in  Chief  &c, 

By  Vertue  of  authority  Derived  unto  mee 
I  doe  hereby  Constitute  authorize  and  apoint 
you  Andrew  Fauvet,  to  Be  Justice  of  the 
Peace  for  ye  County  of  Westchester,  giving 
you  full  Power  and  authority  to  act  as  a  Jus- 
tice of  the  Peace,  for  the  good  and  Welfare 
of  ye  Governm1  and  due  administration  of  a 
Justice  according  to  Law,  and  all  Persons 
Whomeitmay  Concerne,  are  strictly  Charged 
and  Required  to  give  you  due  Respect  and 
obedience  accordingly,  and  thus  to  Continue 
untill  I  receive  further  orders  from  his 
majs,y  King  William.  Giveif  under,  my 
hand  and  Seale  at  Fort  William  this  11  Lay 
of  Decemb'-  1689, 
Past  the  Office  Jacob  Leisler 

No  22 
Jacob  Milborne,  Secr'y. 

III. 

Letters  of  Robert  Morris  to  John  Nicholson. 
The  two  following  letters  of  Robert  Morris 
to  Nicholson  are  interesting;  the  first  was 
written  when  his  embarrassment  had  about 
culminated  in  his  ruin  and  imprisonment; 


18G4.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


231 


the  second  as  showing,  what  probably  few 
have  ever  known;  the  great  financier's  abil- 
ities as  a  Poet: 

No.  1.     Hills,  Dec.  15,  1797. 
Dear  Sir  : 

This  is  the  day  pregnant  with  our  fate,  it 
opened  here  with  appearances  again  of  C. 
Tunis  &  Co.  I  sent  the  gardners  who  chas- 
ed them  off. 

Win.  &  James  seems  to  think  they  have 
been  lurking  about  all  night,  having  dis- 
covered their  fires  among  the  rocks  on  the 
Schuylkill  side. 

They  seem  determined — so  am  I.  I  do 
not  fear  them,  but  I  do  J.  Baker  because  I 
respect  him  <fc  I  swear  by  all  that  is  sacred 
that  he  never  shall  suffer  one  cent  by 

Rob't.  Morris. 
John  Nicholson,  Esq'r. 

No.  1.    March  13th,  1798. 
Dear  Sir  : 

Upon  bringing  Doct'r  Benj.  Say's  notes 
to  the  Touchstone,  I  find  they  are  dated 
March  10th,  1795,  your  notes  to  me  at  3 
yrs  after  date.  I  endorsed  them  for  your 
use,  being  part  of  $170,000,  endorsed  for 
you  on  the  4th  March,  1797,  so  that  they  had 
them  only  12  months  to  run  &  the  price 
was  not  more  than  10  cents  p  20s.  Thus 
you  see  what  sort  of  consciences  these  Doc- 
tors have. 

When  Doctors  of  Phvsick,  instead  of  their  pills 
Become   dealers  in  Paper  not  Bank   notes   or 

Bills, 
Interest  on  their  gains    they  lie    without   fear, 
That  Morris  or  Nicholson  (caught   by  the  ear,) 
Can  yet  by  their  Touchstone,  on  any  one  day, 
Detect  lying  Lusby,  or  unconsciousable,  say, 
I  am,  D'r.  Sir, 

Your  Obed.  Servt., 

Rob't.  Morris. 
Jno.  Nicholson,  Esq. 


ADDRESS  OE  THE  GRAND  JURY  OF 
DUTCH KS3  CO..  NEW  YORK,  TO  PRE- 
SIDENT ADAMS  IN  1798  AND  HIS 
REPLY. 

To  John  Adams,  President   of  the  United 

States : 
The    address    of   the   Grand   Jury   of  the 

County    of    Dutchess    in    the    State   of 

New  York: 

On  any  common  occasion  we    should  not 


think  it  proper  to  intrude  upon  you  our 
opinions  relative  to  affaire  which  are  intrust- 
ed to  the  executive  and  to  our  most  imme- 
diate representatives,  but  when  ambitious 
enemies  affect  to  treat  the  government  of 
our  choice  as  a  usurpation,  when  under  the 
mask  of  friendly  embassies  they  send  agentfl 
to  involve  us  in  war  and  insurrection,  when 
they  opeuly  excite  divisions  among  us  and 
triumph  in  the  success  of  their  evils,  and 
when  besides  demanding  tribute  they  deny 
us  the  essential  attributes  of  Independence, 
it  is  then  if  ever  a  crime  to  be  silent,  it  is 
then  that  all  men  should  explicitly  take 
their  side  and  that  all  honest  men  should 
rally  round  the  standard  of  their  country. — 
We  therefore  declare  that  not  only  ourselves 
but  we  are  fully  confident  that  a  vast  major- 
ity of  our  fellow  citizens  do  cordially  ap- 
prove the  measures  of  the  general  Govern- 
ment, in  being  the  first  and  only  Power  to 
acknowledge  and  assist  the  French  repub- 
lic in  the  hour  of  her  deepest  distress,  in 
sending  embassadors  of  peace  when  she 
made  war  upon  our  commerce  and  afterwards 
preparing  equal  magnanimity  to  resist  her 
hostilities  in  the  moment  of  her  highest  ex- 
altation and  power.  We  are  determined 
with  the  rest  of  our  fellow-citizens  who  have 
addressed  you  at  this  important  crisis  to  sup- 
port at  the  risque  of  all  that  is  dear  to  us 
the  Constitution  and  Independence  of  our 
Country  against  foreign  force  and  domestick 
intrigue.  We  disclaim  the  wish  of  being 
united  to  any  European  Nation,  and  the 
Idea  of  being  concerned  in  their  wars  but 
We  are  Americans  and  will  assert  our  rights 
and  defend  our  country. 

We  do  however  candidly  confess  and  ex- 
ceedingly regret  that  in  some  Instances 
marks  of  disaffection  have  appeared  in  this 
State.  Whether  this  has  been  owing  to 
the  want  of  Information  in  some  particular 
places  or  to  the  influx  of  foreigners,  chiefly 
discontented  characters  and  the  more  Ignor- 
ant class  of  Europeans,  we  can  equally 
felicitate  our  country  on  the  gradual  disipa- 
tion  of  error,  the  defeat  of  malevolence  and 
the  increasing  unanimity  of  the  citizens  of 
this  State.  With  respect  to  yourself  sir,  we 
have  neither  a  disposition  nor  a  motive  for 
flattery  but  declare  in  the  plain  language  of 


232 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[July, 


sincerity  that  we  think  you  have  deserved 
well  of  your  country.  Posterity  will  not 
Judge  you  unworthy  of  occupying  the  place 
of  the  first  of  men  if,  warned  by  your  voice 
and  Guided  by  your  councils,  our  country 
shall  escape  the  snares  of  a  power  which 
befriends  in  order  to  enslave  and  Embraces 
in  order  to  Assassinate. 

The  conduct  of  France  has  disgraced  the 
cause  of  free  governments.  With  the  tears 
and  blood  of  millions  she  has  written  an  apol- 
ogy for  the  Advocates  of  despotic  govern- 
ment that  will  survive  the  decay  of  brass  and 
marble.  We  anxiously  hope  for  the  good 
of  mankind  our  own  country  may  exhibit  an 
opposite  and  not  less  Conspicious  example 
of  the  benefits  of  republican  system  and  that 
we  may  demonstrate  the  possibility  of  unit- 
ing great  publick  liberty  with  publick  Jus- 
tice, tranquility  peace  and  order. 

We  request  you  sir  to  accept  the  assur- 
ances of  our  sincere  affection  and  great  re- 
spect and  our  prayers  that  you  may  live  long 
to  enjoy  that  national  happiness  which  your 
labors  have  had  so  eminent  a  share  in  pro- 
curring. 

Jno.  D'Witt 

Foreman. 

Poughkeepsie  in  Dutchess  County  State  of  New 
York  Sept.  1st  1798, 

To  the  grand  jury  of  the  county  of  Dutchess 

in  the  State  of  New  York  : 
Gentlemen  : 

I  have  received  and  read  with  great  pleas- 
ure your  address  of  the  first  of  September 
which  in  this  kind  of  writing  with  a  few 
explanations  may  be  considered  as  a  model 
of  sense  and  spirit  as  well  as  of  taste  and 
eloquence. 

Is  there  any  mode  imaginable,  in  which 
contempt  of  the  understanding  and  feelings 
of  a  nation,  can  be  expressed  with  so  much 
aggravation,  as  by  affecting  to  treat  the  gov- 
ernment of  their  choice  as  as  an  usurpa- 
tion ? 

If  in  some  instances,  marks  of  disaffec- 
tion have  appeared  in  your  State,  it  is  in- 
deed exceedingly  to  be  regretted.  If  this 
has  been  owing  to  the  influx  of  foreigners  of 
discontented  characters,  it  ought  to  be  a 
warning.     If  we  glory  in  making  our  coun- 


try an  asylum  for  virtue  in  distress,  and  for 
innocent  industry,  it  behooves  us  to  beware, 
that  under  this  praetext,  it  is  not  made  a 
receptacle  of  malevolence  and  turbulence 
for  the  outcasts  of  the  universe. 

The  conduct  of  France  must  not  disgrace 
the  cause  of  free  governments.  With  the 
tears  and  the  blood  of  millions,  she  has  de- 
monstrated, that  a  free  government  must  be 
organized  and  adjusted  with  a  strict  atten- 
tion to  the  nature  of  man  and  the  interests 
and  passions  of  the  various  classes  of  which 
society  is  composed,  but  she  has  not  made 
any  rational  apology  for  the  advocates  of 
despotick  government.  Society  cannot  ex- 
ist without  laws,  and  those  laws  must  be 
executed.  In  nations  that  are  populous,  opu- 
lent &  powerful,  the  concurrent  interests  of 
great  bodies  of  men  opperatc  very  forcibly 
on  their  passions  and  break  down  the  bar- 
riers of  modesty,  decency  and  morality  and 
can  be  restrained  only  by  force.  But  there 
are  methods  or  combining  the  public  force 
in  such  a  manner,  as  to  restrain  the  most 
formidable  combinations  of  interest,  passions, 
imagination  and  prejudice,  with  recourse  to 
despotic  government.  To  these  methods  it 
is  to  be  hoped  the  nations  of  Europe  will 
have  recourse,  rather,  than  surrender  all  to 
military  dictators  or  hereditary  despots. 
John  Adams. 

Quincy  Sept.  22d  1798. 


THE  FIRST  THEATRE  IN  NEW  YORK. 

When  was  the  Drama  first  introduced  in 
America?  Paper  by  Judge  Daly,  read 
before  the  New  York  Historical  Society, 
June  3,  1864. 

Dunlap,  the  historian  of  the  American 
stage,  informs  us  that  the  drama  was  intro- 
duced in  this  country  by  William  Hallam, 
the  successor  of  Garrick  in  Goodman's  Field 
Theatre,  who  formed  a  joint-stock  company, 
and  sent  them  to  America,  under  the  man- 
agement of  his  brother,  Lewis  Hallam,  in 
the  year  1752;  and  that  the  first  play  ever 
acted  in  America  was  the  Merchant  of  Venice 
represented  by  this  company  on  the  5th  of 
September,  1752,  at  Williamsburgh,  then 
the  capital  of  Virginia,  in  an  old  store-house 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


233 


which  they  converted  into  a  theatre  within 
two  months  after  their  arrival  at  Yorktown. 

Dunlap's  familiarity  with  the  subject,  the 
fact  that  he  derived  his  information  from 
Lewis  Hallam,  Jr.,  who  came  out  a  boy  twelve 
years  of  age  with  this  early  company,  and 
the  circumstance  that  Burke,  in  his  History 
of  Virginia,  has  the  same  statement,  has  been 
deemed  sufficiently  satisfactory,  and  William 
Hallam,  whom  Dunlap  calls  uThe  Father  of 
the  American  Stage,"  has  been  accepted  as 
the  person  who  first  introduced  the  drama  in 
America. 

But  Dunlap  and  those  upon  whom  he  re- 
lied were  mistaken,  for  there  was  a  theatre 
in  the  city  of  New  York  in  1733,  nineteen 
years  before  Hallam  arrived  in  this  country. 
It  is  mentioned  in  Bradford's  Gazette  of 
that  year,  in  the  advertisement  of  a  merchant 
who  directs  inquiries  to  be  made  of  him  at 
his  store  "next  door  to  the  Play  House." 
This  reference  is  all  that  has  been  found  re- 
specting it;  but  in  the  month  of  February, 
1750,  more  than  two  years  before  the  arri- 
val of  Hallam,  a  regular  company  of  actors, 
under  the  joint  management  of  Thomas 
Kean  and  of  a  Mr.  Murray,  came  to  this 
city  from  Philadelphia,  and  applied  to  Ad- 
miral George  Clinton,  then  the  Governor  of 
the  Province  of  New  York,  for  permission 
to  act.  Governor  Clinton  was  a  man  of 
rank,  the  son  of  an  Earl,  and  had  previously 
held  a  distinguished  position  as  commander 
of  the  English  fleet  in  the  Mediterranean; 
while  his  wife,  Lady  Clinton,  wa?  a  woman 
of  great  personal  attractions  and  very  agree- 
able manners,  who  had  moved  in  the  first 
circles  of  London  society.  To  these  culti- 
vated persons  there  was  nothing  objection- 
able in  the  establishment  of  a  theatre,  and 
permission  was  accordingly  granted  ;  though 
from  the  spirit  afterward  exhibited  by  the 
local  magistrates  in  this  and  other  places,  it 
would  probably  have  been  refused  had  the 
city -authorities  been  applied  to.  It  was  an- 
nounced through  the  columns  of  the  Weekly 
Post  Boy  that  the  company  intended  to  per- 
form as  long  as  the  season  lasted,  provided 
they  met  with  suitable  encouragement;  and 
upon  obtaining  the  consent  of  the  Governor 
they  hired  a  large  room  in  a  building  in  Nas- 
sau street,  belonging  to  the  estate  ofRip  Van 

HIST.  MAG.      VOL.  VHL  30 


Dam,  formerly  President  of  the  Provincial 
Council,  and  converted  it  into  a  theatre ;  and 
here,  on  the  5th  of  March,  1750,  they  pro- 
duced Shakspeare's  historical  play  of  Rich- 
ard  III,  as  altered  by  Colley  (Jibber,  in 
which  the  part  of  Richard  was  performed 
by  Mr.  Kean.  The  performance  was  an- 
nounced to  begin  precisely  at  half-past  seven 
o'clock,  and  the  public  were  informed  that 
no  person  would  be  admitted  behind  the 
scenes — an  important  reform,  as  it  had  been 
the  practice  in  London  from  Shakespeare's 
time  to  allow  the  purchasers  of  box  tickets 
free  access  to  the  stage ;  a  custom  which  led 
to  many  abuses  and  immoralities. 

The  room  which  had  been  converted  into 
a  theatre  must  have  been  a  very  capacious 
one,  as  it  was  arranged  with  pit  and  gallery, 
and  afterward  boxes  were  added.  The  price 
of  admission  to  the  boxes  was  eight  shillings, 
to  the  pit  five  shillings,  and  to  the  gallery 
three  shillings.  The  exact  capacity  of  this 
theatre  is  known  from  the  following  circum- 
stances:— Upon  the  occasion  of  Mr.  Kean's 
benefit,  who  was  the  leading  tragedian,  he 
was  honored  by  a  crowded  house  in  his  favor- 
ite part  of  Richard  III,  and  great  complaint 
having  been  made  that  more  tickets  had 
been  sold  than  the  house  could  hold,  Kean 
published  a  card  in  the  Post  Boy,  which 
was  accompanied  by  a  certificate  of  Parker 
the  publisher,  to  the  effect  that  he  had 
printed  in  all  one  hundred  and  sixty-one 
pit  tickets,  ten  box  and  one  hundred  and 
twenty-one  gallery  tickets,  declaring  that 
as  great  a  number  had  been  in  the  house 
before.  Kean  in  his  card  informs  the  pub- 
lic that  it  had  been  determined  not  to  re- 
ceive any  money  at  the  door,  but  that  it  was 
impossible  to  carry  out  that  intention  with- 
out giving  great  offense,  and  that  the  pur- 
chasers of  tickets  who  had  come  after  the 
house  was  filled  had  had  their  money  re- 
turned. It  may  be  inferred  from  this  cir- 
cumstance that  the  players  found  "  satisfac- 
tory encouragement."  Richard  ///appears 
to  have  been  a  favorite  piece,  and  on  the 
12th  of  March,  1750,  it  was  announced 
that  it  would  be  acted  for  the  last  time,  to- 
gether with  the  farce  of  the  Beau  in  the 
Suds,  and  that  on  the  following  Saturday 
Dryden's  play  of  the  Spanish  Friar  would 


234 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[July, 


be  represented.  They  continued  to  play  on 
Monday,  Wednesday,  and  Saturday  from 
the  5th  of  March,  1750,  to  the  30th  of 
April,  1751,  when  the  season  closed;  and 
that  the  experiment  was  successful  may  be 
inferred  from  the  fact  that  they  opened  the 
theatre  again  for  another  season  on  the  30th 
of  December,  1750,  and  continued  to  play 
three  times  a  week  until  the  17th  of  June, 
1751,  closing  with  a  succession  of  benefits, 
when  the  company  went  to  Virginia. 

Before  the  close  of  the  season,  Kean,  the 
joint-manager,  withdrew,  announcing  in  a 
formal  card  to  the  public  that  he  had  re- 
solved to  quit  the  stage,  by  the  advice  of 
several  gentlemen  in  town  who  were  his 
friends,  and  follow  his  employment  of  writ- 
ing; that  his  co-manager,  Mr.  Murray,  had 
agreed  to  give  him  a  night  clear  of  all  ex- 
penses for  his  half  of  the  clothes  and  scen- 
ery of  the  play-house  ;  and  that  by  his  Ex- 
cellency the  Governor's  permission  he  would, 
on  the  following  Monday  evening  enact  the 
part  of  "  King  Richard  III  "  for  his  bene- 
fit, being  the  last  time  of  his  appearance 
upon  the  stage. 

On  the  Monday  following,  April  29, 1751, 
the  performance  for  his  benefit  was  changed 
to  the  Busybody  and  the  Virgin  Unmasked, 
and  in  announcing  the  change  he  informs 
the  public,  as  an  additional  attraction,  that 
there  will  be  singing  by  Mr.  Woodham,  and 
particularly  the  celebrated  ode  called  "  Brit- 
ons' Charter/'  closing  with  this  appeal :  — 
"  As  this  will  positively  be  the  last  time  of 
Mr.  Kean's  appearing  upon  the  stage,  he 
honestly  hopes  all  gentlemen  and  ladies, 
and  ethers  who  are  well-wishers,  will  be  so 
kind  as  to  favor  him  with  their  company." 

How  this  company  were  collected,  or 
where  they  originally  came  from,  it  is  prob- 
ably now  no  longer  possible  to  ascertain. 
As  they  were  announced,  upon  their  first  ap- 
pearance in  New  York,  as  a  company  of 
comedians  who  had  come  from  Philadelphia, 
it  is  highly  probable  that  they  had  played 
before  in  the  southern  cities,  and  that  they 
came  originally  from  the  West  Indies,  where, 
especially  in  Jamaica,  theatrical  companies 
from  England  had  been  in  the  habit  of  per- 
forming for  some  years  previously.  During 
the   two   seasons   of  the   company  in  New 


York  the  following  plays  were  given  : — 
Richard  III,  Ot way's  Orphan,  Dryden's 
Spanish  Friar,  Farquhar's  Sir  Harry  Wil- 
dair,  being  the  sequel  to  the  Trip  to  the 
Jubilee,  Recruiting  Officer,  and  Beans 
Stratagem,  George  Barnwell,  The  Beggar  s 
Opera,  The  Distressed  Mother,  Congreve's 
Love  for  Love,  and  the  Bold  Stroke  for  a 
Wife,  with  the  following  farces  : — The  Beau 
in  the  Suds,  the  Mock  Doctor,  The  Devil  to 
Pay,  The  Walking  Statue,  The  Old  Man 
Taught  Wisdom,  Damon  and  Phillion,  Hob 
in  the  Well,  and  Miss  in  her  Teens.  The 
names  of  the  dramatis  personse.  were  not 
printed  in  the  play-bills,  for  the  reason,  pro- 
bably, that  the  same  actor  had  to  play  dif- 
ferent parts  in  the  same  piece,  but  from  ref- 
erences made  to  individual  performers,  the 
following  persons  are  known  to  have  been 
members  of  the  company.  Kean  and  Murray 
the  joint  managers  :  Messrs.  Taylor,  Wood- 
ham,  Tremaine,  Jago,  Scott,  Moore,  Marks, 
and  Master  Dickey  Murray,  the  manager's 
son  ;  Miss  Nancy  George,  Miss  Osborne, 
Mrs.  Taylor,  Mrs.  Davis,  and  Mrs.  Osborne. 
Kean,  Tremaine,  and  Jago  played  in  tragic 
parts.  Murray  and  Taylor  were  comedians. 
Miss  Nancy  George  and  Miss  Osborne  were 
the  chief  ladies  in  comedy  and  tragedy. 
Woodham  and  Mrs.  Taylor  were  comedians 
and  vocalists,  and  Kean,  like  his  more  dis- 
tinguished namesake,  Edmund  Kean,  ap- 
pears to  have  possessed  some  musical  talent, 
for  on  the  occasion  of  his  first  benefit  he 
announces  that  he  will  sing  "  an  oratorio." 
Master  Dickey  Murray  would  seem  to  have 
been  a  favorite  of  the  public ;  the  other  ac-^ 
tors  performed  in  subordinate  parts, 

During  the  second  season,  which  lasted 
for  six  months,  they  had  repeated  the  same 
plays  many  times,  and  probably  having 
nothing  new  or  more  attractive  to  offer  for 
another  season,  they  determined  to  try  their 
fortunes  elsewhere.  They  closed  with  a  se- 
ries of  benefits,  and  some  of  the  appeals 
made  respecting  them  are  sufficiently  curi- 
ous to  be  noticed.  Mrs.  Davis  announces 
that  a  benefit  is  given  to  her  to  enable  her 
to  buy  off  her  time,  and  she  hopes  that  all 
ladies  and  gentlemen  who  are  charitably 
inclined  will  favor  it,  closing  in  legal  phra- 
seology,   "  and   their  humble  petitioner,  as 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


235 


in  duty  bound,  will  ever  pray."  It  was  the 
constant  practice  at  that  t^me  for  masters  of 
vessels  to  bring  out  passengers  to  New  York 
upon  the  condition  that  they  should  be  sold 
immediately  upon  their  arrival  as  servants, 
to  any  person  who  would  pay  their  passage- 
money.  They  were  sold  for  a  definite  peri- 
od of  time,  and  were  called  Redemptors,  of 
which  class  Mrs.  Davis,  from  her  earnest 
appeal,  appears  to  have  been  one.  Mr.  Ja- 
go  humbly  begs  that  all  gentlemen  and  la- 
dies will  be  so  kind  as  to  favor  him  with 
their  company,  as  he  never  had  a  benefit  be- 
fore, and  is  just  come  out  of  prison  ;  and 
Mrs. Osborne  appropriately  selects  the  play  of 
The  Distressed  Mother,  with  the  announce- 
ment that  it  is  the  first  time  this  poor  widow 
has  had  a  benefit ;  and  having  met  with  di- 
vers late  hardships  and  misfortunes,  she  ap- 
peals to  the  benevolent  and  others. 

It  is  stated  in  Clapp's  Records,  that 
Otway's  Orphan  was  played  in  Boston  in 
the  coffee-house  in  State  street,  in  the  early 
part  of  1750,  by  two  young  Englishmen, 
assisted  by  some  volunteer  comrades  of  the 
town ;  and  as  this  is  about  the  period  when 
Murray  &  Kean's  company  began  to  perform 
in  New  York,  this  may  possibly  have  been 
an  initiatory  attempt  on  the  part  of  some  of 
the  members  of  that  company  to  introduce 
dramatic  amusements  among  the  people  of 
New  England.  Whether  it  was  so  or  not, 
it  was  immediately  followed  by  the  passage 
of  an  act  by  the  General  Court  of  Massa- 
chusetts, in  March,  1750,  prohibiting  stage 
plays  and  theatrical  entertainments  of  any 
kind. 

In  the  winter  of  1751  another  company 
came  to  New  York,  and  opened  the  theatre 
in  Nassau  street  on  the  23d  of  December, 
1751,  with  Othello  and  the  farce  of  Lethe. 
The  company  was  under  the  management  of 
a  Mr.  Upton,  and  in  all  probability  came 
from  Jamaica,  in  a  vessel  which  had  arrived 
a  short  time  before.  The  company  were 
either  inferior  to  the  former,  or  the  public 
had  become  indifferent;  for  the  manager, 
after  performing  three  weeks,  announced 
that,  to  his  great  disappointment,  he  had 
not  met  with  encouragement  enough  to  sup- 
port the  company  for  the  season,  and  that 
lie  would  bring  it  to  an  end  by  giving  a  few 


benefits.  Some  doubt  of  the  merits  of  the 
new  performers  seems  to  have  prevailed,  as 
he  assured  the  public  in  a  card  that  the 
company  "  were  perfect,  and  hope  to  perform 
to  satisfaction."  It  was  the  custom  then 
for  the  actors  to  wait  upon  all  the  principal 
inhabitants  and  solicit  their  patronage  ;  and 
fearing  that  he  had  been  held  accountable 
for  some  remissness  of  duty  in  this  particu- 
lar, he  begs  the  public  to  remember  that 
"  he  is  an  obsolute  stranger  in  the  city,  and 
if  in  his  application  he  has  omitted  any  gen- 
tleman or  lady's  house  or  lodging,  he  hum- 
bly hopes  that  they  will  impute  it  to  his 
want  of  information,  and  not  to  want  of  re- 
spect/' But  though  he  produced  several 
pieces  not  yet  played  in  New  Yrork,  such  as 
the  Fair  Penitent,  Venice  Preserved,  The 
Provoked  Husband,  and  Othello,  it  was  of 
no  avail.  A  few  benefits  were  given, — one 
for  a  Mr.  Leigh,  another  one  for  the  poor 
widow  Osborne,  who,  with  Mr  Tremaine  of 
the  former  company,  had  become  attached 
to  this  one,  and  on  the  27th  March,  1752, 
the  last  performance  took  place  for  the  ben- 
efit of  the  manager's  wife,  Mrs.  Upton. 
Upton  delivered  a  farewell  epilogue,  and  a 
few  days  after  he  left  in  a  vessel  for  Lon- 
don. 

The  prior  company,  after  performing  in 
Virginia,  went  to  Annapolis,  the  capital  of 
Maryland,  and  erected  a  small  theatre  there, 
which  they  opened  on  the  22d  of  June, 
1752,  with  the  Bet/gar's  Opera,  and  the 
farce  of  the  Lying  Valet.  Annapolis  was 
at  this  period  a  place  of  considerable  trade 
and  commerce,  with  a  thriving  population, 
including  many  wealthy  merchants;  and 
being  the  capital  of  the  province,  was  the 
residence  of  the  leading  officials,  and  a  gen- 
eral place  of  resort  for  opulent  planters  and 
their  families.  There  was  among  the  peo- 
ple a  great  deal  of  refinement  and  cultiva- 
tion. They  were  much  more  disposed  to 
enjoy  the  recreation  of  the  theatre  than  the 
mixed  English,  French,  and  Dutch  popula- 
tion of  New  York  ;  and,  consequently,  the 
theatre  there  was  a  permanent  institution, 
and  continued  to  be  so  for  many  years. 

The  company  represented  the  same  plays 
which  they  had  before  acted  in  New  Y'ork, 
with  the  addition  of  Cato  and  the  Busybody; 


236 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[July, 


and  after  playing  for  a  season,  they  gave 
representations  in  other  parts  of  Maryland. 
Some  new  names  appear  among  the  mem- 
bers, such  as  Eyrarson,  Wynell,  and  Her- 
bert, while  many  of  the  old  members  had 
left — a  circumstance  warranting  the  suppo- 
sition that  there  was  either  another  compa- 
ny then  performing  in  the  South,  or  that 
these  actors  had  returned  to  England  or  to 
the  West  Indies.  Among  the  remaining 
members  were  Murray,  Scott,  and  Miss  Os- 
borne; and  Kean,  despite  his  formal  fare- 
well in  New  York,  and  declaration  of  his 
intention  to  resume  his  original  occupation 
of  a  writing  master,  was  again  among  them, 
representing  principal  parts. 

All  that  has  been  here  narrated  occurred 
before  Hallam  came  to  this  country  and 
gave  his  first  representation  at  Williams- 
burg, Virginia,  in  the  autumn  of  1752.  He 
afterward  went  to  Annapolis,  and  in  the 
summer  of  1753  he  came  with  his  company 
to  New  York.  Finding  the  old  theatre  in 
Nassau  street  inadequate  to  his  purpose,  he 
took  the  building  down  and  erected  upon 
the  same  spot  what  the  newspaper  of  the  day, 
Parker's  Gazette,  describes  "  as  a  very  fine, 
large,  and  commodious  new  theatre,"  which 
he  opened  on  the  17th  of  September,  1753, 
with  Steele's  Comedy  of  the  Conscious  Lov- 
ers and  the  farce  of  Damon  and  Phileda. 
Dunlop  says  that  it  was  erected  on  the  spot 
afterward  occupied  by  the  old  Dutch  church 
(the  present  Post  Office).  In  this  he 
was  alf  o  mistaken,  for  the  church  was  erect- 
ed on  the  place  where  the  building  now 
stands  in  1729.  The  theatre  which  Hallam 
built,  and  the  one  before  it,  was  on  the  east 
side  of  Nassau  street,  between  Maiden  Lane 
and  John  street. 

Hallam's  company  was  far  superior  to  any 
that  preceded  it.  Mrs.  Hallam  was  not  on- 
ly a  beautiful  woman,  but  she  was  an  act- 
ress of  no  ordinary  merit.  Dunlop  in  his 
youth  heard  old  ladies  speak  in  raptures  of 
her  beauty,  grace,  and  pathos.  Hallam  was 
himself  an  excellent  comedian,  and  two  oth- 
er members  of  the  company,  Rigby  and  Ma- 
lone,  were  actors  of  established  reputation 
upon  the  London  boards.  The  arrival  of  a 
complete  company  like  this,  who  were  not 
only  practised  in  their  art,  but  amply   pro- 


vided before  their  departure  with  dresses, 
and  all  that  was  necessary  for  effective  dra- 
matic representation,  was  something  too  for- 
midable to  contend  against.  They  seem, 
therefore,  to  have  entirely  supplanted 
the  earlier  pioneers,  of  whom  nothing  fur- 
ther is  known  except  that  some  of  their 
number,  Murray,  Tremaine,  Scott,  and  Miss 
Osborne,  played  in  Hallam's  original  com- 
pany afterward,  when  it  was  under  the  man- 


agement of  Douglass. 


After  performing  in  New  York  for  the 
winter,  Hallam  went  with  company  to  Phil- 
adelphia in  April,  1754,  and  from  there  to 
the  West  Indies,  where  he  died.  In  1758 
the  company  returned  to  New  York,  under 
the  management  of  Douglass,  who  had  mar- 
ried Hallam's  widow.  During  the  four 
years  that  they  had  been  absent,  the  theatre 
remained  unoccupied  ;  and  a  short  time  be- 
fore their  arrival  a  congregation  of  German 
Calvinists  had  been  formed,  and  being  in 
want  of  a  place  of  worship  they  purchased 
the  theatre  in  Nassau  street  for  $1250,  and 
fitted  it  up  as  a  church,  which  they  contin- 
ued to  occupy  until  1765,  when  the 
building,  which  had  not  been  a  very 
substantial  one,  becoming  decayed,  they 
took  it  down  and  erected  another  ed- 
ifice upon  the  spot,  which  was  stand- 
ing fifteen  years  ago,  and  was  familiarly 
known  as  Gosling's  Eating  House,  Nos.  64 
and  66  Nassau  street. 

Finding  that  the  theatre  had  been  con- 
verted into  a  church,  Douglas  built  another 
one  upon  Cruger's  Wharf,  a  large  pier  with 
houses  upon  it,  which  at  that  time  extended 
from  Pearl  street  into  the  East  River,  be- 
tween Old  and  Coentie's  slips.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year  (1759),  Douglass  went  to  Phila- 
delphia, where  he  erected  a  small  theatre, 
and  from  there  to  Annapolis,  where  he  built 
a  very  fine  one  of  brick,  capable  of  accom- 
modating between  five  and  six  hundred 
people,  which  he  opened  on  the  3d  of 
March,  1760. 

In  1761  Douglass  returned  to  New  York, 
and  abandoning  the  theatre  upon  Cruger's 
Wharf,  erected  one  in  Beekman  street,  a 
few  doors  below  Nassau  street.  This  was 
torn  down  in  a  riot  in  1764.  Three  years 
after,   the   theatre  in  John  street,  between 


1861] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


237 


Nassau  street  and  Broadway,  was  built, 
which  continued  to  be  the  principal  one  un- 
til the  erection  of  the  old  Park  Theatre  iu 
1797. 


gMcs  ani  (Queries. 


NOTES. 


INDIAN  NAMES  ON  THE  ANDROSCOGGIN. 

Catalogues  have  been  pub(^shed  from  time 
to  time  with  their  supposed  definitions,  but 
too  often  with  no  real  research.  It  is  not  till 
within  a  few  years  that  literary  men  have 
been  led  to  investigate  the  living  language 
of  the  Indians  residing  in  New  England,  by 
examining  the  Dictionary  of  the  Norridg- 
wock  tribes  compiled  by  Father  Rale,  and 
other  original  sources,  so  that  they  have  suc- 
ceeded admirably  well  in  recovering  from 
oblivion  the  names  and  definitions  of  many 
localities  in  Maine.  With  their  assistance 
I  now  proceed  to  give  the  definitions  of  In- 
dian nau.es  within  the  territory  of  the  Ana- 
sagunticooks.  If  the  reader  will  bear  in 
mind  that  words  ending  in  cook,  keag,  eague, 
keak,  unk,  sac,  go,  ic,  og,  ko,  cot,  ac,  ack, 
oke,  are  all  derived  from  the  word  ahke, 
meaning  land,  or  place,  and  that  che  means 
great,  kenne,  long,  sepe,  a  river,  conte,  a 
stream,  or  up  the  stream,  pontook,  falls, 
winne,  beautiful,  matta,  much,  namaes,  fish; 
those  in,  at,  et,  it,  ot,  ut,  there  is,  or,  it  is, 
he  can  readily  recognize  at  least  a  portion  of 
the  definitions  of  very  many  Indian  names 
of  places.  Sometimes  a  letter  is  omitted,  or 
an  additional  letter  inserted  for  the  sake  of 
euphony. 

Sagadahoc,  from  sanktaiiwi,  to  finish, 
heuponic,  and  onk,  place,  Sankta-honk, 
"  The  finishing  place,"  "  The  mouth,"  so 
given  on  Jefterey's  Maps — name  of  the  Ken- 
nebec from  Merrymceting  Bay  to  its  mouth. 

Sabino,  for  Sebenake — sebe,  river,  n  eu- 
phonic, oke,  place,  "  River  place."  Others 
derive  it  from  saponet,  "  "Where  they  catch 
fish,"  V.— Atkins*  Bay. 


Erascohegan,  Urescohcgan,  Uregan  or 
Ulegan,  good,  skohegan,  from  kankskow- 
hegan,  fish  spear,  M  Good-fish-spearing." 
The  last  part  of  the  word  is  retained  in 
Skowhegan.  Others  have  defined  it  "  The 
place  to  comb  the  hair."  V. — Parker's 
Island. 

Acquchadonganook,  from  Ughiadi,  to  ter- 
minate, agwan,  smoked  fish,  ook  place, 
"  Smoked  fish-point." — Chops  Point. 

Merriconeag,  "  It  carries  thither,"  V. — 
Harpswell. 

Winnegance,  also  written  Winneganne, 
winne,  beautiful,  and  egan  from  Saurisegan 
(Algonquin)  water,  *  Beautiful  water.'  — 
Some  have  confounded  this  word  with  oun- 
igan  (Rale),  a  portage.  There  is  a  carry- 
ing place  from  it  to  Casco  Bay.     A  river. 

Macquait,  Macqua,  bear,  it,  there  is, 
equivalent  to  "  Bear-place."  A  bay  in 
Brunswick.     Musquequoik,  Sullivan's  Hist. 

Psazeske,  muddy.  Muddy  River  in 
Brunswick. 

Wiskeag  or  Waskeag.  Weeds  growing 
in  the  water  of  a  cove.     V. 

Terrimugus.  A  cove  in  Topsham  ;  name 
of  an  Indian  chief. 

Harraseeket,  Harrasuket.  "  To  travel 
in  the  river,"  V.     A  river  in  Freeport. 

Magocook.  A  small  bay  in  the  eastern 
part  of  Casco  Bay. 

Quabacook,  quaqunmps  (dialect),  duck, 
nebe,  water,  cook  place.  "  Duck-water- 
place."  Others  believe  it  to  mean  "  The 
point  where  the  water  becomes  narrow,"  V. 
hence  Quebec,  though  the  latter  word  be- 
longs to  another  dialect,  Kebec — Merry- 
meeting  Bay. 

Abagadusset,  pagadassem.  "  It  shines, 
or  "  The  shining  sun."  A  point  of  land 
near  the  outlet  of  the  Androscoggin. 

Namaskeag,  namaes,  fish,  keag,  place, 
"  Fish  place."  A  small  island  near  Bruns- 
wick Falls,  called  also  Little  Skeag. 

Bungonengamock.  A  small  stream  on 
the  south  side  of  Brunswick. 

Sawacook.  If  it  is  Sawahquatook,  it 
means  "  A  tree  forking  in  several  branches." 
If  it  is  Sowaranecook,  it  means  the  place  to 
find  many  cranberries.  V.  Its  definition 
is  doubtful.     Topsham. 

Pejebscot.  "  It  is  crooked,"  or  "  It  turns." 


238 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[July, 


The  crooked  place,  from  pequomsque. 
crooked  (Elliot).  It  may  refer  to  the  crooked 
river,  or  to  the  turning  off  place  to  Casco 
Bay,  River  and  Falls,  between  Lewiston  and 
Merry  meeting  Bay.  Anmirkangan.  "  Fish 
drying,"  name  applied  by  Rale  probably  to 
the  Androscoggin  at  Brunswick. 

Amitigonpoutook.  Amiti,  there  is,  gon, 
clay,  poutook,  falls.  u  Clay-land  Falls," 
Lewiston  Falls. 

Rokomeko,  perhaps  Hanckameko,  "  Run- 
ning under  ground,"  referring  to  some  river. 
V.  Capt.  Bean,  who  was  a  prisoner  many 
years  at  Rokomeko,  says,  that  it  meant 
"  The  place  where  they  hoed  corn,"  from 
Arrokauhegan,  a  hoe.  Canton  Point,  for- 
merly Jay  Point.  Sabattis,  who  accom- 
panied Gen.  Arnold  to  Quebec,  was  at  Car- 
ritunk  Falls  in  1797,  and  he  denned  it  "  The 
place  where  the  water  forms  a  semicircle 
around  the  land,"  a  definition  perfectly  cor- 
rect in  point  of  fact. 

Amoscoggin,  namaes,  fish,  kankskowhe- 
gan,  spear.  "  Fish  spe.iring."  Others  say 
it  means,  "  Fish  coming  in  the  Spring." 
V.  Androscoggin  River. 

Ahmelahcogneturcook,  "  Place  famous 
for  dried  meats."  Name  given  to  both  sides 
of  the  Androscoggin. 

Amasagunticook,  Anasaconticook,  nam- 
aes, fish,  konte,  up  the  stream,  cook,  place. 
This  word  and  Amoscoggin  have  been  fre- 
quently confounded.  It  will  be  perceived 
that  namaes,  a  fish,  enters  into  the  compo- 
sition of  many  words.  Names  of  the  Indians 
on  the  Androscoggin. 

Acomes. — Rumford  Falls,  as  given  on 
Jefferey's  maps  A.  D.,  1775. 

Aurconganunticook.  Possibly  this  may 
be  the  same  as  Anmirkangen,  "  The  fish 
drying  place."  The  Androscoggin  above 
Canton  Point. 

Ammonoosuc.  Namaes,  fish,  hussan, 
stone,  uc,  place.  "  Stony  fish  brook  or  river." 
The  western  branch  of  the  Androscoggin 
in  N.  H. 

Chickwolnepy.  Ktche,  great,  kwol,  near, 
nebe,  water.  "  Near  Great  Pond."  A  small 
river  in  Milan,  N.  H. 

Pontocook,  pontook  falls,  cook  place. 
tl  Falls  place." — Falls  in  Dummer,  N.  H. 

Magalloway,  is  an  Etchemin  word,  and 


means  ';  Large  tail."  V. — A  branch  of  the 
Androscoggin  near  the  lakes. 

Aziscoos,  aseskou,  mud,  cowass,  pines, 
"  Pines  on  the  mud  bank." — Falls  and 
mountains  on  the  Magalloway  river. 

Umbagog,  wompi,  clear,  shallow,  nebe, 
water,  g  euphonic,  og,  place.  "  Shallow- 
water  lake,"  or  "  Clear  Water  Pond."  Name 
of  a  lake  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Andros- 
coggin. 

Winnebacook,  winne  beautiful,  kenne 
long,  nebe,  water,  cook  place.  "  Beautiful 
long  water  lake,"  or  "  Beautiful  long  lake." 
— Richardson  Lake. 

Ellementebagog,  nearly  obsolete,  defi- 
nition uncertain.  The  narrows  between  the 
preceding  and  succeeding  lake. 

Molechunkemunk,  mona  (dialectic), 
Island,  sehuuk,  goose,  loon,  m  euphonic, 
unk,  place.  "  Loon  Island  Lake."  There 
are  two  islands  in  the  lake  where  loons  are 
numerous. — Richardson  Lake. 

Moosetocmaguntic.  This  seems  to  denote 
the  river  between  the  great  Lake  and  Mole- 
chunkemunk, for  here  the  fish  go  up  the 
stream,  and  perhaps  the  moose  did.  Nemaes, 
fish,  conte  up  the  stream.  Others  say  it 
means  ';  Where  the  hunters  were  watching 
the  moose  at  night."  V.  There  are  more 
than  forty  islands  in  this  lake,  none  of  which 
have  any  wrell  known  name  at  the  present 
time. — Great  Lake. 

Cupsuptic,  perhaps  Capsatuc,  "  The  act 
of  drawing  a  sieve  while  fishing.  V.  Net 
fishing  lake."  The  most  northern  of  the 
Umbagog  chain  of  lakes. 

Acquessuc,  derivation  undetermined. — 
Rangely  Lake. 

Kennebago,  kenne  long,  nebe  water,  go, 
place.  "  Long  water  lake.''  River  and 
lake. 

Parmachenee,  suppose  Pah-matche-ne, 
possibly  Pas-matche-nebe,  "  Much  bad  wa- 
ter." The  derivation  of  this  word  is  not  set- 
tled. It  is  also  spelled  Pomache,  which 
means  cursing.  V.  Lake  at  the  source  of  the 
Magalloway.  n.  e.  true. 

George  Peabody  —  Lord  Timothy 
Dexter. — It  is  rather  uncommon  in  this 
day,  says  the  Newburyport  Herald,  for  per- 
sons to  render  invoices  of  their  taxable  pro- 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


239 


perty.  The  assessors  advertise  for  them,  but 
as  it  is  understood  that  they  will  not  doom 
anybody  no  notice  is  taken  thereof;  and 
probably  not  a  half  a  dozen  a  year  are  ren- 
dered in  Newburyport.  Formerly  it  was  not 
so,  and  in  looking  back  to  1814,  we  find  the 
following  from  George  Peabody,  the  cele- 
brated London  banker,  whose  wealth  and 
generosity  are  known  the  world  over. 

Invoice  of  all  the  taxable  property  of  the 
subscriber  on  the  1st  of  May,  1814- — 
One  Poll- 
Personal  Property,  S200. 

George  Peabody. 

Newbury  port,  Oct.  26,  1814. 
Sworn  to  before  Sam'l  Cutler. 
Oct.  26,  1814. 

It  appears  from  the  above  that  George 
Peabody,  in  1814,  arrived  at  manhood,  took 
his  oath  that  he  was  possessed  of  but  two 
hundred  dollars  taxable  property,  which 
was  just  enough  to  make  him  a  voter;  and 
if  he  had  lost  one  dollar  of  it  the  day  before 
he  would  not  have  been  a  voter  that  year. 

We  find  among  the  old  papers  of  the  as- 
sessor's office  another  document  from  a  dif- 
ferent man  ;  one  of  no  education,  of  some 
vices,  and  of  great  vanity,  amounting  nearly 
to  insanity  ;  but  still  a  shrewd  business  man. 
It  is  endorsed  on  the  back  in  a  different 
handwriting  from  his  own,  "  Timothy  Dex- 
ter, minutes  1804."  We  give  it  as  he 
writes  it.  It  shows  the  man  ;  also  the  con- 
dition of  things  then,  when  the  horses,  dog-, 
cows,  cats,  negro  women  and  silver,  were  all 
alike  articles  of  merchandise  and  taxation. 
Yet  his  closing  words  are  worthy  of  a  great 
man  in  the  most  illuminated  age-—"  What 
is  right  is  right;  and  all  that  is  right  I  am 
willing  to  pay."  This  was  the  better  part 
of  the  man  cropping  through  the  rough  ex- 
terior ;  and  the  words  are  of  characteristic 
force.  As  this  does  not  represent  all  the 
property  he  had,  by  a  great  deal,  we  sus- 
pect that  the  "  minutes"  is  a  "  pickle  for 
the  knowing  ones. 

A  List  of  what  you  have  A  Rite  to  tax 
me  for  first  my  hous 
2  bosses  1  cow  2  dogs  2  cats 
1  Litel  Clowey*  40  wate  silver* 

*  Clowey,  a  negro  woman. 


1  house  in  broad  way  2700  Dollars 
papers  in  the  bank  2662  from  goods.. 233 
Sam  Nap  ous  me  710  Dolars 
a  &  C  Glee  owes  me  160  Dolars 

Dolars 

money  I  ows  in  the  old  bank 18'l0 

money  in  the  Noue  Bank  I  ows 1300 

I  am  soued  in  broum  ley  fur  Land 

and  taxes 1265 

Ruchey  is  soued  in  my  behalfc  and 

cost 1000 

I  ows  3  men  to  Reckon  taxes  112...  505 
Cousider  what  is  Rite  in  taxing  the  brig 
it  takes  16  months  to  make  Rods  for  the 
peopel  at  large  therefore  it  is  Not  to  be 
taxed  put  it  to  your  own  case  what  is  Rite 
is  Rite  and  all  that  is  Rite  I  am  the  man 
willing  to  pay —  T.  Dexter. 

An  Ancient  Clock. — Mr.  John  A.  Mc- 
Allister, optician,  Chestnut  street,  has  a  clock 
made  by  A.  Fromanteel,  Amsterdam,  before 
he  removed  to  London,  where  he  introduc- 
ed the  art  of  clock  making.  This  was 
about  1659,  two  years  after  the  celebrated 
Huygens  von  Zuylichem,  the  natural  phi- 
losopher, following  up  a  hint  thrown  out  by 
Galileo,  constructed  the  pendulum  clock,  of 
which  a  full  description  is  to  be  found  in  his 
great  work,  published  at  the  Hague  in 
1658,  and  entitled  (;  Horologium  Oscillato- 
rium,  sive  de  Motu  Pendulorum."  Dr. 
Hooke,  ten  years  later,  removed  the  re- 
proach that  "  Huygens'  clock  governed  the 
pendulum,  whereas  the  pendulum  ought  to 
govern  the  clock,"  by  inventing  an  escape- 
ment, which  enables  a  less  maintaining  pow- 
er to  carry  a  pendulum.  This  (the  crutch 
or  anchor  escapement)  is  the  governing 
power,  we  believe,  of  the  old  clock  in  the 
Philadelphia  Library,  whereas  Mr.  McAl- 
lister's has  the  Huygens  pendulum.  The 
Library  clock  was  made,  not  at  Amsterdam 
by  the  elder  Fromanteel,  but  by  his  son,  at 
London  ;  consequently,  it  could  not  have 
belonged  to  Oliver  Cromwell,  as  sometimes 
stated,  seeing  that  the  Protector  died  in 
1658,  the  year  before  any  clock  had  been 
made  in  England.  To  Mr.  McAllister's 
clock  a  striking  apparatus  is  appended  ;  it 
occupies  a  place  on  the  top  of  the  clock,  and 
is  singularly  clear  in  tone.     The    clock,    as 


240 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[July, 


far  as  we  can  judge,  by  comparing  it  with  a 
print,  much  resembles  the  Horologe  pre- 
sented by  Henry  VIII  to  Anna  Boleyn. 
It  stands  about  eight  inches  high,  is  richly 
carved,  and  is  strongly  gilt  outside.  The 
works  are  in  excellent  order,  though  two 
centuries  have  elapsed  since  they  were 
made. — "  Press,"  Philadelphia,  June,  1864. 


The  Presidential  Election  or  1800. 
— In  1796  the  people  of  Pennsylvania 
elected  the  electors  of  President  and  Vice- 
President.  The  Eepublican  party^  elected 
their  ticket  by  a  small  majority,  but  owing 
to  the  detention  in  the-  Pittsburgh  post- 
office  of  the  returns  of  some  of  the  south 
western  counties,  two  of  the  Federal  candi- 
dates were  declared  to  be  elected. 

In  1799-1800  the  Federal  party,  having 
a  majority  in  the  legislature,  deprived  the 
people  of  the  choice  of  Electors  and  vested 
it  in  themselves. 

At  the  autumn  election  in  1800,  the  Re- 
publicans had  a  very  decided  majority  of 
the  popular  votes.  They  elected  eleven 
members  of  Congress,  and  the  Republicans 
only  two.  To  the  State  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, fifty-five  Republicans  and  twen- 
ty-three Federalists  were  chosen,  but  in  the 
State  Senate,  owing  to  the  holding  over  of 
Senators  chosen  in  previous  years,  the  Fed- 
eralists had  a  majority.  This  majority  un- 
dertook to  control  the  election  in  such  a 
manner  that  the  great  State  of  Pennsylva- 
nia was,  in  effect,  reduced  to  a  single  elec- 
toral vote. 

It  is  believed  that  at  this  period  theElect- 
ers  of  President  and  Vice-President  were 
chosen  by  the  people  only  in  the  States  of 
Maryland,  Virginia  and  North  Carolina. 

The  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  had  to 
choose  fifteen  Electors.  An  election  by 
joint  ballot  would  have  resulted  in  the  choice 
of  fifteen  Republican  Electors.  This  had 
been  the  invariable  method  in  the  legisla- 
ture of  Pennsylvania.  The  Senate  refused 
to  agree  to  such  a  method  of  election  unless 
upon  terms  prescribed  by  themselves,  and 
declined  meeting  the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives to  hold  an  election  until  a  mode  of 
nomination  was  adopted  which  would  secure 
to  the  Federal  party  seven    of  the   fifteen 


Electors.  They  proposed  to  the  House  of 
Representatives  that  each  body  should  nom- 
inate eight  candidates,  and  that  the  fifteen 
to  be  elected  should  be  chosen  from  them. 

The  house  of  Representatives  proposed  that 
each  House  should  nominate  nine  candidates, 
so  that  only  six  Federalists  would  be  chosen, 
but  the  Senate  adhered  to  its  own  plan,  and 
fiinally  on  the  first  of  December,  the  Rep- 
resentatives, fearing  that  the  election  would 
be  lost  altogether,  were  compelled  to  sub- 
mit to  the  dictation  of  the  Senate.  Of  the 
Electors  chosen,  eight  voted  for  Jeffer- 
son and  Burr,  and  seven  for  Adams  and 
Pinckney. 

Indian  Justice.  —  Many  years  ago, 
when  a  gentleman  from  the  central  part  of 
New  Hampshire  was  in  the  Pequawket  coun- 
try, attending  to  his  property  near  the  village 
of  Fryeburg,  a  company  of  Indians  from  the 
Penobscot  tribe  came  there  for  a  temporary 
abode,  and  pitched  their  tents  on  an  elevation 
near  the  Saco  river.  In  passing  to  his 
lands,  he  noticed  a  squaw  kneeling  to  pick 
strawberries,  and  creeping  to  the  different 
parts  of  the  patch  that  furnished  the  fruit. 
Her  attitude  struck  him  as  singular:  but 
he  concluded  she  took  that  posture  as  most 
convenient  for  the  purpose. 

On  his  return  she  disappeared,  and  he 
supposed  had  gone  to  sell  the  berries. 
But  as  he  approached  the  settlement,  he 
observed  the  unusual  sight  of  an  Indian 
carrying  a  squaw  on  his  back.  A  nearer 
view  showed  him  the  person  whom  he  saw 
in  the  strawberry  field.  After  having  wit- 
nessed the  occurrence  several  times,  on  in- 
quiry of  the  Indians  as  to  the  cause  of  this 
action,  one  of  them  replied.  "He  bad  Indian. 
He  drink  much  occapee.  He  drunk,  and 
Cheepie  (devil)  get  in  him.  Then  he  put 
squaws  feet  in  fire.  They  burn  off."  As 
he  looked  he  saw  they  were  crippled  and 
useless.  The  tribe  resented  the  cruelty, 
and  its  council  were  about  to  decide  on  his 
immediate  execution.  But  one  of  the  eld- 
er and  wiser  of  the  number  interposed  his 
opinion,  and  gave  this  advice  :  v  No  shoot; 
make  him  live  long  as  squaw  live;  make 
him  carry  squaw,  when  she  want  walk  \ 
when  squaw  die,  then  shoot." 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


241 


The  decision  was  in  accordance  with  this 
counsel,  and  thus  secured  to  the  injured 
woman  a  perpetual  kind  treatment  from  her 
husband.  The  fact  of  his  own  death  as 
soon  as  she  died,  made  him  careful  to  pre- 
serve her  health  and  life  ;  and  the  punish- 
ment of  bearing  her  as  his  constant  burden, 
as  well  as  the  compelled  attention  to  her 
welfare,  formed  a  striking  example  of  the 
retributive  shrewdness  of  "  Indian  Justice. '* 

B. 


The  Death  of  Joshua  Coffin  of  New- 
bury port,  the  author  of  the  History  of  New- 
bury, has  been  announced.  He  was  once 
the  schoolmaster  of  the  poet  Wbittier,  who 
always  held  him  in  affectionate  remembrance, 
and  in  later  years  was  able  by  his  kindly 
jests,  to  dispel  the  settled  gloom  which  at 
one  time  threatened  to  sadden  the  end  of 
the  old  man's  life.  A  friend  has  called  our 
attention  to  the  lines  of  Whittier,  To  my 
Old  Schoolmaster-,  addressed  to  Mr.  Coffin. 
The  poem  is  too  long  for  our  columns,  but 
we  give  brief  extracts  which  show  the  char- 
acteristics of  the  writer  as  well  as  the  esteem 
in  which  he  held  his  old  teacher.  He  calls 
it  "  an  epistle  not  after  the  manner  of  Hor- 
ace^ 

Old  friend,  kind  friend  !  lightly  down 

Drops  time's  snow-flakes  on  thy  crown  ! 

Never  be  thy  shadow  less, 

Never  fail  thy  cheerfulness  ; 

Care,  that  kills  the  cat,  may  plough 

Wrinkles  in  the  miser's  l>row, 

I eepen  envy's  spiteful  frown, 

Draw  f  he  mouths  of  bigots  down, 

Plague  ambition's  dream,  and  sit 

Heavy  on  the  hypocrite, 

Haunt  the  rich  manVdoor,  and  ride 

In  the  gilded  coach  of  pride; — 

Let  the  liend  pass!— what  can  he 

Find  to  do  with  such  as  thee? 

Seldom  comes  that  evil  guest 

Where  the  conscience  lies  at  rest, 

And  brown  health  and  quiet  wit 

Smiling  on  the  threshold  sit. 

I,  the  Urchin  unto  whom, 
In  that  smoked  and  dingy  room, 
Where  the  district  gave  thee  rule 
O'er  its  ragged  winter  school, 
Thou  didst  teach  the  mysteries 
Of  those  weary  A,   li,  C's, — 
Where,  to  fill  the  every  pause 
Of  thy  wise  and  learned  saws, 
HIST.  MAG.      VOL.  VIII.  31 


Through  the  cracked  and  crazy  wall 
Came  the  cradle-rock  and  squall, 
And  the  goodman's  voice,  at  strife 
With  his  shrill  and  tipsy  wife, — 
Luring  us  by  stories  old, 
With  a  comic  unction  told, 
More  than  by  the  eloquence 
Of  terse  birchen  arguments 
(Doubtful  gain,  I  fear),  to  look 
With  complacence  on  a  book  I 
Where  the  tenial  pedagogue 
Half  forgot  his  rogues  to  flog, 
Citing  tale  or  apologue, 
Wise  and  merry  in  his  drift 
As  old  Phaedrus'  two-fold  gift. 
Had  the  little  rebels  known  it, 
Risum  et  prudentiam  mtmel  ! 
I, — the  man  of  middle  years, 
In  whose  sable  lock 3  appears 
Many  a  warning  fleck  of  grey, — 
Looking  back  to  that  far  day, 
And  thy  primal  lessons,  feel 
Grateful  smiles  my  lips  unseal, 
As,  remembering  thee  I  blend 
Olden  teacher,  present  friend, 
Wise  with  antiquarian  search, 
In  the  scrolls  of  state  and  church; 
Named  on  history's  title-page, 
Parish-clerk  and  justice  sage; 
For  the  ferule's  wholesome  awe 
Wielding  now  the  sword  of  law. 

The  poet  goes  on  to  speak  of  the  Anti- 
quarian tastes  of  the  teacher, 

"  with  fowler's  tact, 

Coolly  bagging  fact  on  fact," 

and  concludes  in  the  same  merry  vein  in 
which  he  began. 

And  when  thou  art  called,  at  last, 
To  thy  townsmen  of  the  past, 
Not  as  stranger  shalt  thou  come  ; 
Thou  shalt  find  thyself  at  home  1 
With  the  little  and  the  big, 
Woolen  cap  and  periwig, 
Madam  in  her  high  laced  ruff, 
Goody  in  her  home-made  stuff,— 
Wise  and  simple,  rich  and  poor, 
Thou  hast  known  them  all  before  1 


Louisiana  in  1818. — The  following  is 
an  extract  of  a  letter  from  the  Hon.  Francis 
Xavier  Martin,  of  New  Orleans,  bearing 
the  date  of  the  22d  of  July,  1818,  addressed 
to  a  gentleman  in  Georgia.  It  will  be  found 
to  contain  a  most  concise  and  minute  topo- 
graphy of  the  state  of  Louisiana,  and  must 
be  highly  interesting  to  the  enterprising  of 
all  descriptions. 

*SVr — You  are  not  deceived  in  the  idea 
you  have  formed  of  the  prosperity  of  the 


242 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[July, 


state.  I  believe  in  no  part  of  the  United 
States  is  agriculture  more  profitable. 

Some  of  our  sugar  planters  derive  a  rev- 
enue of  a  thousand  dollars,  in  some  years, 
from  the  aunual  labor  of  each  of  their  work- 
ing hands — from  $500  to  $750  is  the  ordi- 
nary calculation — and  at  the  present  price 
of  cotton  ($33)  it  is  imagined  that  if  the 
disease  which  injures  the  plant  at  present 
subsides,  the  culture  of  that  article  is 
equally  profitable. 

There  is  no  difficulty  in  obtaining  land 
in  this  state,  but  slaves  are  extremely  scarce 
and  dear  in  the  market.  An  ordinary  field 
hand,  born  in  the  country,  or  seasoned 
thereto,  is  worth  from  $1,500  to  $2,000  in 
cash ;  genteel  house  servants  command 
S  3,000. 

From  the  Balize  to  the  Baton  Rouge,  on 
one  side  of  the  Mississippi,  and  the  Red 
River  on  the  other,  the  land  sells  by  the 
front  acre ;  the  usual  depth  of  each  tract  is 
forty,  and  sometimes  eighty  acres ;  but  the 
first  twenty  immediately  on  the  river  are 
alone  cultivable,  upon  an  average  ;  beyond 
this  is  an  impenetrable  cypress  swamp,  con- 
stantly under  water;  the  cultivated  land 
being  a  narrow  ribband  on  side  of  the  river, 
and  the  land  gradually  sloping  from  the 
river.  Within  the  first  ten  miles  above  and 
below  the  city  of  New  Orleans,  on  either 
shore,  the  front  acre  sells  from  $2,000  to 
$4,000,  and  as  you  recede  from  the  city  the 
land  becomes  proportionably  cheaper. 

The  plantations  there  are  burthened  with 
the  keeping  of  the  levee  or  dyke  that  secures 
them  from  inundation,  and  the  road  with  its 
ditches  and  bridges,  a  labor  which,  some 
planters  say,  employs  the  sixth  part  of  the 
labor  of  their  hands. 

On  the  shores  of  the  Mississippi,  within 
the  limits  I  speak  of,  sugar  is  the  principal 
staple  commodity ;  there  are,  however,  in 
the  upper  part  of  it,  several  cotton  farms. 
Beyond  the  narrow  strip  of  cultivable  land, 
which  extends  along  the  western  shore  of  the 
Mississippi,  is  a  dismal  swamp,  bounded  by 
lakes  and  morasses,  which  extend  to  the 
distance  of  about  forty  miles,  when  another 
cypress  swamp  bounds  the  eastern  side  of 
the  lands  in  the  next  county — Attakapas. 
Here  on  the  sea-shore,  and  along  the  banks 


of  the  Teche,  the  main  river,  are  some  sugar 
plantations  lately  established  by  Americans, 
which  thrive  very  much.  Cotton  is  also 
made  here,  but  at  a  small  distance  from  the 
sea  begins  what  is  called  the  prairie  land, 
vast  natural  meadows  destitute  of  trees,  ex- 
cept along  the  water  courses. 

The  plantations  here  are  few,  on  account 
of  the  scarcity  of  timber,  and  the  people 
employ  themselves  in  raising  cattle.  A 
number  of  farmers  count  their  cattle  by 
thousands.  The  cattle  are  left  to  shift  for 
themselves  during  the  whole  year,  marking 
the  calves  and  counting  the  animals  which 
are  intended  for  immediate  sale,  being  all 
the  trouble  the  farmer  takes.  Land  sells 
here  from  $20  to  $25  the  arpent — very  little 
less  than  the  acre.  Upon  the  water  courses 
where  the  land  is  fit  for  sugar,  the  land 
sells  at  times  for  double  that  price. 

Above  the  Attakapas  is  the  county  of 
Opelousas,  the  lands  of  which  are  much  the 
same,  except  that  the  quantity  fit  for  sugar 
is  extremely  inconsiderable.  Still  higher 
up  is  the  county  of  Rapides,  chiefly  inhab- 
ited by  Americans. 

There  are  here  some  extremely  rich  tracts 
of  land.  Cotton  only  is  planted.  Good 
lands  sell  from  $15  to  $20  per  acre.  To 
the  north  are  the  counties  of  Washita,  Cat- 
ahoula and  Concordia.  The  population  of 
these  is  chiefly  American.  These  counties, 
before  the  cession,  were  inhabited  by  hunt- 
ers. In  these,  as  in  the  county  of  Rapides, 
there  is  a  quantity  of  piny,  sandy  loam,  which 
the  neighborhood  of  rich  lands  prevents 
from  being  cultivated.  The  cotton  lands  of 
Red  River  are  supposed  to  be  the  best  cot- 
ton lands  in  the  United  States.  In  Wash- 
ita, Chatahoula,  and  Concordia,  large  tracts 
are  fit  for  the  cultivation  of  wheat,  tobacco, 
and  Indian  corn. 

The  United  States  have  a  great  deal  of 
land  to  sell  here,  and  there  are  individuals 
who  own  immense  tracts.  This  is  the  part 
of  the  state  in  which  the  cheapest  lands  are. 
To  the  west  is  the  county  of  Natchitoches, 
bordering  on  the  Spanish  province  of  Texas. 
In  it  tobacco  and  cotton  are  cultivated  to 
great  advantage.  It  is  intersected  by  nu- 
merous water  courses,  along  which  are  very 
rich  tracts  of  land.     Cattle  are  also  raised 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


243 


here  in  abundance.  Pointe  Couple  and 
Avoyelles,  two  counties  on  each  side  of  Red 
River,  are  entirely  occupied  by  French  fam- 
ilies who  rai.se  cotton.  Of  late  a  sugar 
plantation  has  been  set  up  at  Pointe  Couple  ; 
it  is  the  most  northwest  in  the  state,  and 
thrives  well.  Land  sells  at  Pointe  Coupee 
at  310  or  820  the  front  arpent  or  acre,  with 
the  usual  depth  of  forty;  but  the  cultivable 
land  is  here,  also,  a  very  narrow  strip. 

On  the  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  im- 
mediately below  the  boundary  of  the  new 
state  of  Mississippi  is  the  county  of  Felicia- 
na, taken  from  the  Spaniards  in  the  year 
1810.  The  upper  part,  extending  as  far  as 
the  Bayou  Manchac,  is  what  is  generally 
called  rolling  land,  very  fit  for  the  cu'tiva- 
tion  of  cotton,  but  the  soil  is  not  deep,  and 
wastes  or  wears  away  in  a  few  years.  The 
population  is  almost  exclusively  American. 
Land  sells  from  ten  to  twenty  dollars.  At 
a  distance  from  the  Mississippi  begins  a 
body  of  land  which  is  not  at  all  sought 
after.  The  country  around  the  lakes  Mau- 
repas  and  Ponchartrain,  before  the  Ameri- 
cans took  possession  of  it,  was  thinly  inhab- 
ited. The  people  immediately  on  the  sea- 
shore drew  from  it  large  quantities  of  shells, 
which  they  burnt  into  lime;  having  but 
very  few  slaves  they  did  little  else,  except 
raising  cattle  and  burning  tar.  The  land  is 
sandy,  piny,  except  along  the  water  courses.  I 
Here  the  Americans  have  established  cotton  i 
and  gruzing  farms.  The  land  (a  great  pro- 
portion of  which  is  public  land)  is  obtained 
on  easy  terms,  and  at  various  prices,  from  i 
two  to  twenty  dollars  an  acre.  There  are  ; 
immense  tracts  of  it  in  possession  of  individ- 
uals, who  obtained  them  from  the  Spanish 
government  when  it  was  about  expiring; 
they  would  gladly  sell  at  twenty -five  cents 
per  acre,  but  their  title  is  a  doubtful  one. 
Throughout  the  whole  state  land  is  obtained 
with  great  facility.  As  to  the  mode  of  pay- 
ment, long  credit  is  given.  This  is  owing 
in  part  to  the  productiveness,  and  the  cer- 
tainty there  is  that  a  man  who  has  a  force 
to  cultivate  will  pay  out  of  the  crops;  but 
chiefly  to  the  facility  with  which  payment 
if  enforced  by  law.  The  premises  are  nec- 
essarily mortgaged  for  the  payment  of  the 
price,  and  the  production  of  the  contract  of 


sale,  and  an  affidavit  that  the  payment  is 
due  entitles  the  vendor  to  instant  execution. 

The  government  is  as  yet  in  equilibrium 
between  the  French  and  American  party. 
In  the  legislature  the  fir.~t  have  a  small  ma- 
jority in  the  lower,  and  they  are  equal  in 
the  upper.  The  governor,  treasurer,  and 
secretary  of  state  are  French.  In  the  supe- 
rior court  two  judges  are  French  and  one 
American  by  birth.  Of  the  district  judges 
one  only  French.  In  general  the  Americans 
are  in  majority  in  the  other  offices. 

Our  public  institutions  are  few.  We  have 
a  college  pretty  well  endowed;  five  banks; 
the  nuns  have  a  boarding-school  for  young 
ladies,  and  are  very  rich.  The  catholic 
clergy  are  few  in  numbers,  well  provided 
for — the  curate  of  New  Orleans  being  the 
only  member  of  it  supposed  to  be  rich.  We 
have  a  bishop,  but  he  resides  at  St.  Louis, 
in  the  Missouri  Territory. 

The  Americans  have  an  elegant  church 
of  episcopalians,  and  are  building  a  presby- 
terian  meeting-house.  The  catholics  have 
two  churches  only  in  the  city.  We  have 
two  theatres,  one  of  which  was  lately  built, 
the  other  is  rebuilding. 

The  Creole  ladies  are  fond  of  dancing. 
There  is  but  little  society  here;  however,  it 
is  so  in  every  country  where  money  is  made 
with  facility — the  passion  for  acquiring  it 
engrosses  all  others.  Living  in  the  city  is 
as  expensive  as  in  New  York  or  Charleston. 
House  rent  is  high.  Professional  men  are 
making  money  very  fast.  Here,  beginnings 
are,  like  everywhere  else  attended  with  some 
difficulty;  but  when  once  a  name  is  estab- 
lished, strides  toward  fortune  are  rapid. 

A.  T. 


Silvester. —  Mr.  Valentine's  valuable 
Manual  for  1862,  contains  a  contributed  ar- 
ticle, entitled  "  The  Huguenot  Settlers  of 
New  York  and  its  Vicinity,"  of  which  the 
following  is  an  extract : 

"  Shelter  Island  off  Sag  Harbor,  seems  to 
have  furnished  a  home  for  Huguenots,  if  we 
may  judge  by  the  title  being  vested  in  the 
Sylvester  family,  as  early  as  the  year  1GGG." 
p.  749. 

The  Silvesters  were  not  Huguenots.  Giles 
Silvester  and  Mary  his  wife  were  English. 


244 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[July, 


Their  children,  named  Constant,  Nathaniel, 
Joshua,  Giles  Silvester  and  Mary  Cartwright 
were  born  in  Amsterdam  iu  Holland  These 
facts  are  set  forth  in  the  act  for  naturalizing 
these  children,  passed  in  the  12th  year  of 
the  reign  of  Charles  the  Second,  and  enti- 
tled, "  An  act  for  naturalizing  Gcrrard 
Vanhethuyzen  and  others."  For  further 
particulars  respecting  the  family,  see  Thomp- 
son's Hist,  of  Long  Island,  I,  364-369. 


New  York  Oysters. — In  1676,  some 
Indians  of  Westchester  county  applied  to  the 
council  for  leave  to  come  upon  this  island 
(New  York)  and  hereabout,  "  oystcring." 
From  this  it  would  appear  that  the  oyster 
had  its  habitat  nearer  the  city  than  at  pre- 
sent, n. 


Eliot's  Indian  Bible  at  Albany, 
some  200  Years  ago. — A  party  of  Mo- 
hawks brought  a  number  of  Natick  Indians, 
prisoners,  to  Albany  from  near  Sudbury, 
Mass.  in  1678.  Capt.  Salisbury,  command- 
er at  that  post,  reporting  the  circumstance 
to  his  superiors  says.  "  I  doe  presume  they 
are  Praying  Indians,  because  there  is  one 
amongst  them  that  brought  ye  Indian  Bible 
herein  governor  Nicholls  time."  —  N.  Y. 
Col.  Mss.  27,  140.  Richard  Nicholls  was 
governor  from  1664  to  1668. 

E.  B.  o'c. 


Jonas  Bronck  :  His  Library.  —  This 
person  was  the  pioneer  settler  of  Westches- 
ter county,  N.  Y.  If  not  a  Dane  by  birth, 
he  must  have  been  one  by  adoption;  as  it  is 
recorded  that  he  had  served  as  commander 
for  the  king  of  Denmark  in  the  East  Indies. 
His  name  appears  for  the  first  time  in  the 
records  in  1639.  He  died  in  or  about  the 
year  1642,  for  we  find  an  inventory  of  his 
personal  effects  taken  in  May,  1643,  at  his 
seat  called  JEmaus,  in  the  above  county. 
To  a  literary  man  this  inventory  is  inter- 
esting only  so  far  as  the  contents  of  com- 
mander Bronck's  library  are  concerned, 
which  show  him  to  have  been  a  person  of 
some  reading.     They  are  as  follows: 

Bible,  folio. 

Calvin's  Institutes. 

Bullingerus. 


Schultetus  dominicalies. 

Molineri  Praxis,  4to. 

German  Bible,  4to. 

Luther's  Psalms. 

Sledanis,  folio. 

Zie  Spiegel,  fol. 

Danish  Cronyk,  4to. 

Danish  Law  book,  4to. 

Luther's  Catechism. 

'T  Lof  Christi,  4to. 

Four  Ends  of  Death. 

Two  Schatkamers  (Treasuries),  sm.  fol. 

Petri  a  piani. 

Danish  Childsbook. 

Veertich  Taffereelen  van  Doots  (40  pic- 
tures of  death),  1  vol.  by  Simon  Golaert. 

Bible  Stories. 

Danish  Calender. 

't  Gezicht  der  Grooten  Seevaerts  (view 
of  the  Major  Navigation). 

18  old  printed  books  of  divers  Danish  and 
Dutch  authors. 

17  manuscript  books. 

This  is  the  earliest  collection  of  books  in 
this  State  of  which  we  have  at  this  time 
any  account.  E.  B.  o'c 


The  Blue  Hen's  Chickens. — The  fol- 
lowing account  of  the  origin  of  the  title 
of  the  "Blue  Hen's  Chickens,"  which  the 
Delawarians  are  proud  to  claim,  is  authentic, 
and  was  vouched  for  by  the  late  John  M. 
Clayton  : 

At  the  commencement  of  the  Revolution- 
ary war  there  resided  in  Sussex  county, 
Delaware,  a  gentleman  of  fortune,  urbanity 
of  manners,  and  great  popularity  in  that 
and  the  adjoining  county  of  Maryland, 
named  Caldwell,  in  the  language  of  the 
county  called  Kilwell.  He  wasa  sportsman, 
whose  breed  of  horses  and  game-cocks  ob- 
tained wide  celebrity;  and  his  judgment  of 
the  points  of  a  horse  or  the  make  of  a  fowl 
none  ventured  to  dispute.  His  favorite 
axiom  was,  the  character  of  the  progeny 
depends  more  on  the  mother  than  on  the 
father;  and  hence  his  reply  to  all  questions 
respecting  the  breed  of  game  fowls  was,  be 
your  cock  ever  so  game,  you  cannot  depend 
on  his  progeny ;  but  must  look  to  the  hen. 
My  observation  has  led  me  to  select  a  blue 
hen,  and   in  no  instance  have  I   failed  to 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


245 


hatch  a  good  game-cock  from  a  blue  hen's 
egg.  In  consequence  of  such  an  opinion 
expressed  by  such  a  man,  at  all  matches  and 
cock  fights,  the  first  question  was  as  to  the 
color  of  the  hen,  and  frequently  a  certificate 
sworn  to  before  a  magistrate  accompanied 
the  fowls.  Such  questions  engaged  the 
time  of  the  peaceful  men  of  Delaware  when 
the  news  reached  them  of  the  battle  of  Lex- 
ington, fought  on  the  19th  day  of  April, 
1775,  between  the  royal  troops  and  the 
militia  of  Massachusetts.  This  roused  the 
peDple  to  arms,  and  nowhere  was  there 
more  martial  spirit  displayed  than  in  the 
State  of  Delaware.  In  a  very  short  time 
a  full  regiment  was  raised,  and  a  day  ap- 
pointed to  organize  on  Dover  Green.  On 
the  morning  of  that  ever  memorable  day  a 
full  company  from  Sussex  county  was  the 
first  to  enter  the  field,  under  the  command 
of  Captain  Kilwell.  Peering  above  the 
loaded  baggage  wagon,  was  a  coop  of  fowls, 
the  famous  blue  hen's  chickens,  crowing 
lustily. 

Having  been  the  first  on  the  ground, 
Captain  Kilwell's  company  was  assigned  to 
the  right,  and  before  the  regiment  took  up 
the  line  of  march,  the  boys  were  already 
called  the  game  cocks,  who,  retorting  on 
their  comrades,  called  them  the  chickens. 
After  their  gallant  conduct  in  covering  the 
retreat  on  Long  Island,  the  whole  army 
saluted  the  regiment  as  the  "blue  hen's 
chickens." 

They  were  on  Long  Island,  and  covered 
the  retreat;  they  were  at  Trenton  and 
Princeton,  at  Brandywine,  Germantown  and 
Monmouth,  in  the  north;  and  when  the 
tories  in  the  Carolinas  had  made  their  peace 
with  Cornwallis,  and  driven  the  whigs  to 
the  mountains,  lower  Virginia  overrun,  her 
Governor  and  Legislature  fled  to  Carter's 
mountain,  a  force  was  gathered  at  the  North, 
under  General  Gates,  and  pushed  South; 
to  these  were  attached  the  troops  of  Dela- 
ware and  Maryland,  forming  a  brigade 
under  the  Baron  De  Kalb.  On  the  "  fatal 
field  of  Camden"  Kilwell  fell  —  there  the 
game  cock  fought  his  last  round.  Lee,  in 
his  memoirs  of  the  southern  war,  tells  us  : 

"The  regiment  of  Delaware  was  nearly 
.annihilated,  and  lieutenant  Colonel  Vaug- 


han  and  Major  Patton  being  taken,  its  rem- 
nant, less  than  two  companies,  were  after- 
wards placed  under  the  orders  of  ryrkwood, 
senior  captain.  Contrary  to  the  usual 
course  of  events  and  the  general  wish,  the 
Virginians  (who  broke  and  fled  at  the  first 
fire,  and  who  set  the  injurious  example 
which  produced  the  destruction  of  our  army) 
escaped  entirely." 

But  the  spirit  of  Delaware  was  not  to  be 
subdued;  fresh  recruits  soon  joined,  and 
again  we  find  the  "Chickens"  fighting 
under  Green  at  Guilford — and  finally  pre- 
sent at  Yorktown  on  the  19th  of  October, 
1781,  when  Cornwallis  surrendered,  and  the 
war  of  the  revolution  closed  in  triumph. — 
Delaware  Inquirer  of  May  5,  1861. 


Boodle. — This  word  is  credited  to  "New 
England"  in  Mr.  Bartlett's  Diet,  of  Amer- 
icanisms. It  may  be  in  use  in  that  section, 
but  it  is,  originally,  Dutch ;  the  word  boe- 
del  signifying,  in  that  language,  an  estate. 
Thus,  the  whole  boedel  is,  the  entire  prop- 
erty. The  word  was  probably  brought  over 
in  the  Mayflower  with  many  other  valuables. 


Discovery  of  a  Mastodon  in  Lenawee 
county. —  Adrian,  June  11.  —  Your  corre- 
spondent hardly  expected  that  he  would  be 
called  from  reporting  a  Presbyterian  Gene- 
ral Assembly  and  a  Wesleyan  Conference  to 
do  the  same  kind  office  for  the  "big  bones" 
of  an  extinct  animal,  but  so  it  has  been. 
When  Uriah  Decker,  Esq.,  came  into  town 
yesterday  from  his  home  nine  miles  away  on 
Wolf  Creek,  in  Adrian  township,  and  to  the 
surprise  of  every  one,  showed  a  few  of  the 
immense  bones,  your  correspondent  felt  his 
curiosity  rapidly  setting  very  strong.  The 
fossils  had  but  just  been  found  and  he  pro- 
ceeded to  the  spot  at  once,  minus  his  dinner, 
(as  all  enterprising  reporters  should),  if 
happily  something  might  be  still  undug. 
In  the  back  kitchen  of  Mr.  Decker's  house 
was  an  ordinary  dry-goods  box  nearly  full 
of  bones.  Among  them  were  all  the  large 
leg  bones  but  two,  one  being  still  in  Adrian 
with  Mr.  Decker,  and  the  other,  as  far  as 
could  be  ascertained,  remaining  out  in  the 


246 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[July, 


swamp  for  further  discovery.  An  investi- 
gation of  these  relics  of  the  cenozoic  time 
naturally  resulted  in  a  wish  to  see  where 
they  came  from,  and  being  directed  to  the 
ditch  at  the  end  of  the  wheat  field,  your 
reporter  and  his  friend  took  up  their  line  of 
march  again. 

At  this  ditch  Mr.  Joseph  Pecker  became 
visible,  and  up  from  its  depth  rose  the  head 
and  shoulders  of  Dennis  Ryan,  the  finder  of 
the  "  big  bones." 

The  body  lay  in  what  must  have  been  a 
water  course,  and  that  at  no  distant  day.  The 
curve  and  the  hills,  the  creek  only  130  rods 
away,  the  evident  slope  and  hollowing  of 
the  ground  towards  that  point  arc  proofs 
beyond  peradventure  of  the  fact.  In  this 
stream  the  body  was  found,  only  two  feet 
and  a  half  below  the  surface,  with  the  ready 
solution  of  this  small  depth,  in  the  wash  and 
wear  of  the  water  which  must  have  flowed 
above  it.  The  soil  is  a  clay  marl  and  shell, 
quicksand,  spongy  and  shaky  as  a  peat  bog, 
and  with  many  little  snail  and  muscle  shells 
imbedded  in  its  texture.  To  oblige  us  in 
our  investigation,  Mr.  Ryan  made  a  cut  in 
the  earth  with  his  spade,  showing  the  dif- 
ferent strata.  There  were:  1  muck,  2  burnt 
soil,  3  marl,  4  quicksand.  Mr.  R.  also, 
with  no  particular  effort,  ran  his  spade  down 
to  the  handle,  and  said  he  had  tried  long 
poles  and  found  no  bottom.  He  also  shook 
the  earth  with  his  foot. 

The  ditch  runs  nearly  north  and  south, 
and  across  it,  with  his  head  to  the  north- 
east and  his  tail  to  the  south-west,  the  mas- 
todon was  found.  He  lay  on  his  side,  with 
his  back  to  the  north.  One  fore  leg  was 
doubled  under  and  the  other  extended,  and 
the  hind  quarters  were  a  little  the  lowest. 
Like  the  remains  in  the  fresh  water  marshes 
of  Orange  county,  New  Jersey,  this  speci- 
men had  apparently  got  mired  and  sunk. 

And  now  for  the  finding  of  Behemoth. 
While  Dennis  Ryan  was  digging  away  at  his 
ditch  for  two  dollars  per  diem,  coin  of  the 
realm,  and  therefore  working  very  cheer- 
fully, he  struck  on  what  he  thought  was  a 
root.  But  such  a  root  as  the  one  he  uncov- 
ered he  never  had  seen  before.  He  con- 
cluded therefore  that  it  was  a  bone,  and  Mr. 
Jas.   Decker  and  himself  setting  to  work, 


opened  up  several  others  in  a  moment  or 
two.  That  was  Wednesday  at  five  in  the 
afternoon. 

Since  then  they  have  investigated  further, 
and  have  taken  out  nearly  all  the  bones. 
They  have  now  the  skull  slightly  damaged; 
all  but  one  of  the  large  leg  bones;  one  of 
the  smaller  leg  bones;  a  number  of  ribs, 
some  nearly  perfect,  and  others  far  from  it; 
a  broken  tusk  and  its  mate;  several  remark- 
ably perfect  teeth;  shoulder  and  hip  bones 
in  good  preservation ;  vertebrae  and  foot 
bones,  knee  caps  and  supplementary  bones 
in  great  variety. 

We  urged  them,  by  all  the  sciences,  not 
to  allow  the  parts  to  be  dispersed,  and  to 
use  great  care  in  getting  out  the  remainder. 
Indeed,  in  the  digging  while  we  were  there, 
several  bones  of  value  were  turned  up,  and 
among  them  the  fourth  knee-cap,  or  what 
we  judged  to  correspond  with  that  bone. 

The  following  arc  the  dimensions  of  the 
mastodon,  as  taken  on  the  spot,  from  actual 
measurement,  in  company  with  Rev.  George 
Duffield  Jr.,  of  Adrian  : 

From  the  extremity  of  the  skull  to  the 
last  bone  found,  16  feet  6  inches;  width  of 
site,  or  height  of  animal,  10  feet  (?).  (It 
is  probably  nearer  8). 

Shoulder  blade — Length,  12  inches;  larg- 
est circumference,  20  inches;  smallest,  14 J; 
socket  bone,  20. 

Thigh  hone — Length,  19?  inches;  circum- 
ference of  larger  end,  24£;  of  smaller,  12£; 
socket  circumference,  16£  inches;  narrowest 
diameter,  3f  inches;  broadest,  b\. 

Leg  bone — Length,  15£  inches;  larger 
circumference,  19£  inches;  smallest  10£. 

Smaller  leg  bone — Length,  15£  inches; 
larger  end,  12  inches;  smaller  end,  9£; 
smallest  circumference,  41. 

Knee  joints — Circumference,  16  inches; 
diameter,  6  inches;  thickness,  4f. 

Length  of  leg  from  top  of  shoulder  to 
pastern  joint,  5  feet. 

Rib  —  Length,  29  inches;  diameter  of 
process,  10  inches;  smallest  diameter,  5 
inches. 

Vertebrae, — Breadth,  7  inches;  thickness, 
3£  inches. 

Tusks — Near  base,  circumference,  6  inch- 
es.    The  tusks  were  broken  and  much  de- 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE, 


247 


rayed  —  apparently  about  the  size  of  those 
of  an  elephant. 

Teeth  —  The  teeth  were  in  wonderful 
preservation,  the  crown  of  the  molar  teeth 
prcsencing  conical  tubercles  covered  with 
enamel.  The  enamel  is  still  perfect.  As 
it  is  from  this  peculiar  nipple-tooth  that  the 
mastodon  derives  its  name  {inastos,  nipple, 
odons,  tooth),  the  character  of  the  fossil 
remains  thus  discovered  would  seem  to  be 
very  satisfactorily  indicated. 

What  we  took  to  be  the  eye-socket  was 
oval ;- longest  diameter,  1£  inches;  shortest 
diameter,  1  inch  ;  depth,  about  If  inches. 

The  skull  had  undoubtedly  been  broken 
in  getting  it  out,  as  no  piece  large  enough 
for  correct  measurement  appeared.  There 
was  a  bit  of  cheek  bone,  another  of  jaw,  and 
that  was  all. 

Taken  as  a  whole,  the  present  mastodon 
is  comparatively  a  small  sized  animal,  not 
standing  more  than  8  or  10  feet  in  height, 
and  being  in  length  not  more  than  It).  Dr. 
Warren,  of  Boston,  had  one  from  Newburgh 
marsh,  on  the  Hudson  river,  of  11  feet  in 
height,  17  feet  in  length,  and  which  had 
tusks  of  12  feet.  This  latter  point,  as  has 
been  already  said,  we  could  not  settle,  as  the 
tusks  we  saw  were  defective,  having  scaled 
off  in  spots  very  badly. 


Sir  Edmund  Andros. — From  an  article 
in  the  London  Notes  and  Queries  (May  21, 
1864),  it  appears  that  Sir  Edmund  Andros 
in  1686,  in  a  petition  to  use  the  arms  of 
Saumarcz,  stated  that  M  his  great-grandfa- 
ther's father  John  Andros,  alias  Andrewcs, 
an  English  gentleman,  born  in  Northhamp- 
tonshire,  coming  into  the  island  of  Guernsey, 
as  Lieutenant  to  Sr  leter  Mewtis,  K,u  the 
Govern1  did  there  marry  A°  1543  with  Ju- 
dith de  Sausmarez  oncly  daughter  of  Thom- 
as Sausmarez,  son  and  heir  of  Thomas  Saus- 
marez, Lords  of  the  Seignoric  of  Sausmarez 
in  the  said  isle."  His  petition  was  granted 
Sept.  23,  1686,  and  his  arms  were  : 

Arg.  on  a  chev.  gu.  between  three  leop- 
ard's faces  sa.  as  many  castles  triple  towered 
or.  Crest,  a  falcon  affrontant,  wings  expand- 
ed ppr.  belled  or.  Suj)porters,  Dexter,  an 
unicorn  arg.  tail  cowarded ;  sinister,  a  grey- 


hound arg.  collared  gu.  garnished  or.  His 
original  arms  were  Gu.,  a  saltire  or.,  sur- 
mounted by  another  vert;  on  a  chef  arg.  3 
mullets  sa.  Crest,  a  blackamore's  head  in 
profile,  couped  at  the  shoulders  and  wreath- 
ed about  the  temples  all  ppr.  Motto,  Crux 
et  praesidium  et  decus. 

Is  there  any  portrait  known  of  this  cele- 
brated Governor? 


Centenarian  in  New  Jersey. — John 
Shulz,  residing  on  the  old  Martha  Furnace 
property  in  Burlington  county,  eleven  miles 
from  Tuckertown,  has  completed  his  one 
hundred  and  fifth  year,  and  bids  fair  to  live 
several  years  longer.  He  was  born  in  Ger- 
many, and  was  sixteen  years  old  when  he 
arrived  at  Philadelphia,  before  the  Revolu- 
tionary war,  and  was  for  thirty  years  a  coop- 
er in  the  employment  of  the  late  Stephen 
Girard.  His  eye-sight  is  failing,  but  his 
hearing  is  good.  He  lives  with  his  son-in- 
law  Daniel  McCoy,  on  a  farm  belonging  to 
Amory  Edwards,  of  Shrewsbury. 


A  Remarkable  Statement  Concern- 
ing Washington. — On  page  189,  vol.  vii., 
of  the  Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  just 
published  by  his  son,  will  be  found  a  state- 
ment in  regard  to  General  Washington  that 
is  very  interesting  at  this  juncture.  It  is 
well  known  that  party  spirit  never  raged 
more  fiercely  in  this  country  than  at  the 
close  of  Washington's  administration,  and 
during  that  of  John  Adams,  growing  chiefly 
out  of  the  intrigues  of  French  Jacobins. 
Threats  of  "dissolving  the  Union"  were 
freely  indulged  in  by  heated  partisans,  and 
many  good  citizens  feared  that  such  a  catas- 
tropc  would  take  place.  In  Mr.  Jefferson's 
private  papers  of  that  period  is  one  endorsed 
in  his  own  hand-writing,  *'  Heads  of  Infor- 
mation given  me  by  E.  Randolpt  ,"  in  which 
the  following  sentence  occurs  :  "  The  Pres- 
ident (Washington),  speaking  with  Ran- 
dolph on  the  hypothesis  of  a  separation  of 
the  Union  into  Northern  and  Southern,  said 
he  had  made  up  his  mind  to  remove,  and  be 
of  the  North."  Randolph  had  formerly  en- 
joyed the  warmest  confidence  of  Washing- 
ton;  and   the    latter  had  made  extensive 


248 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[July, 


tours  of  observation  through  the  northern 
and  southern  sections  of  the  Union,  and 
could  not  fail  to  observe  the  relative  and 
prospective  social  and  political  advantages 
of  each  section  as  a  place  of  residence. 

R. 


An  American  Admiral  in  Russia. — 
Some  fifty  years  ago  a  Massachusetts  boy 
named  Tate  worked  his  way  up  to  the  posi- 
tion of  Admiral  in  the  Russian  Navy.  A 
writer  in  the  Boston  Transcript  replying  to 
a  query  of  our  friend  J.  B.  R.,  says  : 

The  Admiral  was,  we  think,  a  native  of 
Portland,  Me.,  where  a  sister  of  his  resided, 
the  wife  of  the  late  Joseph  H.  Ingraham  of 
that  city.  George  Tate,  his  grandfather, 
was  born  in  England  in  1700;  he  was  a 
seaman  on  board  the  first  frigate  built  in 
Russia*  in  the  reign  of  Peter  the  Great. 
He  came  to  this  country  several  years  before 
the  Revolution,  and  is  the  ancestor  of  all  of 
the  name  here.  He  died  in  Falmouth  (now 
Portland)  in  1794,  at  the  advanced  age  of 
94.  Admiral  Tate,  the  grandson,  died 
about  1827,  while  in  the  Russian  service. 

R. 


QUERIES. 

Works  Printed  by  Bennett  H. 
Wheeler. — A  copy  of  the  transactions  of 
the  Rhode  Island  Society  for  the  Encour- 
agement of  Domestic  Industry  in  the  year 
1863,  lies  before  me.  The  necrological  Re- 
port appended  thereto  contains  biographical 
notices  of  members  who  have  "  paid  the 
debt  of  nature  "  during  the  year.  I  really 
wish  that  two  of  these  well  written  and  ve- 
ry interesting  biographies  could  appear  in 
your  magazine.  They  would  be  in  place 
there,  certainly,  for  well  written  memorials 
of  two  worthy  men,  both  practical  printers, 
both  natives  of  Providence,  and  for  many 
years  connected  with  the  newspapers  of  that 
city,  would  befit  your  pages.  I  refer  to 
Bennett  H.  Wheeler  and  Hugh  Hall  Brown. 
The  former  was  born  August  18th,  1788, 
and  died  on  the  17th  of  May,  1863.  The 
latter   was  born  May  16th,  1792,  and  died 


October  4th,  1863,  at  the  age  of  71  years. 
Taken  together  these  two  memorials  occupy 
some  seven  and  a-half  or  eight  octavo  pages 
of  type  (as  near  as  I  can  judge)  the  size  of 
that  employed  in  your  May  issue,  in  your 
article  on  "  William  Jackson  Davis."  But 
I  wish  to  call  the  attention  of  your  readers 
to  some  statements  in  the  biography  of  Mr. 
Wheeler.  We  are  told  that  Bennett 
Wheeler — "called  Major" — -the  father  of 
Bennett  H.  Wheeler,  was  a  native  of  Nova 
Scotia,  which  place  he  left  "  soon  after  at- 
taining the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  and 
came  to  Providence,  landing  first  at  Boston, 
on  the  fourth  of  July,  1776."  "  When  he 
arrived  in  Providence  "  (the  exact  time  is 
not  named),  "  there  were  only  two  priuting 
offices  in  the  place."  One  of  these  was  a 
"  job  office  "  kept  by  Mr.  John  McDougal, 
where  Wheeler  "  at  once  engaged  to  work." 
He  remained  in  that  office  "  but  a  few 
months,"  and  the  "  first  work  he  did  was 
on  a  reprint  of  Pope's  Essay  on  Man,  an 
edition  of  750  copies."  "  In  January, 
1784,  Major  Wheeler  commenced  publish- 
ing The  United  States  Chronicle,  Political, 
Commercial  and  Historical,"  which  was  con- 
tinued 1804,  a  weekly  paper.  "  It  was 
conducted  with  great  ability.  In  April, 
1806,  Major  Wheeler  closed  his  eventful 
life  in  Providence,  after  a  short  illness.  He 
erected  the  building  in  which  his  paper  was 
printed,  "  and  there  carried  on  an  exten- 
sive business  as  a  printer,  publisher  and 
bookseller."  We  are  also  told  that  "  a 
finely  preserved  copy  of  Goldsmith's 
'  Deserted  Village  *  with  his  imprint* 
is  now  held  here  "  (in  Providence  ?), 
"  a  rare  curiosity,  as  being  probably 
its  first  reprint  in  this  country."  Now, 
can  any  of  your  readers  tlirow  any 
further  light  as  to  the  exact  date  of  these 
reprints  and  verify  these  statements,  or 
give  the  dates,  &c,  of  earlier  reprints  of  the 
Poems  above  named  ?  boston. 


Clams. — Where  was  this  word  first  used 
for  the  shell  fish  ?  and  how  early.  The 
piles  of  shells  seen  by  F.  Jogues  on  Man- 
hattan island,  he  mentions  as  oysters.     They 

*  Date  not  given— about  1784  ? 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


249 


have  generally  been  supposed  to  be  clams, 
but  from  the  note  of  Q  may  have  been  really 
oysters. 


Mind  youe  own  Business. — The  coin 
commonly  called  "the  mind  your  own  busi- 
ness" penny,  struck  during  the  revolution, 
has  a  sun-dial  with  that  motto,  and  the  word 
"Fugio."  What  is  the  origin  of  this?  A 
Dial  in  the  Temple,  London,  has  the  admo- 
nition "  lie  gone  about  your  business."  Did 
this  suggest  it  ? 


Madoc's  Discovery  of  America. — 
What  is  known  of  the  alleged  discovery  of 
America,  by  Madoc,  the  son  of  Owen 
G-wynedd  ?  ? 


Sternhold  and  Hopkins. — What  is 
known  concerning  the  Psalmists,  Sternhold 
and  Hopkins  ;  and  if  anything,  where  may 
the  information  be  obtained  ?  ? 


John  Wilkes. — It  is  said  that  some 
members  of  the  family  of  the  celebrated 
John  Wilkes  reside  in  the  United  States. 
Can  any  reader  of  the  Magazine  specify 
their  names  and  addresses,  or  any  informa- 
tion which  will  throw  light  on  the  present 
custodian  of  his  papers  ?  D. 


Doctor  Samuel  Johnson. — Is  any 
thing  known  concerning  the  disposition  of 
Dr.  Johnson's  library  after  the  death  of  that 
distinguished  scholar  ?  D. 


Newspaper  in  Morristown,  N.  J. 
-^When  was  the  first  newspaper  published 
in  Morristown,  N.  J.;  and  where  may  a 
copy  be  seen  ?  P. 


REPLIES. 

Statue  on  the  Battery,  New  York 
(Vol.  viii,  pp.154,  185). — In  regard  to  the 
Equestrian  Statue  on  the  Battery,  in  the 
city  of  New  York,  already  referred  to  in 
your  Magazine,  the  following  interesting  or 
curious  facts  may  be  added. 

HIST.  MAO.      VOL.  VIII.  32 


An  aged  lady  who  resided  many  years 
ago  at  the  lower  end  of  Broadway,  remem- 
bers that  about  thirty  or  fortv  years  ago  the 
erection  of  a  statue  on  the  battery  was  con- 
templated. The  location  selected  was  a  sort 
of  hollow  south-east  of  Castle  Garden,  near 
the  spot  where  the  flag-staff  was  subsequent- 
ly erected.  On  digging  to  lay  the  founda- 
tion, the  subsoil  was  found  so  soft  and  un- 
suitable to  sustain  any  great  weight  that 
the  project  was  abandoned  either  because 
the  expense  of  a  foundation  would  have 
been  too  great  or  the  necessity  of  filling  un- 
avoidable. The  plastic  model  referred  to 
in  your  May  number  may  have  been  a  fac 
simile  of  the  statue  intended  for  this  loca- 
tion. That  model,  however,  was  set  up  in 
a  different  place.  It  was  quite  an  imposing 
conception,  but  the  fate  of  the  cast,  mutila- 
tion, indicated  what  would  most  likely  have 
been  that  of  a  marble  figure  itself. 

anchor. 


Descendants  of  John  Fenwick 
(Yol.  viii,  pp.  154,  210). — Johnson,  in  his 
"  Historical  account  of  the  settlement  of 
Salem,"  states  that  Fenwick  brought  with 
him  to  New  Jersey,  three  daughters — Eliz- 
abeth, Anna  and  Priscilla. 

Elizabeth  was  already  married  to  John 
Adams,  and  had  three  children — Elizabeth, 
Fenwick  and  Mary,  who  with  her  husband 
accompanied  her. 

Anna  married  after  their  arrival  Samuel 
Hedge. 

Priscilla  was  married  already  to  Ed- 
ward Chamney,  and  had  two  children — 
John  and  Mary,  who  with  her  husband  ac- 
companied her. 

Fenwick's  grand  daughter,  Elizabeth 
Adams,  formed  an  illicit  connection  with  a 
colored  man  named  Gould,  much  to  the  old 
man's  distress,  and  at  a  settlement  called 
Gould  Town,  in  Cumberland  County,  are 
several  families  of  the  name  descended  from 
them. 

Although  this  may  not  answer  fully  the 
inquiry  of  P.,  it  may  assist  his  investiga- 
tions. Q.  P. 

Newark,  May,  1864. 


250 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[July, 


Kentaienton,  (Vol.  vn.  p.  380 ;  Vol. 
Viii.  p.  79). — The  Indian  Mission  Village 
at  La  Prairie,  opposite  Montreal,  claimed  as 
its  first  settler  Catharine  Ganneaktena.  In 
a  manuscript  life  of  Catharine  Tehgahkwita 
I  found  a  sketch  of  the  foundress  of  the  vil- 
lage, on  which  it  is  stated  that  she  was  an 
Erie,  born  at  Kentaienton,  and  taken  prison- 
er by  the  Western  Iroquois  when  they  took 
that  palisaded  town.  The  object  of  my  in- 
quiry was  to  learn  whether  any  spot  in  Ohio 
bore  such  a  resemblance  to  Kentaienton  as 
to  enable  us  to  examine  whether  it  was  the 
site  of  the  Erie  town,  and  so  perhaps  estab- 
lish the  geographical  position  of  that  lost 
tribe.  p. 


Alsop,  (Vol.  viii.  p.  105,  May,  1864.)— 
For  John  Alsop,  see  Thompson's  History 
of  Long  Island,  or  consult  Joseph  W.  Al- 
sop, of  the  city  of  New  York,  or  the  Hon. 
John  Alsop  King,  Jamaica,  L.  I.,  who  has  a 
portrait  of  him.  G.  G. 


Stftttius  ani  t\m  JJwmMttgs. 


CONNECTICUT. 

Connecticut  Historical  Society. — Hartford, 
May  \lth. — The  following  officers  elected  at  the 
annual  meeting : 

J.  Hammond  Trumbull,  President ;  Henry  Bar- 
nard, Henry  White,  Leonard  Hebard,  Daniel  P. 
Tyler,  Thomas  B.  Butler,  VVm.  C  Cothren,  Sam- 
uel H.  Parsons,  and  Loren  P.  Waldo,  Vice  Presi- 
dents. Charles  Hosmer,  Recording  Secretary; 
Charles  J.  Hoadly,  Corresponding  Secretory,-  James 
B.  Hosmer,  Treasurer,-  James  B.  Hosmer,  Chas. 
Hosmer,  J.  H.  Trumbull,  Erastus  Smith,  E.  Good- 
man, E.  B.  Watkinson,  Com.  on  Membership;  J. 
H  Trumbull,  Geo.  Brinley,  Charles  J.  lloadly, 
Com.  on  Publications  and  on  Exchanges.  C.  J. 
Hoadly,  Geo.  Brinley,  Samuel  Eliot,  Com.  on  Li- 
brary. 

The  following  were  elected  resident  members  of 
the  Society  : 

Rev.  Wm.  C.  Doane,  Rev.  NathanielJ.  Burton, 
Rev.  Geo.  H.  Clark,  D.  D.,  Rev.  Edwin  P.  Parker, 
Simon  Towle,  Esq.,  A.  G.  Hammond,  Esq., 
Franklin  Chamberlin,  Esq.,  P.  Henry  Wood- 
ward, Esq.,— of  Hartford  ;  Dea.  Alfred  Andrews, 
of  New  Britain. 


ILLINOIS. 

Chicago  Historical  Society. — May  17, 1864. — 
The  monthly  meeting  was  held,  W.  L.  Newberry, 
Esq  ,  in  the  chair. 

The  reporte.i  monthly  collections  (amounting 
to  632,  from  51  contributors)  included  an  extensive 
collection  of  charts,  reports,  &c  ,  on  the  lake  har- 
bors, the  gift  of  Col.  J.  D.  Graham,  U.  S.  A.  ; 
manuscript  returns  of  statistics  from  the  several 
counties  of  Iowa,  from  Mr.  N  H.  Parker;  biblio- 
graphical publications  of  Munchen,  Germany, 
from  S.  Webster  Esq.,  U.  S.  Consul  ;  and  auto- 
graph letters  of  Gov.  N.  Edwards,  and  others  dis- 
tinguished in  the  early  history  of  Illinois,  from 
Hon.  G.  Churchill. 

Among  the  rare  books  received,  were  the  Laws 
of  the  Cherokee  Nation,  1808-1851,  printed  at  the 
Cherokee  Advocate  office,  Tahlequah,  C.  N.  1852, 
l2mo.  pps.  248— the  gift  of  J  C.  Miller,  U  S.A., 
and  noticeable  for  its  slave  code;  also  Huggin- 
iana,  or  Huggins  Fantasy,  N.  Y.,  1808 — being  a 
collection  of  the  advertisements  in  prose  and  verse, 
of  a  once  noted  barber  and  fn'seur  of  the  city  of 
New  York,  who  flourished  there,  and  at  the  com- 
mencements of  Yale  College,  about  that  period — 
the  gift  of  Mr.  S.  Davenport,  of  Oricago.  The 
first  official  publications  of  Arizona  Territory,  with 
the  first  number  of  the  Arizona  Miner,  published 
at  Fort  Whipple,  March  9,  1864,  and  containing, 
with  a  historical  sketch  of  the  Territory,  a  report 
of  the  proceedings  at  the  inauguration  of  the  new 
territorial  government,  were  received  by  the  at- 
tention of  his  excellency  John  N.  Goodwin,  gov- 
ernor of  the  territory. 

Of  the  correspondence  for  the  month  (consist- 
ing of  20  letters  received  and  51  written)  were 
read,  letters  accepting  memberships,  fromZ..  East- 
man, Esq.,  U.  S.  Consul  at  Bristol,  E.  ;  and  of 
acknowledgment  for  publications  forwarded  from 
the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society. 

An  interesting  communication  was  received 
and  read,  from  Hon.  Geo.  Churchill,  Troy,  111.,  an 
early  and  esteemed  resident  of  the  territory  and 
state  ;  who,  at  an  advanced  age,  retains  an  active 
interest  in  the  events,  past  and  present,  of  this 
state;  and  is  now  engaged,  with  others,  in  pre- 
paring a  history  of  Madison  county,  one  of  the 
oldest  organized  in  Illinois. 

Letters  were  also  read  from  James  P.  Snell,  IJ. 
S.  A.,  respecting  his  collections  of  valuable  his^ 
torical  materials  relating  to  the  present  war;  and 
from  J.  C.  Miller,  U.  S,  A.,  accompanying  the 
presentation  of  the  "  Laws  of  the  Cherokee  Na- 
tion." Some  remarks  followed  upon  this  first, 
and  perhaps  only  attempt  of  the  North  American 
Indians,  to  establish  a  written  code  of  laws. 

J.  B.  Stansell,  Esq.,  a  member  of  the  Colorado 
legislature,  communicated  information  relative  to 
the  Indians  in  that  region,  and  his  belief  upon 
inquiry,  that  no  books  printed  in  the  native  dia* 
lects  are  to  be  found  among  them. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


251 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

New  England  Historic  Genealogical  Society. 
— Boston,  June  1st. — A  stated  meeting  was  held 
this  afternoon  at  three  o'clock,  the  President. 
Win  slow  Lewis.  M.  D.,  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  Sheppard  the  librarian  reported  as  dona- 
tions, since  the  last  meeting,  27  volnmns,  55 
pamphlets,  and  3  volumes  of  the  Columbian  Crn- 
tinel  (newspaper)  hound,  the  last  from  Melvin 
Lord,  of  Boston. 

Rev.  Mr.  Bradlee,  the  corresponding  secretarv, 
read  letters  accepting  the  memberships  to  which 
they  had  been  elected  from  the  following  gentle- 
men, namely,  As  Residents — H.  J.  Boarduian 
and  Win.  O.  Comstock,  both  of  Boston  ;  As  Cor- 
responding— Hon.  Joseph  H.  Barret,  of  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  and  James  D.  Fish,  of  New  York. 

Mr.  Trask,  the  historiographer,  read  memoirs 
of  two  deceased  members,  namely,  Hon.  Henry 
Wyles  Cushman,  of  Bemardston,  Mass.,  resident, 
who  died  Nov.  21st,  1863,  aged  58,  and  Ebenezer 
Merriam,  of  Brooklyn  Heights,  N.  Y.,  correspond- 
ing, who  died  March  19th,  1864,  aged  69. 

Mr.  Whitmore,  chairman  of  the  newly  appoint- 
ed Com.  on  Heraldry,  made  the  first  report  of  its 
doings.  The  Committee  had  examined  and  made 
a  record  of  quite  a  number  of  coats-of-arins  used 
by  New  England  families  before  the  year  1760, 
found  upon  tombstones,  seals,  family  plates,  &c. 
The  object  is  to  preserve  a  record  of  the  arms  in 
case  any  of  the  articles  are  destroyed. 

Rev.  F.  W.  Holland,  of  Cambridge,  read  again 
by  request  his  Study  of  Shakespeare,  portions  of 
which  he  had  been  obliged  to  omit  on  the  23d  of 
April  last. 

Boston  Numismatic  Society. — Bos' on,  June  2. — 
The  regular  monthly  meeting  was  held  on  Thurs- 
day, June  2.  After  the  ordinary  business  was 
transacted,  the  secretary  read  a  letter  from  Mr. 
W.  E.  Dubois,  of  the  U.  S.  mint,  concerning  the 
new  emission  of  cents  and  two-cent  pieces,  en- 
closing specimens  of  the  former.  The  chief  inter- 
est of  the  meeting  consisted  in  the  number  and 
value  of  the  coins  and  medals  exhibited.  Of  thnse 
Mr.  Putnam  had  a  very  choice  lot,  among  which 
were  the  following;  an  uncirculated  specimen  of 
the  N  Y.  copper  with  head  of  George  Clinton,  of  a 
rich,  dark  color  ;  a  very  complete  and  perfect  set 
of  the  English  colonial  pieces,  known  as  the  Rosa 
Americanos ;  an  uncirculated  "Elephant"  copper 
of  Carolina  ;  a  very  fine  New  Jersey  cent  of  a  rare 
type,  and  the  finest  known  New  York  copper  with 
the  head  of  Washington,  struck  immediately  after 
the  revolution.  He  .tlso  exhibited  seveial  rare 
and  fine  silver  pattern-pieces  of  Charles  II,  James 
II,  William  and  Mary,  and  William  III,  of  Eng- 
land. 

The  secretary  exhibited  a  more  miscellaneous, 
but  very  interesting  and  valuable  parcel  of  med- 
als. The  one  which  excited  most  attention,  was 
a  very  curious  medal  with  the  arms  of  Virginia 
and  the  inscription  "  Rebellion  to  tyrants  is  obe- 
dience to  God,"  on  the  reverse  a  white  man  and 


Indian  sitting  together,  and  the  inscription  "  Hap- 
py while  united,"  with  the  date  1780.  Nothing 
is  known  of  its  origin  or  history.  Among  the 
others  were  the  Washington  medal  by  Eccleston, 
in  tin,  the  Washington  of  the  Series  Numismatica 
in  silver,  the  "  Boston  ship-medal  "  in  silver,  (see 
Hist.  Mug.  vol.  vn.  p.  197),  and  a  silver  medal 
celebrating  the  capture  of  Lonisbourg  in  17.18  by 
the  forces  of  England  and  New  England.  Foreign 
coins  were  represented  by  the  rare  silver  pound 
piece  of  Charles  I,  and  there  were  two  very  curi- 
ous and  fine  Dutch  medals,  struck  in  1782,  on 
the  successful  ending  of  the  American  Revolution. 
Other  members  also  showed  medals,  and  a  very 
agreeable  meeting  was  dissolved  at  5  p.  m. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


New  Hampshire  Historical  Society. — Con- 
cord, June^th — Theanual  meeting  of  this  society 
was  held  at  the  Library  rooms  of  the  Society.  The 
following  officers  were  elected  for  the  ensuing  year: 

Wm.  H.  Hackett,  of  Portsmouth,  President; 
Joseph  B.  Walker,  Concord,  l?t  Vice-President; 
Asa  McFarland,  Concord,  2d  Vice-President ,-  N. 
Bouton,  D.  D.,  Concord,  Cor  Secretary;  Wm.  L. 
Foster,  Concord,  Rec.  Secretary;  Edward  Sawyer, 
Concord,  Treasurer;  Wm.  F.  Goodwin,  Concord, 
Librarian;  Hon.  Samuel  D.  Bell,  Manchester, 
Rev.  N.  Bouton,  D.  D.,  Concord,  Publishing  Com- 
mittee; Benj.  P.  Stone,  D.  D.,  Joseph  B.  Walker, 
Wrm.  Prescott,  of  Concord,  Standing  Committee; 
Francis  N.  Fisk,  Concord,  Auditor.  The  Society 
is  in  a  flourishing  condition,  though  in  need  of 
funds  to  carry  on  its  work.  There  are  at  present 
about  5,000  volumes  in  the  Library. 

The  address  expected  before  the  Society  last 
evening,  by  Prof.  Brown,  of  Dartmouth  College, 
was  not  delivered  on  account  of  that  gentleman 
being  detained  in  Boston. 


NEW  YORK. 
New  York  Historical  Society. — A  stated  meet- 
ing of  this  Society  was  held  on  Tuesday  evening, 
Jiine  7th. — Frederic  de  Peyster,  P^sq.,  Presideut, 
in  the  Chair.  After  the  reading  of  the  minutes  of 
the  last  meeting,  the  President  read  letters  from 
Richard  Varick  De  Witt,  presenting  a  drawing  of 
the  celebrated  Steam  Frigate  Robert  Fulton  ;  from 
Oscar  Coles,  accompanying  a  copy  of  Higgins's 
Jlnacalypsis ;  from  Augustus  B.  Sage,  presenting  an 
original  letter  of  Gov.  Tompkins;  and  from  John 
L.  Sutherland,  presenting  to  the  Society  a  Ms. 
note  book  of  the  proceedings  of  the  ■•  Moot,"  an 
association  of  lawyers  in  this  city,  commencing 
in  the  year  1770,  and  extending  to  1774,  with  ex- 
tracts from  the  Rules  of  the  Colonial  Supreme 
Court,  commencing  with  the  close  of  the  17th 
century. 


252 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[July, 


The  Librarian  reported  the  donations  since  the 
last  meeting.  Among  them  was  the  silver  snuff- 
box used  bv  John  Lang  of  the  N.  Y.  Gazette,  pre- 
sented by  Edward  II.  Puffer,  and  the  original  Ms. 
of  the  famous  reply  of  Mess,  de  Gasparin,  Labou- 
lave.  and  others  to  the  Loyal  League  of  N.  Y., 
with  copies  of  the  various  editions  of  the  corre- 
spondence published  by  tha  Loyal  Publication 
Society,  presented  through  John  Austin  Stevens, 
Jr. 

Mr.  Moore  called  the  attention  of  the  Society 
especially  to  the  donation  of  a  very  interesting 
collection  of  views,  maps,  etc.,  of  old  N.  Y.,  for- 
merly belonging  to  David  Grim,  and  presented 
by  his  granddaughter,  Mrs.  Sophia  C.  Mintou,  of 
this  city,  through  Judge  Daly. 

On  motion  of  Judge  Kirkland,  a  committee  of 
five  members  was  appointed  to  cooperate  with  the 
special  committee,  on  the  Celebration  of  the  two 
hundredth  Anniversary  of  the  Conquest  of 
New  Netberland,  a  report  and  form  of  a  circu- 
lar from  the  select  Committee  on  Arms  and  Tro- 
phies was  read  and  adopted.  George  H.  Moore, 
Esq  ,  the  Librarian,  then  read  a  very  interesting 
paper  by  Henry  T.  Tuckerman,  embracing  notices 
of  American  Colonization  and  Nomenclature.  On 
its  conclusion  a  vote  of  thanks  was  given  to  Mr. 
Tuckerman,  and  a  copy  requested  for  the  archives 
of  the  Society.  After  some  remarks  on  the  im- 
portance of  preserving  family  papers,  Mr.  Gibbs 
submitted  the  following  resolution  which  was 
adopted  : 

Resolved,  That  the  Executive  Committee  be  in- 
structed to  make  an  appeal  to  all  persons  possess- 
ing original  historical  documents,  letters,  &c,  to 
give  to  the  Society  either  the  originals,  or  certified 
copies  thereof. 


OHIO. 

Fire  Lands  Historical  Society.  —  Norwalk, 
June  8,  1864. — The  annual  meeting  was  held  in 
Whittlesey  Hall,  Norwalk,  on  Wednesday,  June 
8th,  1864,  at  11  o'clock  A.  m.,  and  called  to  order 
by  the  venerable  president,  Piatt  Benedict,  Esq. 
He  expressed  in  fitting  terms  his  gratification  at 
again  meeting  so  many  of  the  members  of  the  so- 
ciety. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Cornell,  of  Norwalk,  opened  the 
meeting  with  prayer.  By  request  of  the  Secreta- 
ry, the  Rev.  C.  F.  Lewis,  of  Wakeman,  was  ap- 
pointed Assistant,  and  the  proceedings  of  the 
meeting  held  at  Castalia  were  read  by  him. 

C.  A.  Preston,  Esq.,  Treasurer,  submitted  his 
report  for  the  year,  which  was  approved. 

The  annual  report  of  the  Secretary  next  pre- 
sented, congratulated  the  Society  on  its  prosper- 
ity during  the  past  year.  The  Society  is  free 
from  debt.  The  Pioneer  is  not  only  self-sustain- 
ing but  increasing  in  size  and  interest  and  also 
in  circulation  beyond  the  Fire-Lands.     It  refer- 


red to  the  want  of  a  better  place  for  the  deposit 
and  arrangement  of  articles  for  the  Cabinet  ;  and 
closed  with  a  reference  to  the  fact  that  the  first 
half  century  of  the  independent  civil  history  of 
Huron  county  will  close  Aug   1st,  1865. 

After  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the  Secretary,  the 
Society  proceeded  to  an  election  of  officers  for 
the  ensuing  year,  which  resulted  as  follows: 

Piatt  Benedict,  Norwalk,  President;  G.  H. 
Woodruff,  Peru,  Z.  Philips.  Berlin,  E.  Bemiss, 
Groton,  H.  Townsend,  New  London.  S.  C.  Par- 
ker, Greenfield,  "Vice-Presidents. 

C.  A.  Preston,  Norwalk,  Treasurer;  F.  D. 
Parish,  Sandusky,  P.  N  Schuyler,  Norwalk, 
corresponding  secretaries;  D.  H.  Pease,  Norwalk, 
recording  secretary  ;  R.  T.  Rust,  Norwalk,  keeper 
of  Cabinet. 

F.  D.  Parish,  Z.  Philips,  P.  N.  Schuyler,  C.  A. 
Preston,  D.  H.  Pease,  Directors. 

An  opportunity  was  then  given,  and  20  per- 
sons became  members  of  the  Society.  The  sev- 
eral township  historical  committees  were  then 
called  on  for  reports  ;  after  which,  the  Society 
took  a  recess  till  half  past  one  p.  m.,  during 
which  the  members  were  hospitably  entertained 
by  the  citizens  of  Norwalk. 

The  Society  met  in  the  afternoon  pursuant  to 
adjournment,  Vice-President  Woodruff  in  the 
chair. 

Mrs.  John  Wheeden,  of  Sandusky,  presented 
the  Society  with  six  bound  volumes  of  the  San- 
dusky Clarion,  the  first  newspaper  published  on 
the  Fire-Lands. 

The  venerable  John  P.  McArdle,  of  Fremont, 
the  publisher  of  the  Norwalk  Reporter,  the  first 
paper  published  in  the  present  limits  of  Huron 
county,  presented  the  Society  with  a  history  of 
the  "  American  Revolution."  which  was  publish- 
ed by  him  in  1815,  at  the  Register  office,  Clinton, 
Ohio,  on  the  press  which  was  brought  over  the 
Alleghany  Mountains,  and  on  which  the  Report- 
er was  afterward  printed.  The  work  also  con- 
tained a  ucolnmbiad"  of  13  cantoes  on  the  Amer- 
ican war,  by  Richard  Snowdon. 

Mr.  Ami  Keeler,  of  Norwalk,  presented  four 
sermons,  on  the  "  Nature,  end,  and  design  of  the 
Holy  Communion, "  by  Samuel  Clarke,  D.  D., 
Dublin  1738 ;  the  hames  worn  by  the  horse 
which  drew  the  family  of  his  father,  Luke  Keeler, 
from  Connecticut  to  Norwalk  ;  and  the  veritable 
tin  horn  used  by  his  father  and  himself  to  call 
people  to  meeting  before  bells  were  known  in 
Norwalk. 

Mr.  Bartlett  Davis,  of  Hartland,  presented  from 
M.  D.  Bnrt,  of  South  Bristol,  Wisconsin,  several 
books,  formerly  the  property  of  his  great  grand- 
father, Asa  Chaffee,  of  Wilbraham,  Massachusetts. 
The  following  were  also  exhibited  by  Mrs.  P. 
Reding,  of  Norwalk  :  A  linen  apron  worn  by 
her  grandmother,  Mrs.  H.  F.  Benedict,  at  her 
marriage  more  than  one  hundred  years  ago: — 
By  Dr.  J.  B.  Ford,  of  Norwalk,  a  blackjack  stick, 
cut  by  Colonel  Wilder,  on  Mission  Bridge,  Ten- 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


253 


nessee,  one-half  mile  south  of  Gen.  Bragg's  Head- 
quarters. The  bush  and  branches  have  been 
struck  by  thirty- four  balls:  by  H.  P.  Nelson,  of 
Bronson,  a  printed  invitation  to  Mr.  John  Nelson, 
(his  father),  and  lady  to  a  Ball  to  be  held  in  Mr. 
John  Boali's  Ball  Room,  in  Norwalk,  in  1822, 
signed  by  J.  Williams,  M.  C.  Sanders,  E.  Cook, 
P.  Lattimer,  C.  Butler,  D.  M.  Benedict,  Managers  : 
By  Mr.  R.  Osborn,  of  Berlin,  specimens  of  cotton 
grown  by  him  in  that  township  in  1862-3  :  By 
Messrs.  J.  II.  Niles  and  A.  Haynes,  of  Norwich,  a 
variety  of  ancient  stone  relics. 

Not  the  least  interesting  portion  of  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  afternoon,  were  the  experiences  of 
some  of  the  early  pioneers,  as  related  by  them- 
selves. Mrs.  Polly  Pieace,  of  Peru,  gave  a  graph- 
ic description  of  the  early  trials  and  enjoyments 
of  the  first  settlers  of  that  township.  She  was 
present  at,  and  member  of  the  first  Methodist 
class  meeting  held  in  Norwalk.  During  her  re- 
marks she  presented  to  "Father  Benedict"  a 
crane,  given  to  her  grandmother,  Sarah  Sher- 
man, at  her  marriage  in  1759  :  a  fire  shovel,  the 
first  brought  into  Teru;  the  first  mortar  in  that 
township,  brought  in  by  Mrs.  Clary,  and  a  chair 
of  the  olden  style,  made  in  1815,  by  John  Nelson, 
of  Peru. 

Mr.  G.  H.  Woodruff,  of  Peru,  described  the 
early  appearance  of  Norwalk,  when  emigrants 
avoided  the  sand  ridge,  as  a  place  destitute  of 
water  and  fit  only  for  scrub  o  iks  to  grow. 

Mr.  Philo  Wells,  of  Vermillion,  related  the 
excitement  caused  by  the  first  steamboat  on  the 
Lake,  how  himself  and  wife  used  to  cross  the 
Vermillion  on  cx-back  to  go  visiting,  and  a  tavern 
story  of  the  early  days. 

Mr.  Osborn,  of  Fitchville,  followed  with  an  in- 
teresting account  of  early  times  in  that  vicinity. 

Judge  Parish,  of  Sandusky,  described  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  pra;ries  on  the  Fire-Lands  when 
first  settled  upon.  He  also  paid  a  flowing  tribute 
to  the  memory  of  Hon.  Joshua  R.  Giddings,  whose 
early  history  was  connected  with  that  of  the  Fire- 
Lands,  and  presented  a  resolution  appropriate  to 
his  memory,  which  was  unanimously  adopted  by 
the  Society. 

Mai  tin  Kellog,  Esq.,  of  Bronson,  gave  an  ac- 
count of  the  trials  experienced  by  himself  and 
family  in  1815,  when  moving  from  Vermont  to 
the  Fire-Lands,  and  exhibited  a  bill  on  the  Old 
Bank  of  Bloomingville,  as  a  specimen  of  the 
worthless  currency  with  which  the  country  was 
flooded  at  that  time. 

E  Bemiss,  Esq.,  of  Groton,  in  conclusion,  gave 
a  lively  picture  of  the  difficulties  and  discourage- 
ments of  the  early  pioneers  of  the  western  part  of 
the  Fire-Lands 

Judge  S.  C.  Parker,  in  appropriate  terms  an- 
nounced the  names  of  pioneers  deceased  since 
the  last  meeting. 

Hon.  F.  D.  Parish  and  Judge  Z.  Philips  were 
appointed  a  committee  on  the  place  for  the  next 
meeting. 


The  exercises  of  the  afternoon  were  interspersed 
with  music  by  Mrs.  Gibhs,  Mrs.  Lovrein,  Miss  C. 
Rennan,  Messrs.  Kiigsley  and  Gilbert,  which  add- 
ed much  to  the  interest  of  the  occasion. 

The  Society  voted  its  warmest  thanks  to  the 
choir  for  their  excellent  music,  the  Committee  of 
Arrangements  for  their  successful  efforts  in  pro- 
viding for  the  wants  of  all,  and  the  citizens  of 
Norwalk  for  their  generous  hospitality  ;  and  after 
uniting  with  the  audience  iu  singing  "Old  Hun- 
dred," adjourned. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

Pennsylvania  Historical  Society. -Philadelphia 
June  Vdth. — A  meeting  of  the  Historical  Society 
was  held  last  night,  Mr.  Snowden  in  the  chair. — 
Donations  and  additions  to  the  library  were  re- 
ported to  the  Society,  numbering  about  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty-seven  volumes.  A  report  from 
the  Historical  Committee  was  then  read  in  refer- 
ence to  a  proposal  for  changing  the  Constitution 
of  the  Society.  A  report  was  read,  giving  an  ac- 
count of  the  organization  of  the  Delaware  Histor- 
ical Society. 

The  report,  from  the  last  stated  meeting,  of  the 
Executive  Committee  with  regard  to  the  pur- 
chase of  the  Penn  Mansion  was  then  read  ana  sanc- 
tioned. 

Wm.  W.  Lowery,  Esq.,  on  motion  of  Dr.  Coats 
was  elected  a  member. 

A  report  was  then  read  by  Mr.  Smith  with  re- 
gard to  the  proposal  for  purchasing  the  old  State 
House  or  Penn  Manor. 

Mr.  Smith  showed  that  it  was  not  advisable 
for  the  Society  to  make  the  outlay,  but  said  that 
if  through  the  exertion  of  the  Historical  Society 
one-third  of  the  purchase  money  could  be  raised, 
he  had  no  doubt  that  the  city  authorities  could 
raise  the  rest,  and  assume  the  responsibility  of 
keeping  the  building  in  repair. 

The  report  was  accepted  and  the  meeting  ad- 
journed. 


OBITUARY. 
John  Woodbridge. — Another  pioneer  of  Ohio 
— one  of  the  earliest  and  worthiest — has  gone  to 
join  the  company  of  the  departed  and  memorable 
dead.  On  the  14th  instant,  John  Woodbridge, 
of  Chillicothe,  died,  in  the  79th  year  of  his  age. 
There  is  probably  not  a  living  pioneer  in  the 
State  who  came  earlier  than  he,  nor  one  who  has 
pursued  a  more  useful  or  honorable  life.  This 
will  be  evident  from  a  very  brief  review  of  his 
career.  Mr.  Woodbridge  was  born  in  1785,  and 
was  the  son  of  the  Hon.  Dudley  Woodbridge,  of 
Norwich,  Connecticut,  and  the  brother  of  Dudley 
Woodbridge,  of  Marietta,  and  the  Hon.  William 
Woodbridge,  of  Michigan.     He  and  his  brothers 


254 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[July, 


were  brought  by  bis  father  to  Marietta,  at  the 
first  settlement  in  1788.  It  is,  therefore,  more  than 
75  years  since  this  aged  citizen  first  trod  the  soil 
of  Ohio.  He  beheld  its  infancy  cradled  amidst 
the  wilds  of  the  forests  and  the  war-hoop  of  the 
savage,  and  looked  with  pleasure  upon  its  ad- 
vance to  strength  and  civilization.  The  memory 
of  its  pioneer  life  was  mingled  with  the  enjoyment 
of  its  prosperity. 

Mr.  Wood  bridge  was  sent,  when  a  boy,  to  Con- 
necticut for  his  education,  where  his  teacher  was 
Azel  Backus,  afterward  President  of  Hamilton  Col- 
lege, N.  Y. 

Mr.  W.  settled  in  Chillicothe  in  1806.  After 
passing  a  short  time  in  mercantile  business,  he 
was  chosen  cashier  of  the  then  newly  chartered 
(since  called  old)  Bank  of  Chillicothe.  This  office 
he  held  with  distinguished  honor  and  usefulness 
till  the  charter  expired,  in  1844 — a  period  of  thir- 
ty-five years.  No  one  unacquainted  with  the 
history  of  banking  in  Ohio,  and  the  gr^at  finan- 
cial difficulties  which  for  a  long  time  obstructed 
or  deranged  business,  can  properly  estimate  the 
useful  and  valuable  services  of  Mr.  Woodhridge 
as  a  financier.  The  Bank  of  Chillicothe  at  times 
rendered  great  serivce  to  the  Government,  and 
■when  most  of  the  banking  institutions  were  crum- 
bling around,  maintained  its  credit  with  fidelity 
and  honor. 

Retired  from  this  responsible  situation,  Mr.  W. 
pursued  for  the  remainder  of  his  life  the  path  of 
a  private  gentleman,  with  sufficient  means  to  cul- 
tivate his  literary  and  rural  tastes.  Few  men  un- 
derstand how  to  pursue  such  a  life  with  dignity, 
urbanity,  and  usefulness.  Yet  Mr.  W.  had  all  of 
these.  Naturally  modest  and  diffident,  kind, 
gentle  and  tender — he  was  yet  possessed  of  all 
those  sterner  virtues  which  belong  to  strength  of 
mind  and  character,  and  which  shield  life  from 
much  of  human  Buffering. 

Simple  in  his  tastes,  and  abstemious  in  his 
habits,  his  last  sickness  was  almost  his  only  one. 
Nearly  forty  years  ago  he  had  made  a  profession 
of  religion,  and  continued  to  practice  it,  a  devot- 
ed, consistent  and  cheerful  Christian. 

Most  happy  in  his  domestic  and  social  relations, 
he  enjoyed  life,  but  towards  its  close  wts  oblig- 
ed to  feel  some  of  those  afflictions  which  the  aged 
are  ill  able  to  bear.  During:  his  youth  and  early 
manhood  the  society  of  Chillicothe  was  unsur- 
passed in  "whatever  is  agreeable  and  attractive  — 
Many  a  brilliant  intellect,  and  genial  spirit,  and 
hospitable  citizen,  long  numbered  with  the  dead, 
were  centered  there.  Mr.  Woodhridge  outlived 
these,  his  early  associates,  and  felt  that  he  could 
not  replace  them.  Col.  W  K.  Bond,  a  friend  of 
fifty  years,  and  almost  the  last,  has  just  preceed- 
ed  him  to  the  grave.  In  the  meantime  he  had 
met  with  that  bereavement  which  comes  nearest 
the  heart,  and  which  no  time  can  cure.  Then 
the  clouds  resting  on  his  country  cast  their  shad- 
dows  on  his  mind.  All  this  was  borne  with  pa- 
tience and  fortitude,  till  the  aged  pioneer  came  to 


his  end,  gathered  like  the  full  shock  of  corn  when 
the  reaper  is  ready. 

Not  often  again  will  one  of  the  band  of  1788  be 
carried  to  the  grave,  not  often  will  any  one  seven- 
ty-live years  a  citizen  of  Ohio,  and  therefore,  as 
well  as  for  his  fair  name,  we  record  these  few 
lines  in  memory  of  a  pioneer. 

E.  D.  M. 

Morrow,  May  14. 


$fotes  m  looks. 


Gleanings  from  the  Harvest  Field  of  American  His- 
tory.     By  Henry  B.  Dawson,  part  XI,   Morris- 
ania,  N.  Y.,  1863.     The  Assault  on  Stony  Point. 
By  General  Anthony  Wayne,  July  16,   1779. — 
Prepared  for  the  New  York  Historical   Society, 
and  read  at  its  regular  monthly  meeting    April 
1,  1862,  with  a  map,  fac  similes  and  illustrative 
notes.     By  Henry  B.   Dawson,  Morrisania,    N. 
Y.,  1863,  imp.  8  Vo.  VIII,  156  pp. 
Mr.  Dawson  is  one  of  the  most  thorough  his- 
torical students  in  the  country,  and  having  made 
the  revolutionary  period   a  special  object   of  re- 
search cannot  make   such   a   monograph  as    this 
anything  but  a  most  valuable  and  exhaustive  con- 
tribution to  our  lihraries.     Having  had  full  access 
to  the  well  preserved  papers   of  General    Wayne, 
he  found  the  series  of  documents  on  Stony    Point 
extremely  rich    and   valuable.     Few    who  heard 
his  paper  can  forget  the    impression  produced  as 
in  his    interesting   narrative,    he  read    one   after 
another  of  these  venerable  papers,  letters  of  Wash- 
ington and  Wayne.     Many  of  these  are  here  giv- 
en in  fac  simile,  and  the  volume   elegantly  print- 
ed becomes  by  these  additionary  enhancements  a 
most  -luxurious  work.       Those  who   heard  the 
paper  will  find  in  the  appendix  a  map  of  docu- 
ments sustaining  its  positions,  and  embracing  all 
that  is  known  of  this  brilliant  action. 


History  of  the  Rebellion,  its  authors  and  causes.  By 
Joshua  R.  Giddings.  New  York  :  Follet,  Fos- 
ter  &  Co.,  1864,  8°  498. 

The  appearance  of  this  volume  coincides  with 
the  close  of  the  life  of  its  author.  One  of  the  ear- 
liest, most  thorough  and  uncompromising  oppo- 
nents of  slavery,  his  political  life  was  a  war  against 
it  ;  and  in  these  ardent  pages  he  gives  really  his 
political  life.  It  is  a  work  that  must  be  read  by 
any  one  who  sits  down  to  understand  the  present 
struggle,  to  foim  a  correct  idea  of  the  movement 
which  finally  raised  Mr.  Lincoln  to  the  Presiden- 
tial chair  and  induced  the  South  to  attempt  its 
long  threatened  secession.  Many  parts  are  ex- 
tremely well  written  and  cannot  be  read    without 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


255 


being  deeply  impressed.  We  now  live  ami!  the 
storm,  but  "post  nuhila  Phoebus"  and  in  the 
clear  sunlight  we  shall  see  much  that  is  now  dim 
and  taint. 


The  Fire  Lands  Pioneer,  published  by  the  Fire 
Lands  Historical  Society  Vol.  V,  1864. 
We  welcome  this  new  volume  of  transactions 
and  collections  of  the  enterprising  society  in  the 
Fire  Lands  of  Ohio,  which  comes  adorned  with  a 
striking  likeness  of  the  late  Govenor  Klisha  Whit- 
tlesey. Besides  the  reports  of  the  meetings  of  the 
Society  it  contains  memoirs  of  Ridgefield,  Fair- 
field, Richmond,  Greenwich,  Sherman,  Ruggles, 
and  much  miscellaneous  matter  of  great  value  as 
contributions  to  local  history. 


The  United  Service  Magazine,  H.  Coppie,  Editor. 

Vol.  1,  C.  B.  Richaidson,  New  York,  1864. 

This  new  magazine  printed  in  the  finest  style, 
gives  the  military  profession  a  periodical  which 
they  have  reason  to  be  proud  of  and  to  sustain 
with  h  arty  marks  of  appreciation.  Edited  by  a 
gentleman  who  to  a  military  education  aud  actual 
experience-  in  the  field,  adds  the  highest  literary 
talent,  it  cannot  fail  to  be  what  military  men  will 
expect,  while  its  contributions  from  the  pens  of 
men  universally  acknowledged  as  chiefs  in  their 
departments  of  science,  give  their  essays  a  weight 
that  cannot  but  be  acknowledged. 


National  Portrait  Galhry  of  distinguished  Ameri- 
cans. The  portraits  by  Alonzo  Chappell — the 
biographies  by  K.  A.  Duvckinck.  Mew  York  : 
Johnson,  Fry  &  Co.,  1864. 
The  publishers  conclude  with  the  number  now 
before  us,  this  American  Portrait  Gallery,  which 
in  many  respects,  replaces  all  former  collections 
of  the  kind,  and  is  likely  to  stand  alone  for  many 
years  as  the  best  illustrated  record  of  American 
Worthies.  Our  country  has  been  so  prolific  of 
great  men  that  there  has  been  difficulty  in  select- 
ing, but  all  the  really  great  representative  men 
aie  here.  The  Presidents  form  a  group  by  them- 
selves. The  Revolutionary  Patriots  and  soldiers, 
the  heroes  of  the  later  wars,  the  jurists,  men  of 
science,  artists,  authors,  are  all  included  here. 
The  engravings  are  not  mere  vignettes  or  busts, 
but  full  lengths,  elaborately  done;  the  biographies 
written  with  care,  by  a  high  y  accomplished 
scholar  who  seizes  in  his  graphic  portraiture  the 
strong  points  of  life  and  character,  and  gives  his 
picture  the  warmth  and  tone  and  color  of  a  mas- 
ter. 


The  History  of  the  War  for  the  Un'on,  Civil,  Mili- 
tary, and  Naval.     By  E.  A.  Duyckinck.     New 
York:  Johnson,  Fry  &  Co.,  1864. 
The  History  of  the  War  here  given  us  by  Mr. 

Duyckinck,  comes  down  iu  these  numbers  to  the 


capture  of  Maryland  Heights,  in  1862.  It  fully 
sustains  the  promise  of  its  commencement,  and  is 
a  lull,  impartial  work,  written  with  the  literary 
skill  whkh  the  author's  name  guarantees.  Amid 
the  endless  detail  of  the  great  strucgle  he  has 
chosen  the  important  points,  weaving  into  his 
narrative  all  the  great  events  and  enabling  his 
reader  to  follow  without  confusion  the  course  of 
the  war.  The  illustrations  are  like  all  those  that 
characterize  the  works  issued  by  the  house,  supe- 


The  History  of  the  Administration  of  P  res' dent  Lin- 
coln, including  his  Speeches,  Letters,  Addresses, 
Proclamations,  and  Messages,  with  a  Preliminary 
Sketch  of  his  Life.  By  Henry  J.  Raymond. 
New  York  :  J.  C.  Derby  and  A.  C.  Miller. 
12mo.,  pp.  496. 

Mr.  Raymond  is  known  to  the  country  as  an 
able  politician,  once  filling  the  position  of  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor of  the  State  of  New  York,  and 
for  many  years  the  able  editor  of  the  New  York 
Times  Of  the  political  history  of  the  time,  few 
are  more  competent  to  write  clearly  and  under- 
standing^. The  present  volume  is,  in  brief,  a 
history  of  the  present  administration  by  one 
friendly  to  it.  It  is,  however,  written  with  great 
fairness  and  entire  calmness,  and  none  need  hes- 
itate to  take  it  up  from  any  fear  of  undue  bias,  or 
that  perversion  of  fact  and  violent  language  which, 
some  seem  unable  to  avoid. 

The  work  is  furnished  with  a  full  index,  and, 
as  it  embraces  all  the  messages  and  proclamations 
of  President  Lincoln,  is  a  most  acceptable  work. 
The  publishers  have  got  it  up  in  a  very  creditable 
style. 


Historical  Collections  of  the  Essex  Institute.     Vol. 

VI.,  No.  1.     Salem,  1864. 

This  welcome  quarterly  opens  with  a  memoir 
of  Daniel  A.  White,  by  G.  VV.  Briggs,  a  paper 
read  before  the  Kssex  Institute,  January  4,  lSb'4; 
Mr.  Rantours  Connection  with  M  litary  and  Legis- 
lative Matters;  the  Book  of  Marriages  of  Rowley; 
an  interesting  account  of  the  formation  of  the 
Essex  Historical  Society,  the  predecessor  of  the 
Essex  Institute. 


Hjfisttllanj. 


Rev.  D.  Winslow  who  is  preparing  a  Genealogy 
of  the  Winslow  Family,  may  be  addiessed  at  No. 
26,  E.  4th  St.,  New  York. 

Elias  Barr  &  Co.,  Lancaster,  Penn.,  announce 
a  History  of  the  Pennsylvania  Reserves,  an  octavo 
of  600  pp.,  with   portraits  of  Gov.    Curtin  and 


256 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[July, 


Gen.  Reynolds.     We  hope  they  will  add  General 
McCall  and  Gen.  Meade. 

Crosbey  &  Nichols,  Boston,  have  issued  Chap- 
Iain  Quint's  Notes  of  Campaign  in  Virginia  and 
Tennessee. 

A  Statue  of  Columbus. — The  government  of 
Spain  is  about  to  erect  a  statue  in  Madrid  to 
Christopher  Columbus.  It  will  be  built  in  "  paseo 
de  Recoletas,"  in  front  of  the  Royal  Treasury. 
The  statue  will  be  of  bronze,  from  twenty  five  to 
thirty  feet  in  height,  elevated  upon  a  pedestal 
sixteen  feet  high.  Three  of  the  sides  of  the  ped- 
estal wiil  be  adorned  with  bas-relievos,  represent- 
ing incidents  of  the  first  transatlantic  voyage  of 
Columbus,  and  the  fourth  side  will  bear  an  in- 
scription, to  le  dictated  by  the  Royal  Academy  of 
History.  It  is  understood  that  the  competition 
for  the  commission  will  be  open  to  sculptors  of 
all  nations,  and  it  would  le  singularly  appropriate 
should  American  genius  win  the  prize,  and  the 
name  of  an  American  be  associated  with  the  statue 
to  be  raised  in  honor  of  the  discoverer  of  America. 

Messrs.  Sheldon  &  Co.,  of  New  York,  have  in 
press,  it  is  said,  the  long  mentioned  Memoirs  of 
General  Scott,  a  book  which  will  be  read  with 
avidity.  The  long  services  of  the  General,  a  life 
of  military  activity  from  the  war  of  1812  to  the 
great  rebellion,  including  the  triumphs  in  Mexico, 
his  position  before  the  country  as  a  candidate  for 
its  highest  honors,  all  give  it  more  than  usual  in- 
terest. 

We  have  had  two  Lives  of  the  sainted  Jackson, 
as  our  southern  brethren  are  beginning  to  call 
him,  but  a  third  is  announced  from  the  pen  of 
Rev.  R.  L.  Dabney,  of  the  Theological  Seminary 
at  Hampton  Sidney  College,  who  writes  at  the  re- 
quest of  Gen  Ewell,  and  Mrs.  Jackson. 

Among  "  War  Books "  appears  a  little  book 
entitled,  Soldiering  in  North  Carolina,  by  Thomas 
Kirwan,  7th  Mass.,  which  is  well  spoken  of. 

The  Library  of  the  late  W.  J.  Davis,  which  is 
well  known  as  one  of  unusual  value  in  the  depart- 
ment of  American  histor}',  will  be  offered  for  sale 
at  auction  early  in  the  fall.  His  friend,  Henry  B. 
Dawson,  assisted  by  Messrs.  John  B.  Moreau  and 
John  G.  Shea,  has  undertaken  to  catalogue  the 
property  ;  and  it  is  probable  that  Mr.  Merwin  will 
be  invited  to  act  as  the  salesman.  It  is  horwd, 
for  the  sake  of  the  children  of  our  friend,  that 
those  who  watched  the  Allan  sale  so  closely  will 
not  forget  this. 

Walker,  Wise  &  Co.,  Boston,  have  in  press  the 
Notes  of  a  Corporal  in  the  Nineteenth  Army 
Corps,  by  James  K.  Hosmer. 

Moore,  Wilstach  &  Co.,  Cincinnati,  have  in 
press  the  papers  of  Harman  Blennerhassett,  em- 
bracing his  Journal  and  Correspondence,  from 
which  much  light  may  reasonably  be  expected 


on  one  of  the  most  obscure  passages  of  our  coun- 
try's history. 

Gould  and  Lincoln,  Boston,  have  in  press,  an 
octavo  on  The  Military  History  of  Massachusetts, 
in  the  war  of  the  Rebellion,  embracing  a  com- 
plete and  authentic  history  of  the  part  which  that 
State  has  acted  in  the  present  war,  from  the  com- 
mencement to  the  present  time. 

George  W.  Childs,  of  Philadelphia,  will  soon 
publish  a  volume  entitled  "  The  Union  Generals," 
embracing  the  lives  and  services  of  the  Generals 
of  the  Union  Army.  The  biographies  and  battle 
sketches  in  this  volume  have  been  prepared  by 
J.  S  C.  Abbott,  B.  J.  Losing,  J.  T.  Headley,  E. 
A.  Duyckinck,  Prof.  II.  Coppee,  Dr.  Tomes,  Rich- 
ard Grant  White,  and  several  military  authors  of 
high  repute. 

A  Mappemonde,  by  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  has  re- 
cently been  discovered  among  the  Royal  Collec- 
tion at  Windsor  Castle,  and  has  been  described  to 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Major. 
This  map  contains  thive  claims  to  priorUy  over 
all  maps  previously  known — viz..  it  is  the  first 
containing  the  map  of  America;  the  first  showing 
the  severance  of  the  Hew  World  from  Asia,  and 
of  Cuba  from  Japan,  in  the  belief  of  which  Co- 
lumbus died;  and  the  first  representing  the  an-, 
cient  idea  of  a  great  southern  continent.  The 
date  due  to  the  map,  from  the  state  of  discovery 
which  it  represents,  is  1512.  Leonardo's  remark- 
able habit  of  writing  from  right  to  left,  wnich  Mr. 
Major  feared  might  prevent  his  proving  the' map 
(which  is  written  from  left  to  right)  to  be  Leon- 
ardo's, was  the  very  means  of  bringing  that  proof 
to  demonstration.  He  was  also  able  to  show  thai 
the  map  had  a  Vespucian  origin,  from  its  contain- 
ing the  repetition  of  a  blunder  in  the  use  of  the 
word  Abatia  for  Bahia  de  todos  os  Santos,  that 
word  being  a  translation  of  an  error  in  printing 
the  original  Italian  of  Vespucci  where  the  word 
Bahia  was  converted  into  Badia. 

Mr.  Major  further  showed,  with  great  ingenuity, 
a  highly  probable  connection  between  Leonardo 
da  Vinci  and  Vespucci,  though  the  medium  of 
the  Giacondi  family,  he  having  been  four  years 
engaged  on  the  famous  portrait  of  Mona  Lisa 
Giacondi,  while  at  the  same  time  a  Giacondi  was 
sent  from  Lisbon  to  Seville  by  the  King  of  Portu- 
gal to  seduce  Vespucci  from  the  service  of  Spain 
to  that  of  Portugal;  and  in  the  following  year 
the  narrative  of  his  third  voyage  was  translated 
into  Latin  by  another  Giacondi,  the  celebrated 
aichitect,  who  built  the  bridge  of  Notre  Dame,  at 
Paris.  In  tracing  this  connection,  Mr.  Major  was 
able  to  illustrate,  by  a  series  of  curious  facts,  the 
process  by  which  the  spurious  name  of  America 
became  first  suggested  and  afterwards  adopted  in 
print  by  a  small  cluster  of  men  at  the  little  town 
of  St.  Die,  in  Loraine,  who  acted  under  the  spe- 
cial patronage  of  R6ne,  second  Duke  of  Loraine 
and  Titular  King  of  Jerusalem  and  Sicily, 


T II E 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


Vol.  VIII.] 


AUGUST,   1864. 


[No.  8. 


(general  §eprtnuni. 


AFFAIRS    AT  FORT  CHARTRES,  1768- 
1781. 

The  kindness  of  one  of  our  historical  stu- 
dents enables  us  to  give  our  readers  the  fol- 
lowing curious  letters,  dated  chiefly  at  Fort 
Chartres,  and  giving  impressions  of  the 
western  country  as  an  English  officer  found 
it  after  the  pacification  effected  by  much 
toil,  at  the  close  of  Pontiac's  bold  endeav- 
or to  recover  by  a  combined  effort  of  the 
aboriginal  tribes  what  all  French  valor 
had  failed  to  accomplish. 

The  period  of  the  letters  embraces  the 
time  when  that  great  chief  of  the  Ottawas 
fell  at  Cahokia,  beneath  the  knife  of  an  as- 
sassin, hired  by  an  Englishman,  but  unfor- 
tunately the  writer,  not  knowing  how  pos- 
terity would  thank  him  for  details  of  the 
event,  makes  no  allusion  to  it,  although  he 
mentions  some  of  its  speedy  results. 

Fort  Chartres  is  now  a  ruin  on  the  bank 
of  the  Mississippi,  with  part  of  its  walls 
swept  away  by  the  turbid  tide,  and  a  dense 
forest  around,  towering  trees  even  growing 
in  its  very  midst,  so  that  a  stranger  unac- 
quainted with  its  history  might  easily  attri- 
bute it  to  some  early  race.  It  stands  near 
Prairie  du  Rocher,  Illinois,  and  was  built  in 
1720,  at  a  distance  of  a  mile  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi. It  was  repaired  in  1750,  and  at 
the  time  of  these  letters,  owing  to  a  new 
channel  formed  by  the  river,  was  not  over 
eighty  yards  from  the  water.  It  was  a  well 
built  stone  fort,  of  irregular  form,  the  sides 
being  about  490  feet  each. 

After  the  surrender  of  the  country  it  was 
left  in  command  of  St.  Ange  de   Bellerive, 

HI8T.  MAG.      VOL.  VIII.  33 


an  old  and  experienced  officer  who  held 
command  during  the  dangerous  period  of 
Pontiac's  conspiracy,  which  had  made  it  im- 
possible for  the  English  authorities  to  re- 
place him.  In  vain  did  Major  Loftus,  with 
400  regulars,  attempt  to  reach  it  by  way  of 
New  Orleans.  Volleys  from  hidden  foes  on 
the  shores  drove  him  back  with  loss  and 
panic  to  the  new  Spanish  town;  in  vain 
Capt.  Pitman  made  a  subsequent  attempt  to 
penetrate  in  disguise,  he  lost  heart  and  re- 
tired ;  in  vain  did  Lt.  Fraser  seek  to  reach 
it  overland.  Narrowly  escaping  with  life 
he  reached  New  Orleans  also  in  disguise,  to 
add  doubtless  to  the  ill-concealed  amusement 
of  the  French  and  Spanish  officers,  at  these 
ineffectual  attempts  of  the  English  to  get 
to  one  of  their  own  Forts. 

When  Croghan  met  Pontiac  and  peace 
was  arranged,  then  and  then  only  did  Thom- 
as Stirling,  who  died  in  1808  a  General  and 
Baronet,  now  only  a  Captain,  who  had  fought 
bravely  under  Abercrombie  and  Amherst, 
lead  from  Fort  Pitt  one  hundred  of  the  42nd 
Highlanders,  and  to  him  on  the  10th  of 
October,  1765,  did  St.  Ange  surrender  the 
Fort  in  a  long  document  which  the  curious 
reader  will  find  in  the  N.  Y.  Colonial  Doc- 
uments. At  last  the  flag  of  England  floated 
in  Illinois.  On  the  2d  of  December  Major 
Robert  Farmer,  of  the  34th  Foot,  arrived 
with  a  strong  body  of  troops  and  assumed 
command.  It  is  not  unlikely  that  he  died 
in  1768,  as  his  name  then  disappears  from 
the  army  lists.  At  all  events  Lt.  Col.  John 
Wilkins,  an  officer  of  considerable  experi- 
ence, arrived  there  Sept.  5,  1768,  and  took 
command  of  the  fort.  The  following  letters 
give  us  a  glimpse  of  his  regime.  He  was 
probably  its  last  commandant,  as  Father 
Mississippi  in  1772,  carried  by  storm  two 
bastions  and  a  curtain  aud  the  English 
struck  their  flag  and  abandoned  Fort  Char- 


258 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Aug. 


tres,  soon  to  yield  the  whole  Illinois  country 
to  a  new  republic. 

Messrs.  Editor  : 

The  correspondence,  of  which  the  follow- 
ing letters  form  a  part,  recently  came  into 
my  temporary  keeping,  in  the  course  of  a 
genealogical  investigation  which  I  was  pur- 
suing, and  seemed  worthy  of  preservation 
in  your  valuable  Magazine.  It  consisted  of 
various  letters,  bills,  etc.,  addressed  to  one 
Capt.  Thomas  Barnsley  of  Bensalem,  Bucks 
Co.  Penn.,  by  various  officers  of  the  British 
Army,  stationed  at  different  posts  in  this 
country,  and  covered  a  period  extending 
from  '764  to  '771.  Capt.  Barnsley  became 
Ensign  of  the  60th  Beg.  Dec.  26, 1755,  and 
as  Lieut,  in  the  Royal  Americans  was 
wounded  at  Ticonderoga  July  8,  1758;  be- 
came a  Captain  May  5, 1759,  and,  as  appears 
from  these  documents,  had  been  in  '763  and 
'4  Paymaster  to  the  First  Battalion  of  H.  M. 
Royal  American  Regiment — and  this  corres- 
pondence sufficiently  evidences  the  respect 
and  confidence  roposed  in  his  character  and 
judgment,  as  a  man  of  business  as  well  as  a 
soldier,  by  all  who  had  any  dealings  with 
him.  From  Colonels  to  Ensigns- — from  offi- 
cial dignitaries  to  humble  tailors — whether 
in  America  or  in  England — -all  seemed  to 
make  him  their  confidant — to  seek  his  judg- 
ment— and  to  be  content  in  his  decision  and 
advice.  As  for  Ensign  Butricke,  the  writer 
of  these  letters,  we  know  little  save  what 
the  letters  themselves  tell  us.  He  seems  to 
have  fully  shared  in  the  public  confidence 
in  Mr.  Barnsley;  wrote  very  long,  7iaivea,nd 
rather  interesting  letters,  and,  as  far  as  we 
can  learn,  received  not  a  single  answer  from 
the  Captain,  yet  without  apparently  suffer- 
ing any  abatement  of  his  previous  respect 
and  affection  for  that  reticent  personage. 

I. 

A  Letter  from  George  Butricke,  dated  Phil- 
adelphia, 19th  Feb.  '768,  and  addressed 
to  Capt.  Thos.  Barnsley,  residing  at  Ben- 
salem— mostly  on  private  and  'pecuniary 
matters. 
"  We  have  no  kind  of  news  at   present 

but  that  of  Miss  Hannah  Boyts'  marriage  to 


Mr.  Dean,  merchant,  which  I  am  much 
pleased  with  for  particular  Reasons,  you 
know." 

"  We  in  the  Barrack  are  just  as  when 
you  was  in  town,  mostly  in  a  Blaze  with  the 
fumes  of  that  Dear  friend  Madiera,  which 
seems  to  steal  on  them  very  powerfully,  and 
very  often  makes  the  whole  Barrv,  as  it 
were,  a  Hell  indeed." 


II. 


To  Capt.  Thomas  Barnsley. 

Philadelphia,  the  22d  May,  '768. 
Dear  Sir  : 

I  have  the  pleasure  to  acquaint  you  that 
five  Companies  of  our  Regiment  Recd  or- 
ders yesterday  morning  to  be  ready  to  march 
at  six  hours  warning,  under  the  Command 
of  Col.  Wilkins*  for  Fort  Pitt,  and  as  I  am 
to  proceed  with  them  it  prevents  me  having 
the  pleasure  to  see  you  at  Present,  and  to 
prevent  there  being  any  mistake  betwixt  us 
I  have  sent  my  Servant,  with  the  things  I 
mentioned  to  you  when  you  was  here,  Vizt : 
Seven  hatts,  20  yards  of  furniture  Chintz 
and  Lace,  Powder,  flints,  Ball,  &c. 

I  shall  leave  my  Large  Chest  behind,  with 
every  thing  in  it  I  Cannot  Carry,  and  as  I 
know  no  person  I  can  so  well  depend  on  as 
our  Butcher  Kirker,  I  propose  to  Leave  it 
with  him,  with  orders  to  deliver  it  to  you 
should  any  thing  happen  to  me,  and  before 
I  Leave  Town  I  will  send  you  a  list  of  what 
it  Contains. 

in. 

A  letter  from  Butricke  to  the  same  Capt. 
Barnsley,  dated  June  23d,  1768,  at  Phila- 
delphia, announces  his  recovery  from  his 
'•late  illness,  so  as  to  hope  to  be  able  to  set 
off  for   Fort    Pitt   to-morrow   morning." — 

*  Lt.  Col.  John  Wilkins,  Capt.  55th  Foot  Dec. 
30,  1755,  was  Major  in  1762.  He  commanded  at 
Niagara.  In  1763  he  marched  to  relieve  Detroit, 
but  was  attacked  by  the  Indians,  his  troops  cut 
to  pieces,  and  he  forced  back  to  Fort  Schlosser. 
He  attempted  next  to  reach  it  by  water,  but  in  a 
storm  lost  seventy  men  and  was  again  compelled 
to  return.  In  August,  1764,  he  was  made  Major 
of  the  60th,  and  on  the  following  June,  Lt.  Col. 
of  the  18th  Royal  Irish.  Compare  Dr.  O'Calla- 
ghan's  note,  Col.  Doc.  vm,  185. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


259 


Complains  of  the  conduct  of  an  Apothecary, 
one  Bass,  of  that  city  Sec.  kc. 

IV. 

Fort  Chartres,  ]5th  Sept.,  1768. 
Dear  Sir  : 

I  had  the  pleasure  to  write  you  the  24th 
June,  the  day  before  I  left  Philadelphia, 
and  the  30,h  I  joined  Colonel  Wilkins  at 
the  Crossings  of  Juniata,  he  had  been 
detained  14  days  by  Col.  Armstrong,  for 
Want  of  Carriages.  But  lucky  for  me  he  had 
got  them  a  few  days  before  I  joined  him. 
The  14"'  July  we  arrived  at  Fort  Pitt, 
which  is  now  a  most  shocking  place ;  the 
"Works  and  Barracks  are  all  gone  to  Wreck, 
But  the  Country  about  it  seems  to  be  in  a 
thriving  way,  a  great  number  of  settlers  are 
already  there,  and  many  more  Coming  to  it 
daily.  20'h  July  we  embarked  on  the  Ohio 
with  five  companys  of  the  7  we  had 
Brought  up,  the  other  2  Left  there  to  gar- 
rison Fort  Pitt.  It  would  be  needless  for 
me  to  give  you  a  detail  of  our  Voyage,  as  we 
mett  with  nothing  metairil  on  it  but  the  Loss 
of  one  man  Drownded.  From  Fort  Pitt  to 
the  Scioto  River,  which  you  will  see  by  the 
List  of  the  distances  from  Each  place  I  send 
you  inclosed,  is  366  miles.  We  met  with 
Little  or  no  game  till  we  arriv'd  there. 
But  from  thence  to  the  falls,  which  is  316 
miles  more,  the  River  is  covered  with  all 
kinds  of  G-ame.  We  killed  so  many  Buffa- 
los  that  We  commonly  served  out  one  a  day 
to  EachCompany,&  they  Commonly Weigh'd 
from  4  to  600  lbs.  W'. ;  they  go  in  Hirds 
of  20,  30  &  some  times  50%  some  people 
say  in  100^  they  have  seen  them.  We  had 
such  plenty  that  when  a  Bull  was  killed  we 
only  took  the  tongue  and  left  the  Rest  for 
the  Wolves.  Besides  this  there  is  the  great- 
est quantities  of  Turkies,  Deer, Geese,  Ducks, 
Bears  &c.  I  Believe  the  Like  is  not  to  be 
seen  in  any  part  of  the  known  World.  The 
River  does  not  abound  so  much  with  fish  as 
might  be  imagin'd,  which  I  Believe  is  occa- 
sioned  by  there  Being  such  quantities  of  Catt- 
fish,  which  are  so  Large  and  Numerous  that 
I  think  they  destroy  all  other  But  the  Turtle. 
We  had  such  plenty  of  these  two  that  I 
think  we  might  have  subsisted  on  them  and 


flour,  without  the  assistance  of  any  other 
fool.  We  Caught  some  Catfish  of  100  lb. 
W'  :  But  their  Common  size  is  from  30  to 
70  lb.  W'  :  The  Turtle  is  commonly  of 
30  lb.  W':  But  seldom  above  that.  They 
arc  Reckoned  to  be  near  as  good  as  those 
taken  at  sea  for  soop.  The  8,h  Aug.  We 
arrived  at  the  Falls,  which  you'l  see  is 
682  miles  from  Fort  Pitt,  in  20  days.  We 
Reckoned  this  good  going,  But  I  think  with 
two  or  three  Boats  it  might  be  done  in  half 
the  time.  The  Falls  appear  verry  tremen- 
dous at  first  sight,  and  startled  our  people, 
much,  as  thay  had  not  been  used  to 
things  of  this  kind  before.  I  made  Light  of 
it,  and  after  I  had  survey'd  them  well,  offer- 
ed to  go  down  them  immediately  in  my 
Boat,  which  made  many  of  them  swear 
that  none  but  a  mad  man  would  attempt  a 
thing  of  the  kind.  However,  this  pleased 
the  Colonel  so  much  that  he  swore  there  was 
nothing  I  ever  see  that  I  would  not  at- 
tempt; however,  he  would  not  suffer  me  to 
go  down  that  night.  Next  morning  sent 
the  Engineer  Hutchins  to  see  if  a  passage 
could  be  found  in  the  South  shore,  who  re- 
turn'd  at  11  o'clock  with  the  report  that  it 
could  not  be  effected.  Col.  Wilkins  Came 
to  me  again,  tould  me  to  be  cautious  of 
what  I  did,  that  he  did  not,  by  any  means, 
desire  me  to  hazard  my  Life  in  such  a  man- 
ner But  if  I  really  thought  it  could  be 
done  he  would  give  me  Leave.  I  jumpt  at 
the  opportunity,  threw  some  Baggage  out  of 
the  Boat  to  make  her  Light  in  the  head,  and 
went  off  instantly.  I  Reconitred  the  head 
of  the  fall  well  before  I  made  the  attempt, 
and  when  I  had  found  the  passage  went  off, 
and  in  2  minutes  and  5  seconds  pass'd 
the  falls,  that  are  near  a  Mile  in  Length, 
without  the  Least  difficulty,  all  the  peaple 
was  looking  out  to  see  what  would  be  our 
fate  and  when  the  Colonel  see  I  had  gott 
safe  down  he  Come  to  meet  me  on  my  Return 
to  the  Camp  by  Land  &  gave  me  his  hearty 
thanks.  He  then  ordered  the  whole  to 
prepare  to  pass  them,  and  that  night  we 
gott  of  8  more,  &  next  day  completed  the 
passage.  These  falls  are  near  a  mile  in 
Length,  and  they  appear  much  Like  those 
you  have  seen  on  Hudson's  River  at  Fort 
Miller.     Having   halted  here  a  day  or  two 


260 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Aug., 


to  put  every  thing  in  proper  order,  on  the 
13th  we  embarked  again,  and  the  23d  ar- 
rived at  the  Mississipy  River  where  the  Ohio 
has  its  confluence  482  miles  from  the  falls 
the  Whole  Length  of  the  Ohio  River  makes 
1164  english  miles.  We  was  very  much 
surprised  to  see  the  difference  of  the  two 
Rivers  at  First  sight  the  Ohio  Being  a  fine 
Clear  Jentle  Current  and  the  Mississipy  a 
great  Rapid  full  of  sand  Barrs,  and  so  muddy 
that  its  impossible  to  drink  it.  Having 
made  our  desposition  to  assend  the  Missis- 
sipi,  we  embarked  Early  next  morning  But 
mett  with  so  many  difficualties  that  we  only 
got  four  miles  that  night.  We  continued 
in  the  same  manner  for  three  days  more,  and 
did  not  gain  above  6  or  7  miles  a  day, 
the  current  in  many  places  is  so  very  Rapid 
and  the  Navigation  so  much  interrupted  by 
great  quantities  of  trees  that  falls  with  the 
Banks  of  the  River  and  drives  with  the  fluds 
in  the  springs,  that  we  many  times  Rowdfor 
3  ^  and  four  hours  and  did  not  gain  one 
mile  these  difficulties  with  the  inexperi- 
ence of  our  men  and  officers  made  the  Colo- 
nel almost  mad  at  last  he  came  to  a  de- 
termination to  send  off  some  person  to  Fl : 
Chartres  to  send  down  some  empty  battoes 
to  Lighten  some  of  ours  that  was  so  heavy 
loaded  that  they  was  not  able  to  proceed. 
he  again  came  to  me  to  know  if  it  would 
be  agreeable  to  me  to  go  on,  I  immediate- 
ly embraced  his  offer  and  in  half  an  hour 
Left  the  Detachment  with  four  men  and  two 
Indians  in  a  very  small  Boat,  we  Rowd 
night  and  day  for  three  days  and  the  31st 
Aug1  arrived  at  Keskiskee*  a  Town  & 
River  on  the  English  shore  about  18 
miles  below  Fl :  Chartres;  this  I  think  was 
the  most  dangerous  and  fatiguing  journey 
I  ever  made,  I  was  inform'd  when  I  ar- 
rived atKeskeskee  that  I  had,  had  the  great- 
est Luck  in  the  world  that  I  had  escapt 
the  enemy  Indians  that  several  parties  was 
then  out  and  had  Cuttoff  a  boat  of  the  Com- 
panies, with  8  men,  one  of  which  got 
in,  and  a  Connoe  with  3  men,  I  sent  of 
some  boats  that  night  to  meet  the  Colonel 
and  next  morning  set  off  in  a  Callash  For 
Fort    Chartres,    as    I    said    before    is    18 

*  Kaskaskia. 


miles  from  Keskeskee  and  we  pass1  thro' 
the  finest  Country  in  the  known  world  not 
a  tree  to  be  seen  for  several  miles  and  the 
finest  Land  my  Eyes  ever  beheld,  Here  they 
plant  Indian  Corn  in  the  Spring  and  never 
touches  it  'til  fall  when  they  go  to  fitch 
it  home,  and  most  of  what  I  see  is  10  & 
12  foot  high,  they  raze  Tobacco  as  fine 
as  in  Virginia,  they  have  the  greatest 
quantity  of  black  cattle — the  plains  for  miles 
are  Covered  with  them — indeed  most  of  the 
french  peoples  Riches  Lies  in  Stock  of  that 
kind  for  there  is  no  kind  of  money  Current 
there  Butt  what  they  make  themselves, which 
is  Little  notes  of  so  many  Livers  each,  the 
horses  are  pritty  good  for  Saddles,  and  might 
be  made  a  great  deal  Better,  But  they  are  so 
careless  of  them  that  there  is  not  one  geld- 
ing in  all  the  Colonie  of  the  Illinois,  all 
plowing  &  Hauling  is  done  by  Bullocks. 
The  Country  abutt  F  :  Chatres  is  free  for 
many  miles  Round  it  and  the  finest  meddow 
ever  was  seen,  grass  grows  here  within  a 
mile  of  the  Fort  to  a  great  highht,  and  such 
quantities  of  it  that  there  might  be  hay 
made  for  100000  head  of  Cattle  every  sum- 
mer, Fort  Chartres  is  a  midling  sized 
Fort  built  of  stone  the  walls  about  2  foot 
thick  and  20  foot  high,  its  Built  in  a  Re- 
gular Square  with  a  Bastion  at  each  angle 
with  Loop  holes  to  fire  small  arms  thro', 
there  are  some  portholes  for  great  Guns,  But 
they  seldom  use  them  for  they  shock  the 
works  too  much,  the  barracks  are  very 
good  built  of  stone,  But  they  will  not  con- 
tain more  than  200  men  exclusive  of  offi- 
cers. 

We  have  been  very  Lucky  both  with  men 
and  officers  in  Respect  to  health,  when  we 
took  possission  of  the  Fort. 

[The  remainder  of  this  letter  is  lost.] 

V. 

(Illinois,)  Fort  Chartres,  30th  October,  1768. 

Dear  Sir 

I  had  the  pleasure  to  write  you  by  Captain 
Forbes  thel51h  September  when  the  34th  Re- 
giment embarked  from  hence  for  Fort  Pitt, 
I  had  the  pleasure  to  acquaint  you  then  we 
were  all  arrived  here  in  good  health,  and  as 
the  season  was  so  far  advanced  we  were  in 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


261 


hopes  we  should  not  be  troubled   with  the 
disorders  frequent  in  these  Climes  for  this 
year,  But  we  was  soon  convinced  otherwise, 
On  Sunday  the  18"1  Sep1'.  I  was  sitting  at 
Dinner  when  a  sudden  Coldness  struck  me 
all   over  without  saying  any  thing  of  it  I 
Rose  from  table  and  walk'd  into  the  fields 
thinking  to  shake  it  off,  But  to  no  purpose, 
I  then  went  to  Bed  and  found  myself  siezed 
with  a  Hott  fitt  which  did  not  last  long  and  af- 
ter slept  pritty  well  till  morning  when  I  found 
myself  quiet  well,  Itould  the  Doctor  of  what 
had  happened,  who  said  it  would  turn  to  an 
Intermitting  fever  and  indeed  so  I  found  it, 
that  day    Cap'.    Stewart    L'  :    Turner  and 
20   men    was    siezed    in   much  the    same 
manner    and    so    it    Continued    that  in    3 
days   time  there  was  not  one  Commissioned 
Officer,  non  Commissioned  or  Private  man 
But  one  Serg  .  1    Corp',    and    about  nine 
men   but  what  was  siezed  in  the  same  man- 
ner next  day  as  the  Doctor  had  said  mine 
came  on  again  and  in  such  a  Violent  man- 
ner that  it  laid  me  up  for  good.     I  had  it 
six  days  with  a  Cold  and  hott  fit  eveiy  day 
But  no  shaking   till    the  seventh  when  I 
had  a  very  severe  Cold  fitt,  and  shuck  very 
much    the   Doctor  was    pleased    to  see   it 
and  said  he  would  soon  put  a  stop  to  it, 
which    he    accordingly   did,  for  from  that 
time  I  had  it  no  more,  in  this  seven  days 
I  had  five  different  servants  all  taken  ill,  and 
should  have  been    in  the  greatest  distress 
had  it  not  been  for  a  Woman  of  the  Reg1. 
whom    a   few    days    before    had    Claimed 
me  for  a  Country  man  &  was  very  tender 
and  good  to  me  till  I  was  quiet  recovered 
in  a  few  days  I  was  able  to  make  my  appear- 
ance on  the  parade  being  the  first  of  the 
whole  Garrison  that  was  taken  ill,  on  go- 
ing out  I    found  that  all  or  most  of  them 
was  in  a  much  more  dangerous  way  than  I 
had  been  that  there  was   hardly  any  but 
was  dangerously  ill  of  a  nervous  fever  and 
I  Could  plainly  see  we  should  Loose  a  great 
many  men  the  first  Visit  I  paid  was  to  my 
Dear  good  friend,  Capt   Stewart  who  to  my 
unspeakable  grief  I  found  was  a  dying  man, 
and  this  had  Like  to  have  thrown  me  into  a 
Relapse  with   greef,  the  29th  Sepr.  Lieut 
Turner  died  who  you  may  remember  was  a 
very  modest  good  man,  the  30-'  my  Dear 


Stewart  died  and  the  3  October  Lieut  Pater- 
son,  the  men  now  began  to  go  off  fast  we 
for  several  days  Carried  out  in  a  Cart  four 
and  five  a  dny,  at  one  time,  men  and  their 
wives  have  been  Carried  to  the  graves  in 
the  same  Cart,  and  the  poor  Little  Infant  Or- 
phans following,  and  no  person  to  help  or  do 
the  Least  thing  for  them,  we  was  now  ar- 
rived at  the  greatest  scenes  of  Calamity  in 
the  midst  of  which  Col.  Wilkins  (who  was 
then  Lying  ill  himself)  sent  for  me  to  ask  me 
to  do  the  Adjutant's  duty.  I  was  unwilling 
to  engage  in  it  but  thought  this  was  no  time 
to  Refuse  any  thing,  and  I  was  immediately 
put  in  order  to  do  the  duty,  you  may  easily 
Conceive  what  a  situation  I  was  in  with  all 
the  Officers  and  men  of  the  five  compys 
so  ill  that  we  Could  only  mount  a  Corp1, 
and  six  men  and  had  to  Guard  a  fort  in  the 
heart  of  an  Enemys  Country,  The  disorder 
still  Ragged  and  I  have  the  greatest  Reason 
in  the  World  to  believe  it  was  Contagious 
for  hardly  any  one  Came  into  the  fort  but 
found  themselves  siezed  soon  after.  We 
have  now  sent  to  the  Grave  three  Officers, 
twenty  five  men  Twelve  Women  and  fifteen 
Children,  since  the  29|l!  Sep'  and  many 
more  in  a  Very  dangerous  way,  tho'  I  am 
in  hopes  the  could  Weather  will  soon  help 
us. 

Since  I  Recovered  I  thought  it  highly 
Necessary  to  make  my  Will  in  which  I  have 
Left  every  thing  to  your  Disposall  tho' 
Little  as  I  have  it  Comes  with  a  hearty  wel- 
come I  hope  you  will  Receive  this  time 
enough  to  write  in  the  Spring,  if  I  dont 
hear  from  you  then  shall  be  very  Uneasy. 


VI. 

(Illinois)  Fokt  Chartres,  12th  Febuary  1769. 
Dear  Sir 

I  had  the  pleasure  to  write  you  the  30"' 
October  last  by  an  Express  that  went  from 
hence  by  land,  with  despatches  for  the 
Commander  in  Chief  which  was  to  acquaint 
him  of  our  distressed  situation  at  that  time, 
I  then  wrote  you  we  had  Lost  three  Officers 
&  twenty  five  men,  since  that  we  have 
Buried  fifteen  men  more,  Almost  all  the  Wo- 
men and  thirty  Seven  Children  that  arrived 


262 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Aug., 


here    with    the    five    companys    in  perfect 
health. 

The  Colonel  has  been  kind  enough  to  Re- 
commend me  for  one  of  the  vacant  Ensigncy 
should  the  promotion  go  in  the  Regim1. 
But  there  is  so  Little  probability  of  it  that  I 
dont  flatter  myself  the  Lest  with  hopes  of 
succeeding,  tho'  one  would  think  it  hard 
too  as  there  are  so  many  Vacancies  that 
some  might  not  take  Besides  the  Gent: 
that  died  here  we  have  Jan  Account  of  one 
Ens  j  Tracy  being  killed  in  a  Duell  at  Fort 
Pitt,  and  Ensign  Howard  is  on  the  decline 
of  life  here. 

When  I  wrote  you  15th  Septr  (which 
I  sent  by  Capt.  Forbes  of  the  34th  Re- 
gim1)  I  gave  you  some  Account  of  this 
Country  It  is  certainly  the  finest  Land  in 
the  known  World,  it  Wants  for  nothing  but 
inhabitants  and  cultivation  to  make  it  ex- 
ceed any  part  of  America  I  have  ever  been 
in,  You  would  be  surprised  to  see  how 
Luxuriously  every  kind  of  Vegetables  grows 
here, — they  grow  Wheat,Oats,  pease,  and  In- 
dian Corn,  in  great  abundance,  and  there 
are  such  quantities  of  the  finest  Meadow 
that  the  grass  is  in  Common  to  all,  Their 
Cattle  run  in  grass  so  high  that  you  may  be 
within  five  yards  of  a  large  Ox,  and  not  see 
him,  When  the  french  (whom  you  know 
are  a  very  Idle  set  of  people  in  all  parts  of 
America  they  are  in)  Cut  their  grass  its 
Common  for  them  to  take  three  or  four 
teams  to  the  Meddow  in  a  morning,  mow  all 
day,  and  bring  it  home  at  night,  which  is  all 
the  Making  the  Hay  gets  here.  The  reason 
they  give  for  bringing  it  home  so  soon  is, 
that  Were  they  to  Leave  it  out  two  days  it 
would  be  so  much  dryd  with  the  excessive 
heat  that  it  would  be  good  for  nothing.  The 
Indians  that  live  hereabouts  are  a  very  mean, 
Indolent  Drunken  set  of  people,  whom 
the  French  have  entirely  at  their  command. 
Col.  Wilkins  is  taking  great  pains  to  set- 
tle the  Affairs  of  the  Collonie  in  some  kind  of 
Regulation, which  as  yet  has  been  (since  the 
English  possessed  it)  without  any  kind  of 
Laws  but  that  of  Military  Decision.  He  has 
now*  granted  commissions  of  the  peace  to 

*  His  Proclamation,  based  on  Gage's  order,  is 
dated  Nov.  21 ,  1768.  The  Courts  began  Dec.  6, 
1768. 


several  people,  both  french  and  English  ;  of 
those  he  has  formd  a  Court  of  Judicature, 
who  are  allowed  to  determin  on  all  causes 
of  Debt,  without  a  Jury.  How  this  may 
answer  with  the  Laws  of  great  Britain  I  will 
not  Pretend  to  say.  He  has  appointed  Mr. 
George  Morgan  President  of  this  Court, 
which  has  given  great  offence  to  all  the 
french  inhabitants  in  the  Colonie,  he  being 
Universally  hated  by  all  those  people,  and 
indeed  has  but  few  friends  of  any  other  Na- 
tion here  (The  Commandaut  excepted).  In- 
deed it  would  surprise  you  much  to  see  how 
we  are  perplexd  with  party  affairs  in  this 
Infant  Collonie.  The  French  to  a  man  op- 
pose the  Morganians  with  all  their  might 
and  I  believe  would  not  Scruple  to  spend 
their  Estates  to  have  their  Ends  accomplish- 
ed, Indeed,  if  half  what  they  allege  be 
truth,  they  have  great  Cause  of  Complaint — 
for  my  own  share  I  think  there  are  faults 
on  Both  sides.  The  french  are  here  (as  in 
all  other  parts  I  have  seen  them  in)  a  Cun- 
ning, litigous,  jealous,  set  of  people,  By 
what  I  can  Learn  their  grand  dispute  arises 
from  an  Opinion  of  the  Commandant  favor- 
ing the  Company  which  he  is  obliged  to  do 
inConsequence  of  his  orders  from  Gen.  Gage 
because  they  are  the  only  people  that  make 
use  of  English  manufactures  the  others  be- 
ing all  French  Wines  &c,  and  of  Course  is 
Contraband  trade.  It  would  be  too  tedious 
to  enter  into  a  detail  of  the  many  scandalous 
practices  that  is  made  use  of  by  both  parties, 
to  ruin  others,  Petitions  from  the  french 
party  to  the  Commandant  dayly  Replete  with 
Rebellion.  He  on  the  other  hand  is  en- 
deavoring to  support  the  Company  all  in  His 
power  by  issuing  His  Proclamations  for 
bringing  them  to  Justice  and  settling  all 
their  affairs  on  a  solid  foundation  which  he 
takes  great  pains  to  do,  tho'  I  am  afraid 
he  will  not  accomplish  it  shortly  :  The  19th 
December  last  Col.  Wilkins  ordered  a  Court 
of  Inquiry  to  be  held  to  settle  some  disputes — 
betwixt  Mr.  Morgan  and  the  french  people, 
It  was  Carried  on  from  day  to  day  till  the 
20th  January  with  the  greatest  Rancour 
by  both  partys,  and  when  it  was  over  not 
the  lest  thing  settled  to  either  partys  satis- 
faction, What  is  most  extraordinary  the 
french  was  not  able  to  proove  any  one  thing 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


263 


They  Alleged  against  Mr.  Morgan,  It  is  said 
here  the  proceedings  will  be  published  in 
one  of  the  Philadelphia  papers  But  I  hope 
they  will  think  better  of  it,  and  not  expose 
themselves  so  far. 

The  Spaniards  make  but  an  indifferent 
appearance  here,  You  know,  by  the  Defini- 
tive Treaty  of  Peace,  they  were  to  have  all 
the  Lands- to  the  "Westward  of  the  Mississippi 
River,  in  Consequence  of  which  they  sent 
one  hundred  men  from  the  Havana  Under 
the  command  of  one  Capt.  Don  Rose,*  an 
old  experienced  officer,  to  take  possession 
of  their  part  of  the  Louisiana  Country  He 
took  post  at  a  place  called  paincour,  about 
forty  miles  above  this  Fort  where  he  has 
Commanded  so  much  to  the  people's  satis- 
faction, as  will  redound  much  to  his  honor, 
tho'  he  has  been  so  Unlucky  with  his 
people  by  deaths  and  desertions,  that  he  has 
now  only  seventeen  men  left  out  of  the 
hundred,  It  is  now  said  there  is  another 
Officer  coming  up  from  the  Havana  to  Relieve 
him  and  five  hundred  Spanish  Soldiers,  who 
are  to  be  employ'd  building  a  Fort  on  the 
Missouri  River,  which  you  may  see  by  a  map 
is  about  sixty  miles  from  hence,  on  the  Spa- 
nish shore,  It  is  in  the  heart  of  the  Coun- 
try of  a  Tribe  of  Indians  of  that  name,  who 
are  very  numerous  and  give  law  to  all  the 
Indians  hereabout. 

It  has  been  talked  ever  since  we  arrived 
here,  of  Col  Wilkins  having  orders  to  es- 
tablish a  post  at  a  place  calPd  by  the  French 
Post  St.  Vincent,  the  English  call  it  O 
Post.f  It  is  on  the  Wabash  River,  Its 
by  Land  240  English  miles  but  to  go  by 
Water  is  600  at  lest  from  this  place,  and 
for  this  purpose  he  is  fitting  up  a  very 
Large  Boat,  by  Way  of  a  Row-galley  which  is 
to  row  with  24  Oars,  to  Carry  35  men  With 
six  Months  provisions  &c  and  a  Brass  six- 

*  Rious  reached  St..  Louis  in  1768,  but  Sir 
Ange,  the  former  Commander  of  Fort  Chartres, 
remained  in  command  till  of  1770. 

|  This  is  Vincennes,  which  the  English,  who 
thought  that  every  French  place  must  necessa- 
rily be  a  Saint,  changed  to  St.  Vincent.  The 
French  have  a  way  of  using  au,  aux  before 
names,  and  this  has  led  to  mistakes  like  that  in 
the  text.  They  would  speak  of  Post  Vincennes 
as  au  Poste,  at  the  Post.  Hence  we  have  aux 
Arcs,  Ozark ;  aux  Sables,  Ausable. 


pounder  Mounted  on  her  forecastle,  Her 
Gunwales  are  raised  so  high  that  the  men 
are  not  to  be  seen  Rowing,  This  Boat  is  to 
be  Commanded  by  a  Commissioned  Officer, 
and  is  also  to  Cruise  on  the  Wabash  and  Ohio 
Rivers,  to  intercept  the  french  and  Spanish 
traders  from  New  Orleans,  Carrying  on  an 
Illicit  trade  with  our  Indians  at  0  Post  and 
on  the  Rivers,  It  is  likewise  to  prevent  them 
from  killing  Buffalo,  which  the  people  from 
New  Orleans  have  done  in  such  quantities 
lately  that  were  they  allowd  to  continue  it, 
they  would  soon  destroy  all  those  animals. 

I  believe  when  I  wrote  you  by  Capt. 
Forbes  I  mentioned  the  farm  Capt.  Stewart 
and  I  had  bought  in  Company,  from  which 
we  had  great  expectations,  But  that  poor 
man  being  so  soon  Cutt  off,  has  Rendered  all 
our  hopes  fruitless,  for  we  was  obliged  to 
take  in  other  partners  that  quiet  destroys 
all  our  endeavors,  and  things  of  all  kinds 
being  so  extravagantly  dear  that  I  fear  I 
shall  not  be  able  to  save  any  thing  out  of 
my  pay,  had  not  these  poor  Gents :  died 
since  we  came  here,  I  had  some  hopes  of  get- 
ting leave  of  absence  to  go  to  England,  But 
since  it  has  so  happened,  I  fear  I  may  now 
give  up  all  hopes  of  it  for  life,  Indeed  I 
should  not  so  much  mind  that  were  I  in  a 
part  of  America  that  one  could  have  the 
least  hopes  of  health,  I  cannot  so  much 
complain  of  it  myself  for  I  have  been  very 
hearty  ever  since  the  Stroke  I  had  in  Sep- 
temr,  that  I  mentioned  to  you  in  my  last,  But 
it  would  shock  a  Turk  to  see  what  the  Poor 
men,  women,  &  children,  have  suffered  for 
want  of  proper  nourishment.  You  may  ea- 
sily Conceive  what  Wretched  state  a  poor 
man  must  be  iu  when  in  the  higth  of  a 
fever  to  have  nothing  to  drink  but  Cold 
Water- 
When  the  fevers  had  somewhat  abated,  a 
great  many  of  the  men  was  seized  with  a 
Bluddy  flux,  which  now  makes  great  havock 
amongst  them,  not  a  Week  but  we  Burry 
some  and  when  it  will  end  God  only  knows, 
for  there  are  numbers  of  them  just  at  Deaths 
door,  you  would  pity  them  much  to  see 
them  so  shortly  changed  from  a  sett  of  fine 
stout  hearty  Young  men,  now  a  weak,  feable, 
emaciated  poor  Souls.  I  Believe  by  the 
time  you  have  Read  this  far  you  will  wish 


264 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Aug., 


for  a  Conclusion,  and  indeed  so  it  really  is 
time.  But  my  heart  wishes  much  to  Converse 
with  you  and  as  I  Cannot  have  that  happi- 
ness, hope  you  will  excuse  this  long  epistle, 
Ensign  Howard  has  been  very  ill  all  winter 
It  has  been  offered  to  him  that  if  he  would 
give  in  his  Resignation  he  might  return  to 
Europe  and  I  believe  I  might  have  the  offer 
of  it  on  the  same  Conditions  I  had  Mr.  Ray- 
mond's, I  consulted  the  Colonel  in  it  and 
he  advises  me  to  wait  and  see  what  may  be 
the  Issue  of  the  Last  Recommendation.  We 
have  had  several  expresses  from  Fort  Pitt 
this  Winter  and  I  was  in  great  hopes  of 
hearing  from  you  by  some  of  them  but  not 
a  line  has  made  its  appearance,  however 
there  is  a  good  time  coming  in  the  spring, 
I  long  much  to  know  what  luck  I  have  had  in 
the  Philadelphia  Lottery,  and  hope  to  hear 
you  have  put  out  that  trifle  to  Interest. 

We  have  had  a  fine  Winter  here  as  any  I 
have  ever  seen  since  I  came  to  America  an  d  all 
the  Gents :  (except  Howard)  have  been  pret- 
ty healthy,  I  still  keep  bustling  about  am 
now  busy  fencing  in  a  Garden  for  the  men, 
which  wth  my  own  and  the  adjutants  du- 
ty that  I  have  done  ever  since  poor  Turner 
Died  keeps  me  constantly  employ'dand  lam 
sure  ads  much  to  my  health.  Pray  make 
my  most  sincere  Respects  to  Miss  Shipphard 
to  all  my  Little  Countrymen,  Miss1' :  Bams- 
ley,  Shiphard  and  Smith,  and  the  Rest  of 
your  good  family,  and  may  he  who  has  the 
giving  of  all  good  gifts  ever  Bless  you  Sir 
&  all  your  Undertakings,  is  the  fervent 
prayer  of 
Dear  Sir,  your  poor  but  sincere  friend, 

GrEO:  BUTRICKE. 


VII. 

Fort  Chartres  27th  June  1769 
Dear  Sir 

Though  I  am  not  so  happy  as  to  have 
heard  from  you  once  since  I  left  Phila- 
delphia, I  have  not  mist  .any  opport>'  of 
Writing  to  you,  and  this  by  Mr,  Morgan 
being  a  very  good  one  I  Cannot  let  it  slip 
without  letting  you  know  that  one  of  your 
friends  is  still  among  the  living. — My  last 
was  of  the  10th  Febry.   wbich  I  hope  you 


have  Received  by  this  time — In  April  I  was 
Attack  with  a  severe  fever  which  kept  me 
confined  for  ten  days,  and  in  May  again 
much  more  severe  than  the  Other  tho'  it 
did  not  last  so  long,  since  which  I  have 
been  very  hearty  and  indeed  the  whole  Gar- 
rison are  much  recovered,  tho'  the  Weath- 
er is  most  intolerably  hott:  the  men  keep  up 
their  spirits  very  well,  I  am  in  hopes  the 
seasoning  (as  they  call  it  here)  is  now  almost 
over. 

We  have  been  all  this  Spring,  under  the 
greatest  apprehension  of  an  Indian  Warr,* 
we  had  it  from  all  quarters  that  several 
nations  had  entered  into  a  League  to  strike 
the  English  in  the  Illinois  Country  this 
Spring,  Col.  Wilkins  on  this  information 
very  prudently  filled  all  the  stores  with  pro- 
visions and  sent  an  Officer  with  the  arm'd 
Boat  to  get  in  a  quantity  of  Wood  which 
was  happily  effected  in  a  very  short  time 
and  now  we  have  280  cords  piled  up  under 
the  Walls  of  the  Fort  and  we  can  now  bid 
defiance  to  all  the  Indians  in  America, — the 
16th  April  a  party  of  the  Kickapoes  broke 
into  a  house  in  this  Village;  surprised  a  sol- 
dier and  his  Wife  in  Bed,  scalp'd  both  and 
got  off  without  the  least  hurt;  and  the  14th 
May  another  party  of  the  Sax  and  Rey- 
nardsf  attacked  some  of  the  Indians  that 
live  near  this  fort  killed  six,  and  Carried 
off  their  scalps,  these  strokes  alarmed  us 
much,  obliged  us  to  keep  constantly  in  the 
Fort,  &  watch  Night  and  day,  Its  now 
said  the  stroke  intended  against  us  will  be 
in  the  harvest  time,  But  I  am  of  an  Opinion 
it  will  blow  over  for  this  time  or  we  should 
have  had  more  of  it  before  now. 

I  have  had  great  hopes  of  getting  leave 
from  Col.  Wilkins  to  return  to  europe,  which 
he  had  in  some  measure  promised  me  when 
the  new  adjutant  arrived,  but  we  have  heard 
nothing  as  yet  how  those  vacancies  have  been 
filled  ;  &  Capf  Campbell,  the  Barrack  mas- 
ter here,  has  got  leave  to  return  to  Europe, 


*  These  apprehensions  were  caused  by  the 
threats  of  vengeance  made  by  the  Ottawas  and 
their  allies,  the  Kikapoos,  Sacs  and  Foxes, 
against  the  Illinois,  for  the  murder  of  Pontiac, 
at  Cahokia  by  an  Illinois. 

t  Foxes  (Outagamies.) 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


265 


&  has  appointed  me  to  act  in  his  absence, 
with  a  Salary  of  two  shillings  sterling  pr 
day,  This  with  two  I  expect  for  doing  the 
adjutant's  duty,  will  I  hope  enable  me  to 
make  you  a  Remittance  of  a  hundred  York 
in  a  short  time,  If  I  have  not  some  letters 
from  you  soon,  I  shall  think  you  have  quiet 
forgot  me.  Pray  give  my  kind  respects  to 
Miss  Jemima,  and  all  the  rest  of  your  good 
family  and  believe  me 
Dear  sir 

Yours  Most  affectionately 

Geo.  Butricke. 
To  Captain  Barnsley 

Superscribed 
To 

Captain  Barnsley  Esqr 

At  Bensalem  in  Bucks  Co 

Pennsylvania 
Pr  :  favor  of  ) 

Geo.  Morgan,  Esqr: ) 

vin. 

Fort  Chartres  29th  Decemr  1769. 
Dear  Sir. 

I  cannot  let  slip  this  opportunity  tho' 
am  at  a  loss  what  to  write,  'Tis  almost 
two  years  since  I  had  the  pleasure  to  see 
you,  and  in  all  that  time  not  one  Line,  tho' 
when  I  consider  former  times,  I  am  not 
so  much  surprised  for  I  Remember  when  I 
was  at  Niagara  a  letter  in  two  years  was 
look'd  upon  as  a  great  favour. 

This  is  the  fifth  I  have  wrote  you  since  I 
came  to  this  place  and  I  took  particular  care 
to  send  them  by  good  hands,  so  that  I  hope 
they  are  all  come  to  hand.  We  are  now  in 
a  melancholy  situation  we  have  not  had 
the  Least  Accounts  from  any  Quarter  since 
the  first  of  June/Tis  thought  the  Indians  have 
Cut  of  the  Expresses  from  fort  Pitt  on  the 
River  Ohio,  and  we  have  Ace  B  by  french- 
men from  New  Orleans  that  since  the  Span- 
iards have  returned  to  that  place  they  have 
forbid  all  English  or  french  from  Landing 
there,  If  this  be  true  all  our  Commuica- 
tions  are  shutt  up,  the  Indians  are  all  out 
hunting  now,  But  its  said  we  shall  certain- 
ly have  an  Indian  Warr  in  the  Spring,  In 

HIST.  MAG.      VOL.  VIII.  34 


my  last  I  inform' d  you  of  my  intention  to  re- 
turn to  Europe,  But  I  have  fear  I  shall  not 
be  able  to  Accomplish  it,  not  only  for  the 
Reason  above  given,  But  my  having  so  ma- 
ny employments  on  my  hands,  which  will 
Render  it  very  difficult. 

I  now  do  the  duty  of  Qr  Mas1":,  adju- 
tant, Barrack  Master  and  since  the  death  of 
poor  Captain  Lieut  Lane  have  been  Obliged 
to  act  as  paymaster  tho'  was  given  to  Under- 
stand it  was  intended  for  another  person, 
there  are  two  candidates  for  this  place,  vizt : 
Lieut  Chapman  and  one  Rumsey  who  you 
may  remember  in  the  42d  RegmT,  he  is  Re- 
commended for  an  Ensigncy  in  this  Reg1 ; 
and  if  he  succeeds  the  present  Commanding 
Officer  will  give  him  the  paymasters  place, 
— I  could  not  help  observing  to  Ll,  Colonel 
Wilkins  that  I  thought  it  something  strange 
being  desired  to  do  a  duty  for  a  Regim1,  and 
the  emoluments  given  to  another  Person, 
but  he  gave  me  to  understand  that  he  was 
a  Better  Judge  for  me,  than  I  was  for  my- 
self, it  then  struck  me  of  the  Repeated  Ad- 
vice you  have  given  me,  and  I  immediately 
tould  him  there  was  no  kind  of  duty  he 
would  desire  me  to  do  j  but  I  should  be  hap- 
py in  executing  it,  by  this  you  will  see  I 
still  am  on  a  good  footing  with  him,  But 
you  will  pitty  me  when  I  tell  you  that  the 
whole  Corp  and  he  are  on  very  Bad  terms, 
this  makes  me  have  a  very  difficult  Card  to 
play,  however  I  hope  to  Rubb  it  out  for  a 
few  years  in  order  to  save  a  little  more  money 
and  I  hope  to  be  able  to  send  you  a  Bill  in 
the  Spring  for  one  hundred  Penn :  Curr,  I 
have  not  time  to  say  more  at  present,  there- 
fore Conclude  with  my  sincere  respects  to  all 
your  family  wishing  you  and  them  a  Merry 
Christmas  and  many  a  happy  New  Year. 

Geo.  Butricke. 

IX. 

Letter  dated  at  Fort  Chartres,  on  the  30th 
May  1770 — is  sent  "  by  some  Indians  just 
going  off  for  Fort  Pitt  by  land" — speaks  of 
some  money  matters,  and  the  necessaries  of 
Life  there  are  "  very  dear" — He  still  con- 
tinues to  hold  the  numerous  offices  in  the 
Reg1,  before  described,  and  says  "I  keep  in 
with  the  person  [Col.  Wilkins  ?]  as  you  de- 


266 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Aug. 


sired,  tlio'  I  assure  you  it  is  attended  with 
many  disagreeable  Circumstances,  however 
I  shall  still  adhere  to  your  advice.  I  am 
sorry  to  tell  you  there  are  many  disagreea- 
ble things  passes  in  this  part  of  the  world. 
I  have  Steered  clear  as  yet,  some  think  it 
will  be  a  means  of  bringing  us  back  to  Phil- 
ada  for  Court  Matials  &c  &c." 

His  next  letter  dated  June  13,  1770, 
mentions  the  preceding  letter,  and  says  "  I 
have  no  news,  health  and  I  are  again  friends 
and  we  go  hand  in  hand  in  spite  of  Climate, 
or  a  most  shocking  unhealthy  Country ,;'&c. 

The  next  letter  dated  May  2,  1771,  still 
complains  that  he  has  not  yet  rec1  a  line 
from  Cap1,  B — sends  this  by  way  of  Fort 
Pitt,  and  a  draft  will  be  sent  by  Lieut. 
Chapman  of  same  RegT.  "  who  will  embark 
for  Philadelphia,  by  way  of  New  Orleans  in 
a  few  days,"  and  adds, 

"  I  am  sorry  to  hear  there  is  so  great  a 
probability  of  a  Spanish  war,  We  have  fre- 
quent alarms  here  of  enemy  Indians,  we 
have  lost  one  man  kill'd  and  scalped  this 
Spring." 


GOVERNORS  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 

The  following  interesting  table  contains^ 
matter  which  will  be  very  useful  for  fu- 
ture reference,  and  having  been  prepared 
with  great  care,  its  accuracy  can  be  relied 
upon  : 

FROM  1682  TO  1863. 

1682,  October.  William  Penn  [Propri- 
etary] acted  as  Governor  till  August,  1684. 

Thomas  Lloyd,  President,  until  Decem- 
ber, 1688. 

Captain  John  Blackwell,  Deputy  Gov- 
ernor to  1690. 

President  and  Council  to  April  26th, 
1693. 

Benjamin  Fletcher,  Deputy-Governor  to 
September,  1692. 

William  Markham,  Deputy-Governor,  to 
December  3d,  1696. 

William  Penn  again  acted  as  Governor 
to  November  1st,  1701. 

Andrew  Hamilton,  Deputy-Governor  to 
February,  1703. 


Edward  Shippen,  President  of  Council 
to  February,  1704. 

John  Evans,  Deputy-Governor  to  Febru- 
ary, 1709 

Charles  Gookin,  Deputy-Governor  to 
March,  1717. 

Sir.  William  Keith,  Bart.,  Deputy-Gov- 
ernor to  June  1727. 

Patrick  Gordon,  Deputy-Governor  to 
June,  1736. 

James  Logan,  President  of  Council  to 
June,  1738. 

George  Thomas,  Deputy-Governor  to 
June,  1748. 

James  Hamilton,  Deputy-Governor  to 
October,  1754. 

Robert  Hunter  Morris,  Deputy-Governor 
to  August  19,  1756. 

William  Denny,  Deputy-Governor  to 
November,  1759. 

James  Hamilton,  Deputy-Governor  to 
October,  1763. 

John  Penn,  son  of  Richard  Penn,  Depu- 
ty-Governor to  May  6,  1771. 

Richard  Penn,  Governor  to  August, 
1771. 

John  Penn,  (second  time)  Governor  to 
September,  1776. 

Thomas  Wharton,  Jr.,  President  of  Ex- 
ecutive Council  to  October,  1777. 

Joseph  Reed,  President  to  November, 
1781. 

William  Moore,  President  to  November, 
1782. 

John  Dickinson,  President  to  October, 
1785. 

Benjamin  Franklin,  President  to  October, 
1788. 

Thomas  Mifflin,  President  to  the  adop- 
tion of  the  new  Constitution  in  1790. 

UNDER  THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  1790. 

1790.    Thomas  Mifflin  had  27,725 

Arthur  St.  Clair,  2,802 

Whole  number, 30,529 

1783.    Thomas  Mifflin,    '  19,590 

F.  A.  Muhlenberg,  10,700 

Whole  number,     30,391 

1796.    Thomas  Mifflin,  30,029 

F.  A.  Muhlenberg,  10,011 

Whole  number, 41,031 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


267 


1799.    Thomas  McKean,  37,244 

James  Ross,  22,643 

Whole  number, 65,010 

1802    Thomas  McKean,  47,879 

James  Ross,  17,037 

Whole  number,     65,010 

1805.    Thomas  McKean,  48,483 

Simon  Snyder,  43,644 

AYhole  number, 82,522 

1808.    Simon  Snyder,  67,975 

James  Ross,  37,575 

John  Spayd.  4,006 

Whole  number,     111,564 

1811.    Simon  Snyder,  52,319 
No  opposition. 

Whole  number, 57,603 

1814.    Simon  Snyder,'  51,099 

Isaac  Wayne,  29,566 

Whole  number, 81,593 

1817.    William  Findlay,  66,331 

Joseph  Heister,  59,273 

Whole  number,     125,614 

1820.    Joseph  Heister,  67,905 

William  Findlay,  66,300 

Whole  number,     134,205 

1823.    John  A.  Shultze,  89,968 

Andrew  Gregg,  64,221 

Whole  number,     154,149 

1826.    John  A.  Shultze,  72,710 

John  Sergeant,  1,174 

Whole  number,     73,881 

1829.    George  Wolf,  78,219 

Joseph  Ritner,  51,776 

Whole  number,     129,995 

1832.    George  Wolf,  91,235 

Joseph  Ritner,  88,186 

Whole  number,     169,421 

1835.    Joseph  Ritner,  94,023 

George  Wolf,  65,804 

H.  A.  Mulenberg,  40,586 

Whole  number,     200,413 

1838.    David  R.  Porter,  131,496 

Joseph  Ritner,  121,389 

Whole  number,     252,885 

1841.    David  R.  Porter,  136,335 

John  Banks,  113,374 

Whole  number,     249,709 

1844.    Francis  R.  Shunk,  160,403 

Joseph  Markle,  156,114 

Whole  number,     316,517 


1847. 

1848. 
1851. 
1854. 

1857. 

1860. 
1863. 


Francis  R.  Shunk, 
James  Irvin, 
Eman'l  C.  Reigert, 

Whole  number, 
W.  F.  Johnston, 
Morris  Longstreth, 

Whole  number, 
William  Bigler, 
W.  F.  Johnston, 

Whole  number, 
James  Pollock, 
Wrilliam  Bigler, 

Whole  number, 
Wm.  F.  Packer, 
David  Wilniot, 
Isaac  Hazlehurst, 

Whole  number, 
Andrew  G.  Curtin, 
Henry  D.  Foster, 

Whole  number, 
Andrew  G.  Curtin, 
G.  W.  Woodward, 

Whole  number, 


146,081 
128.148 

11,247 

i 

168,462' 

168,192 

< 

186,507* 

178,070 

204,008' 
167,001 

188,890* 

146,147 

28,100 

262,403* 
230,239 


■285,476 


-336,654 


-364,577 


-371,009 


-363,137 


269,496 
254,171 


-482,452 


-523,667 


AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  BATTLE  OF 
BUNKER  HILL. 

[Written  in  1818  for  the  Port  Folio,  at  the  re- 
quest of  the  editor,  by  H.  Dearborn,  Major 
Gen.  U.  S.  A.  and  now  reprinted  here  at  the 
request  of  the  venerable  editor  to  make  it  ac- 
cessible to  students   generally.] 

On  the  sixteenth  of  June,  1775,  it  was 
determined  that  a  fortified  post  should  be 
established  at  or  near  Bunker's  Hill. 

A  detachment  of  the  army  was  ordered 
to  advance  early  in  the  evening  of  that  day, 
and  commence  the  erection  of  a  strong  work 
on  the  heights  in  the  rear  of  Charlestown, 
at  that  time  called  Breed's  Hill,  but  from 
its  proximity  to  Bunker  Hill,  the  battle  has 
taken  its  name  from  the  latter  eminence, 
which  overlooks  it.  The  work  was  com- 
menced and  carried  on  under  the  direction 
of  such  engineers  as  we  were  able  to  pro- 
cure, at  that  time.  It  was  a  square  redoubt, 
the  curtains  of  which  were  about  sixty  or 
seventy  feet  in  extent,  with  an  entrench- 
ment, or  breast  work,  exteuding  50  or  60  feet 
from  the  northern  angle,  towards  Mystic  river. 

In  the  course  of  the  night  the  ramparts 
had  been  raised  to  the  height  of  six  or  sev- 


268 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Aug. 


en  feet,  with  a  small  ditch  at  their  base,  but 
it  was  yet  in  a  rude  and  very  imperfect 
state.  Being  in  full  view  from  the  north- 
ern heights  of  Boston  it  was  discovered  by 
the  enemy,  as  soon  as  day-light  appeared, 
and  a  determination  was  immediately  form- 
ed by  General  Gage,  for  dislodging  our 
troops  from  this  new  and  alarming  position. 
Arrangements  were  promptly  made  for  ef- 
fecting this  important  object.  The  move- 
ments of  the  British  troops,  indicating  an 
attack,  were  soon  discovered;  in  consequence 
of  which,  orders  were  immediately  issued 
for  the  march  of  a  considerable  part  of  our 
army  to  reinforce  the  detachment  at  the  re- 
doubts on  Breed's  Hill ;  but  such  was  the 
imperfect  state  of  discipline,  the  want  of 
knowledge  in  military  science,  and  the  de- 
ficiency of  the  materials  of  war,  that  the 
movement  of  the  troops  was  extremely  ir- 
regular and  devoid  of  every  thing  like  con- 
cert— each  regiment  advancing  according  to 
the  opinions,  feelings,  or  caprice,  of  its  com- 
mander. 

Colonel  Stark's*  regiment  was  quartered 
in  Medford,  distant  about  four  miles  from 
the  point  of  anticipated  attack.  It  then  con- 
sisted of  thirteen  companies,  and  was  pro- 
bably the  largest  regiment  in  the  army. 
About  ten  o'clock  in  the  morning  he  receiv- 
ed orders  to  march.  The  regiment  being 
destitute  of  ammunition,  it  was  formed  in 
front  of  a  house  occupied  as  an  arsenal, 
where  each  man  received  a  gill-cup  full  of 
powder,  fifteen  balls,  and  one  flint. 

The  several  captains  were  then  ordered 
to  march  their  companies  to  their  respective 
quarters,  and  make  up  their  powder  and 
ball  into  cartridges,  with  the  greatest  pos- 
sible dispatch.  As  there  were  scarcely  two 
muskets  in  a  company  of  equal  caliber,  it 
was  necessary  to  reduce  the  size  of  the  balls 
for  many  of  them ;  and  as  but  a  small  pro- 
portion of  the  men  had  cartridge  boxes,  the 

*  This  distinguished  veteran  is  still  alive,  in 
the  ninety-first  year  of  his  age,  and  resides  in 
the  state  of  New  Hampshire. 

He  is  one  of  the  only  three  surviving  general 
officers  of  the  revolutionary  war. 

The  other  two  are  major  general  St.  Clair,  who 
lives  in  the  interior  of  Pennsylvania,  and  briga- 
dier general  Huntington,  of  Connecticut. 


remainder  made  use  of  powder  horns  and 
ball  pouches. 

After  completing  the  necessary  prepara- 
tions for  action,  the  regiment  formed,  and 
marched  about  one  o'clock.  When  it  reach- 
ed Charlestown  Neck,  we  found  two  regi- 
ments halted,  in  consequence  of  a  heavy 
enfilading  fire  thrown  across  it,  of  round, 
bar,  and  chain  shot,  from  the  Lively  frigate, 
and  floating  batteries  anchored  in  Charles 
river,  and  a  floating  battery  laying  in  the 
river  Mystic.  Major  M '  Clary  went  forward, 
and  observed  to  the  commanders,  if  they  did 
not  intend  to  move  on,  he  wished  them  to 
open  and  let  our  regiment  pass :  the  latter 
was  immediately  done.  My  company  being 
in  front,  I  marched  by  the  side  of  Col.  Stark, 
who,  moving  with  a  very  deliberate  pace,  I 
suggested  the  propriety  of  quickening  the 
march  of  the  regiment,  that  it  might  sooner 
be  relieved  from  the  galling  cross  fire  of  the 
enemy.  With  a  look  peculiar  to  himself, 
he  fixed  his  eye  upon  me,  and  observed  with 
great  composure,  "  Dearborn — one  fresh  man 
in  action  is  worth  ten  fatigued  ones,"  and 
continued  to  advance  in  the  same  cool  and 
collected  manner.  When  we  reached  the 
top  of  Bunker's  Hill,  where  general  Putnam 
had  taken  his  station,  the  regiment  halted 
for  a  few  moments  for  the  rear  to  come  up. 

Soon  after,  the  enemy  were  discovered  to 
have  landed  on  the  shore  of  Morton's  point, 
in  front  of  Breed's  Hill,  under  cover  of  a 
tremendous  fire  of  shot  and  shells  from  a 
battery  on  Copp's  Hill,  in  Boston,  which  had 
opened  on  the  redoubt  at  day-break. 

Major  general  Howe,  and  brigadier  gene- 
Pigot,  were  the  commanders  of  the  British 
forces  which  first  landed,  consisting  of  four 
battalions  of  infantry,  ten  companies  of 
grenadiers,  and  ten  of  light  infantry,  with 
a  train  of  field  artillery.  They  formed  as 
they  disembarked,  but  remained  in  that 
position,  until  they  were  reinforced  by  an- 
other detachment. 

At  this  moment  the  veteran  and  gallant 
colonel  Stark  harangued  his  regiment  in 
a  short  but  animated  address;  then  directed 
them  to  give  three  cheers,  and  make  a  rapid 
movement  to  the  rail  fence  which  ran  from 
the  left,  and  about  forty  yards  in  the  rear 
of  the  redoubt  towards  Mystic  river.     Part 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


269 


of  the  grass  having  been  recently  cut,  lay 
in  winnows  and  cocks  on  the  field.  An- 
other fence  was  taken  up — the  rails  run 
through  the  one  in  front,  and  the  hay, 
mown  in  the  vicinity,  suspended  upon  them, 
from  the  bottom  to  the  top,  which  had  the 
appearance  of  a  breast  work,  but  was,  in 
fact,  no  real  cover  to  the  men.  It  however 
served  as  deception  on  the  enemy.  This 
was  done  by  the  direction  of  the  committee 
of  safety,  of  which  Win.  Winthrop,  esq., 
who  then  and  now  lives  in  Cambridge,  was 
one,  as  he  has  within  a  few  years  informed 
me. 

At  the  moment  our  regiment  was  formed 
in  the  rear  of  the  rail  fence,  with  one  other 
small  regiment  from  New  Hampshire,  under 
the  command  of  colonel  Reid,  the  fire  com- 
menced between  the  left  wing  of  the  British 
army,  commanded  by  general  Howe,  and  the 
troops  in  the  redoubt  under  colonel  Prescott, 
while  a  column  of  the  enemy  was  advancing 
on  our  left,  on  the  shore  of  Mystic  river, 
with  an  evident  intention  of  turning  our 
left  wing,  and  that  veteran  and  most  excel- 
lent regiment  of  Welsh  fusileers,  so  distin- 
guished for  its  gallant  conduct  in  the  battle 
of  Minden,  advanced  in  column  directly  on 
the  rail  fence ;  when  within  eighty  or  an 
hundred  yards,  deployed  into  line,  with 
the  precision  and  firmness  of  troops  on  pa- 
rade, and  opened  a  brisk  but  regular  fire 
by  platoons,  which  was  returned  by  a  well 
directed,  rapid,  and  fatal  discharge  from 
our  whole  line. 

The  action  soon  became  general,  and  very 
heavy  from  right  to  left.  In  the  course  of 
ten  or  fifteen  minutes  the  enemy  gave  way 
at  all  points,  and  retreated  in  great  disorder; 
leaving  a  large  number  of  dead  and  wound- 
ed on  the  field. 

The  firing  ceased  for  a  short  time,  until 
the  enemy  again  formed,  advanced  and  re- 
commenced a  spirited  fire  from  his  whole 
line.  Several  attempts  were  again  made  to 
turn  our  left,  but  the  troops  having  thrown 
up  a  slight  stone  wall  on  the  bank  of  the 
river  and  laying  down  behind  it,  gave  such 
a  deadly  fire,  as  cut  down  almost  every  man 
of  the  party  opposed  to  them ;  while  the 
fire  from  the  redoubt  and  the  rail-fence  was 
so  well  directed  and  so  fatal,  especially  to 


the  British  officers,  that  the  whole  army 
was  compelled  a  second  time  to  retreat  with 
precipitation  and  great  confnsion.  At  this 
time  the  ground  occupied  by  the  enemy  was 
covered  with  his  dead  and  wounded.  Only 
a  few  small  detached  parties  again  advanced, 
which  kept  up  a  distant  ineffectual  scatter- 
ing fire  until  a  strong  reinforcement  arrived 
from  Boston  which  advanced  on  the  south- 
ern declivity  of  the  hill,  in  the  rear  of 
Charlestown.  When  this  column  arrived 
opposite  that  angle  of  the  redoubt  which 
faced  Charlestown,  it  wheeled  by  platoons 
to  the  right  and  advanced  directly  upon  the 
redoubt  without  firing  a  gun.  By  this  time 
our  ammunition  was  exhausted.  A  few 
men  only  had  a  charge  left. 

The  advancing  column  made  an  attempt 
to  carry  the  redoubt  by  assault,  but  at  the 
first  onset  every  man  that  mounted  the  para- 
pet was  sut  down,  by  the  troops  within, 
who  had  formed  on  the  opposite  side,  not 
being  prepared  with  bayonets  to  meet  a 
charge. 

The  column  wavered  for  a  moment,  but 
soon  formed  again;  when  a  foward  move- 
ment was  made  with  such  spirit  and  intre- 
pidity as  to  render  the  feeble  efforts  of  a 
handful  of  men,  without  the  means  of  de- 
fence, unavailing,  and  they  fled  through  an 
open  space,  in  the  rear  of  the  redoubt, 
which  had  been  left  for  a  gateway.  At  this 
moment  the  rear  of  the  British  column  ad- 
vanced round  the  angle  of  the  redoubt  and 
threw  in  a  galling  flank  fire  upon  our 
troops,  as  they  rushed  from  it,  which  killed 
and  wounded  a  greater  number  than  had 
fallen  before  during  the  action.  The  whole 
of  our  line  immediately  after  gave  away 
and  retreated  with  rapidity  and  disorder  to- 
wards Bunker  Hill ;  carrying  off  as*  many 
of  the  wounded  as  possible,  so  that  only 
thirty  six  or  seven  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  enemy,  among  whon  were  Lt.  Col.  Par- 
ker and  two  or  three  other  officers  who  fell 
in  or  near  the  redoubt. 

When  the  troops  arrived  at  the  summit 
of  Bunker  Hill,  we  found  Gen.  Putnam  with. 
nearly  as  many  men  as  had  been  engaged 
in  the  battle;  notwithstanding  which  no 
measures  had  been  taken,  for  reinforcing  us, 
nor  was  there  a  shot  fired  to  cover  our  re- 


270 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Aug. 


treat,  or  any  movement  made  to  check  the 
advance  of  the  enemy  to  this  height,  but 
on  the  contrary,  Gen.  Putnam  rode  off,  with 
a  number  of  spades  and  pick-axes  in  his 
hands  and  the  troops  that  had  remained 
with  him  inactive,  during  the  whole  of  the 
action,  although  within  a  few  hundred  yards 
of  the  battle  ground  and  no  obstacle  to  im- 
pede their  movement  but  musket  balls. 

The  whole  of  the  troops  now  descended 
the  northwestern  declivity  of  Bunker  Hill 
and  recrossed  the  neck.  Those  of  the  New 
Hampshire  line  retired  towards  Winter  Hill, 
and  the  others  on  to  Prospect  Hill. 

Some  slight  works  were  thrown  up  in 
the  course  of  the  evening, — strong  advance 
pickets  were  posted  on  the  roads  leading  to 
Charlestown,  and  the  troops  anticipating  an 
attack,  rested  on  their  arms. 

It  is  a  most  extraordinary  fact  that  the 
British  did  not  make  a  single  charge  during 
the  battle,  which,  if  attempted,  would  have 
been  decisive  and  fatal  to  the  Americans, 
as  they  did  not  carry  into  the  field  fifty 
bayonets.   In  my  company  there  was  not  one. 

Soon  after  the  commencement  of  the  ac- 
tion a  detachment  from  the  British  force 
in  Boston  was  landed  in  Charlestown,  and 
within  a  few  moments  the  whole  town  ap- 
peared in  a  blaze.  A  dense  column  of 
smoke  rose  to  a  great  height,  and  there  be- 
ing a  gentle  breeze  from  the  south  west,  it 
hung  like  a  thunder  cloud  over  the  con- 
tending armies.  A  very  few  houses  escaped 
the  dreadful  conflagration  of  this  devoted 
town. 

From  similar  mistakes,  the  fixed  ammu- 
nition furnished  for  the  field-pieces  was 
calculated  for  guns  of  a  larger  caliber, 
which  prevented  the  use  of  field  artillery 
on  both  sides.  There  was  no  cavalry  in 
either  army.  From  the  ships  of  war  and 
the  large  battery  on  Copp's  Hill  a  heavy 
cannonade  was  kept  up  upon  our  line  and 
redoubt,  from  the  commencement  to  the 
close  of  the  action,  and  during  the  retreat; 
but  with  very  little  effect ;  except  that  of 
killing  the  brave  Major  Andrew  M  Clary,  of 
Col.  Stark's  regiment  soon  after  we  retired 
from  Bunker  Hill.  He  was  among  the  first 
officers  of  the  army.  Possessing  a  sound 
judgment,   of   undaunted  bravery, — enter- 


prising, ardent  and  zealous,  both  as  a  patriot 
and  soldier.  His  loss  was  severely  felt  by 
his  compatriots  in  arms,  while  his  country 
was  deprived  of  the  services  of  one  of  her 
most  promising  and  distinguished  cham- 
pions of  liberty. 

After  leaving  the  field  of  battle  I  met 
him  and  drank  some  spirit  and  water  with 
him.  He  was  amimated  and  sanguine  in 
the  result  of  the  conflict  for  Independence, 
from  the  glorious  display  of  valor,  which 
had  distinguished  his  countrymen  on  that 
ever  memorable  day. 

He  soon  observed  that  the  British  troops 
on  Bunker  Hill  appeared  in  motion  and  said 
he  would  go  and  reconnoitre  them,  to  see 
whether  they  were  coming  out  over  the 
neck,  at  the  same  time  directing  me  to 
march  my  company  down  the  road  towards 
Charlestown.  We  were  then  at  Tuft's  house 
near  Ploughed  Hill.  I  immediately  made  a 
forward  movement  to  the  position  he  direct- 
ed me  to  take,  and  halted  while  he  proceed- 
ed to  the  old  pound,  which  stood  on  the  site 
now  occupied  as  a  tavern-house  not  far  from 
the  entrance  to  the  neck.  After  he  had 
satisfied  himself  that  the  enemy  did  not 
intend  to  leave  their  strong  posts  on  the 
heights,  he  was  returning  towards  me, 
and  when  within  twelve  or  fifteen  rods 
of  where  I  stood,  with  my  company,  a 
random  cannon-shot,  from  one  of  the  frig- 
ates laying  near  where  the  centre  of  Craige's 
bridge  now  is  passed  directly  though  his 
body  and  put  to  flight  one  of  the  most  he- 
roic souls  that  ever  animated  man. 

He  leaped  two  or  three  feet  from  the 
ground,  pitched  forward,  and  fell  dead  upon 
his  face.  I  had  him  carried  to  Medford, 
where-he  was  interred,  with  all  the  respect 
and  honours  we  could  exhibit  to  the  manes 
of  a  great  aud  good  man.  He  was  my 
bosom  friend;  we  had  grown  up  together 
on  terms  of  the  greatest  intimacy  and  I 
loved  him  as  a  brother. 

My  position  in  the  battle,  more  the  result 
of  accident,  than  any  regularity  of  formation, 
was  on  the  right  of  the  line,  at  the  rail 
fence,  which  afforded  me  a  fair  view  of  the 
whole  scene  of  action. 

Our  men  were  intent  on  cutting  down 
every  officer  whom  they  could   distinguish 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


271 


in  the  British  line.  When  any  of  them 
discovered  one  he  would  instantly  exclaim 
"there"  "see  that  officer"  "let  us  have  a 
shot  at  him"  when  two  or  three  would  fire 
at  the  same  moment;  and  as  our  soldiers 
were  excellent  marksmen  and  rested  their 
muskets  over  the  fence,  they  were  sure  of 
their  object.  An  officer  was  discovered  to 
mount  near  the  position  of  Gren.  Howe,  on 
the  left  of  the  British  line  and  ride  towards 
our  left;  which  a  column  was  endeavouring 
to  turn.  This  was  the  only  officer  on  horse- 
back during  the  day,  and  as  he  approached 
the  rail  fence,  I  heard  a  number  of  our  men 
observe,  "there,"  "  there," — "  see  that  offi- 
cer on  horseback," — "  let  us  fire,"  "no,  not 
yet," — "  wait  until  he  gets  to  that  little 
knoll," — "  now," — when  they  fired  and  he 
instantly  fell  dead,  from  his  horse.  It  prov- 
ed to  be  Major  Pitcairn, — a  distinguished 
officer.  The  fire  of  the  enemy  was  so  badly 
directed,  I  should  presume  that  forty-nine 
balls  out  of  fifty  passed  from  one  to  six  feet 
over  our  heads,  for  I  noticed  an  apple  tree, 
some  paces  in  the  rear,  which  had  scarcely 
a  ball  in  it,  from  the  ground  as  high  as  a 
man's  head,  while  the  trunk  and  branches 
above  were  literally  cut  to  pieces. 

I  commanded  a  full  company  in  action 
and  had  only  one  man  killed  and  five 
wounded,  which  was  a  full  average  of  the 
loss  we  sustained,  excepting  those  who  fell 
while  sallying  from  the  redoubt,  when  it 
was  stormed  by  the  British  column. 

Our  total  loss  in  killed  was  eighty-eight, 
and  as  well  as  I  can  recollect  upwards  of 
two  hundred  wounded.  Our  platoon  officers 
carried  fusees. 

In  the  course  of  the  action,  after  firing 
away  what  ammunition  I  had,  I  walked  on 
to  the  higher  ground  to  the  right,  in  rear 
of  the  redoubt  with  an  expectation  of  pro- 
curing from  some  of  the  dead  or  wounded 
men  who  lay  there,  a  supply.  While  in 
that  situation  I  saw  at  some  distance  a  dead 
man  lying  near  a  small  locust  tree.  As  he 
appeared  to  be  much  better  dressed  than 
our  men  generally  were,  I  asked  a  man  who 
was  passing  me,  if  he  knew  who  it  was. 
He  replied  "it  is  Doctor  Warren." 

I  did  not  personally  know  Doctor  Warren, 
but  was  well   acquainted  with   his  public 


character.  He  had  been  recently  appointed 
a  general  in  our  service,  but  had  not  taken 
any  command.  He  was  President  of  the 
Provincial  Congress  then  sitting  in  Water- 
town,  and  having  heard  that  there  would 
probably  be  an  action,  had  come  to  share  in 
whatever  might  happen,  in  the  character 
of  a  volunteer  and  was  unfortunately  killed 
early  in  the  action.  His  death  was  a  severe 
misfortune  to  his  friends  and  country. 
Posterity  will  appreciate  his  worth  and  do 
honour  to  his  memory.  He  is  immortalized 
as  a  patriot,  who  gloriously  fell  in  the  de- 
fence of  freedom. 

The  number  of  our  troops  in  action  as 
near  as  I  was  able  to  ascertain  did  not  ex- 
ceed fifteen  hundred.  The  force  of  the  Brit- 
ish, at  the  commencement  of  the  action,  was 
estimated  at  about  the  same  number,  but 
they  were  frequently  reinforced. 

Had  our  ammunition  held  out,  or  had  we 
been  supplied  with  only  fifteen  or  twenty 
rounds,  I  have  no  doubt  but  that  we  should 
have  killed  and  wounded  the  greatest  part 
of  their  army,  and  compelled  the  remainder 
to  have  laid  down  their  arms;  for  it  was 
with  the  greatest  difficulty  that  they  were 
brought  up  the  last  time.  Our  fire  was  so 
deadly,  particularly  to  the  officers,  that  it 
would  have  been  impossible  to  have  resisted 
it,  but  for  a  short  time  longer. 

I  did  not  see  a  man  quit  his  post  during 
the  action,  and  do  not  believe  a  single  sol- 
dier, who  was  brought  into  the  field  fled, 
until  the  whole  army  was  obliged  to  retreat, 
for  want  of  powder  and  ball. 

The  total  loss  of  the  British  was  about 
twelve  hundred ;  upwards  of  five  hundred 
killed  and  between  six  and  seven  hundred 
wounded.  The  Welsh  fusileers  suffered 
most  severely;  they  came  into  action  five 
hundred  strong,  and  all  were  killed  or 
wounded  but  eighty-three. 

I  will  mention  an  extraordinary  circum- 
stance to  show  how  far  the  temporary  repu- 
tation of  a  man  may  affect  the  minds  of  all 
classes  of  society. 

General  Putnam  had  entered  our  army 
at  the  commencement  of  the  revolutionary 
war,  with  such  an  universal  popularity  as 
can  scarcely  now  be  conceived,  even  by 
those  who    then  felt  the  whole  force  of  it. 


272 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Aug. 


and  no  one  can  at  this  time  offer  any  satis- 
factory reasons  why  he  was  held  in  such 
high  estimation. 

In  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill  he  took  post 
on  the  declivity  towards  Charlestown  Neck, 
where  I  saw  him  on  horseback  as  we  pass- 
ed on  to  Breed's  Hill,  with  Col.  Gerrish  by 
his  side.  I  heard  the  gallant  Col.  Prescott 
(who  commanded  in  the  redoubt)  observe, 
after  the  war,  at  the  table  of  his  Excellency 
James  Boudoin,  then  governor  of  this  com- 
monwealth, "that  he  sent  three  messengers 
during  the  battle  to  Gen.  Putnam,  request- 
ing him  to  come  forward  and  take  the  com- 
mand, there  being  no  general  officer  present, 
and  the  relative  rank  of  the  colonel  not 
having  been  settled ;  but  that  he  received 
no  answer,  and  his  whole  conduct  was  such, 
both  during  the  action  and  the  retreat,  that 
he  ought  to  have  been  shot/'  He  remained 
at  or  near  the  top  of  Bunker  Hill  until  the 
retreat,  with  colonel  Gerrish  by  his  side: 
I  saw  them  together  when  we  retreated. 
He  not  only  continued  at  that  distance  him- 
self during  the  whole  of  the  action,  but  had 
a  force  with  him  nearly  as  large  as  that  en- 
gaged. No  reinforcement  of  men  or  ammu- 
nition was  sent  to  our  assistance;  and,  in- 
stead of  attempting  to  cover  the  retreat  of 
those  who  had  expended  their  last  shot  in 
the  face  of  the  enemy,  he  retreated  in  com- 
pany with  colonel  Gerrish,  and  his  whole 
force,  without  discharging  a  single  musket; 
but  what  is  still  more  astonishing,  colonel 
Gerrish  was  arrested  for  cowardice,  tried, 
cashiered,  and  universally  execrated)  while 
not  a  word  was  said  against  the  conduct  of 
general  Putnam,  whose  extraordinary  'popu- 
larity alone  saved  him,  not  only  from  trial 
but  even  from  censure.  Colonel  Gerrish 
commanded  a  regiment,  and  should  have 
been  at  its  head.  His  regment  was  not  in 
action,  although  ordered ;  but  as  he  was  in 
the  suite  of  the  general,  and  appeared  to  be 
in  the  situation  of  adjutant  general,  why  was 
he  not  directed  by  Putnam  to  join  it,  or  the 
regiment  sent  into  action  under  the  senior 
officer  present  with  it  ? 

When  general  Putnam's  ephemeral  and 
unaccountable  popularity  subsided  or  faded 
away,  and  the  minds  of  the  people  were  re- 
leased from  the  shackles  of  a  delusive  trance, 


the  circumstances  relating  to  Bunker  Hill 
were  viewed  and  talked  of  in  a  very  different 
light,  and  the  selection  of  the  unfortunate 
colonel  Gerrish  as  a  scape-goat,  considered 
as  a  mysterious  and  inexplicable  event. 

I  have  no  private  feelings  to  gratify  by 
making  this  statement  in  relation  to  general 
Putnam,  as  I  never  had  any  intercourse 
with  him.  and  was  only  in  the  army  where 
he  was  present,  for  a  few  months ;  but,  at 
this  late  period,  I  conceive  it  a  duty  to  give 
a  fair  and  impartial  account  of  one  of  the 
most  important  battles  during  the  war  of 
independence,  and  all  the  circumstances 
connected  with  it,  so  far  as  I  had  the  means 
of  being  correctly  informed. 

It  is  a  duty  I  owe  to  posterity,  and  the 
character  of  those  brave  officers  who  bore  a 
share  in  the  hardships  of  the  revolution. 

Nothing  like  discipline  had  entered  our 
army  at  that  time.  General  Ward,  then 
commander  in  chief,  remained  at  his  quar- 
ters in  Cambridge,  and  apparently  took  no 
interest  or  part  in  the  transactions  of  the  day. 

No  general  officer,  except  Putnam,  ap- 
peared in  sight,  nor  did  any  officer  assume 
the  command,  undertake  to  form  the  troops, 
or  give  any  orders,  in  the  course  of  the  ac- 
tion, that  I  heard,  except  colonel  Stark, 
who  directed  his  regiment  to  reserve  their 
fire  on  the  retreat  of  the  enemy,  until  they 
advanced  again. 

Every  platoon  officer  was  engaged  in  dis- 
charging his  own  musket,  and  left  his  men 
to  fire  as  they  pleased,  but  never  without  a 
sure  aim  at  some  particular  object,  which 
was  more  destructive  than  any  mode  which 
could  have  been  adopted  with  troops  who 
were  not  inured  to  discipline,  and  never  had 
been  in  battle,  but  who  still  were  familiar 
with  the  use  of  arm,  from  boyhood,  and  each 
having  his  peculiar  manner  of  loading  and 
firing,  which  had  been  practiced  upon  for 
years,  with  the  same  gun,  any  attempt  to 
control  them  by  uniformity  or  system,  would 
have  rendered  their  fires  infinitely  less  fatal 
to  the  enemy.  Not  an  officer  or  soldier  of 
the  continental  troops  engaged  was  in  uni- 
form, but  were  in  the  plain  and  ordinary 
dress  of  citizens;  nor  was  there  an  officer 
on  horseback. 

(Signed)  H.  DEARBORN, 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


JT73 


The  Tomb  of  Columbus.— In  the 
Cathedral  Church  of  the  Havana,  on  the 
north  side  of  the  chancel,  and  near  the 
high-altar,  is  an  insignificant  looking  mural 
tablet.  It  marks  the  last  resti tig-place  of 
one  whose  life  was  a  perpetual  wandering 
to-and-fro  upon  the  earth,  to  whose  bones 
there  came  final  rest  only  after  many  years 
of  death.  The  rude  likeness  carved  upon 
it  shows  the  thoughtful,  persistent  face  of 
Christopher  Columbus.  In  the  wall  behind, 
his  remains  are  built  up. 

It  seems  almost  incredible  that  the  spot 
where  lie  the  ashes  of  one  so  great  should 
be  marked  by  no  more  than  this  poor  tablet. 
It  is  too  meagre  to  catch  the  attention  of  a 
stranger  without  direction.  Perhaps  that  is 
best.  For  even  the  most  glorious  work  of 
men's  hands  would  fail  to  be  fit  memorial 
of  him  whose  monument  is  half  the  inhabit- 
ed world. 

It  is  not  to  much  to  say  that  Columbus 
owes  his  grand  success  to  his  unselfish  unity 
of  purpose.  There  was  no  want  of  breadth 
in  his  character  to  canker  the  fair  fame  of 
his  benefaction  to  the  world.  We  find  no 
fault  in  him.  When  smaller  men  tried  to 
rise  upon  the  ruin  of  his  credit,  he  took 
it  quietly,  and  forgave  it  without  scorn. 
There  is  not  one  imperfection  to  limit  our 
reverence  for  his  memory.  The  son  of  a 
humble  Genoese  wool-comber,  he  left  his 
children  a  distinction  prouder  than  a  pedi- 
gree of  the  bluest  blood.  His  education 
was  the  best  his  father  could  afford.  From 
the  earliest,  his  chief  fancy  was  for  the  sea 
— a  fact  in  which  his  simple  piety  recog- 
nised the  original  of  that  Divine  guidance 
which  afterwards  led  him  to  discover  the 
New  World. 

After  serving  in  ships  of  war,  under 
one  of  his  own  relations,  at  the  age  of  five- 
and-thirty  Columbus  was  attracted  to  Lis- 
bon by  the  fame  of  the  Portuguese  discover- 
ies, and  the  scientific  patronage  of  the 
young  and  amiable  Prince  Henry  of  Por- 
tugal. There  he  married  a  countrywoman 
of  his  own,  whose  father  was  one  of  the 
prince's  seaman,  and  governor  of  the  Island 
of  Porto  Santo.  For  awhile  he  made  voy- 
ages to  the  Portuguese  possessions  on  the 
coast  of  Guinea,  chiefly  with  the  view  of 

HIST.  MAG.       VOL.  VIII.  35 


penetrating  to  India  by  the  East.  At  the 
same  time,  from  a  theory  of  the  spherical 
form  of  the  earth,  which  he  had  founded 
on  Ptolemy's  globe  and  the  chart  of  Marinus 
of  Tyre,  he  conceived  the  idea  of  reaching 
India,  and  perhaps  more,  by  way  of  the 
West.  From  this  beginning  arose  the  great 
work  of  his  life.  Once  convinced  in  his 
own  mind,  he  never  afterwards  hesitated, 
or    doubted,    or   lost   sight  of  his    design. 

His  deep  religious  instinct  served  to  ele- 
vate and  confirm  his  purpose,  with  a  sense 
little  short  of  Divine  inspiration.  He  saw 
himself  foretold,  in  the  prophecies  of  the 
Old  Testament,  as  destined  to  bring  together 
all  nations  and  languages  under  the  banner 
of  the  Redeemer.  The  power  of  his  rul- 
ing passion  showed  itself  outwardly,  in  the 
quiet  dignity  and  authority  of  his  demean- 
our. He  was  ready  to  spend  himself  and 
be  spent  for  the  success  of  his  plans.  And 
neither  arguments,  nor  entreaties,  nor  even 
tears,  could  shake  his  convictions  or  turn 
him  aside  from  his  projects. 

The  baldest  sketch  of  his  great  life  would 
be  too  long  for  the  present  paper.  Its  his- 
tory cannot  be  condensed  without  injury. 
Washington  Irving's  charming  work  is 
within  the  reach  of  all  readers.  Later 
writers  have  differed  from  his  well-known 
conclusions  as  to  the  island  first  seen  by  the 
discoverers.  In  the  "  Landfall  of  Colum- 
bus," by  Capt.  Beecher,  R.N.,  of  the  Hydro- 
graphic  Office,  Admiralty,  the  whole  ques- 
tion is  carefully  examined  and  set  at  rest. 
To  this  the  interested  may  refer  with  satis- 
faction, for  accounts  of  the  various  fortunes 
through  which  this  great  navigator  went, 
and  the  difficulties  that  he  overcame;  till, 
after  long  delay,  his  expedition  was  fitted 
out  at  the  little  port  of  Palos,  in  Andalusia, 
under  the  countenance  of  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella,  sovereigns  of  Castile:  and,  amid 
the  tears  and  dismay  of  relations,  he  sailed 
with  three  vessels  and  a  complement  of  not 
more  than  a  hundred  men  in  all,  on  Friday, 
the  3d  of  August,  1492,  'half  an  hour 
before  sunrise." 

More  than  two  mouths  of  westward  sail- 
ing over  the  "Sea  of  Darkness"  brought 
them  to  the  Bahama  Banks.  Many  times 
the  superstitions  of  the  sailors  perilled  the 


274 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Aug., 


success  of  the  expedition,  and  even  the  life 
of  the  admiral.  At  last,  from  natural  signs, 
they  deemed  that  they  drew  near  to  the 
land;  mutinous  tempers  grew  calm;  all 
hearts  took  courage.  When  day  broke,  on 
Friday,  12th  October,  they  found  themselves 
at  an  island,  called  by  the  natives  Gruana- 
hani,  which  Colnmbus  henceforth  "named 
San  Salvador,  in  remembrance  of  that  Al- 
mighty Power  which  had  so  miraculously" 
showed  it  to  him.  It  is  styled  now,  by 
Europeans,  Watling  Island,  after  a  cer- 
tain buccaneer  captain.  The  San  Salvador 
of  modern  maps  is  falsely  so  called. 

This  was  the  discovery  of  the  New  World. 
The  fabled  Cipango,  by  which  some  have 
understood  Japan,  and  the  mainland  of 
India,  had  yet  to  be  reached.  For  these 
the  admiral  continued  to  search,  drawn  to- 
wards west  or  east  at  the  sight  of  larger 
islands  opening  up  in  the  horizon,  till  he 
came  to  Cuba,  "which  I  believe"  said  he, 
"must  be  Cipango,'' 

Here  I  leave  him.  He  had  succeeded  in 
his  great  aim.  Before  his  death  he  made 
three  more  voyages  across  the  Atlantic  to 
the  newly  discovered  Indies.  After  two 
years  of  sickness,  he  died,  in  Spain,  on  the 
26th  May,  1506,  and  was  buried  in  the 
Convent  of  San  Francisco,  at  Valladolid. 
Seven  years  later,  his  body  was  removed  to 
the  Monastery  of  Cartujos  de  las  Cuevas,  in 
Seville.  From  there,  according  to  a  wish 
expressed  in  his  last  will,  it  was  taken  to 
the  West  Indies,  and  buried  by  the  altar  in 
the  Cathedral  of  San  Domingo.  In  17&5, 
when  that  island  was  given  up  to  France, 
his  remains  were  transferred  from  San  Do- 
mingo to  Cuba,  and  rest  finally  on  the  right 
side  of  the  high-altar  in  the  Cathedral  in 
the  city  of  the  Havana. 

The  personal  appearance  of  Columbus 
was  not  a  bad  index  of  his  character.  His 
general  air  expressed  the  authority  which 
he  knew  so  well  how  to  exercise.  His  light- 
grey  eyes  kindled  easily  at  subjects  of  in- 
terest. He  was  tall  and  well-forjaed.  His 
complexion  was  fair  and  freckled,  and  in- 
clined to  ruddy.  Trouble  soon  turned  his 
light  hair  grey,  and  at  thirty  years  of  age  it 
was  quite  white.  Moderate  in  food,  and 
simple   in    dress,    temperate    in    language, 


bearing  himself  with  courteous  and  gentle 
gravity,  religious  without  being  a  formalist, 
repressing  his  irritable  temper  with  a  lofty 
piety,  he  was  the  model  of  a  Christian  gen- 
tleman. The  devout  reference  of  his  suc- 
cesses to  the  Divine  favor,  with  which  he 
concludes  the  report  of  his  first  voyage  to 
the  sovereigns  of  Castile,  is  highly  charac- 
teristic of  the  man. 

"This  is  certain,"  he  writes,  "that  the 
Eternal  God  our  Lord  gives  all  things  to 
those  who  obey  Him,  and  the  victory  when 
it  seems  impossible,  and  this  evidently  is  an 
instance  of  it,  for  although  people  have  talked 
of  these  lands,  all  was  conjecture,  unless 
proved  by  seeing  them,  for  the  greater  part 
listened  and  judged  more  by  hearsay  than 
by  anything  else. 

"Since,  then,  our  Redeemer  has  given 
this  victory  to  our  illustrious  king  and 
queen,  and  celebrated  their  reigns  by  such 
a  great  thing,  all  Christendom  should  re- 
joice and  make  great  festivals,  and  give 
thanks  to  the  Blessed  Trinity,  with  solemn 
praises  for  the  conversion  of  so  much  people 
to  our  faith." 


THE  FIRST  BOOK  EVER  PRINTED  IN 
PHILADELPHIA. 

A.  D.  1685. 

At  the  May  meeting  of  the  Historical 
Society  of  Pennsylvania,  the  following  let- 
ter was  read  by  Horatio  Gr.  Jones,  Esq., 
Cor.  Sec.  It  was  addressed  to  him  by  the 
Hon.  John  William  Wallace,  one  of  the 
Vice-Presidents  of  the  Society,  who  at  the 
time  was  spending  a  few  days  at  Newport, 
R.  I.: 

Newport,  R.  I.,  April  21st,  1864. 

Dear  Sir  :  I  know  the  interest  with 
which  you  pursue  every  inquiry  which  con- 
cerns either  the  honor  of  the  press  or  the 
honor  of  Pennsylvania,  and  am  sure  you 
will  hear  with  pleasure  of  my  discovery  in 
this  ancient  town  of  the  first  volume  ever 
issued  from  the  press  of  the  Middle  Colo- 
nies ;  a  tract  printed  in  our  own  city  in  the 
year  1685. 

This  volume  was  the  subject  of  some  re- 
mark by  me  in  New  York  in  May  last  on 
the  celebration  by  the    Historical    Society 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


275 


there  of  the  Bradford  Bicentenary,  but  I 
had  then  never  seen  it,  nor  seen  anybody 
who  had.  I  knew  but  little  about  it.  I 
referred  to  it,  however,  as  follows : 

The  earliest  issue  of  Bradford's  press 
known  to  me  is  an  Almanac  for  the  year 
1686,  produced  of  course  in  1685.  One 
copy  alone  seems  to  have  survived  to  this 
day,  and  that  one  has  wandered  far  from 
the  place  of  its  origin.  New  England 
boasts  its  possession.  It  was  called  Ameri- 
ca's Messenger.  A  certain  Samuel  Atkyns 
edited  it.  Among  the  remarkable  events 
which  were  set  down  opposite  to  particular 
days,  there  was  set  down  opposite  to  that 
one  on  which  Mr.  Penn  assumed  control  of 
things  in  Pennsylvania,  the  following  entry  : 
"  The  beginning  of  Government  here  by 
the  LORD  PENN."  This  title  of  courte- 
sy given  to  their  Governor  was  offensive  to 
the  Provincial  Magistracy.  Atkyns  was 
summoned  before  the  Council  and  ordered 
to  blot  out  the  words  "  Lord  Penn,"  and 
Bradford  was  warned  "  not  to  print  any- 
thing but  what  shall  have  lycence  from  the 
Council." 

Jehold  !  a  second  copy  now  turns  up ;  I 
may  say  most  fortunately  turns  up,  since 
that  copy  to  which  I  referred  when  in  New 
York,  as  still  in  existence,  cannot  be  found. 
Within  a  few  years  it  has  perished,  appar- 
ently, to  the  world  forever  !  The  second 
copy,  now  discovered,  is  in  the  possession  of 
David  King,  M.  D.,  of  this  place — a  gen- 
tleman not  more  advantageously  known  in 
the  walks  of  medical  science  than  in  the 
departments  of  literature,  history  and  so- 
cial life.  I  have  the  tract  now  before  me 
in  his  hospitable  house.  It  is  one  of  twen- 
ty pages  duodecimo,  well  printed,  and  on 
paper  much  better  than  most  which  now 
absorbs  the  ink  of  Almanacks.  The  mo- 
tives which  the  editor,  Atkyns,  who  styles 
himself  '  Student  in  Mathematicks  and  As- 
trology,'— and  who  in  our  day  of  greater  ti- 
tles would  have  doubtless  been  '  Professor  ' 
in  those  arts — had  to  prepare  the  Kalendar, 
are  stated  in  a  preface  written  by  himself. 
I  make  you  an  extract  from  it  on  the  spot, 
and  while  I  sit  at  Dr.  King's  table  : 

TO  THE  READER. 
I   have  sojourned  in  &  through  several 


places,  not  only  in  this  province  but  like- 
wise in  Maryland  <fc  elsewhere,  &  the  peo- 
ple generally  complaining  that  they  scarce- 
ly knew  how  the  time  passed  nor  that  they 
hardly  knew  the  Day  of  Best  or  Lord's 
Day,  when  it  was, — for  want  of  a  Diary  or 
Day-Book  which  we  call  an  Almanack  ^ 
^  ^  I  say  hearing  this  general  complaint 
from  such  abundance  of  Inhabitants  which 
are  here,  I  was,  really  troubled  ;  and  did 
design  according  to  that  small  knowledge 
which  I  had,  to  pleasure  these  my  country- 
men, with  that  which  they  wanted;  al- 
though it  be  not  completed  in  that  method 
which  I  did  intend  it  should  be.  *  ^  ^ 
Beside  the  table  of  Kings  &c  I  had  thoughts 
to  have  incerted  a  figure  of  the  moon's 
eclipse  ;  a  small  draught  of  the  form  of  this 
city,  &  a  Table  to  find  the  hour  of  the  day, 
by  the  shadow  of  a  staff;  but  we  not  having 
tools  to  carve  them  in  that  form  that  I  would 
have  them,  nor  time  to  calculate  the  other, 
I  pass  it  for  this  year,  &  not  only  promise  it 
in  the  next,  but  likewise  several  more  par- 
ticular notes  &  observations  which  shall  not 
only  be  useful  to  this  Province  but  like- 
wise to  the  neighboring  provinces  on  both 
sides.  In  the  meantime  accept  this,  my 
mite ;  being  my  first  fruits ;  &  you  will  en- 
courage me  according  to  my  ability  to  serve 
you  in  what  I  may  or  can, — while  I  am 
Samuel  Atkyns 
10th  Month 
1685 

Our  old  friend,  Bradford,  too,  looms 
up  largely  through  the  mist  of  centuries,  as 
indeed  he  always  does  wherever  in  the  vis- 
ions of  our  early  press  we  see  him  at  all. 
We  here  have  an  account  by  the  very  man 
himself  (how  little  he  thought  that  you  and 
I  should  ever  see  it !)  of  the  introduction  of 
printing  into  the  vast  region  which  now 
constitutes  the  Middle  States !  It  bears  in- 
contestible  evidence — any  one  familiar  with 
his  style  of  writing  will  see — of  having 
come  from  his  own  pen.     It  reads  thus  : 

THE  PRINTER  TO  THE  READERS. 

Hereby  understand  that  after  great  charge 

&  Trouble,  I  have  brought  that  great  Art 

&  Mystery  of  printing  into  this  part  of 

America  ;  believing  it  may  be  of  great  ser- 


276 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Aug., 


vice  to  you  in  several  respects  j  hoping  to 
find  encouragement,  not  only  in  this  Alma- 
nack, but  what  else  I  shall  enter  upon  for 
the  use  &  service  of  the  Inhabitants  of  these 
Parts.  Some  irregularities  there  be  in  this 
Diary,  which  I  desire  you  to  pass  by  this 
year ;  for  being  lately  come  hither,  my  ma- 
terials were  misplaced  &  out  of  order, 
whereupon  I  was  forced  to  use  Figures  & 
Letters  of  various  Sizes,  but  understanding 
the  want  of  something  of  this  nature ;  & 
being  importuned  thereto,  I  ventured  to 
make  public  this  \  desiring  you  to  accept 
thereof;  h  by  the  next  (as  I  find  encour- 
agement) shall  endeavor  to  have  things  com- 
pleat.  And  for  the  ease  of  Clarks,  Scriv- 
eniers,  &c,  I  propose  to  print  blank'  Bills, 
Bonds,  Letters  of  Attorney,  Indentures, 
Warrants,  etc.,  &  what  else  presents  itself, 
wherein  I  shall  be  ready  to  serve  you ;  and 
remain  your  frind.  W.  Bradford, 

Philadelphia,  the  28th. 

10th  month,  1685. 

Among  the  items  of  interest  in  the  Al- 
manack is  a  Chronology.  Mr.  Atkyns, 
however,  like  a  wise  man,  keeps  on  this  side 
of  the  Flood,  which  he  fixes  as  a  starting 
point — thus  : 
"  The  flood  of  Noah,  3979  years"  {before 

the  Almanack.) 

Next  comes  : 
"  The    building    of  London,   2793  years " 

(before  the  Almanack.) 

Like  a  good  Englishman,  however,  he  puts 
the  building  of  London  several  years  before 
"  The  building  of  Solomon's  Temple,  2702" 

(before  the  Almanack.) 

And,  of  course,  before 
"  The  building  of  Rome,  2438  "  (before  the 

Almanack.) 

It   was   in    this    "  Chronology "  that  he 
had  placed 
"  The   beginning  of  government  here  by  the 

Lord  Penn,"  5  (before  the  Almanack.) 

And  a  "  visum  corporis  "  of  Dr.  King's 
copy  shows  that,  sure  enough,  Bradford  did 
actually  "  blot  out "  the  words  "  Lord 
Penn."  A  three  em  quad,  well  inked  from 
the  ball,  is  stamped  over  both  the  words, 
which  in  Dr.  King's  copy  are  wholly  ille- 
gible ;    and    in    the    Errata  we    find  "  By 


reason  of  our  making  so  much  haste,  some 
faults  have  escaped  the  press.  The  most 
material  take  as  followeth  ...  In  the  Chro- 
nology read,  '  The  beginning  of  govern- 
ment here  by  William  Penn,  Proprietor 
and  Governor,  6  years.'  " 

The  title  of  the  Almanack,  which  I  give 
you  as  a  bibliographical  and  historic  record, 
runs  as  follows  : 

KALENDARIUM  PENNSILVANIENSE, 

Or 

America's  Messenger, 

Being    an 

ALMANACK 

For  the  Year  of  Grace  1686. 
Wherein  is  contained  both  the  English  and 
Forragn  account ;  the  motions  of  the  Plan- 
ets through  the  Signs,  with  the  luminaries, 
conjunctions,  aspects,  eclipses;  the  rising, 
southing  and  setting  of  the  moon,  with  the 
time  when  she  passeth  by  or  is  with  the 
most  eminent  fixed  stars  ;  sun  rising  and 
setting  and  the  time  of  High  Water  at  the 
City  of  Philadelphia,  &c.  With  Chronol- 
ogies and  many  other  Notes,  Rules,  and  Ta- 
bles very  fitting  for  every  man  to  know  and 
have  :  All  which  is  accommodated  to  the 
Longitude  of  the  Province  of  Pennsilvania  ; 
Longitude  of  40  Degr.  North  ;  with  a  ta- 
ble of  Houses  for  the  same,  which  may  in- 
differently serve  New  England,  New  York, 
East  and  West  Jersey,  Maryland,  and 
North  parts  of  Virginia. 

BY    SAMUEL    ATKYNS, 

Student  in  the  Mathematics  and  Astrology. 

And  the  stars  in  their  courses  fought 
against  Sesera. — Judg.  v,  29. 

Printed  and  sold  by  William  Bradford. 
Sold  also  by  the  Author  and  H.  Murray  in 
Philadelphia,  and  Philip  Richards  in  New 
York,  1685. 

The  accomplished  wife  of  Dr.  King  has 
promised  that  she  will  have  a  copy  of  this 
iVlmanack  made  for  our  Historical  Society, 
page  for  page.  When  I  receive  it  I  shall 
send  it  to  you  for  the  Society. 
I  am,  with  respect,  dear  sir, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

J.  W.  WALLACE, 
To  Horatio  Gates  Jones,  Esq.,  Phila- 
delphia. 


x 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


277 


|fatcs  anir  (Queries, 


NOTES. 
The  Tristram  Coffin  Medal. — Sev- 
eral  years   ago,   I,  with  some    other  little 
boys,  was  whiling  away  a  summer  afternoon, 
in  the  delightful  employment  of  digging  holes 
in  my  father's  door-yard  and  filling  them 
with  water,  which  holes  thus  filled  we  dig- 
nified with   the   name  of  "  wells."     While 
engaged  in  excavating  a  "  well"  which  was 
to  be  a  grand  affair,  and  which  I  had  already 
sunk  to  the  depth  of  a  foot  or  more,  I  struck 
upon  something  smooth  and  glistening,  and 
soon  brought  up  de  profundls  a  medal  of 
large  size  which  was  regarded  by  us  all  as 
an  object  of  great  curiosity,  and  led  to  many 
childish  speculations   as   to  the  manner  in 
which  it  came  to  be  buried  in  this  locality. 
Well-digging  ceased  to  interest  us  from  that 
moment,  and  we  forthwith  became  a  compa- 
ny of  money^iiggers.    Although  our  further 
efforts  were  unsuccessful,  yet  the  appearance 
of  the  door-yard  when  we  ceased  our  opera- 
tions was  more  suggestive  of  a   ploughed 
field  than  of  a  well  kept  grass-plat.     My  re- 
collection of  the  appearance  of  this  medal, 
which  I  have  not  seen  for  twenty  five  years, 
is  this.     On  the  obverse  was  the  effigy  of  a 
man  in  the  dress  of  a  cavalier.     The  hat  on 
his  head  was  adorned  with  a  feather ;  the 
wrists  were   surrounded  with   ruffles ;  the 
trousers  were  met  at  the  knee  by  long  stock- 
ings; and  the  feet  were  enclosed  in  buckled 
shoes.     The  legend  was  in  these  words  : — 
"  Tristram  Coffiu,  the  first  of  the  race  that 
settled  in  America."     On  the  reverse  were 
two  hands  clasped,  the  wrists  ending  in  ruf- 
fles, but  the   legend  if  there  was  any  I  do 
not  remember.    In  size  the  medal  was  larger 
than  a  crown  piece,  and  was  struck  either 
in  silver,  tin  or  white  metal.     At  that  time 
a  young  man  by  the  name  of  Coffin  was  a 
clerk  in  my  father's  office,  and  to  him,  on 
my  father's  suggestion,  I  gave  the  medal. 
Since  then  I  have  often  made  inquiries  as 
to  the  origin  and  history  of  this  memorial 
piece,  but  have  never  yet  seen  a  satisfactory 
account  of  it.     That  Tristram  Coffin  was  the 
first  of  his  race    that  settled   in  America, 
there  can  be  no  doubt.     In  the  second  vol- 


ume of  the  New  England  Genealogical  Re- 
gister may  be  found  statements  respecting 
his  history,  and  in  Dr.  P.  B.  Hough's  com- 
pilation of  "Papers  relating  to  the  island 
of  Nantucket,"  a  copy  of  his  signature  is 
given,  several  of  his  letters  are  presented, 
and  his  importance  as  one  of  ten  owners  of 
Martha's  Vineyard  and  as  a  local  magistrate 
is  recorded.  If  my  friend  who  has  the 
piece  which  rewarded  my  early  efforts  in 
well-digging,  or  if  any  of  your  readers  can 
throw  light  on  this  subject,  the  information 
will  afford  me  much  pleasure. 

B.H.H. 
Troy,  May  25,  1864. 


Why  the  Rebels  are  Called  "  John- 
nies."— In  1861  the  Federal  Soldiers  call- 
ed the  rebels  "  Secesh  ;"  in  1862,  "  Con- 
feds;"  in  1863,  "Greybacks,"  and  in  1864 
they  call  them  "  Johnnies."  A  correspon- 
dent gives  us  the  following  information 
about  the  origin  of  the  last-named  sobriquet: 
The  name  of  Johnny  originated  in  a  quar- 
rel between  a  couple  of  pickets,  which  be- 
gun by  the  Federal  telling  the  rebel  that 
they  (the  rebels)  depended  on  England  to 
get  out  of  this  scrape,  which  the  rebel  de- 
nied emphatically,  saying  they  were  able 
to  scrape  themselves  out.  One  word  brought 
on  another,  until  the  Federal  said  his  op- 
ponent was  no  better  than  a  Johnny  Bull 
anyhow ;  the  Reb  swore  he  would  shoot 
Yank  if  he  called  him  a  Johnny  Bull  again. 
The  quarrel  was  stopped  by  another  picket, 
and  they  soon  cooled  down,  but  the  Reb 
kept  muttering  "  I'd  as  soon  be  called  a 
nigger  as  Johnny  Bull." 


Book-Collectors. — St.  Isidore  the  Pe- 
lusite  was  wont  to  call  the  wrath  of  heaven 
upon  the  book-collectors  of  his  day.  We, 
who  are  no  saints,  occasionally  indulge  in 
similar  imprecations,  and,  we  hope,  always 
for  a  good  cause.  The  fact  is,  that  wealth, 
since  the  Roxburg  sale — a  sale,  as  our  read- 
ers doubtless  recollect,  where  opulent  and 
lively  noblemen  amused  themselves  with 
bidding  2260  guineas  on  a  Boccacio,  which 
the  unsuccessful  competitor  a  short  time 
thereafter  bought  for  one-third  of  that  sum 


278 


HISTORICAL   MAGAZINE 


[Auj 


— wealth,  we  say,  has  become  a  crying  evil. 
It  prompts  and  enables  men  who  formerly 
turned  their  attention  toward  collecting 
snuff-boxes  and  antique  snuffers  to  monop- 
olize every  valuable  book  which  comes 
within  their  reach — not  for  the  purpose  of 
reading  it  themselves,  or  of  enabling  some 
penniless  scholar  to  peruse  its  contents, 
but  to  keep  it  under  lock  and  key,  in  the 
dark,  at  the  bottom  of  a  huge  box,  until, 
themselves  being  dead,  and,  we  trust,  in  the 
bottomless  pit,  a  gay  heir  exhumes  the 
book,  and  gracefully  hands  it  to  the  nearest 
auctioneer. 


The  Buffalo  Question.— I  do  not  re- 
member to  have  noticed  in  your  columns  a 
quotation  from  Schoolcraft  in  regard  to  the 
Indian  or  original  name  of  the  city  of  Buf- 
falo. In  part  IV,  p.  563,  I  find  the  follow- 
ing : 

"  In  one  of  the  earlier  treaties  with  the 
Six  Nations,  it  is  called  Tehoseroron.  By 
Mrs.  Kerr,  a  daughter  of  Joseph  Brant,  it 
was  pronounced  Te-ho-se-ro-ro.  Both  these 
forms  of  pronunciation  are  Mohawk.  The 
Senecas,  the  true  occupants  of  the  stream, 
called  it  Dyosewa  and  Tushewa.  The  mean- 
ing appears,  in  all  cases,  to  be  the  place  of 
basswood — a  tree  common  to  this  stream  in 
early  times." 


Fort  St.  Philip. — The  Baron  de  Ca- 
rondelet,  describing  to  the  Duke  de  la  Al- 
cudia  what  he  had  done  for  Louisiana, 
which  he  found  utterly  defenceless,  says : 
"  I  erected  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  a  fort 
named  St.  Philip,  which  entirely  prevents 
the  passage  of  hostile  vessels  however  nu- 
merously they  present  themselves."  He  was 
not  the  only  one  who  overrated  its  powers. 


The  First  Slave  in  Canada.— It  is  a 
curious  fact  that  the  English  introduced 
slavery  into  Canada  during  their  brief  oc- 
cupation of  that  Colony  in  the  17th  century. 
A  little  negro  boy  from  Madagascar  was 
brought  to  Quebec  and  sold  for  fifty  crowns 
by  the  Kirks  to  a  settler  named  Le  Bailly. 
— Jesuit  Relations,  1632, 1633. 


QUERIES. 

Useful  Animals  of  America. — It  is 
desired  to  ascertain  the  ranges  of  the  prin- 
cipal animals  used  for  food  or  peltry  by  the 
Indians  of  North  America  at  the  earliest 
periods  known,  and  also  at  subsequent  times, 
with  a  view  not  only  to  their  original  habit 
at,  but  to  the  progress  of  extinction,  &c. 
Among  these  animals  may  be  mentioned  the 
buffalo,  musk,  ox,  caribou  or  reindeer,  moose 
(alces  Americana);  elk  (cervus  canadensis) ; 
big-horn  sheep  (ovis  montana);  mountain 
goat  (aploceras  Americana)  the  beaver,  otter 
&c.  Among  the  birds,  the  range  of  the  wild 
turkey  and  the  different  species  of  grouse 
are  to  be  sought.  I  can  myself  furnish 
some  particulars  on  this  subject,  and  solicit 
information  from  others,  with  dates,  authori- 
ty, &c. 


G.  G. 


The  Ten  Orators  of  Athens. — Va- 
lerius Harpocration,  a  Greek  rhetorician  of 
Alexandria,  was  the  author  of  a  work,  of 
which  the  first  edition  appeared  at  Venice, 
in  1503,  entitled  "  Lexicon  Decern  Orato- 
rum."  "  Lexicon  of  the  Ten  Orators,  giv- 
ing an  account  of  many  of  the  persons  and 
facts  mentioned  in  the  discourses  of  the 
principal  orators  of  Athens.  I  do  not  find 
the  work  in  any  library,  although  the  As- 
tor  Library  contains  two  others  of  that  au- 
thor. Can  any  subscriber  give  a  clue  to  a 
copy.  Shawmut. 


Beckford — Trecothick. — There  were 
about  1770  two  Americans  of  these  names 
who  were  Lords  Mayor  of  London  and  mem- 
bers of  Parliament.  Where  can  I  find  de- 
tails as  to  them  ?  G. 


Pennsylvania  Act  of  1711  prohib- 
iting Slavery. — Can  any  reader  of  the 
Historical  Magazine  state  whether  this  act 
has  of  late  been  discovered,  and  tell  where 
a  copy  can  be  found.  The  act  was  concealed 
in  England,  and  has  been  supposed  to  be 
lost.  In  the  present  investigations  into  the 
history  of  slavery  in  the  northern  colonies, 
this  act  should  be  discovered  if  possible. 

m.  h.  g. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL     MAGAZINE. 


279 


Bibliography  of  the  Following  or 
Imitation  of  Christ  by  Thomas  fi  Kem- 
PIS. — A  gentleman  in  Belgium  is  engaged 
on  a  Bibliography  of  this  work,  and  it 
would  be  interesting  to  gather  in  the  col- 
umns of  the  Magazine  the  full  titles  of 
American  Editions.  Several  versions  have 
been  represented  here,  one  "  by  a  female 
hand,"  those  of  Bishop  Cheverus,  John 
Payne,  Dibdin,  The  Oxford  Tractarians, 
and  a  recent  Catholic  one. 

The  following  may  be  mentioned  as  a 
commencement  : 

1749 

The  |  Imitation  |  of  Jesus  Christ,  |  be- 
ing an  |  abridgment  of  the  Works  |  of 
I  Thomas  a  Kempis,  |  By  a  Female  Hand. 
London  :  Printed  MDCCXLIV.  |  Ger- 
mantown :  Reprinted,  by  |  Christopher 
Sower,  1749. 
Three  Books  only.  8°  278  pp 

1805 
An  edition  of  Challoner's  translation  was 
issued    by  Carey,  of  Philadelphia,  but  the 
title,  size,  &c,  are  required. 


1810 


The  |  Following  of  Christ,  J  in  four  books. 
|  Written  in  Latin,  |  by  Thomas  a  Kem- 
pis. |  Translated  into  English,  by  the  lit.  | 
Rev,  Father  in  God,  |  Richard  Challoner, 
D.  D.  |  Bishop  of  Debra,  and  v.  a.  |  The 
Second  American  Edition.  |  Published  with 
the  approbation  of  the  lit.  Rev.  |  Archbis- 
hop Carroll  |  Baltimore  :  |  Printed  for  Ber- 
nard Dornin,  and  sold  at  |  his  Roman  Cath- 
olic Library,  30,  |  Baltimore  Street.  I  G. 
Dobbin  and  Murphy,  Print,  1810 
24°  pp  246 

1816 
The  |  Imitation  of  Christ :  |  in  three  books. 
|  Translated  from  the  Latin  |  of  |  Thomas 
a    Kempis  |  By   John    Payne  |  .    Manlius, 
(N.    Y.)    Printed    by   Leonard   Kellogc:  | 
1816. 

12°  231  pp     a  to  z  as  to  T* 
Can  titles  of  any  other  early  editions  be 
given  ? 


Marriages  in  New  England. — When 
did  marriages  in  New  England  begin  to  be 
celebrated  before  a  clergyman  ?  A  French 
work  on  marriage  in  the  United  States  sup- 
poses the  marriage  to  have  been  always  so 
solemnized  by  a  minister.  An  Act  of  Bare- 
bones'  Parliament  in  1653  made  a  magis- 
trate necessary  and  in  1656  the  interven- 
tion of  a  minister  was  allowed. 


Dogs. — How  many  breeds  of  dogs  are  in- 
digenous to  North  America,  and  at  what 
dates,  and  in  what  works  are  they  first  no- 
ticed in  different  parts  of  the  country  ? 

G.    G. 


Cox  Family  of  Queens  Co.  Long  Is- 
land.— Who  was  the  American  Ancestor 
of  this  family  and  when  did  he  arrive  in  the 
country  ? 


REPLIES. 

Indian  Works  by  Mother  Mary  of 
the  Incarnation.  (Vol.  v,  349  j  Vol. 
vi  page  36). — The  recent  work  "Les  Ursu- 
lines  de  Quebec/'  (Quebec,  1863)  on  page 
147  gives  the  fate  of  these  manuscripts, 
"As  our  venerable  mother  has  made  them 
for  the  good  of  the  Indians  and  they  could 
no  longer  be  useful  to  us  in  this  respect,  it 
was  supposed  that  her  views  were  carried 
out,  when  forty  years  ago,  they  were  given 
to  missionaries  going  to  the  northern 
tribes." 

It  is  deeply  to  be  regreted  that  the  Ursu- 
lines  thus  parted  with  such  a  relic  of  their 
foundress  j  the  papers  could  have  been  of 
little  or  no  use  to  the  missionaries,  and  were 
probably  lost  or  thrown  aside  as  worthless. 
In  a  scientific  point  of  view,  however  the 
loss  is  irreparable.  They  were  the  last 
known  work  of  any  size  extant  on  the  pure 
Algonquin  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  a  language 
now  so  entirely  lost  that  philologists  have 
no  standard  of  reference  except  the  vocab- 
ulary of  the  charlatan  La  lion  tan.  The 
Algonquin  of  the  Lake  of  the  Two  Moun- 
tains is  Nipissing  and  Chippeway  and  dif- 
fers essentially  from  the  original  Algonquin. 


280 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Aug., 


Isaac  Low,  (Vol.  vin.  p.  185). — All  that 
is  now  known  of  this  worthy  who  was  the 
last  Colonial  President  of  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  and  went  out  with  the  British  in 
1783,  is  to  be  found  in  Charles  King's 
Sketch  of  the  History  of  the  Chamber. 
Isaac  and  Nicholas  Low  were  brothers. 
Isaac  had  a  son  Isaac  who  was  Commissary 
General  of  Subsistence  in  the  British  Army, 
resident  at  Lyndhurst  in  New  Forest,  Hants, 
he  died  a  few  years  since.  Nicholas  Low 
espoused  the  American  cause  and  lived  here. 
He  died  in  1827  much  respected. 

J.  A.   S.,  JR. 


Killick,  (Vol.  vill.  p.  78). — Bartlett  in 
his  Dictionary  explains  this  to  be  a  small 
anchor,  and  cites  New  England  authors  for 
its  use.  It  would  seem  then  not  to  be  a 
Dutch  but  a  New  England  coinage. 


Major  John  Whistler,  (Vol.  viii.  p. 
185). — A  son  of  this  officer  graduated  at  the 
West  Point  Military  Academy  some  years 
ago.     See  West  Point  Register.         o,  a. 


Sanctis  nntr  tljeir  Jkflctrtmtp. 


ILLINOIS. 


Chicago  Historical  Society.—  Chicago,  June 
21,  1864. — The  regular  monthly  meeting  was 
held,  W.  H.  Brown,  Esq.,  President  pro  tempore. 

Among  the  reported  collections  for  the  past 
month  (293)  were  valuable  publications  of  the 
Sanitary  Commission  received  from  Washington, 
Cleveland,  Louisville  and  Springfield.  From  the 
army,  many  valuable  gifts  were  forwarded  ;  L.  H. 
Evarts  sending  from  Chattanooga  the  journal  of 
a  rebel  "private;"  A.  M.  Hyde,  from  Memphis, 
forms  for  the  purchase  of  "  plantation  supplies;" 
several  "War  Maps,"  recently  published  by  the 
U.  S.  Coast  Survey  office,  were  forwarded  by  tjon. 
I.  N.  Arnold;  from  the  "Swea"  (Swedish)  So- 
ciety of  Chicago  were  received  extensive  files  of 
the  daily  morning  and  evening  newspapers  of 
Stockholm,  Sweden,  carefully  preserved  by  the 
Society. 

There  were  received  for  the  month  23  letters, 
and  written  54.  Besides  letters  of  business 
among  those  accompanying  donations,  were  read 
letters  from  Col.  Augustus  B.  Sage,  of  New  York, 
on  presenting  an  autograph   letter    of    Daniel  D 


Tompkins,  Governor  of  New  York  during  the 
war  of  1812-1815  ;  and  from  Amos  M.  Hyde, 
U.  S.  A.,  Memphis,  on  forwarding  forms  of 
"  Treasury  Regulations  "  in  captured  territory. 

Gen.  J.  A.  Clark,  U.  S.  Surveyor-General  of 
New  Mexico,  presented  to  the  Society  a  remark- 
able scalp  of  a  Navajo  Indian  of  New  Mexico,  the 
origin  and  history  of  which  were  given  in  a  let- 
ter of  David  J,  Miller,  "translator  of  the  office," 
also  presented  ;  besides  which,  General  Clark 
gave  in  writing  the  following  interesting  account 
of  the  Navajo  Indians,  who  have  been  the  scourge 
of  New  Mexico  for  more  than  two  centuries  : 

"  The  tribe  to  which  the  Indian  belonging 
from  whose  head  this  scalp  was  taken,  is  in  some 
respects  peculiar.  Until  within  the  past  three 
months,  they  have  occupied — rather,  roamed  over 
— all  that  tract  of  country,  with  inconsiderable 
exception,  extending  from  near  the  107th  to  111th 
meridian,  and  from  the  34th  to  the  37th parallel  of 
latitude.  They  have  resisted,  with  the  most  stub- 
born pertinacity,  the  progress  of  civilization,  and 
have  been,  for  the  greater  part  of  the  time  for  more 
than  two  hundred  years,  in  a  state  of  war  with  the 
whites.  The  Spaniards  and  Mexicans  made  nu- 
merous campaigns  against  them,  but  never  con- 
quered them.  They  have  been  the  terror  of  the 
inhabitants  of  New  Mexico,  from  its  first  settle- 
ment, stealing  immense  quantities  of  stock,  and 
murdering  annually  many  of  the  people.  In  this 
way  they  have  accumulated  large  flocks  of  sheep 
and  of  goats,  and  large  herds  of  horses,  asses  and 
mules.  They  cultivate  the  earth — raising  consider- 
able quantities  of  wheat,  corn,  beans,  melons, 
pumpkins,  &c.  They  also  manufacture  a  very 
superior  blanket,  and  a  coarse  woolen  cloth  with 
which  they  clothe  themselves. 

It  is  supposed  they  were  once  "  Pueblos,"  liv- 
ing in  town ;  but  since  the  settlement  of  New 
Mexico — or,  for  more  than  two  centuries — they 
have  had  no  fixed  habitations.  Their  dwellings 
are  huts,  constructed  of  brush,  covered  in  the 
winter  with  grass  and  blankets,  which  they  aban- 
don whenever  prompted  by  inclination  or  inter- 
est. They  have  also  been  found  living  in  caves 
in  the  rocks  on  the  sides  of  deep  canons. 

Several  campaigns  have  been  made  against 
them  by  our  troops  since  we  acquired  the  territo- 
ry, and  treaties  made  with  them  ;  but  peace  has 
never  continued  for  any  considerable  length  of 
time.  During  the  past  year,  Gen.  Carleton,  in 
command  of  the  department  of  New  Mexico,  has 
carried  on  a  war  against  them  and  inaugurated 
the  policy  of  removing  them  from  this  country  to 
a  reserve,  which  has  been  set  apart  for  their  use, 
on  the  Pecos  river,  about  two  hundred  miles 
southeast  from  Santa  Fe  ;  and  has  been  so  far  suc- 
cessful that,  at  last  accounts,  over  five  thousand 
had  been  gathered  there,  and  it  is  confidently  re- 
ported that  the  remainder — numbering  one  or  two 
thousand — will  submit,  and  go  upon  the  reserve 
in  the  course  of  the  present  summer.  When  this 
is   accomplished   we   hope    to  have  a  permanent 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


281 


peace,   and   that  these  Indians  will  be  speedily 
converted  again  into  "Pueblos." 

A  school  has  been  established  upon  the  reserve, 
for  the  education  of  the  children,  and  a  chapel 
built,  and  a  priest  stationed  among  them  to  at- 
tend to  their  spiritual  wants.  If  Government 
will  now  do  its  duty,  I  believe  that  in  ten  years 
this  wild  tribe  will  be  as  far  advanced  in  civiliza- 
tion as  the  Pueblos  of  New  Mexico  now  are;  and 
producers,  instead  of  threateners  and  devastators 
of  New  Mexico. 

An  interesting  communication  was  received 
and  read,  from  J.  A.  Lapham,  LL.  D.,  of  Mil- 
waukee, submitted  some  remarks  and  inquiries 
relative  to  Council  Hill  (six  miles  east  of  Galena, 
Illinois),  recently  visited  by  the  writer,  and  add- 
ing a  valuable  schedule  of  Indian  Treaties,  from 
1804  to  1837.  The  main  purport  of  the  letter  was 
the  desire  to  identify  the  particular  ""council  " 
from  which  the  hill  recived  its  name,  the  treaty 
of  1828  being  suggested  as  possibly  the  one. 

A  valuable  communication  was  then  read  from 
Hooper  Warren,  Esq.,  who  edited  the  Edwards  - 
ville  Spectator  in  1819,  and  still  lives  in  Henry, 
Illinois,  at  the  advanced  age  of  seventy-four  years. 
Mr.  Warren  referred  to  several  subjects  of  inter- 
est in  the  past  history  of  Illinois,  and  expressed 
his  readiness  to  assist  the  Society's  designs.  The 
Secretary  stated  that  he  had,  in  the  Society's  be- 
half, requested  Mr.  Warren  to  prepare  a  candid 
memorial  of  the  so-called  Black  Laws  of  Illinois, 
explaining  their  origin,  and  justifying  or  extenu- 
ating causes,  as  well  as  furnishing  a  brief  analysis 
of  the  laws  themselves.  Such  a  memorial  was 
thought  due  from  the  surviving  actors  in  our  Ill- 
inois history,  in  justice  both  to  the  past  and  to 
the  future. 

The  Secretary  then  called  attention  to  a  paper 
prepared  by  Mr.  Warren,  and  printed  in  the  Hen- 
ry Courier,  in  April,  1864,  relating  to  the  "  Two 
per  cent  Fund,"  on  which  is  a  pending  discussion 
between  the  authorities  of  Illinois  and  the  Uni- 
ted States  Government.  Mr.  Warren  revived 
certain  historical  facts  relative  to  that  fund,  throw- 
ing some  doubt  on  the  justice  of  the  claims  made 
in  behalf  of  Illinois. 

The  Secretary  was  authorized  to  intermit  the 
monthly  meetings  during  the  summer  months. 
The  Society  then  adjourned. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

Massachusetts  Historical  Society. — Boston, 
July  14th — At  the  monthly  meeting  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Historical  Society  held  at  their  rooms 
after  the  transaction  of  the  usual  business  the  Pres- 
ident, the  Hon.  Robert  C.  Winthrop,  spoke  as  fol- 
lows : — 

When  we  were  last  assembled  here,  gentlemen, 
at  our  stated  monthly  meeting,  on  the  9th  day  of 
June,  our  society,  for  the  first  time  since  its  in- 
stitution in  171)1,  had  on  its  catalogue  just  a  hun- 

IIIST.  MAG.       VOL.  VIII.  o() 


dred  names  of  living  members  resident  within  the 
Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts.  An  election 
at  the  previous  meeting  in  May  had  at  length 
completed  the  full  number  allowed  by  our  char- 
ter, and  on  that  day  our  roll  was  full. 

At  the  head  of  that  roll, — first  in  the  order  of 
seniority,  and  second,  certainly,  in  nothing  that 
could  attract  interest,  respect,  and  veneration, 
stood  the  name  of  one  who  had  been  a  member  of 
the  society  during  sixty-eight  out  of  the  seventy 
years  of  our  corporate  existence  ;  who  had  wit- 
nessed our  small  beginnings  ;  who  had  been  asso- 
ciated with  Belknap  and  Sullivan  and  Tudor  and 
Minot,  and  the  rest  of  the  little  band  of  our  imme- 
diate founders,  in  all  but  our  very  earliest  pro- 
ceedings and  publications;  who  for  seventeen 
years  long  past  had  been  our  treasurer,  and  had 
repeatedly  done  faithful  and  valuable  service  as 
a  member  of  our  Executive  and  of  our  publish- 
ing committees ;  whose  interest  in  our  prosperity 
and  welfare  had  known  no  suspension  or  abate- 
ment with  the  lapse  of  time  ;  who  had  contributed 
liberally  to  the  means  by  which  our  condition 
had  of  late  been  so  largely  improved,  and  our  ac- 
commodations so  widely  extended  ;  and  who  so 
often,  during  the  very  last  years  of  his  eventful 
and  protracted  life,  had  lent  the  highest  interest 
to  our  meetings  by  his  venerable  presence,  and  by 
his  earnest  and  impressive  participation  in  our 
discussions  and  doings. 

You  all  remember,  I  am  sure,  how  proudly  he 
marshalled    the  way  for  us  into    this    beautiful 
Dowse  Library,  when  its  folding-doors  were  first 
thrown  open  seven  or  eight  years  ago,  and  when 
it  might  so  well  have  been  said  of  him — 
"  The  monumental  pomp  of  age 
Was  with  this  goodly  personage ; 
A  stature  undepressed  in  size, 
Unbent,  which  rather  seemed  to  rise 
In  open  victory  o'er  the  weight 
Of  eighty  years,  to  loftier  height." 

You  all  remember  how  impressively  he  remind- 
ed us,  not  long  afterwards,  at  that  memorable 
meeting  on  the  death  of  our  lamented  Prescott, 
that  he  became  a  member  of  this  Society  the  very 
year  in  which  that  illustrious  Historian  was  born. 

You  all  remember,  how  playfully  he  observed, 
a  few  years  later,  when  seconding  the  nomination 
of  the  late  Lord  Lyndhurst  as  one  of  our  Hono- 
rary members,  that  the  same  nurse  had  served  in 
immediate  succession  for  the  infant  Copley  and 
himself,  and  that  she  must  certainly  have  given 
them  both  something  very  good  to  make  them 
live  so  long. 

You  all  remember,  how  pleasantly  he  recalled 
to  us  that  earliest  reminiscence  of  his  own  infancy, 
when,  being  taken  by  his  widowed  mother  out  of 
Boston  while  it  was  in  the  joint  possession  of  the 
British  army  and  of  a  pestilence  even  more  form- 
idable than  any  army,  he  was  stopped  at  the  lines 
to  be  smoked,  for  fear  he  might  communicate  con- 
tagion to  the  American  troops  who  were  besieg- 
ing the  town. 

You  have  not  forgotten  that  delightful  meeting 


2S2 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Aug., 


beneath  his  own  hospitable  roof,  on  the  eighty- 
third  anniversary  of  the  battle  of  Lexington, — 
tbe  guns  of  which  might  have  startled  his  own 
infant  slumbers, — when  he  read  to  us  so  many 
interesting  memoranda  from  the  manuscript  di- 
aries of  his  patriot  father,  in  regard  to  events 
which  led  to  the  establishment  of  our  National 
Independence. 

Still  less  can  any  of  you  have  forgotten  his  per- 
sonal attendance  here  only  a  few  months  since, 
when,  with  an  evident  consciousness  that  he  had 
come  among  us  for  the  last  time,  he  presented  to 
us  several  most  interesting  and  valuable  historical 
documents, — at  this  moment  passing  through  the 
press, — which  he  had  recently  observed  among 
his  private  papers  ;  which  he  thought  might  pos- 
sibly have  come  into  his  possession  as  one  of  our 
Publishing  Committee  more  than  half  a  century  ago 
and  which,  with  the  scrupulous  exactness  which 
characterized  him  through  life,  he  desired  to  de- 
liver up  to  us  personally,  before  it  should  be  too 
late  for  him  to  do  so 

No  wonder,  my  friends,  that  we  always  wel- 
comed his  presence  here  with  such  eager  interest. 
No  wonder  that  with  so  much  pleasure  we  saw 
him  seated,  from  time  to  time,  in  yonder  Wash- 
ington chair,  hitherto  reserved  for  him  alone, — for 
he  alone  of  our  number  had  ever  personally  seen 
and  known  that  "  foremost  man  of  all  the  world." 
No  wonder  that  we  cherished  his  name  with  so 
much  pride  at  the  head  of  our  roll,  as  an  histori- 
cal name,  linking  us,  by  its  associations  with  the 
living  as  well  as  with  the  dead,  to  the  heroic  pe- 
riod of  our  Revolutionary  struggle.  And  no  won- 
der, certainly,  that  we  all  feel  deeply  to-day,  when 
we  are  assembled  to  receive  the  official  announce- 
ment of  his  death,  that  a  void  has  been  created 
in  our  ranks,  and  in  our  hearts,  which,  in  our 
day  and  generation,  can  hardly  be  filled. 

I  have  spoken  of  his  name  as  an  historical  name  ; 
and  I  need  hardly  say,  that  it  would  have  been 
so,  even  had  it  been  associated  with  no  other  ca- 
reer than  his  own.  His  own  fortunate  and  re- 
markable life, — embracing  the  whole  period  of 
our  existence  thus  far  as  a  nation,  and  covering 
more  than  a  third  of  the  time  since  the  earliest 
colonial  settlement  of  New  England, — a  life 
crowded  with  the  most  varied  and  valuable  pub- 
lic service,  and  crowned  at  last  with  such  a  meas- 
ure of  honor,  love,  and  reverence  as  rarely  falls  to 
the  lot  of  humanity, — was  sufficient  in  itself  to 
secure  for  him  an  historical  celebrity,  even  while 
he  still  lived.  But,  indeed,  his  name  had  entered 
into  history,  while  he  was  yet  an  unconscious 
child.  In  a  letter  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  William  Gor- 
don's, dated  on  the  26th  of  April,  1775,  and  con- 
tained in  his  contemporaneous  History  of  the 
Rise,  Progr-ss,  and  Establishment  of  the  Inde- 
pendence of  America,  will  be  found  the  following 
passage  : — 

"  My  friend  Quincy  has  sacrificed  his  life  for 
the  sake  of  his  country.  The  ship  in  which  he 
sailed  arrived  at    Cape  Anne    within  these  two 


days  :  but  he  lived  not  to  get  on  shore,  or  to  hear 
and  triumph  at  the  account  of  the  success  of  the 
Lexington  engagement.  His  remains  will  be  hon- 
orably interred  by  his  relations.  Let  him  be 
numbered  with  the  patriotic  heroes,  who  fall  iu 
the  cause  of  liberty  •,  and  let  his  memory  be  dear 
to  posterity.  Let  his  only  surviving  child,  a  son 
of  about  three  years,  live  to  possess  his  ncble  virtues, 
and  to  transmit  his  name  down  to  future  genera- 
tions." 

Nor  can  we  fail  to  recall,  in  this  connection, 
those  most  remarkable  words  in  the  Last  Will 
and  Testament  of  that  patriot  father,  whose  ca- 
reer was  as  brilliant  as  it  was  brief,  and  whose 
premature  death  was  among  the  severest  losses 
of  our  early  revolutionary  period  : — 

"  I  give  to  my  Son,  when  he  shall  arrive  to 
the  age  of  fifteen  years,  Algernon  Sidney's  Works, 
John  Locke's  Works,  Lord  Bacon's  Works,  Gor- 
don's Tacitus,  and  Cato's  Letters.  May  the  spirit 
of  Liberty  rest  upon  him  !  " 

Such  was  the  introduction  to  history  of  him 
whose  life  is  just  closed.  Such  were  the  utteran- 
ces in  regard  to  him,  while  he  was  yet  but  of  in- 
fant years.  How  rarely  is  it  vouchsafed  to  any 
one  to  fulfill  such  hopes  and  expectations  !  Yet 
now  that  he  has  left  us,  at  almost  a  patriarch's 
age,  these  words  seem  to  have  been  prophetic  for 
the  career  which  awaited  him,  and  we  could  hard- 
ly find  a  juster  or  a  more  enviable  inscription  for 
his  monument  than  to  say,  that  "  he  lived  to  pos- 
sess the  noble  virtues  of  his  father  and  to  trans- 
mit his  name  down  to  future  generations,"  and 
that  "  the  spirit  of  liberty  did  indeed  rest  upon 
him." 

It  is  not  for  me,  however,  gentlemen,  to  attempt 
even  a  sketch  of  the  career  or  character  of  our  de- 
parted associate  and  friend.  1  had  indeed  been 
permitted  to  know  him  for  many  years  past,  as  inti^ 
mately,  perhaps,  as  the  difference  of  our  ages 
would  allow.  As  I  attended  his  remains  a  few 
days  since,  as  one  of  the  pall-bearers, — a  distinc- 
tion which  was  assigned  me  as  your  President, — 
I  could  not  forget  how  often,  at  least  forty  years 
before,  when  he  was  the  next-door  neighbor  of 
my  father's  family,  I  had  walked  along  with  him, 
hand  in  hand,  of  a  summer  or  a  winter  morning, 
— he  on  his  way  to  the  City  Hall  as  the  honored 
Mayor  of  Boston,  and  I,  as  a  boy,  to  the  Public 
Latin  School  just  opposite.  From  that  time  to 
this  I  have  enjoyed  his  acquaintance  and  his 
friendship,  and  have  counted  them  among  the 
cherished  privileges  of  my  life.  But  there  are 
those  of  our  number,  and  some  of  them  present 
with  us  to  day,  who  have  been  associated  with  him 
as  I  have  never  been,  in  more  than  one  of  his 
varied  public  employments,  and  who  can  bear 
personal  testimony  to  the  fidelity  and  ability  with 
which  lie  discharged  them. 

We  may  look  in  vain,  it  is  true,  for  any  of  the 
personal  associates  of  his  early  career  as  a  states- 
man. He  had  outlived  almost  all  the  cotempo- 
rariea  of  his  long  and  brilliant  service  in  our  State 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


283 


and  National  Legislatures.  But  associates  and 
witnesses  are  still  left  of  his  vigorous  and  most 
successful  administration  of  our  Municipal  affairs, 
and  of  Lis  faithful  and  devoted  labors  for  sixteen 
years  as  President  of  our  beloved  University. 
Meantime,  the  evidences  of  his  literary  and  intel- 
lectual accomplishments  are  familiar  to  us  all,  in 
his  History  of  the  University,  in  his  History  of 
the  A?hena?um,  in  his  Municipal  History  of  Bos- 
ton, in  his  Biographies  of  his  ever  honored  father 
and  of  his  illustrious  friend  and  kinsman,  John 
Quincy  Adams,  and  in  so  many  speeches,  addres- 
ses, and  essays,  upon  almost  every  variety  of  topic, 
historical,  political,  literary,  social,  and  moral. 

We  may  follow  him  hack,  indeed,  to  the  day 
when  he  was  graduated  with  the  highest  honors 
at  the  university,  of  which  he  lived  to  be  the 
oldest  Alumnus,  and  we  shall  never  find  him  idle 
or  unemployed;  nor  ever  fail  to  trace  him  by 
some  earnest  word  or  some  energetic  act  Every- 
where we  shall  see  him  a  man  of  untiring  indus- 
try, of  spotless  integrity,  of  practical  ability  and 
sagacity,  of  the  boldest  independence  and  sturdi- 
est self-reliance  ;  a  man  of  laborious  investigation 
as  well  as  of  prompt  action,  with  a  ready  pen  and 
an  eloquent  tongue  for  defending  and  advocating 
whatever  cause  he  espoused,  and  whatever  policy 
he  adopted.  Even  those  who  may  have  differed 
from  him, — as  not  a  few,  perhaps,  did, — as  to 
some  of  his  earlier  or  of  his  later  views  of  public 
affairs,  could  never  help  admiring  the  earnest  en- 
thusiasm of  character,  and  the  unflinching  cour- 
age, with  which  he  clung  to  his  own  deliberate 
convictions  of  duty.  Nor  could  any  one  ever 
doubt,  that  a  sincere  and  ardent  love  of  his  coun- 
try and  of  his  fellowmen,  of  political  and  of  hu- 
man liberty,  was  the  ruling  passion  of  his  heart. 

And  seldom,  certainly,  has  there  been  witness- 
ed among  us  a  more  charming  picture  of  a  serene 
and  honored  old  age  than  that  which  he  has  pre- 
sented during  the  last  few  years.  Patient  under 
the  weight  of  personal  infirmities  ;  hopeful  in 
the  face  of  public  dangers  and  calamities  ;  full 
of  delightful  reminiscences  of  the  past,  and  tak- 
ing an  eager  interest  in  whatever  might  promote 
the  welfare  of  the  present ;  grateful  to  God  for  a 
long  and  happy  life,  and  ready  to  remain  or  de- 
part as  it  might  please  Him  ;  he  seemed,  so  far 
as  human  judgment  might  presume  to  pronounce, 
to  have  attained  a  full  measure  of  that  wisdom  of 
which  it  is  written  :  "Length  of  days  is  in  her 
right  hand,  and  in  her  left  riches  and  honor." 

Not  many  years  ajo  he  prepared  an  Agricul- 
tural Essay,  which  is  now  on  our  table.  Not 
many  months  ago,  and  when  he  was  on  the  eve 
of  his  ninety-second  birthday,  I  met  him  at  the 
Cambridge  Observatory,  coming  to  visit  the  insti- 
tution which  had  been  a  special  object  of  his  in- 
terest and  of  his  bounty,  and  to  take  a  last  look, 
as  he  said,  at  the  great  revealer  of  the  stars.  Still 
later,  I  found  him  in  his  own  library  reading  Thu- 
cydides,  and  applying  the  matchless  periods  of  Pe- 
ricles to  the  dangers  of  our  dear  land,  and  to  the 


heroic  deaths  of  so  many  of  our  brave  young  men. 
Nothing  seemed  wanting  to  complete  the  picture  of 
such  an  Old  Age  as  was  described  by  the  great 
Roman  orator,  and  exemplified  by  the  great  Ro- 
man Censor.  Nor  would  it  be  easy  to  find  a 
better  illustration  than  his  last  years  "afforded,  of 
those  exquisite  words  in  which  the  great  Poet  of 
the  English  Lakes  has  translated  and  expanded 
one  of  the  most  striking  passages  of  that  consum- 
mate Essay  of  Cicero  : 

"Rightly  it  is  said 
That  man  descends  into  the  vale  of  years; 
Yet  have  I  thought  that  we  might  also  speak, 
And  not  presumptuously.  I  trust,  of  Age, 
As  of  a  final  Eminence  ;  though  bare 
In  aspect  arid  forbidding,  yet  a  point 
On  which  'tis  not  impossible  to  sit 
In  awful  sovereignty  ;  a  place  of  power, 
A  throne,  that  may  be  likened  unto  his. 
Who,  in  some  placid  day  of  summer,  looks 
Down  from  a  mountain-top." 

It  only  remains  for  me,  gentlemen,  to  call  your 
attention  to  the  Resolutions  of  your  Standing 
Committee,  which  will  be  reported  by  the  Rev. 
Dr.  Ellis. 

Dr.  Ellis  then  spoke  as  follows  : — 

The  members  of  this  Society,  representing  all 
the  interests  and  pursuits  of  our  higher  social, 
civil,  and  literary  elements,  may  heartily  engage 
in  this  sincere  tribute  to  the  honored  and  venerat- 
ed Nestor  of  our  fellowship.  He  was  the  object 
of  our  common  regard,  and  that  of  no  ordinary 
sort  or  measurement.  We  loved  to  see  him  in 
these  halls,  if  only  as  a  silent  listener  ;  feeling 
that  he  helped  us  largely  to  realized  history,  and 
to  connect  the  years  that  are  gone  by,  their  best 
memories  and  virtues,  with  our  own  living  days. 
We  loved  more  to  hear  his  firm  voice,  as  he  stood 
erect  under  his  burden  of  years,  assuring  to  us  an 
unchanging  individual  identity.  We  waited  up- 
on his  always  authentic  and  instructive  utterances 
— whether  from  the  stores  of  a  faithful  memory, 
or  from  those  almost  printed  manuscripts  on  which 
he  had  inscribed  the  terse  matter,  brief  and  full, 
which  he  had  to  communicate.  Now  that  his 
own  lips  are  closed,  and  we  can  no  longer  hold 
that  delightful  converse  with  him  in  which  he 
made  the  men  and  the  events  of  the  two  genera- 
tions behind  us  to  live  with  all  their  glow  of  vi- 
tality, we  must  look  to  books  to  tell  us  what  was 
his  own  place  and  influence  among  them.  He 
has  told  many  of  us  his  first  recollection — a  mem- 
ory that  might  well  stamp  itself  deep  and  strong 
— of  his  looking  out  from  a  carriage  on  the  Brit- 
ish redcoats  at  their  lines  on  Roxbury  neck,  a 
child  of  three  years,  when  his  mother,  the  widow 
of  his  patriot  father,  was  among  the  last  allowed 
to  leave  this  then  beleaguered  town.  He  has  pre- 
pared with  his  own  pen  the  full  autobiographic 
record  of  that  part  of  his  life  which  covers  his 
political  career,  with  its  antagonisms,  its  sharp 
party  strifes,  its  sympathies  and  antipathies  for 
the  soul  of  a  good  and  true  man.  His  own  indi- 
viduality in  forming  and  holding  to  a  conviction, 
of  which  the  younger  of  us  are  not  uninformed. 


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[Aug. 


stands  attested  on  the  records  alike  of  the  National 
and  State  Legislature,  where  he  is  found  in  each 
place  voting  in  a  minority  of  one.  Let  us  hope 
that  we  shall  not  have  over  long  to  wait  for  the 
full  memorial  of  him  from  the  most  fitting  hands 
and  the  closest  confidential  trust  to  which  he  com- 
mitted all  his  private  papers.  We  may  assure 
ourselves  that  even  when  those  papers  deal  with 
what  is  antiquated  to  us  it  will  he  in  a  way  which 
will  renew  in  them  the  fire  and  the  vigor  of  life. 

Besides  a  large  number  of  pamphlets  Mr.  Quincy 
has  contributed  to  our  shelves  seven  substantial 
volumes  of  biography  and  history,  the  subjects 
of  which  cover  the  career  of  some  of  his  own  con- 
temporaries, or  relate  the  annals  and  fortunes  of 
institutions  in  which  he  himself  held  conspicu- 
ous trusts  and  for  which  he  did  eminent  service. 

His  long  life  was  led  through  times  and  events 
of  momentous  interest,  beginning  and  ending  at 
revolutionary  epochs,  divided  by  nearly  a  cen- 
tury of  years.  His  associates  and  correspondents 
all  through  his  career  were  men  of  eminence,  of 
place,  and  of  high  personal  qualities.  He  was 
himself  the  equal  of  the  best  and  ablest  of  them. 
The  qualities  of  those  times  entered  almost  into 
his  composition  and  organization  ;  they  wholly 
controlled  and  exercised  the  development  of  his 
character  and  the  direction  of  his  life.  And  while 
we  share  this  common  interest  in  him  and  in  his 
career,  there  is  hardly  a  member  of  this  Society 
but  had  some  special  relationship  of  acquaintance 
or  obligation  with  him,  in  his  own  private,  pro- 
fessional, social  or  civil  range.  Mr.  Quincy  held 
a  succession  of  offices  which  gave  him  more  than 
a  fractional  headship  over  each  of  the  learned 
professions,  and  a  magisterial  or  advisory  super- 
vision of  the  various  and  most  heterogeneous 
practical  affairs  of  society.  It  is  for  that  variety 
of  service,  performed  uniformly  with  rare  fidelity 
and  with  consummate  ability,  leaving  permanent 
helps  and  advanced  positions  for  all  his  successors, 
that  we  must  speak  of  him  with  admiration  and 
gratitude. 

There  is  a  stage  or  period  in  the  development 
of  every  institution  and  organization,  of  progres- 
sive possibilities  and  capacities,  when  it  needs  the 
quickening  or  restorative  skill  of  a  man  of  prac- 
tical energy,  independent  spirit,  and  firm  will. 
One  of  the  most  characteristic  distinctions  of  Mr. 
Quincy  was  his  fitness  for  the  successive  offices 
which  he  filled  at  the  time  when  he  entered  upon 
them  and  in  the  condition  in  which  he  found 
them.  Critical  and  exacting  were  the  demands 
and  the  responsibilities  attending  respectively  the 
Chief  Magistracy  of  this  city  and  the  presidency 
of  the  College  when  he  assumed  those  trusts.  He 
found  City  and  College  alike  in  transition  states, 
from  old  methods,  limited  purposes,  restricted 
means,  inconveniences  and  embarrassments,  to 
more  expansive,  generous  and  comprehensive  pos- 
sibilities, to  the  attainment  of  which  they  needed 
the  foresight  of  a  large  directing  mind,  and  the 
guidance  of  an  independent  and  bold  spirit. 


This  city  is  deeply  indebted  to  Mr.  Quincy  for 
many  of  those  admirable  elements  in  its  works  of 
utility,  its  institutions,  and  its  present  principles 
of  municipal  administration,  our  own  pride  in 
which  finds  its  full  warrant  in  the  encomiums 
they  have  received  from  over  our  whole  land, 
and  from  abroad.  Its  streets,  market,  schools, 
and  other  public  edifices  testify  that  while  he  was 
providing  wisely,  though  some  thought  rashly, 
for  what  to  him  was  the  present,  he  had  in  view  the 
much  larger  demands — we  all  know  now  how 
reasonable  and  moderate  the  provision  for  them 
— of  a  near  future.  Sometimes  his  schemes  and 
plans  were  devised  and  pursued  by  his  own  fer- 
tility of  faculty,  under  his  own  sole  advocacy  and 
resolute  persistency  of  purpose.  Sometimes  he 
had  the  sympathy  and  coSperation  of  a  few  strong 
and  wise  supporters  against  sharp  opposition  from 
prominent  individuals  or  a  popular  party.  I 
never  heard  that  in  this  office,  or,  indeed,  in  any 
other,  he  ever  gave  over  any  purpose  or  aim  which 
he  had  proposed  :  nor  can  I  recall  a  case  in  which 
any  successor  of  his  has  undone  his  work.  He 
loved  what  is  good  in  popularity,  and  was  utterly 
indifferent  to  the  other  ingredients  of  it : — being 
quite  an  independent  judge  as  to  what  constituted 
those  respective  elements  of  popularity.  Of  course, 
a  man  of  his  always  rigidly  upright,  often  stern, 
and  sometimes  severe  spirit  in  the  works  of  reform 
and  improvement,  especially  those  into  which  he 
threw  the  most  of  his  own  earnestness  and  pride 
as  their  originator,  would  be  sure  to  meet  many 
opponents.  His  opponents  might  also  become  his 
personal  enemies — a  condition,  however,  contin- 
gent on  his  own  feeling  or  judgment,  as  to  whether 
he  should  or  should  not  so  regard  them.  The 
younger  portion  of  us  are  told  of  his  ardor,  his 
impetuosity,  his  severity  of  sarcasm  and  rebuke 
in  old  political  itrifes.  We  are  the  rather  prepared 
to  believe  this  when,  besides  assuring  ourselves 
that  in  his  earlier  life  men  andmeasuies  engaged 
his  attention  which  were  likely  to  require  just 
such  treatment  from  a  man  of  his  rectitude  and 
independence,  we  call  before  us  his  looks  and 
tones  as  at  times  we  have  seen  and  heard  him. 
He  was  compacted  of  Roman  and  Puritan  virtues, 
allowing  for  the  two  meanings  of  virtue  as  pre- 
ceded by  either  or  both  those  epithets.  He  was 
able  to  stand  the  brunt  of  all  the  opposition  which 
he  provoked.  He  stood  so  clear  of  all  imputa- 
tions of  sinister  or  selfish  purpose,  that  when  his 
schemes  and  enterprises  were  challenged  he  could 
give  his  whole  advocacy  to  them  without  any  in- 
cidental effort  for  self-defence.  He  saw  some 
stormy  days  and  was  himself  the  subject  of  occa- 
sional hostility.  He  had  to  read  the  riot  act,  and 
to  hear  an  angry  mob  surging  threateningly  near 
his  own  dwelling.  The  second  line  of  an  ode  of 
his  favorite  Roman  poet — civium  ardor  pravaju- 
bmtium,  must  often  have  come  to  his  lips,  though 
not  without  generous  variations  for  the  word  pra- 
va.  But  none  of  those  citizens  would  have  dis- 
puted to  him  the  application  of  the  whole  of  the 


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235 


first  line,  Justum  and  tenarem  propositi  virum  ; 
though  they  might  have  preferred  to  emphasise 
the  Tenax  propositi. 

Having  after  six  years  of  this  city  service  de- 
clined to  be  a  candidate  for  reeled  ion  as  Mayor, 
he  was  ready  for  quite  another  sphere  in  the  Col- 
lege, which  was  also  in  a  condition  to  require 
wise  and  energetic  oversight.  He  began  there  as 
he  began  everywhere,  by  acquainting  himself 
with  facts  and  phenomena,  faults,  needed  changes, 
improvements,  and  the  way  and  means  for  them, 
He  puts  things  to  rights.  He  asserted  his  head- 
ship. He  renewed,  invigorated,  expanded,  en- 
riched every  old  department  of  the  University, 
and  added  largely  to  its  scope  and  resources.  He 
sometimes  stood  between  the  students  and  the  au- 
thorities. He  always  stood  over  the  students — 
harsh  and  imperious  occasionally  in  word  and  as- 
pect, faithful  and  friendly  in  counsel  and  feeling. 
They  generally  found  out  that  the  condition  for 
respecting  him  was  to  understand  him,  and  that 
the  condition  for  loving  him  was  to  have  no  rea- 
son for  being  afraid  of  him,  There  are  men  do- 
ing noble  service  in  all  the  professions  around  us 
whose  charges  were  borne  by  his  private  benevo- 
lence, while  their  spirits  were  cheered  by  his  ral- 
lying encouragement.  The  question  I  remember, 
was  often  discussed  whether  he  had  real  strong 
sympathies  for  young  men — could  deal  with  them 
by  wise  allowances  and  gentle  tolerances.  Some 
said  that  having  striven  with  politicians  and  pre- 
sided over  boards  of  Aldermen  and  Councilmen, 
and  disciplined  a  Fire  and  a  Police  department, 
he  sometimes  confused  the  situation  and  mistook 
his  measures  in  his  academic  sphere.  Candor 
and  justice  will  be  satisfied  with  the  judgment, 
that  while  there  might  have  been  reason  for  rais- 
ing the  question — which  in  fact  was  one  likely  to 
suggest  itself — there  was  no  reason  for  deciding 
the  question  in  the  slightest  degree  unfavorbly  to 
the  fitness,  the  grace,  or  the  conspicuous  success 
of  his  administration  of  the  college.  The  living 
Alumni  of  his  sixteen  classes  will  not  fail  of  bear- 
ing some  form  of  testimony  to  this.  It  was  char- 
acteristic of  him  that  he  should  have  written  the 
History  of  the  College  down  to  his  own  time.  The 
continuation  of  it  will  have  a  good  start  from  him. 
Those  beautiful  appearances  of  his  of  late  years 
on  its  public  days,  have  been  the  joy  of  its  Alumni, 
and  have  paid  glorious  tributes  to  him  Nor  can 
one  forget  in  connection  with  his  life  at  Cam- 
bridge the  generous  and  refined  hospitalities  of 
his  home,  discharged  with  such  grace  and  dignity 
by  that  adinirabl|  lady  who  filled  out  the  ideal  of 
the  old-school  refinement  and  accomplishment. 

We  are  sometimes  helped  to  a  knowledge  of  a 
man's  excellencies  by  observing  in  him  some  of 
those  characteristics  which  are  called  prejudices. 
One  of  those  convictions  held  by  Mr.  Quincy  was 
that  it  was  an  injury  to  our  young  men  to  travel 
or  study  in  Europe.  Many  of  his  pupils  can  call 
to  mind  that  on  informing  him  of  their  purpose 
to  go  abroad,  they  received  from  him  the  frank 


avowal :  "  I  am  sorry  for  it.  The  chances  are  that 
you  will  be  ruined  by  it.  But  I  hope  not."  He 
had  never  been  abroad.  When  he  was  most  free 
to  go  he  had  no  desire  to  do  so  He  was  an  Ameri- 
can result  of  modified  English  antecedents.  A 
true  peer  in  nature  and  mien,  unable  to  make 
himself  honestly  a  democrat,  he  schooled  himself 
to  a  special  discipliuship  of  »n  independent  repub- 
licanism. He  thought  that  he  and  his  country 
had  got  all  of  good  that  England  had  to  give,  and 
as  for  the  other  foreign  nationalities  and  their 
ways,  they  certainly  did  not  present  to  him  their 
enviable  side  or  qualities.  Coming  of  a  Puritan 
lineage,  through  an  ancestral  line  which  had  dis- 
charged the  trusts  involved  in  the  developing  of 
a  wilderness  colony,  onward  to  a  self-governed 
commonwealth,  he  kept  strong  hold  of  the  firm 
set  pillars  of  the  fabric.  To  a  thoroughly  sincere 
piety,  and  a  most  reverential  tone  of  devotion,  he 
joined  a  spirit  of  independent  inquiry  and  a  de- 
mand for  reasonable  convictions  in  matters  of 
religion.  No  layman  could  at  the  time  have  been 
set  over  the  University  who  could  better  than 
himself  have  softened  the  shock  or  the  reminder 
of  the  change  in  usage  and  observance  from  a 
clerical  headship. 

The  honors  and  labors  of  his  life  had  a  felicitous 
consummation  mingled  of  dignity  and  of  beauty. 
It  presented  one  of  those  very  rare  cases  in  which 
providential  allotments,  combined  with  human 
conditions  of  the  peculiarities  of  a  marked  indi- 
viduality gathered  their  finest  garland  for  a  crown 
of  tranquil  and  revered  old  age.  This  afforded  op- 
portunities for  the  mellowing  of  character,  for  the 
turning  of  all  sternness  into  a  s«  lf-searching  of 
principles,  motives  and  actions,  and  for  the  vin- 
dication before  all  critical  eyes  of  the  well-tried 
integrity  which  had  never  faltered.  The  last  de- 
cade of  his  years  was  numbered  one  by  one,  by 
some  new  token  of  the  deepening  interest  and  re- 
spect of  our  whole  community.  His  calendar,  as 
it  advanced,  was  announced  in  the  papers.  The 
literary  and  oratorical  fruits  of  his  long  harvest 
were  credited  to  the  verification  of  his  own  theory, 
that  the  way  in  which  an  old  man  should  keep 
his  mind  from  wearing  out,  was  to  keep  it  hard 
at  work. 

He  had  hoped  that  he  might  live  to  seethe  end 
of  this  fearful  civilstrife  which  convulses  out  land, 
and  which  so  stirred  the  fire  of  his  noble  inborn, 
high  taught  patriotism.  But  whether  or  not  that 
should  be  so,  his  faith  outran  his  hope,  and  he 
believed  that  it  could  have  but  one  possible  end, 
and  that  a  righteous  one,  leaving  us  still  a  nation, 
but  chastened  and  purified.  If  any  one  asked 
him  of  the  cause  and  purpose  of  the  war,  he 
would  have  been  likely  to  referred  his  questioner 
to  certain  prophetic  utterances  of  his  own  in  the 
Congress  of  the  United  States,  in  January,  1811. 

A  full  serenity  of  scene  and  feeling  attended  his 
release  from  life,  by  that  rarest  of  all  human  ex- 
periences, a  natural  death  :  as  the  ripe  fruit  falls 
from  the  unshaken  bough  in  the  still  air.    He  was 


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[Aug. 


waiting  to  be  called  and  was  just  beginning  to  fear 
delay  in  the  summons.  He  lived  at  last  for  simple 
rest,  and  musing  on  the  gleanings  of  thought  from 
his  last  readings  of  his  favorite  moralist  and  phi- 
losophers, Cicero  and  Lord  Paeon,  trusting  his 
memory  and  his  spirit  for  diviner  nutriment.  To 
the  end  he  read  and  wrote.  And  because  they 
were  the  last  transcript  from  his  pen  he  has  en- 
hanced the  sweet  and  gracious  piety  of  the  lines  of 
Addison,  which  he  copied  as  his  hand  was  losing 
its  cunning  : — 

"  When  all  thy  meacies,  O  ray  God, 

My  rising  soul  surveys  — 
Transported  with  the  view,  I'm  lost 

In  wonder,  love  and  praise  ! " 

Dying  in  Quincy,  receiving  funeral  honors  in 
Boston,  borne  to  his  grave  through  Cambridge, 
and  resting  now  on  the  slope  of  Havard  Hill  in 
Mount  Auburn,  we  may  share  his  own  strong  hope 
of  immortality,  and  believe  that  his  life  is  round- 
ed by  something  better  than  a  sleep. 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Ellis,  from  the  Standing  Commit- 
tee, offered  the  following  resolutions  :— 

Resolved,  That  in  the  death  of  Josiah  Quincy— whose 
name  has  stood  on  our  roll  68  years,  and  tor  the  last  seven- 
teen years  has  led  the  list  of  our  members, —  this  society 
shares  in  an  especial  manner  in  the  feelings  which  have 
been  manifested  through  our  whole  community.  We  hon- 
ored him  for  the  highest  private  virtues  and  for  very  many 
services  to  the  public  in  the  long  succession  and  the  large 
variety  of  the  offices  which  he  filled,  and  the  trusts  which 
he  discharged.  We  recognized  in  him  a  combination  of  the 
noblest  principles  which  we  venerate  in  the  fathers  of  the 
commonwealth,  and  the  elder  patriots  of  the  land  who 
were  also  his  friends.  His  lofty  integrity,  his  large  and 
wise  public  spirit,  the  utility  of  his  enterprises  and  the 
practical  benefits  which  are  now  enjoyed  by  us  as  their  re- 
sults, will  assure  to  his  name  and  memory  enduring  honors. 

Resolved,  That  the  President  be  requested  to  name  one  of 
our  associates  to  prepare  the  usual  memoir. 

Mr.  Everett  in  rising  to  second  the  resolutions 
of  Dr.  Ellis,  said— 

I  have  been  requested,  Mr.  President,  by  the 
Standing  Committee,  to  second  the  resolutions  of- 
fered by  Dr.  Ellis,  and  I  do  it  with  the  greatest 
pleasure,  although  his  carefully  prepared,  just, 
and  eloquent  analysis  of  President  Quincy's  char- 
acter and  your  own  pertinent,  feeling,  and  most 
impressive  address  have  left  me  little  to  say.  An 
opportunity  will  perhaps  be  afforded  me  next 
week  of  paying  a  tiibute  to  his  memory  in  another 
place-,  but  I  must  ask  your  indulgence  for  a  few 
moments  at  this  time,  to  give  utterance  to  the  feel- 
ings which  we  all  share,  and  which  have  been  so 
eloquently  expressed  by  the  gentlemen  who  have 
preceded  me. 

You  have,  Mr.  President,  justly  intimated  the 
reasons  for  which  President  Quincy's  decease 
should  be  noticed  in  the  most  respectful  manner 
within  these  walls.  He  became  a  member  of  our 
Society  in  early  life,  and  was  considerably  our 
Senior  associate.  He  took  a  lively  interest  in  the 
Society,  and  missed  no  opportunity  of  promoting 
its  welfare,  attending  its  meetings  occasionally 
down  to  the  last  months  of  his  protracted  life. 
Besides  this,  he  cooperated  with  the  Society  in  its 
appropriate  labors,  enriching  the  literature  of  the 


country  with  a  series  of  historical  works  of  high 
and  recognized  value,  two  of  them  prepared  at  the 
instance  of  the  Society.  Still  more,  sir,  it  may  be 
truly  said,  that  h^  not  only  wrote  history,  but 
made  it,  in  the  sphere  (and  that  a  most  diversifi- 
ed and  elevated  sphere)  in  which  he  moved,  ex- 
hibiting through  life  those  marked  qualities, 
which,  by  sympathy,  infuse  moral  strength  into 
a  community,  and  animate  other  men  to  the  ef- 
forts, by  which  individuals  and  nations  obtain  an 
honorable  place  in  the  annals  of  mankind. 

I  have  said,  sir,  that  President  Quincy's  histori- 
cal works  had  a  high  recognized  value,  and  most 
certainly  if  his  vigorous  intellect,  methodical  stu- 
dies, his  untiring  industry,  and  his  great  facility 
of  labor  had  borne  no  other  fruit,  the  series  of  his 
historical   publications   would   have  given   him, 
though  not  a  man  of  letters  by  profession,  a  most 
respectabl  e  place  among  American  authors.     With 
the  exception  of  Congressional  speeches   and  oc- 
casional essays  on  the  topics  of  the  day,  his  first 
work  of  considerable  compass  was  prompted  at 
once  by  filial  affection  and  patriotic  duty,  I  mean 
the  Memoir  of  his  honored  Father,  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  of  those,  referred  to  by  you, 
sir,  who  prepared  the  minds  of  their  countrymen 
for  the  Revolution.     He  had  the  kindness  to  afford 
me  an  opportunity  of  perusing  it  in  manuscript. 
It   was   appropriately  published  in  1825,    at  the 
close  of  the  first  half  century.     It  contained  the 
journals  and  copies  of  some  of  the  letters  of  ths 
lamented  subject  of  the  memoir,  especially  those 
written  during  his  short  visit  to  England  in  1774- 
5 — the  last  year  of  his  life — and  I   can  truly  say 
that  there  is  no  volume,  which  to  the  present  day  I 
read  with  equal  interest  for  the  events  ot  that  mem- 
orable year,  as  contemplated  by  an  eye-witness  and 
such  an  eye  witness — in  England.     He  had  thein- 
estimable  privilege  of  hearing  the  two  speeches 
made  byLord  Chatham,  on  the  20th  January,  1775, 
declared  by  his  son,  William  Pitt,  "to  be  surely  the 
two  finest  speeches  ever  made,  unless  by  himself." 
Of  these  speeches   Mr.  Quincy    made  a  full' report 
from  memory,  and  a  few  notes  he  was  able  to  take 
at  the  time.     It  is  in  some  parts  evidently  a  more 
accurate  report  than  that  published  by  Dodsley  in 
1779,  after  Lord  Chatham's  death,  from  notes  by 
Hugh  Boyd.     Portions   of  Mr.   Quincy's   report 
were  published  in  Gordon's  letters  on  the  Revolu- 
tion, Mr.  Quincy's  papers  having  been  placed  in 
his  hands  while  composing  that  work.     The  last 
entry  in  Mr.  Quincy's  journal  is    '  Had  great  satis- 
faction in  reading  my  report  of  the  debates  in  the 
House  of  Lords  to  one  or  two  friends  who  heard 
them.     They  thought  them  exceedingly  correct, 
and  were  amazed  at  the  blunders,  omissions,  and 
misrepresentations   of    the     printed   accounts.  " 
President    Quincy's  memoir  of  his    Father,  also 
contains   the  journal  of  a  visit  made  by  him  to 
Charleston,  S.  C,  in  1773,  and  which  is  of  ex- 
treme interest.     This   youthful   patriot,   as   you 
have  stated,  sir,  died  on  the  return  voyage  from 
Europe,  and  within  sight  of  the  granite  cliffs  of 
New  England  ;     young  in  years  alone,  mature  in 


18G4.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


287 


wisdom,  patriotism,  and  public  service.  When 
we  reflect  that  he  was  taken  from  the  couutry,  at 
the  age  of  31,  we  cannot  suppress  the  thought, 
that  a  gracious  compensation  was  designed  by 
Providence,  in  prolonging  the  years  of  the  son  to 
thrice  that  duration. 

The  History  of  the  University  is  next  in  order 
of  time,  as  it  is  the  most  voluminous  and  elabor- 
ate of  President  Quincy  's  works.  It  was  sugges- 
ted by  the  duty,  which  devolved  upon  him,  on 
the  memorable  occasion  of  the  second  centennial 
anniversary  of  the  institution.  It  was  obviously, 
on  the  part  of  the  President,  a  work  at  once  of  af- 
fection and  duty.  It  embodies  all  those  portions  of 
the  records  of  the  University,  which  throw  light 
on  its  general  history,  on  its  feeble  but  hopeful  be- 
ginnings ;  its  gradual  development  in  the  suc- 
ceeding generations  and  in  the  last  century  ;  its 
rapid  expansion  in  the  present  century.  It  ex- 
hibits the  noble  steadiness,  with  which  Old  Har- 
vard has  maintained  itself  through  the  storms  of 
two  centuries,  ar.d  its  reactive  influence  on  the 
public  opinion  of  the  country.  Especial  pains  was 
taken  by  President  Quincy  to  do  justice  to  the 
characters  of  the  distinguished  benefactors  and 
patrons  of  the  College,  from  the  ever  memorable 
Harvard  to  the  present  day.  These  and  other 
pertinent  and  kindred  topics  are  treated  in  his 
history  in  an  appropriate  detail,  according  to  their 
respective  interest  and  importance,  in  a  clear  and 
vigorous,  and  when  the  topic  admitted,  eloquent 
style  of  idiomatic  English  ;  the  whole  forminga 
repository  which,  next  to  the  original  records 
themselves,  will  constitute  the  standard  authority 
for  the  history  of  the  Institution,  till  its  prosper- 
ous growth  as  we  may  hope  through  two  more 
centuries  shall  require  other  volumes  and  other 
dutiful  pens  to  record  its  multiplied  benefactors, 
its  extended  usefullness,  and  ever  growing  honors. 

President  Quincy's  next  historical  work  of  con- 
siderable compass,  in  the  order  of  publication  was 
the  history  of  the  town  and  city  of  Boston.  Like 
the  history  of  the  University,  this  work  grew  out 
of  an  anniversary  discourse,  viz.:  that  which  he 
delivered  at  the  Second  Centennial  anniversary  of 
the  City.  Suspended  during  his  Presidency  at 
Cambridge,  its  preparation  was  resumed  imme- 
diately upon  his  resignation  of  that  high  trust. 
This  History,  like  that  of  the  College,  was  truly  a 
labor  of  love,  The  family  of  President  Quincy 
had  been  identified  with  Boston  from  the  founda- 
tion, His  ancestor  came  over  with  John  Cotton  ; 
and  the  position  of  his  descendants  had  been 
maintained  in  honor  and  influence,  through  all 
the  succeeding  generations.  His  father  had  taken 
an  active  p.irt  in  all  the  memorable  occurrences, 
which  had  turned  the  eyes  of  the  civilized  world 
on  Boston  after  the  passage  of  the  stamp  act ;  the 
President  himself,  born  and  bred  in  Boston,  had 
represented  her  in  the  State  Legislature  and  in 
Congress  ;  and  in  the  infancy  of  the  new  civic 
organization  h^  had  served  her  at  the  head  of  its 
municipality    for  six  years.     Thus    was  he   em- 


inently a  Bostonian  of  the  Bostonians.  The  chief 
part  of  the  work  is  naturally  devoted  to  an  ac- 
count of  the  writer's  administration,  and  of  the 
series  of  measures  relative  to  its  public  buildings, 
its  markets,  the  elemosynary  establishments,  the 
fire  department,  the  schools,  and  other  municipal 
interests  in  which  the  public  spirit,  the  executive 
ability,  and  moral  courage  displayed  by  Mayor 
Quincy  cannot  fail  to  awaken  at  once  the  admira- 
tion and  gratitude  of  the  citizens  of  Boston. 

In  1845  appeared  the  revised  edition  of  Graham's 
History  of  the  United  States.  It  was  published 
under  the  superintendence  of  a  committee  of  the 
Historical  Society,  consisting  of  President  Quincy 
and  two  oi  three  other  respected  members.  The 
first  volume  of  this  work  contained  a  memoir  of 
James  Graham,  prepared  in  compliance  with  are- 
solution  of  the  society  by  Mr.  Quincy,  and  em- 
bodying all  that  is  personally  known  of  a  writer 
who  cherished  a  warm  and  consistent  affection  for 
this  country,  and  did  more  than  any  other  for- 
eigner to  extend  the  knowledge  of  it  abroad. 

In  1847,  and  being  then  at  the  advanced  age  of 
75,  Mr.  Quincy,  at  the  request  of  the  late  Mr.  R. 
G.  Shaw,  prepared  for  publication  the  journals  of 
their  kinsman,  Major  Samuel  Shaw,  with  a  me- 
moir of  his  life.  This  most  excellent  gentleman 
not  only  served  with  great  credit  through  the 
whole  revolutionary  war,  receiving  at  its  close  an 
emphatic  testimonial  from  Washington,  but  he 
sailed  in  the  vessel  which  opened  the  trade  to 
China,  as  the  agent  of  an  association  of  capitalists 
formed  for  that  purpose,  and  was  appointed  last 
American  Consul  to  Canton,  under  the  old  con- 
federation, and  afterwards  by  President  Washing- 
ton. President  Quincy's  Memoir  is  a  highly  in- 
teresting contribution  to  the  history  both  of  the 
Revolution  and  of  American  commerce  ;  a  just 
tribute  to  the  memory  of  a  man  of  sterling  merit, 
and  well  worthy  the  pen  of  the  distinguished  wri- 
ter. 

The  year  1847  was  signalized  by  the  death 
of  John  Quincy  Adams,  at  the  post  of  duty  and  in 
the  capital  of  the  United  States.  He  was  the  dis- 
tant relative,  the  neighbor,  the  contemporary,  the 
confidential  friend  of  Mr.  Quincy,  and  at  the  re- 
quest of  our  Society  the  duty  of  paying  the  last 
tribute  of  respect  to  the  memory  of  the  illustrious 
departed,  devolved  on  him.  He  readily  accepted 
the  trust,  and  instead  of  confining  himself  within 
the  limits  of  a  memoir  of  ordinary  length,  he  drew 
up  a  volume  of  more  than  400  pages,  embracing 
a  comprehensive  history  of  the  life  and  services  of 
Mr.  Adams.  The  work  did  not  make  its  appear- 
ance till  the  year  185S,  and  when  the  venerable 
author  was  now  in  his  87th  year.  I  recollect  no 
other  instance  in  this  country  of  so  large  a  work 
from  a  person  so  far  stricken  in  years  ;  but  I  per- 
ceive in  it  no  abatement  of  intellectual  power.  In 
a  modest  prefatory  note,  it  is  stated  to  be  the 
object  of  the  writer,  to  narrate  the  political  life  of 
Mr.  Adams  from  his  published  works,  from  au- 
thentic  unpublished  materials,  and  personal  ac- 


288 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Aug., 


quaintance  ;  and  in  this  way  to  make  him  the 
expositor  of  his  own  motives,  principles,  and 
character,  in  the  spirit  neither  of  criticism  nor  eu- 
logy. This  difficult  and  delicate  task  was  per- 
formed by  the  venerable  author  with  signal 
success,  and  with  this  the  series  of  his  elaborate 
historical  efforts  closes.  I  need  not  say  that  with 
his  other  occasional  literary  labors, — several  of 
which,  such  as  the  history  of  the  Boston  Athe- 
naeum, which  I  ought  to  have  included  in  the 
series,  were  of  a  nature  to  require  no  little  time 
and  research  in  their  preparation; — they  form  what 
would,  in  almost  any  case,  be  considered  the  life, 
work  of  an  industrious  man.  But  still  his  retire- 
ment from  the  Presidency  of  Harvard  at  the  age 
of  73,  Mr.  Quincy's  literary  labors  must  have  been 
all  prepared  in  the  brief  intervals  of  leisure  allow- 
ed by  engrossing  official  duties  and  cares.  While 
therefore  they  would  have  given  him  an  enviable 
reputation,  had  he  been  exclusively  or  even 
mainly  a  man  of  letters,  it  must  be  remembered 
that  in  his  case  the  writer  was  overshadowed  by 
the  active  relations — Political,  Judicial,  Munici- 
pal, and  Academic — in  which  he  stood  to  his  day 
and  generation.  On  these  I  need  not  attempt  to 
dwell,  but  when  we  consider  that  Mr.  Quincy  was 
for  years,  and  with  a  brilliant  reputation  both  for 
business  and  debate,  the  representative  of  Boston, 
both  in  the  State  Legislature  and  in  Congress, — 
an  acknowledged  leader  of  the  political  party  to 
which  he  belonged  ;  that  as  a  Judge,  his  term  of 
office  though  short  was  signalized  by  a  most  mem- 
orable decision,  relative  to  the  law  of  libel  ;  that 
as  Mayor  of  Boston  for  six  years — an  office  as- 
sumed under  all  the  difficulties  of  the  transition 
state  to  which  Dr.  Ellis  has  alluded,  his  admin- 
istration was  distinguished  for  the  most  impor- 
aut  improvements  and  reforms  ;  and  lastly  that, 
with  great  acceptance  and  public  favor,  he  presi- 
ded over  the  oldest  Literary  Institution  in  the 
country,  bringing  to  the  arduous  and  responsible 
station  a  variety  of  qualifications,  administrative 
and  literary,  intellectual  and  moral,  rarely  if  ever 
combined  in  one  man,  and  most  certainly  never 
surpassed  ;  and  that  having  in  an  advanced  but 
vigorous  age  become  emeritus  in  this  long  and 
honorable  career,  instead  of  indulging  in  the  re- 
pose conceded  to  the  decline  of  life,  he  continued 
for  20  years,  by  word  and  deed,  to  perform  all 
the  duties  of  an  active  patriot,  vigilant  for  the 
public  weal,  jealous  for  the  public  honor,  and  full 
of  courage  and  confidence  in  the  darkest  hours  of 
the  present  tremendous  struggle,  adding  finally  to 
all  his  other  titles  of  respect  and  honor  the  au- 
thority, which  length  of  years  attended  with 
virtue  and  wisdom  can  alone  confer,  we  must  all 
feel,  we  do  all  feel,  as  we  gather  round  the  grave 
of  President  Quincy,  that«we  have  lost  our  first 
citizkn. 

Mr.  Everett  was  followed  by  the  Hon.  Richard 
II.  Dana,  jr.,  who  gave  a  discriminating  analysis 
of  Mr.  Quincy's  noble  character. 

The  meeting  was  then  dissolved. 


ipsallang. 


Military  History  of  Maine  in  the  War. — Mr. 
Wm.  E.  S.  Whitman  of  Augusta,  is  engaged  in 
writing  a  history  of  what  Maine  has  done  in  the 
war  for  the  Union.  He  is  assisted  by  Mr.  Chas. 
H.  True.  The  work  will  number  some  five  hun- 
dred pages,  octavo,  and  will  be  published  by  Mr. 
Nelson  Dingley,  Jr.,  of  Lewiston.  It  will  be  got 
up  in  fine  style,  handsomely  illustrated  with  steel 
portraits  of  eminent  Maine  officers,  and  will  con- 
tain a  faithful  history  of  every  corps  that  has  gone 
from  this  State  to  battle  for  the  maintenance  of 
the  Government.  The  work  has  the  approval  of  the 
Governor  and  Adjutant  General. 


Andrews'  Hawaiian  Dictionary. — The  Sand- 
wich Island  Friend  says :  k<  We  are  glad  to  an- 
nounce that  the  publicaion  of  Andrews'  Hawaiian 
Dictionary  has  been  commenced.  It  will  appear 
in  large  octavo  form,  and  contain  from  five  to  six 
hundred  pages.  This  will  be  a  national  work,  in  the 
success  of  which  all  the  friends  of  the  Hawaiians 
will  rejoice.  From  the  South  Seas  we  learn  that  a 
dictionary  of  the  language  of  Western  Polynesia, 
including  the  New  Hebrides,  has  been  commenced 
by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Geddie,  the  missionary  from  Nova 
Scotia. 


M.  W.  Montgomery,  Esq.,  is  engaged  on  a  histo- 
ry of  Jay  County,  Indiana.  It  will  be  accompanied 
with  a  map  and  appropriate  illustrations.  The 
War  History  is  to  be  as  complete  as  possible.  The 
edition  is  to  be  limited.  Application  for  copies 
should  be  made  to  Hon.  J.  M.  Hayes,  Jay  Court 
House,  Ind. 


Saunders,  Otley  and  Co.  are  preparing  for 
publication  a  history  of  the  careers  of  the  two 
famous  Confederate  vessels,  the  Sumter  and  the 
Alabama,  compiled  from  the  private  journals  of 
Capt.  Semmes  while  in  command  of  the  vessels, 
and  from  a  mass  of  letters  and  other  documents. 


A  copy  of  Columbus'  first  letter  in  Spanish  has 
been  found  in  the  Ambrosian  library  in  Milan, 
printed  in  1493.  In  our  number  for  September 
we  will  give  a  particular  description  of  this 
pamphlet,  hitherto  unknown. 


The  Popham  Colony. —  Arrangements  have 
been  made  for  the  Celebration  of  the  Founding 
of  this  First  European  Colony  on  the  main-land 
of  New  England.  The  Commemoration  will  be 
held  at  Bath,  in  City  Hall,  August  29th.  The 
Hon.  Judge  Bourne  of  Kennebunk,  has  consented 
to  deliver  the  Address,  and  other  arrangements 
are  to  be  made  to  give  additional  interest  to  this 
historical  occasion. 


Pac-similes  of  the  Spanish  Letter  of  Columbus 

Published  in  1493, 
From  the  only  known  copy  in  the  Ambrosian  Library,  Milan. 


Commencement 


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numcro^  bella*  todaehe  lomabo  pofeffio  posfos  alttsas 
eottp^oitywtkmrediefte^^apwTmeftteccrttaMcbo: 


Close  of  the  Letter. 


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qttatrocMtosTnottentap  treaaiofc 

S'ata  to  que  wantmrepg      0  ekmtmte, 

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enmtff..fafao  qttcftas  wmnenras  mebambcteatbo.rttt],bi 
ascoztteado  pozefiaTOar.fef3Cit  aqua  todos  los  botibics 
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j^tacattaembto  Coloaatclcrftiano  0cracfou 
betas  ]jffiasbaliadas  enlas  ^tidte/^outenfba 
aottajMsMeias, 


THE 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


Vol.  VIII.] 


SEPTEMBER,  1864. 


[No.  9. 


(Snural  gtprtmeni. 

LETTER  OF  COLUMBUS,  1493. 

A  printed  copy  of  the  first  letter  of  Co- 
lumbus in  Spanish,  addressed  to  Luis  de 
Santangel,*  lias  at  length  been  discovered 
in  the  Anibrosian  library  at  Milan.  It 
belongs  to  a  collection  of  books  and  manu- 
scripts bequeathed  to  that  library  about 
twelve  years  ago  by  the  Baron  Pietro  Cus- 
tody a  Milanese  historian  and  political 
economist.  It  is  a  small  quarto  of  four 
leaves  in  semi-gothic  type  —  that  is  with 
black-letter  and  ronian  characters  mixed : — 
the  text  begins  on  the  recto  of  the  first  leaf 
without  any  title,  and  fills  seven  entire  pa- 
ges, and  above  a  third  of  the  eighth  page. 
The  full  page  contains  32  lines,  while  there 
are  only  11  lines  of  text  on  the  8th  page, 
followed  by  a  postscript  of  14  lines. +  The 
first  capital  letter,  S,  is  an  ornamented  wood 
cut,  occupying  the  square  space  of  5  lines 
of  the  text.  There  are  neither  signatures, 
catchwords,  pagination,  nor  paragraphs  — 
the  text  being  printed  without  any  break  in 
the  lines.  The  paper  is  thick,  and  very 
much  sized  —  the  water-mark  is  an  open 
hand  with  the  monogram  of  Christ  over  the 
3rd  finger.  The  copy  is  in  very  good  con- 
dition, with  broad  margins  —  a  drop  of  oil 
however,  disfigures  the  last  page.  The 
whole  leaf  measures  20  centimetres  high 
by  14  broad,  and  the  printed  portion  is 
13.3  centimetres  high  by  10  broad. 

Besides  this  full  account  of  this  precious 
little  book,  my  correspondent  has  sent  me 

*  He  is  called  at  the  close  of  the  letter  Escribanode  Racion. 
This  office  seems  from  Navarrete's  explanation  to  include 
those  of  Secretary  and  Steward  of  the  Royal  Household. 

t  This  Spanish  original  must  not  be  confounded  with  the 
Other  letter  written  by  Columbus  at  the  same  time  to  Rafael 
Sanchez,  the  royal  Treasurer,  translated  from  the  Spanish 
into  Latin  by  beamier  de  Cosco.  This  translation  has  been 
frequently  printed.  The  two  letters  are  in  substance  the  same. 
but  no  extemporaneously  printed  copy  of  that  to  Santangel 
■was  known  until  the  discovery  of  the  one  now  announced. 
HIST.  MAG.       VOL.  VIII.  37 


a  fac  simile  of  8  lines  at  the  beginning,  and 
5  lines  at  the  end  of  the  letter,  and  of  the 
whole  14  lines  of  the  Anyma  at  the  close. 
A  copy  of  this  fac  simile  is  given  with  this 
notice.  These  portions  agree  generally 
with  the  reprint  of  Navarrete  (vol.  I,  pages 
167  to  175)  from  the  MS.  in  the  Royal  Ar- 
chives at  Semancas.  There  are  some  vari- 
ations, the  most  remarkable  of  which  is  his 
omission  of  the  words  at  the  end  of  the  let- 
ter. "  Fara  lo  que  mandareys  —  El  almi- 
rante."  He  has  corrected  the  orthography 
in  some  places,  and  leaves  out  many  of  the 
contractions.  Some  of  the  readings  of  the 
letter  are  better  than  his,  because  the  words 
it  supplies  render  the  meaning  more  clear. 
The  date  at  the  close  is  at  the  Canary  Isl- 
ands the  15th  of  February,  1493  ;  and  that 
of  the  Anyma  the  14th  day  of  March.  Of 
the  first  Navarrete  says,  that  the  islands 
seen  on  the  15th  February  were  the  Azores, 
not  the  Canaries ;  and  of  the  second,  that  al- 
though the  figures  seem  to  indicate  the  14th, 
the  true  date  must  be  the  4th  of  March. 
Anima,  he  says,  means  a  written  paper,  in- 
serted in  a  letter  after  the  letter  is  closed. 

As  there  is  no  place  or  name  of  printer, 
these  must  remain  unknown  unless  the 
type  and  water-mark  should  help  some  bib- 
liophile to  make  a  fortunate  conjecture  on 
these  points.  The  volume  however  must 
have  been  printed  before  any  of  the  Latin 
editions  of  the  letter  to  Sanchez,  and  most 
probably  in  Spain. 

I  may  refer  in  this  place  to  the  small  8vo 
edition  in  Latin  with  woodcuts;  which 
some  bibliographers  suppose  to  have  been 
printed  at  Grenada,  because  the  arms  and 
name  of  that  city  are  found  on  the  last 
page.  Mr.  Brunet  infers  that  this  is  not  to 
be  taken  as  positive  proof  that  the  book  ap- 
peared at  Grenada,  and  I  am  not  disposed 
to  assert  that  he  is  mistaken.     But  in  other 


290 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Sept., 


instances  a  similar  mark  is  considered  an 
indication  of  the  place  of  printing :  —  among 
these  I  may  cite  the  German  abridged 
edition  of  Columbus'  Voyages,  printed  by 
Sigismund  Grimm  in  1522.  The  pine  ap- 
ple on  the  last  page  is  deemed  good  evi- 
dence that  the  volume  was  issued  by  him 
at  Augsburg.  (Vide  Appendix  B  in  the 
New  York  reprint  of  Syllacius,  page  lviii.) 
And  I  may  add  that  the  arms  of  Grenada 
in  the  form  in  which  they  appear  in  the  8vo 
edition  with  woodcuts,  are  not  found  in  any 
other  edition.  Even  the  Basle  edition  of 
1494,  which  copies  all  the  other  woodcuts 
of  the  little  8vo,  does  not  copy  these  arms  — 
but  gives,  on  the  recto  of  the  last  leaf,  the 
arms  of  Castile  and  Leon  as  these  appear 
on  the  first  leaf  of  the  8vo,  and  on  the  verso 
of  the  same  leaf  reproduces  the  cut  of  the 
vessel ,  found  on  the  first  leaf,  both  of  the 
8vo,  and  of  its  own  first  leaf,  with  the  ad- 
dition of  an  ornament  above  and  below  the 
cut.  These  different  woodcuts  may  be  seen 
on  pages  xxxvi,  xxxvii  and  xlii  of  Appen- 
dix 3  of  the  New  York  Syllacius. 

In  order  to  avoid  misapprehension  I  may 
add  that  in  the  portraits  of  Ferdinand  both 
in  the  8vo  and  in  the  Basle  editions,  two 
escutcheons  containing  the  arms  of  Castile 
&c.  and  of  Grenada  hang  from  the  arm  of 
the  king ;  but  they  have  nothing  to  do  with 
the  crowned  escutcheon,  and  the  word  Gre- 
nada as  these  are  found  on  the  last  page  of 
the  little  octavo. 

I  regret  to  say  on  the  authority  of  my 
correspondent  that  the  copy  of  this  last 
edition,  described  by  Bossi,  has  disappeared 
from  the  Brera  library  in  Milan.  I  will 
transcribe  what  he  writes  upon  the  subject. 
"  Cette  bibliotheque  vient  de  perdre  l'ex- 
emplaire  de  la  lettre  de  1493,  sur  laquelle 
Bossi  a  fait  ses  travaux.  Ce  vol  a  ete  fait 
avec  une  audace,  et  avec  une  adresse  d'e's- 
carmoteur.  Elle  existait  encore  a.  la  bibli- 
otheque il  y  a  6  ans.  Nous  avons  ici  des 
amateurs  larrons  dont  on  ne  se  garde  pas 
assez,  et  qui  sont  la  peste  des  collections 
publiques  et  particulieres  ;  il  y  en  a  partout, 
mais  chez  nous  se  donnent  rendezvous  les 
filous  du  monde  entier.  Quant  a.  la  Biblio- 
theque Ambrosienne,  c'est  different ;  on  y 
estmoins  confiant."  L. 


PAPERS  RELATING    TO  THE  ALLIED 
ATTACK  ON  SAVANNAH  IN  1779. 

Extract  of  a  Letter  from  Major  General  Prevost, 
commanding  Hts  Majesty's  Forces  in  the  Pro- 
vince of  Georgia,  to  the  Right  Honourable 
Lord  George  Germain,  one  of  His  Majesty's 
principal  Secretaries  of  State ;  dated  Savan 
nah,  November  1st,  1779,  received  by  Captain 
Shaw,  Aid- de- Camp  to  Major  General  Pre- 
vost. 

As  I  look  upon  it  always  to  be  of  impor- 
tance, and  my  indispensable  duty,  that  your 
Lordship  should  directly  be  made  acquaint- 
ed with  material  occurrences  in  this  quarter 
affecting  his  Majesty's  service,  and  as  it  is 
possible  the  very  unexpected  visit  of  the 
Count  d'Estaing  to  this  coast,  with  so  con- 
siderable a  squadron  and  a  considerable  bo- 
dy of  land  troops,  when  known,  would  have 
excited  some  uneasiness  for  our  safety  j  it 
is  with  very  sincere  pleasure  I  do  myself  the 
honour  to  inform  you,  that  we  have  seen 
the  last  of  the  French  fleet  this  day  depart 
— we  hope  off  the  coast — got  both  them  and 
their  American  allies  off  our  hands,  in  a 
manner  which  we  humbly  hope  our  gracious 
Sovereign  will  not  think  unhandsome- 
Sept.  4th.  When  intelligence  was  re- 
ceived from  Tybee,  that  five  sail  of  French 
men  of  war,  with  some  sloops  and  schooners, 
were  off  the  bar  j  as  it  was  impossible  to 
determine  whether  this  was  a  whole  or  only 
part  of  a  larger  force  ;  whether  they  had 
landed  troops  in  Carolina  ;  or  this  was  their 
first  appearance  on  the  coast  ;  orders  were 
sent  to  all  the  out  posts  to  hold  themselves 
in  readiness  to  join  ;  and  as  it  was  very 
possible  that  the  enemy  might  push  their 
frigates  into  Port  Boyal  Bay,  and  cut  off 
the  communication  with  Beaufort,  an  order 
was  sent  to  the  Honourable  Colonel  Maitland, 
commanding  there,  forthwith  to  evacuate 
that  place,  and  cross  to  Hilton  Head  Island, 
from  whence  if  he  was  not  stopped  by  a  fur- 
ther order,  he  was  to  proceed  to  this  place. 
The  officer  who  was  charged  with  this  order 
was  taken  by  the  rebels,  going  through 
Skull  Creek  ;  but  this  accident  was  then 
judged  of  no  other  consequence,  as  the 
French  disappearing,  and  their  coming  on 
the  coast  being  hoped  for  various  reasons  to 
be  only  accidental. 


1864.J 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


291 


Colonel  Maitland  was  next  day  directed 
to  remain  ;  but  embarking  all  his  heavy 
baggage  and  other  incumbrances,  to  hold 
himself  in  readiness  to  come  away  on  the 
shortest  notice  ;  or  if  through  any  other 
channel  he  received  intelligence  which 
should  induce  that  measure,  he  was  immedi- 
ately to  adopt  it,  without  waiting  the  cere- 
mony of  orders,  as  best  for  his  Majesty's 
service ;  his  great  care  being  to  run  no  risque 
possibly  to  be  avoided,  of  being  cut  off  from 
this  place,  which  was  our  principal  concern. 

6th.  The  French  ships  reappeared  with 
one  of  addition,  and  from  the  Northward, 
Captain  Moncrief,  the  commanding  engineer, 
with  one  hundred  men  and  a  howitz,  was 
sent  to  Tybee  to  reinforce  the  post  and  bat- 
tery there  ;  and  an  order  to  be  forwarded  to 
Col.  Maitland,  to  join  without  loss  of  time. 

7th  and  8th.  The  fleet  of  the  enemy  en- 
creased  to  42  sail,  the  greater  part  men  of 
war.  Expresses  to  all  the  out  posts  to 
join. 

9th.  Fifty  four  vessels  off  the  bar.  Ap- 
point the  posts  of  alarm  out  of  town,  and 
make  other  necessary  disposistions  for  sus- 
taining an  attack. — Repair  and  strengthen 
the  abbatis. — A  very  superior  force  ap- 
proaching the  bar,  our  ships,  the  Foweyand 
Rose  of  twenty  guns  each,  the  Keppel  and 
Germain  armed  vessels,  obliged  to  retire  to- 
wards the  town.  The  battery  on  Tybee 
destroyed,  the  guns  spiked,  and  the  howit- 
zer and  stores  carried  off.  Four  large  fri- 
gates came  over  the  bar. 

10th.  All  the  out  posts  in  Georgia  join. 
Lieut.  Col.  Cruger,  from  Sunbury,  came  by 
and  with  all  his  men  able  to  march  ;  his 
sick  and  convalescent  he  embarked  on  board 
an  armed  vessel  to  come  inland.  By  con- 
trary winds  they  were  detained  till  the  pass- 
age was  seized  by  the  enemy.  They  how- 
ever put  up  Ogeeche  river,  where  finding 
the  communication  by  land  also  cut  off, 
Capt.  French  (commanding)  landed  and 
took  post,  and  for  many  days  continued  to 
defend  himself,  until  obliged  by  want  of 
provisions  to  capitulate  to  a  very  superior 
force.  Began  new  redoubts  and  batteries, 
and  strengthen  the  abattis.  The  troops  en- 
camped. 

11th.     Busy  in  landing  cannon  from  the 


shipping.  Making  fascines — The  engineer 
hard  at  work. 

12th.  Several  French  and  Rebel  vessels 
come  over  Ossibau  bar. — At  ten  o'clock, 
evening  the  French  landed  at  Beaulieu. 

13th.  Having  confined  our  news  to  the 
defence  of  the  town,  as  our  sole  object,  which 
we  determined,  by  the  blessing  of  God,  to 
be  vigorous,  and  worthy  of  British  troops, 
continued  our  works  with  unremiting  ardor. 

14th.  The  engineer  hard  at  work. — 
Certain  intelligence  that  Lincoln  was  cross- 
ing at  Zubly's  ferry  from  intelligent  spies, 
who  crossed  with  him.  His  numbers  about 
1500. — More  on  their  way  from  all  parts  of 
Carolina,  Polaski,  already  passed  and  joined 
the  horse  from  above,  advanced  to  within  3 
miles  of  this  town. 

15th.  Some  French  and  Polaski's  light 
horse  appear  in  front.  Force  in  a  subal- 
tern's picquet,  of  which  six  are  taken,  they 
are  forced  to  retire  in  turn  with  some  killed 
and  an  officer  taken.  No  further  loss  on 
our  side,  our  men  not  being  suffered  to  pass 
beyond  the  cover  of  our  cannon. 

16.  Receive  a  summons  from  the  Count 
d  Estaing,  to  surrender  to  the  arms  of 
France.  No  stranger  to  the  unamimous 
opinion  of  the  army  ;  but  for  form's  sake 
assemble  the  Field  officers  at  the  Governor's 

We    desire    to    know    (Answer)   what 

terms  ? — At  noon   Col.   Maitland  with  the 

first  division  arrives   (about  400  men) 

Letter  from  the  Count,  "That  the  besieged 
should  demand  terms,  and  that  he  would 
willingly  grant  all  in  his  power."  We  be- 
lieved him,  but  demand  a  truce  of  24  hours 
to  deliberate,  which  is  agreed  to. 

17th.  By  noon,  and  in  the  night  before, 
all  the  rest  fit  for  duty  from  Beaufort  arrive, 
and  take  their  posts  in  the  line.  The  enemy 
being  in  possession  of  the  ship  channel,  Col. 
Maitland  had  been  obliged  to  come  round 
Dawfuskie,  and  land  on  the  marshes  ;  and 
dragging  his  boat  empty  through  a  cut,  got 
into  Savannah  river  above  the  enemy,  and 
so  to  this  place. 

Review  the  troops  under  arms  at  their 
posts,  all  in  high  spirit's,  and  the  most  pleas- 
ing confidence  expressed  in  every  face.  The 
sailors  not  to  be  prevented  from  giving  three 
cheers. 


292 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Sept. 


18th.  and  19th.  We  continue  to  work 
hard  on  redoubts  and  batteries — Further 
strengthen  the  abbatis. 

20th.  A  frigate  and  gallies  at  Four  Mile 
Point. — Capt.  Moncrief  prepares  fire  rafts. 
The  Rose  and  Savannah  sunk  in  the  chan- 
nel. 

21st.  A  new  work  for  seven  6  and  9 
pounders  begun  in  front  of  the  barracks. 
Hearing  the  rebels  were  making  fire  rafts 
above  the  town,  we  got  the  boom  across,  and 
vessels  ready  to  be  sunk,  a  small  galley  and 
the  Germaine  to  cover  the  boom,  and  occa- 
sionally to  scour  Yamaisan  Swamp  on  our 
right.  Some  houses  and  barnes  on  our 
flanks,  judged  too  near,  are  burnt,  unfortu- 
nately property  of  friends. 

22d.  The  enemy  appear  in  force  all  a- 
long  our  front,  in  readiness  to  fight,  but 
continue  our  works.  Boats  and  other  craft 
of  the  enemy  go  up  Augustine  Creek,  pro- 
bably with  cannon  and  stores. 

23d.     As  the  day  before. 

24th.  The  enemy  had  been  hard  at 
work  the  whole  night ;  and  when  the  morn- 
ing fog  cleared  off,  were  discovered  to  have 
pushed  a  sap  to  with  200  yards  of  our  abba- 
tis, to  the  left  of  the  center.  At  nine 
o'clock  three  companies  of  light  infantry, 
(97  rank  and  file),  were  sent  out  under 
Major  Graham  of  the  16th,  to  give  an  op- 
purtunity  of  reconnoitering,  and  probably 
judging  of  the  enemy's  force,  and  to  draw 
them  exposed  to  our  cannon. 

25th.  A  good  deal  of  firing  with  cannon 
and  cohorns,  to  interrupt  the  enemy's  work- 
men, with  effect.  Another  sortie  proposed, 
but,  the  idea  rejected,  having  certainly  not 
men  to  spare  ;  and  it  being  our  great  object 
to  gain  time,  and  particularly  to  detain  d' 
Estaing  as  long  as  possible  from,  perhaps, 
attempts  of  higher  consequence  on  the  coast. 
Faint  attack  upon  our  picquets  on  the  left, 
without  effect.  The  enemy  fire  from  two 
18  pounders  en  barbette,  which  they  are 
soon  made  to  quit.  At  night  one  hundred 
marksmen  spread  without  the  abbatis  to  im- 
pede the  enemy's  workmen. 

26th.  Works  continued  on  both  sides  ; 
the  enemy's  however,  not  in  advance,  but 
on  batteries,  strengthening  their  lines,  and 
extending  from  towards  their  rear  to  their 


left,  to  communicate  with  works  carried  on 
by  the  rebels  ;  afterwards  found  to  be  a  bat- 
tery for  nine  mortars,  and  another  for  four 
guns. 

27th.  A  little  firing,  and  a  great  deal  of 
works  on  lines  to  cover  the  troops  of  the  re- 
serve from  the  expected  cannonade.  We 
begin  to  unroof  the  barracks.  At  night 
Major  McArthur  of  the  71st  with  a  part  of 
the  picquet,  advanced  and  fired  into  the  en- 
emy's works  ;  and,  amusing  them  for  some 
time,  drew  off.  Three  men  wounded.  He 
set  the  French  and  Americans  firing  upon 
each  other.  Their  loss  acknowledge  above 
fifty. 

28th.  La  Trinite,  a  French  frigate, 
moved  and  anchored  in  the  north  channel — 
Strengthen  the  river  battery,  and  add  the 
eight  inch  howitz. 

29th.  The  barracks  levelled ^  the  back 
wall  to  the  ground,  the  front  to  a  good  par- 
apet height  from  the  floor,  converted  into  a 
very  respectable  work  in  our  center. 

30th.  As  usual.  •  A  Captain  of  Polas- 
kie's  wounded  and  taken  in  the  night  ;  two 
of  his  men  killed. 

Oct.  1st.  A  new  eightgun  battery  to  the 
right  of  east  roatd  redoubt. 

.2d.  The  frigate  and  gallies  cannonade 
our  left  without  other  effect  than  to  point 
out  where  to  make  traverses.  Begin  a  new 
battery  for  fifteen  guns  to  the  left  of  the 
barracks,  and  strengthen  our  works  to  the 
left,  where  it  is  probable  the  French  may 
assault. 

3d.  The  fifteen  gun  battery  begins  to  fire, 
as  the  guns  come  on  it.  All  the  ditches  are 
deepened,  particularly  on  the  right  and  left. 
At  midnight  the  enemy  began  to  bombard, 
from  nine  mortars  of  eight  and  ten  inch  ; 
continue  about  two  hours. 

4th.  At  daylight  they  open  with  nine 
mortars,  thirty-seven  pieces  of  cannon  from 
the  land  side,  and  sixteen  from  the  water. 
Continue  without  intermission  till  eight  o'- 
clock, without  other  effect  than  killing  a  few 
hapless  women  and  children,  and  some  few 
negroes  and  horses  in  the  town  and  on  the 
common. — The  firing  renewed  from  time  to 
time  through  the  day.  The  Governor  and 
Lieutenant  Governor  joined  us  in  camp  in 
the  part  of  the  cannonade.     They  remained 


1864.J 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


293 


with  us  till  the  siege  was  raised,  most  cheer- 
fully determined  to  fare  as  we  might  iu  every 
respect. 

5th.  The  enemy  prosecute  their  works 
to  their  left  ;  and  we  repair,  strengthen  and 
add. 

6th.  They  throw  carcases  into  town,  and 
burn  one  wooden  house. — At  eleven  o'clock 
sent  to  Count  d'  Estaing  for  permission  to 
send  women  and  children  out  of  town  on 
board  of  ships,  and  down  the  river,  under 
the  protection  of  a  French  ship  of  war,  until 
the  business  should  be  decided.  After  three 
hours,  and  a  great  deal  of  intermediate  can- 
non and  shells,  received  an  insulting  answer 
in  refusal  from  Messrs.  Lincoln  and  d'  Es- 
taing conjunctly. 

7th.  Smart  firing  continued. — Busy  at 
work  all  night  repairing  and  adding. 

8th.     As  the  preceding. 

9th.  A  littre  before  daylight,  and  after 
a  heavy  (and,  as  usual,  innocent)  cannonade 
and  bombardment,  the  enemy  attacked  our 
lines. 

About  ten  o'clock  a  truce  was  desired  by 
the  enemy,  and  leave  to  bury  the  dead,  and 
carry  off  the  wounded  : — Granted  for  those 
who  lay  at  a  distance,  or  out  of  sight  of  out- 
lines ;  those  within  or  near  the  abbatis  we 
buried,  number  203  on  the  right,  on  the 
left  28  ; — and  delivered  116  wounded  pris- 
oners, greatest  part  mortally. — A  good  many 
were  buried  by  the  enemy  ;  many  were  self- 
buried  in  the  mud  of  the  swamp  j  and  no 
doubt  many  were  carried  off. — From  this  to 
the  18th  nothing  very  material  happened. 
A  great  deal  of  civility  passed  mutually  be- 
tween us,  and  the  French,  and  many  apolo- 
gies made  for  the  refusal  of  sending  the  wo- 
men and  children  out  of  town,  laying  the 
blame  (to  u?e  the  words  of  an  officer  of  rank, 
Count  0'  Dunn)  on  the  scoundrel  Lincoln, 
and  the  Americans. — The  offer  is  now  made 
with  great  earnestness  : — Mrs  Prevost,  her 
children  and  company,  to  be  received  by  the 
Chevalier  du  Rumain  on  board  the  Chimere  : 
To  which  was  answered.  That  what  had 
once  been  refused,  and  with  some  degree  of 
insult,  was  not  worth  the  acceptance. — The 
enemy  we  found  were  employed  in  moving 
off  their  cannon,  mortars  &c,  and  embarking 
their  sick  aud  wounded,  of  which  they  had 


a  great  number. — Many  deserters  come  into 
us. — On  the  18th,  the  fog  clearing  off  about 
nine  o'clock,  we  were  not  much  surprised  to 
find  the  enemy  had  moved  off. — Patroles  of 
dragoons  were  sent  out  in  every  direction,  to 
gain  intelligence  ;  but  finding  all  the  bridg- 
es broke  down,  these  soon  returned,  unable 
to  proceed  to  any  distance. — Others,  both 
foot  and  horse,  were  then  sent,  in  a  kind  of 
hope  that  something  might  be  attempted  on 
the  rear  of  the  enemy,  either  French  or 
Americans,  but  they  were  all  out  of  our  reach. 
— The  French  embarked  in  Augustine  Creek ; 
the  rebels  God  knows  where  ;  but  supposed 
from  the  route  they  had  taken  to  be  at  or 
near  Zubly's  Ferry. — Till  the  country  round 
about  was  properly  reconnoitred,  I  did  not 
think  myself  justifiable,  circumstanced  as  we 
were,  in  making  any  attempt  that  had  even 
the  appearance  of  risque  in  it.  In  this  opin- 
ion all  the  officers  concurred. 

I  beleive,  my  Lord,  it  is  not  very  necess- 
ary I  should  endeavour  to  say  much  of  the 
behaviour  of  his  Majesty's  troops  during  the 
late  very  fatiguing,  if  not,  as  it  turned  out, 
very  dangerous  service, — though  ever,  in 
respect  of  danger,  it  must  be  allowed  that 
appearances  at  least  were  formidable. 

The  noble  and  steady  perseverance  man- 
ifested by  all  ranks,  in  exposing  themselves 
to  every  fatigue  and  to  every  danger  ;  the 
cheerful  yet  determined  spirit  with  which 
they  set  all  the  threats  of  the  enemy  at  defi- 
ance ;  and  their  firm  resolution  of  abiding, 
to  the  last  man,  by  every  consequence  of  an 
obstinate  defence,  will,  I  hope,  meet  with 
the  approbation  of  his  Majesty,  and  do  them 
honor  with  their  country.  To  mention  in 
particular  all  those,  whether  British,  Hessian, 
Provincial,  or  Militia,  who  either  did;  or  ar- 
dently wished,  to  distinguish  themselves, 
would  be  in  fact  to  give  your  Lordship  a  list 
of  the  whole.  But  I  must  beg  leave  to  ac- 
knowledge the  great  obligations  we  had  to 
the  very  active  and  zealous  services  of  Capt. 
Henry,  of  his  Majesty's  ship  Fowey,  Capt. 
Brown,  of  the  Rose,  and  their  officers  and 
seamen  ;  particularly  Lieutenants  Lock  and 
Crawford,  in  working  the  batteries,  and  in 
every  other  part  of  service  where  they  could 
give  their  assistance.  I  would  also  wish  to 
mention  Capt.  Moncrief,  Commanding  En- 


294 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Sept., 


gineer  j  but  sincerely  sensible,  that  all  I  can 
express  will  fall  greatly  short  of  what  the 
gentleman  deserves,  not  only  on  this,  but  on 
all  other  occasions,  I  shall  only,  in  the  most 
earnest  manner,  request  your  Lordship  tak- 
ing him  in  your  protection  and  patronage, 
to  recommend  him  to  his  Majesty  as  an  offi- 
cer of  long  service,  and  most  singular  merit. 
Assuring  you  my  Lord,  from  my  own  positive 
knowledge,  that  there  is  not  one  officer  or 
soldier  in  this  little  army,  capable  of  reflect- 
ing or  judging,  who  will  not  regard,  as  per- 
sonal to  himself,  any  mark  of  royal  favor 
graciously  confered  thro'  your  Lordship  on 
Captain  Moncrief.  We  have  been  greatly 
obliged  to  Major  Fraser  of  the  71st,  Acting 
Quarter  Master  General,  for  his  zealous  and 
indefatigable  industry  in  landing  and  moun- 
ting upon  the  batteries  the  cannon,  stores, 
&c,  and  constantly  supplying  all  want. — The 
extreme  vigilance  and  attention  of  Captain 
Prevost,  Acting  Adjutant  General,  deserves 
to  be  known.  Indeed  the  whole  Engineers, 
and  every  other  public  department,  were 
activity  itself. 

For  further  particulars  respecting  this  and 
every  other  part  of  the  service,  I  beg  to  re- 
fer your  Lordship  to  Captain  Shaw,  my  Aid 
de  Camp,  who  will  have  the  honor  to  deliv- 
er this,  and  who  is  not  uninformed,  as  he 
has  been  present  on  every  active  service  in 
this  country. 

No.  I, 
Translation. 

Count  d'  Estaing  summons  his  Excellency 
General  Prevost  to  surrender  to  the  arms  of 
the  King  of  France.  He  apprizes  him,  that 
he  will  be  personally  responsible  for  all  the 
events  and  misfortunes  that  may  arise  from 
a  defence,  which,  by  the  superiority  of  the 
force  which  attacks  him,  both  by  sea  and 
land,  is  rendered  manifestly  vain  and  of  no 
effect. 

He  gives  notice  to  him  also,  that  any 
resolution  he  may  venture  to  come  to,  either 
before  the  attack,  in  the  course  of  it,  or  at 
the  moment  of  the  assault,  of  setting  fire  to 
the  shipping  or  small  craft  belonging  to  the 
army,  or  to  the  merchants  in  the  river  Sav- 
annah, as  well  as  to  all  the  magazines  in  the 
town  will  be  imputable  to  him  only. 


The  situation  of  Hospital  Hill  in  the 
Grenades,  the  strength  of  the  three  intrench- 
ments  and  store  redoubts  which  defended  it, 
and  the  comparative  disposition  of  the  troops 
before  the  town  of  Savannah,  with  the  single 
detachment  which  carried  the  Grenades  by 
assault,  should  be  a  lesson  to  futurity.  Hu- 
manity obliges  the  Count  d'  Estaing  to  recal 
this  event  to  his  memory  j  having  so  done, 
he  has  nothing  to  reproach  himself  with. 

Lord  Macartney  had  the  good  fortune  to  es- 
cape from  the  first  transport  of  troops  who 
enter  a  town  sword  in  hand  j  but  notwith- 
standing the  most  valuable  effects  were  de- 
posited in  a  place  supposed  by  all  the  officers 
and  engineers  to  be  impregnable,  Count  d' 
Estaing  could  not  have  the  happiness  of 
preventing  their  being  pillaged. 

Camp  before  Savannah,  the 

16th  of  September  1779. 


Signed) 


Estaing. 


No.  II. 


Copy  of  a  Letter  from  Major  General  Pre- 
vost to  the  Count  d?  Estaing ,  dated  Camp 
Savannah,  Sept.  lQth,  1779. 

Sir 

.  I  am  just  now  honored  with  your  Excell- 
ency's letter  of  this  date,  containing  a  sum- 
mons for  me  to  surrender  this  town  to  the 
arms  of  his  Majesty  the  Kiug  of  France, 
which  I  had  just  delayed  to  answer,  till  I 
had  shown  it  to  the  King's   Civil  Governor. 

I  hope  your  Excellency  will  have  a  better 
opinion  of  me,  and  of  British  troops,  than 
to  think  either  will  surrender  on  general 
summons,  without  specific  terms. 

If  you,  Sir  have  any  to  propose  that  may 
with  honor  be  accepted  of  me,  you  can  men- 
tion them,  both  with  regard  to  civil  and 
military,  and  I  will  then  give  my  answer  : 
in  the  mean  time  I  will  promise  upon  my 
honor,  that  nothing,  with  my  knowledge  or 
consent,  shall  be  destroyed  in  either  this 
town  or  river. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be  &c 
(Signed)  .  A.  Prevost. 

His  Excellency  Count  d'  Estaing, 
commanding  the  French  forces,  &c. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


295 


No.  III. 

Translation. 
Camp  before  Savannah  Sept.  lG,  1779 

Sir 

I  have  just  received  your  Excellency's 
answer  to  the  letter,  I  had  the  honor  of 
writiug  to  you  this  morning,  you  are  sensi- 
ble that  it  is  the  part  of  the  beseiged  to  pro- 
pose such  terms  as  they  may  desire  ;  and 
you  cannot  doubt  of  the  satisfaction  I  shall 
have  in  consenting  to  those  which  I  can  ac- 
cept consistently  with  my  duty. 

I  am  informed  that  you  continue  entrench- 
ing yourself.  It  is  a  matter  of  very  little 
importance  to  me  ;  however,  for  forms  sake, 
I  must  desire  that  you  will  desist  during  our 
conferences  together. 

The  different  columns,  which  I  have  or- 
dered to  stop,  will  continue  their  march,  but 
without  approaching  your  posts,  or  recon- 
noitering  your  situation. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  with  respect, 
Sir,  your  Excellency's  most  humble 

and  obedient  Servant. 
(Signed)  Estaing. 

His  Excellency  General  Prevost  Major  Gen- 
eral in  the  service  of  his  Britanic  Ma- 
jesty, and  Commander  in  chief  at  Savan- 
nah in  Georgia 

P.  S.  I  apprize  your  Excellency  that  I 
have  not  been  able  to  refuse  the  army  of  the 
United  States  uniting  itself  with  that  of  the 
King. 

The  junction  will  probably  be  effected 
this  day.  If  I  have  not  an  answer  therefore 
immediately  ;  you  must  confer  in  future  with 
General  Lincoln  and  me. 


No.  IV. 
Copy  of  a  letter  from  Major    General  Pre- 
vost to  the  Count  d' Estaing,  dated     Sejit- 
ember  16,  1779. 

Sir 

I  am  honored  with  your  Excellency's  let- 
ter in  reply  to  mine  of  this  day. 

The  business  we  have  in  hand  being  of 
importance,  there  being  various  interests  to 
discuss,  a  just  time  is  absolutely  necessary 
to  deliberate  ;  I  am  therefore  to  propose, 
that  a  suspension  of  hostilities  shall  take 
place  for  twenty  four  hours  from  this  date  ; 


and  to  request  that  your  Excellency  will  di- 
rect your  columns  to  fall  back  to  a  greater 
distance,  and  out  of  sight  of  our  works,  or  I 
shall  think  myself  under  a  necessity  to  di- 
rect their  being  fired  upon.  If  they  did  not 
reconnoitre  this  afternoon,  they  were  sure 
within  the  distance. 

I  am,  <fc 
(Signed)  A.  Prevost. 

His  Excellency  Count  d'  Estaing,  &c.  &c. 


No.  V. 
Translation. 
Camp  before  Savannah,  Sept.  16 1779. 

Sir 

I  consent  to  the  truce  you  ask.  It  shall 
continue  till  the  signal  for  retreat  to-morrow 
night  the  17th,  which  will  serve  also  to  an- 
nounce the  recommencement  of  hostilities. 
It  is  unnecessary  to  observe  to  your  Excell- 
ency, that  this  suspension  of  arms  is  entirely 
in  your  favour,  since  I  cannot  be  certain  that 
you  will  not  make  use  of  it  to  fortify  your- 
self, at  the  same  time,  that  the  propositions 
you  shall  make  may  be  inadmissible. 

I  must  observe  to  you,  how  important  it 
is  that  you  should  be  fully  aware  of  your 
own  situation,  as  well  as  that  of  the  troops 
under  your  command.  Be  assured  that  I 
am  thoroughly  acquainted  with  it. — Your 
knowledge  of  military  affairs  will  not  suffer 
you  to  be  ignorant,  that  a  due  examination 
of  that  circumstance  always  precedes  the 
march  of  the  columns ;  and  that  this  pre- 
liminary is  not  carried  into  execution  by  a 
mere  show  of  troops. 

I  have  ordered  them  to  withdraw  before 
night  comes  on,  to  prevent  any  cause  of  com- 
plaint on  your  part.  I  understand  that  my 
civility  in  this  respect  has  been  the  occasion 
that  the  Chevalier  de  Cambis,  a  Lieutenant 
in  the  navy,  has  been  made  prisoner  of  war. 

I  propose  sending  out  some  small  advanced 
posts  to-morrow  morning  ;  They  will  place 
themselves  in  such  a  situation  as  to  have  in 
view  the  four  entrances  into  the  wood  ;  in 
order  to  prevent  a  similar  mistake  in  future. 
I  do  not  know  whether  two  columns  com- 
manded by  the  Viscount  de  Noailles  and  the 
Count  de  Dillon  have  shown  too  much  ar- 
dour, or  whether  your  commanders  have  not 
paid  a  proper  respect  to  the  truce  subsisting 


296 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Sept., 


between  us  ;  but  this  I  know,  that  what  has 
happened  this  night,  is  a  fresh  proof  that 
matters  will  soon  come  to  a  decision  between 
us  one  way  or  another 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  with  respect,  &c. 
(Signed)  Estaing. 

His  Excellency  General  Prevost,  Major  Gen- 
eral in  the  service  of  his  Britannic  Majes- 
ty and  Commander  in  Chief  at  Savannah 
in  Georgia. 


No.  VI. 
Copy  of  a  letter  from  Major   General  Pre- 
vost,   to    Count  oV Estaing,  dated  Savan- 
nah, Sept.  17,  1779. 

Sir 

In  answer  to  the  letter  of  your  Excellen- 
cy, which  I  had  the  honor  to  receive  about 
twelve  last  night,  I  am  to  acquaint  you,  that 
having  laid  the  whole  correspondence  before 
the  King's  civil  Governor,  and  the  military 
officers  of  rank,  assembled  in  council  of  War, 
the  unamimous  determination  has  been,  that 
tho'  we  cannot  look  upon  our  part  as  abso- 
lutely inexpugable,  yet  that  it  may  and 
ought  to  be  defended  ;  therefore  the  eve- 
ning gun,  to  be  fired  this  evening  an  hour 
before  sundown,  shall  be  the  signal  for  re- 
commencing hostilities  agreeable  to  your 
Excellency's  proposal. 

Ihave  the  honor  to  be, 
(Signed)  A.  Prevost. 

His  Excellency  Count  d'Estaing,  &c  &c. 


No.  VII. 


Copy  of  a  letter  from  Count  d'  Estaing  and 
General  Lincoln  to  Major  General  Pre- 
vost, dated  Camp  before  Savannah,  Oct- 
ober 6,  1779. 

Sir 

We  are  persuaded  that  your  Excellency 
knows  all  that  your  duty  prescribes  ; — Per- 
haps your  zeal  has  already  interfered  with 
your  judgement.  The  Count  d'  Estaing  in 
his  own  name,  notified  to  you,  that  you 
would  be  personally  and  alone  responsible 
for  the  consequences  of  your  obstinacy. 
The  time  which  you  informed  him,  in  the 
commencement  of  the  siege  would  be  neces- 
sary for  the  arrangement  of  articles,  includ- 


ing the  different  orders  of  men  in  your  town 
had  no  other  object  than  that  of  receiving 
succor.  Such  conduct,  Sir,  is  sufficient  to 
forbid  every  intercourse  between  us  which 
might  occasion  the  least  loss  of  time.  Be- 
sides in  the  present  application,  latent  rea- 
sons may  again  exist — There  are  military 
ones,  which  in  frequent  instances  have  pre- 
vented the  indulgence  you  request.  It  is 
with  regret  we  yield  to  the  austerity  of  our 
functions  j  and  we  deplore  the  fate  of  those 
persons  who  will  be  the  victims  of  your  con- 
duct, and  the  delusion  which  appears  to 
prevail  in  your  mind. 

We  are  with  respect,  &c, 

(Signed)  B.  Lincoln, 

Estaing. 


No.  VIII. 


Copy  of  a  letter  from  Major  General  Pre- 
vost to  Count  a" Estaing,  dated  Camp 
Savannah,  October  6,  1779. 

Sir 

I  am  persuaded  your  Excellency  will  do 
me  justice  ;  and  that  in  defending  this 
place,  and  the  army  committed  to  my  charge, 
I  fulfil  what  is  due  to  honor  and  duty  to  my 
Prince.  Sentiments  of  a  different  kind  oc- 
casion the  liberty  of  now  addressiDg  myself 
to  your  Excellency  ;  They  are  those  of  hu- 
manity. The  houses  of  Savannah  are  occu- 
pied solely  by  women  and  children.  Sever- 
al of  them  have  applied  to  me,  that  I  might 
request  the  favour  you  would  allow  them  to 
embark  on  board  a  ship  or  ships,  and  go 
down  the  river  under  the  protection  of  yours, 
until  this  business  is  decided.  If  this  re- 
quisition you  are  so  good  to  grant,  my  wife 
and  children,  with  a  few  servants,  shall  be 
the  first  to  profit  by  the  indulgence. 
I  have  the  honor  to  be  &c  &c 


(Signed) 


A.  Prevost. 


No.  IX. 

Return  of  casualties  in  the  different  corps 

during  the  siege. 

16th,  regiment.     2  rank  and  file  deserted. 
60th,         do  4    rank   and   file  killed  ; 

1  serjeant  6  rank    and    file    wounded  )  % 
Serjeants,  5  rank  and  file  deserted. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


297 


1st  battalion  71st.  2  lieutenants,  1  serjeant 
6  rank  and  file  killed  \  17  rank  and  file 
wounded  ;  1  rank  and  file  missing )  1 
rank  and  file  deserted. 

2d  battalion  71st.  1  rank  and  file  killed,  1 
lieut.  4  rank  and  file  wounded  \  3  rank 
and  file  deserted. 

Trurnbach.     4  rank  and  file  wounded. 

Wessenbach.  5  rank  and  file  killed  ;  1 
drummer,  2  rank  and  file  wounded  ;  2 
rank  and  file  deserted. 

New  York  Volunteers.  1  serjeant  killed  j 
1  serjeant,  2  rank  and  file  wounded  ;  1 
drummer  missing,  1  rank  and  file  desert- 
ed. 

1st  battalion  de  Lancey's.  2  rank  and  file 
killed  ;  3  rank  and  file  wounded  ;  1  ser- 
jeant, 7  rank  and  file  deserted. 

2d  battalion  de  Lancey's.  1  Ensign  killed, 
1  drummer  1  rank  and  file  missing  ;  1 
drummer,  2  rank  and  file  deserted. 

3d  battalion  Skinner's.     1   serjeant  killed; 

1  Capt.  wounded  j     1    drummer,  1    rank 
and  file  deserted.     , 

South  Carolina  Royalists.     4  rank  and  file 

killed  ;  1  Captain  wounded. 
North  Carolina  Volunteers.     1  rank  and  file 

deserted. 
Kings  Rangers.     1   rank  and  file  killed  ;  1 

rank  and   file  wounded  ;  5  rank  and  file 

deserted. 
Georgia   Loyalists.     1  Captain,   1  Serjeant, 

2  rank  and   file    killed  ;    2  Serjeants,  11 
rank  and  file  deserted. 

Marines.  2  rank  and  file  killed  ;  6  rank 
and  file  wounded. 

Royal  Artillery.     2  rank  and  file  wounded. 

Seamen.  2  rank  and  file  killed  ;  9  rank  and 
file  wounded. 

Georgia  Militia.  3  rank  and  file  killed,  1 
Lieut,  wounded. 

Total.  1  Captain,  2  Lieutenants,  1  Ensign,  4 
Serjeants,  32  rank  and  file  killed.  2  Cap- 
tains, 2  Lieutenants,  2  Serjeants,  1  Drum- 
mer, 56  rank  and  file  wounded,  2  drum- 
mers, 2  rank  and  file  missing.  5  Ser- 
jeants, 2  Drummers,  41  rank  and  file  de- 
serted. 

Names  of  Officers  Killed. 

Lieut.  Henry  M'Pherson,  1st  battalion  71st 
24th  of  September. 

HIST.  MAG.       VOL.  VIII.  38 


Lieutenant  Taws,  of  ditto,  and  Captain 
Lieut,  of  Dragoons,  9th  of  October. 

Capt.  Simpson,  Georgia  Loyalists,  October  8. 

Ensign  Pollard,  2d  battalion  DeLancey's, 
4th  of  ditto. 

Names  of  Officers  Wounded. 

Capt.  Cozens,  3d  Battalion  Jersey  Volun- 
teers, 24th  of  September. 

Lieut.  Smallet  Campbell,  2d  battalion  71st, 
and  Lieut,  of  Dragoons,  9th  of  October. 

Capt.  Henry,  of  South  Carolina  Royalists, 
9th  of  October. 

(Signed)  A.  Prevost.  M.  G. 

Camp,  Savannah,  Oct.  18, 1779. 

A  Return  of  Masters,  Mates,  and  Men  of 
the  Transports  who  were  at  the  bat- 
teries during  the  siege. 

Masters — John  Wilson,  Archibald  M'Cur- 
dy,  John  Higgins,  Arthur  Ryburn, 
Christopher  Watton,  John  Take. 

Mates. — James  M'Donald, Steele,  John 

Chapman,    James    Ryburn, Corvard, 

Harrison. 

87  Seamen. 


JACQUES   CARTIER. 

The  reverence  of  Canada,  and  the  respect 
of  France,  have  of  late  invested  with  a  new 
interest  the  mariner  of  St.  Malo,  who  gave 
a  name  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  which  he  as- 
cended to  its  rapids.  He  stands  forward, 
indeed,  as  a  man  of  high  principle,  sound 
judgment,  adventurous  enterprise,  and  tar- 
nished only  by  his  unjust  carrying  off  of 
the  Canadian  chiefs  to  France.  But  even 
in  this  there  was  not  the  incentive  of  gain ; 
he  did  not  take  them  to  make  them  slaves, 
as  Leon,  Ayllon,  and  other  Spanish  adven- 
turers did.  If  Cartier  did  not  return  with 
them  as  he  proposed,  we  know  not  what 
obstacles  prevented  him,  but  we  do  know 
that  there  is  nothing  but  what  tends  to  show 
that  the  Americans  were  to  their  latest 
breath  treated  with  kindness  and  as  free 
men. 

Antiquarian  research  tells  us  that  his 
grandfather,  John  Cartier,  was  born  in 
1428,  married  Guillemette  Baudoin  in  No- 
vember, 1457,  and  had  five  sons,  all  of 
whom  are  represented  in   our  day.      The 


298 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Sept., 


eldest  of  these,  Jacques  or  James  Cartier 
born  at  St.  Malo,  Dec.  4,  1458,  married 
Geseline  Jansart,  and  had  three  sons,  the 
youngest  of  whom,  named  after  himself, 
made  the  name  famous  at  home  and  abroad, 
and  is  one  of  the  glories  of  that  old  French 
town. 

Jacques  Cartier  was  born  in  December, 
1494,  probably  on  the  last  day  of  the  year, 
when  he  was  carried  to  the  church  of  St. 
Malo  to  receive  baptism.  Men  had  but  for 
a  twelvemonth  wondered  then  over  the  dis- 
covery of  that  New  World  to  which  his 
name  was  to  be  indissolubly  connected.  Of 
his  early  life  we  find  few  traces.  In  1518, 
he  appears  on  the  parish  register  as  godfa- 
ther of  a  cousin,  and  the  next  year  leads  to 
the  altar  (May  2,  1519)  Marie  Katherine 
des  (branches, daughter  of  Monsieur  Honore 
des  Grranches,  knight  and  constable  of  St. 
Malo.  Young  Cartier  had  already,  it  would 
seem,  made  his  mark.  His  marriage  was  a 
brilliant  one,  and  he  must  have  stood  well 
in  the  world's  esteem  to  have  won  a  maiden 
so  well  connected,  but  Cartier  was  already 
at  the  age  of  28,  master  pilot  of  the  port  of 
St.  Malo. 

Of  his  wanderings  on  the  ocean  during  his 
earlier  years  we  know  nothing,  although 
there  are  indications  that  he  had  visited  the 
coast  of  America  prior  to  his  expedition  in 
1534.  He  had  in  all  probability  often 
.  cast  his  lines,  with  the  hardy  fishermen  of 
northern  France,  amid  the  cod  that  swarmed 
on  the  Banks  of  Newfoundland,  and  was 
selected  for  his  enterprise  by  Philippe  de 
Chabot,  the  Admiral  of  France,  to  conduct 
the  exploring  expedition  sent  out  by  Francis 
I,  in  1534. 

Ten  years  had  now  elapsed  since  the  voy- 
age of  Verrazzano,  and  while  Spain  had 
been  rapidly  extending  her  power  in  the 
New  World,  France  had  in  no  way  availed 
herself  of  the  discoveries  made  under  her 
flag.  Yet  she  had  explored,  and  might 
claim  as  her  own,  a  port  at  which  the  com- 
merce of  the  new-found  continent  was  one 
day  to  centre,  and  where  in  less  than  three 
centuries  a  city  rivalling  in  population  the 
greatest  in  the  world  was  to  exert  on  the 
globe  its  influence.  France  was  represented 
on  the  western  side  of  the  Atlantic  only  by 


her  hardy  fishermen  of  Brittany  and  Nor- 
mandy, no  doubt  the  earliest  discoverers  of 
the  continent,  whose  labors  found  no  chron- 
icler. 

It  was  indeed  time  for  France  to  act,  but 
the  expedition  planned  by  Chabot  disregard- 
ed the  information  acquired  by  Verrazzano, 
if  we  are  indeed  to  regard  the  account 
of  that  Florentine's  voyage  as  real.  It 
was  not  to  settle  in  New  York  bay  or 
establish  a  trading  post  or  colony  there; 
nor  was  it  to  explore  the  country  to  the 
north  or  south  for  a  better  location.  It  was 
simply  to  discover  a  northern  passage  to 
China  and  Japan — to  seek  what  Sir  John 
Franklin  has  perished  in  search  of  in  our 
day. 

Had  France  but  followed  up  her  previous 
discoveries,  by  settling  the  bay  of  New 
York,  and  then  occupied  the  St.  Lawrence 
and  the  country  of  the  Abnakis,  how  differ- 
ent would  the  world's  history  have  been  ! 

The  French  expedition  of  1534,  under 
Jacques  Cartier,  consisted  of  two  vessels  of 
sixty  tons  each,  and  carried  sixty-one  men 
in  all.  Cartier  sailed  from  St.  Malo  on  the 
30th  of  April,  and  on  the  10th  of  May 
made  Cape  Bonavista,  but  finding  too 
much  ice  there,  ran  into  Catalina,  which 
has  changed  into  Spanish  the  French  name 
of  the  saint  he  gave  it.  He  then  coasted 
along  Newfoundland  to  the  Straits  of 
Belleisle,  visited  the  port  of  Brador,  and 
the  bay  of  Brest,  from  which  he  proceeded 
in  boats  to  Checateca.  Returning  to  New- 
foundland, he  made  the  isles  of  Brion  and 
Magdelaine,  and  on  the  3d  of  July  entered 
a  bay  which  still  bears  the  name  given  by 
Cartier  in  consequence  of  the  excessive 
heat.  Proceeding  next  to  Gaspe  Bay,  he 
planted  a  cross  among  the  Micmacs  on  the 
24th  of  July,  and  taking  two  of  the  natives 
on  board,  Taiguragny  and  Domagaya,  sons 
of  the  chief,  at  last,  though  without  being 
aware  of  it,  entered  one  of  the  arms  of  the 
St.  Lawrence.  After  visiting  the  isle  Nati- 
scotec,  or  Anticosti,  Mont  Joly  and  the 
river  Nataskouan,  he  sailed  back,  reaching 
St.  Malo  on  the  5th  of  September,  after 
experiencing  a  severe  storm. 

Of  this  first  voyage  of  Cartier,  no  contem- 
porary French  account  is  known.    Bamusio 


18G4.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


299 


in  1556  published  an  Italian  version  of  a 
narrative  in  his  hands,  and  this  account, 
re-translated  into  French,  was  printed  at 
Rouen  in  1598. 

This  voyage  had  added  little  to  the 
knowledge  already  acquired  from  the  fisher- 
men whom  he  found  at  almost  every  point, 
still  it  added  to  the  fame  of  Cartier  and 
won  him  favor. 

Charles  de  Mouy,  Sieur  de  la  Melleraye, 
Vice- Admiral  of  France,  took  the  matter  of 
American  discovery  to  heart.  A  commis- 
sion was  issued  to  Cartier  on  the  31st  of 
October,  1534,  styling  him  Captain  and 
Master  Pilot  of  St.  Malo,  "  to  lead,  conduct 
and  employ  three  vessels,  each  equipped  and 
provisioned  for  fifteen  months,  to  conclude 
the  voyage  already  by  him  begun  to  discover 
beyond  the  Newfoundlands/'  His  three 
vessels — the  Grande  Hermine  of  120  tons, 
the  Petite  Hermine  of  60  tons  (commanded 
by  his  brother-in-law  Mace  Jallobert),  and 
the  Emerillon  of  40  tons — were  ready  in 
May,  1535.  On  the  16th  of  that  month, 
the  feast  of  Whitsunday,  Cartier  and  his 
companions,  after  approaching  the  sacra- 
ments reverently  in  the  Cathedral  of  St. 
Malo,  received  the  episcopal  benediction  of 
Francis  Bohier,  Bishop  of  St.  Malo,  and 
on  the  19th  set  sail,  bearing  back  the  two 
Micmac  youth.  On  the  26th  of  [July  they 
reached  Blanc  Sablon  in  the  straits  of  Belle- 
isle,  after  having  been  scattered  by  a  storm. 
Pushing  on  his  explorations,  Cartier  enter- 
ed St.  Genevieve  Bay  on  the  7th  of  August, 
Anticosti  on  the  15th,  and  by  the  1st  of 
September  was  at  the  mouth  of  the  deep 
Saguenay.  Still  ascending  the  St.  Lawrence 
he  came  to  the  St.  Charles,  to  which  from 
the  day  of  its  discovery  he  gave  the  name 
of  St.  Croix.  Here,  on  the  site  of  modern 
Quebec,  between  Fabrique  street  and  the 
Coteau  St.  Genevieve,  then  stood  the  bark 
village  of  Stadacone,  the  town  of  Donnacona, 
with  its  fields  of  maize  and  squashes.  Like 
all  the  tribes  below  them,  the  people  were 
apparently  Montagnais,  for  the  Micmacs  of 
Gaspe"  served  as  interpreters. 

After  cultivating  friendly  relations  here, 
Cartier,  leaving  the  Great  and  Little  Her- 
mine laid  up,  ascended  the  river  in  the 
Emerillon,  in  spite  of  the  efforts  of  Donna- 


cona and  the  people  of  Stadacone  to  deter 
him.  At  La  Pointe  du  Platon,  the  present 
St.  Croix,  fifteen  leagues  above  Quebec,  he 
found  the  village  of  Achelaiy,  or  Ochelai, 
and  leaving  the  Emerillon  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Sorel  he  continued  his  exploration  in 
boats,  arriving  on  the  2d  of  October  at 
Hochelaga,  a  palisaded  town  at  the  foot  of 
the  mountain  of  Montreal.  The  inhabitants 
were  evidently  a  different  family  from  the 
Algonquins  below ;  the  town  as  described 
by  Cartier,  their  sedentary  life,  the  words 
of  their  language  which  he  has  preserved, 
all  show  them  to  be  of  that  Huron  Iroquois 
family  who  everywhere  ruled  the  Algon- 
quins. The  chief,  styled  Agouhanna  (evi- 
dently the  Agoyander  of  later  writers),  with 
his  people,  received  Cartier  and  his  com- 
panions with  every  mark  of  friendship. 

From  the  mountain  Cartier  gazed  with 
delight  on  the  panorama  before  him,  and 
exulted  to  learn  that  above  the  rapids  the 
navigation  extended  for  a  three  moons' 
journey  to  a  land  of  glittering  metal. 

Reernbarking  in  his  boats,  he  returned  to 
the  Emerillon,  and,  looking  in  at  the*  St. 
Maurice,  returned  to  Stadacone.  Here  his 
party  had  erected  a  palisade  and  planted 
cannon,  making  it  strong  enough  to  resist 
all  Canada.  They  now  prepared  to  winter 
there,  but  scurvy  soon  broke  out  and  the 
men  died  rapidly.  In  vain  public  devotions 
were  performed,  and  a  pilgrimage  vowed  to 
Our  Lady  of  Roc  Amadour.  Not  till  an 
Indian  remedy  was  tried  did  the  evil  stay. 

In  the  spring,  taking  by  stratagem  Don- 
nacona and  several  of  his  chiefs,  and  leaving 
the  Little  Hermine  (which  he  could  no 
longer  man),  Cartier  sailed  from  Quebec 
May  6,  1536,  and  by  the  16th  of  July 
reached  St.  Malo. 

Of  his  second  voyage,  an  account  addressed 
to  the  king  was  printed  at  Paris  in  1545, 
and  has  been  reprinted  this  year  in  the  same 
city  by  M.  d'Avezac,  who  has  collated  it 
with  three  manuscripts  in  the  Imperial 
Library,  by  which  means  he  has  fortunately 
added  considerably  to  the  already  valuable 
vocabulary  given  by  Cartier  as  the  "  Lan- 
guage of  the  countries  and  kingdoms  of 
Hochelaga  and  Canada,"  but  which  seems 
to  be  mainly  of  Hochelaga,  many  of  the 


300 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Sept. 


words  being  unmistakably  Iroquois,  and  few 
recognizable  as  belonging  to  any  of  the 
numerous  Algonquin  dialects. 

Cartier  was  not  able  at  once  to  return 
and  plant  a  colony.  The  Indians  remained 
in  France,  were  baptized  March  25,  1538, 
and  finally  died  in  their  exile.  Thevet,  the 
cosmographer,  records  his  frequent  inter- 
views with  Donnacona,  who  died  soon  after} 
four  or  five  years  subsequent  to  his  arrival 
in  France. 

In  1540,  Francis  I.  commissioned  Francis 
de  la  Rocque,  Sieur  de  Roberval,  whom  he 
nicknamed  "  the  petty  king  of  Vimeux," 
to  continue  the  discovery;  and  on  the  17th 
of  October,  by  another  patent,  the  king, 
"  fully  persuaded  of  the  good  sense,  capacity, 
loyalty,  gallantry,  courage,  great  diligence, 
and  good  experience/'  of  Jacques  Cartier, 
constituted  him  Captain-General  and  Master 
Pilot  of  the  whole  expedition. 

Meanwhile  five  vessels  were  slowly  fitted 
out.  But  Spain  was  now  alarmed.  When 
Yerrazzano  ran  along  the  northern  coast  of 
the  continent  bearing  the  banner  of  France, 
she'at  once  sent  Estevan  Glomez  to  the  same 
territory,  and  that  navigator  in  1525  visited 
the  shore  from  St.  Mary's  Bay  on  the  Ches- 
apeake to  Narragansett.  Now  that  France 
was  renewing  her  attempts  to  occupy  some 
portion  of  the  New  World,  Spain  prepared 
to  prevent  her.  Spies  were  despatched  to 
France  to  learn  all  the  particulars  of  the 
expedition,  and  the  Council  estimated  at 
150,000  ducats  the  cost  of  a  fleet  to  "  resist 
and  offend  that  of  France."  This  was  more 
than  could  be  easily  given  then,  and  they 
consoled  themselves  with  the  reflection  that 
the  French  fleet  was  too  small  to  attack  any 
of  the  Spanish  colonies,  and  "  as  for  settling 
on  the  north  sea,  there  is  nothing  where  the 
French  can  go  that  is  to  be  coveted  or  worth 
anything,  and  even  if  they  do  take  it,  neces- 
sity would  make  them  leave  it." 

The  spy  who  went  to  St.  Malo  reported 
that  thirteen  ships  were  fitting  out  under 
Cartier ;  that  he  spoke  to  him  and  a  relative 
of  his,  apparently  Mace  Jallobert,  and  found 
that  they  were  going  to  Canada  to  settle 
there  and  build  a  fort,  carrying  mechanics 
and  iron  works  of  all  kinds,  and  that  they 


would  start  about  the  middle  of  April,  1541, 
with  2,500  men. 

This  was  rather  alarming,  the  more  espe- 
cially as  the  letter  of  the  ambassador  in 
France,  who  seems  to  have  demanded  ex- 
planations of  the  court  at  which  he  resided, 
said  that  they  were  going  700  leagues  from 
St.  Malo.  This,  on  their  maps,  would  bring 
Cartier  to  Florida  in  the  discoveries  of 
Ayllon  and  Gromez,  and  where  De  Soto 
actually  was,  and  enable  the  French,  in 
case  of  war,  to  waylay  the  treasure-ships  of 
Spain.  Hence  it  was  resolved  not  to  let 
them  settle  there  or  elsewhere,  but  to  dis- 
lodge them  at  once,  not  openly,  but  by 
sending  some  adventurer  with  an  expedition 
really  fitted  out  by  the  king,  but  nominally 
a  private  one,  the  acts  of  which  might  be 
disavowed  when  they  had  irreparably  de- 
stroyed the  French  settlement. 

Unconscious  of  the  threatening  cloud, 
Cartier  with  his  fleet  of  five  vessels  sailed 
May  23,  1541.  The  voyage  was  long  and 
stormy,  and  he  did  not  anchor  before  Sta- 
dacone  till  August  23d.  He  planted  his 
new  settlement,  Charlesburg  Royal,  at  Cape 
Rouge  river,  and  sent  back  two  of  his  ves- 
sels under  the  command  of  Jallobert  and 
his  nephew  Stephen  Noel.  On  the  7th  of 
September,  leaving  the  fort  in  charge  of  the 
Viscount  de  Beaupre,  he  proceeded  to  Ho- 
chelaga.  On  his  return  to  the  fort,  he 
found  that  troubles  had  already  begun 
between  the  French  and  the  natives,  and 
that  two  of  his  party  had  been  killed. 
Mistrust  on  both  sides  followed.  The  win- 
ter wore  uneasily  away.  In  the  spring  the 
French  fairly  mutinied ;  and  as  Roberval 
did  not  appear,  compelled  Cartier  to  set 
sail.  In  the  harbor  of  St.  John,  New- 
foundland, in  June,  1542,  he  found  Rober- 
val* who  in  vain  endeavored  to  persuade 
him  to  return  In  October,  Cartier,  as 
appears  by  official  acts,  was  in  St.  Malo. 

It  is  believed  that  he  subsequently  sailed 
in  search  of  Roberval,  but  we  have  no 
account  of  his  voyage. 

His  subsequent  years  were  spent  in  St. 
Malo,  or  in  the  village  of  Limoilou,  where 
he  built  a  dwelling  still  known,  though  in 
ruin,  as  Fortes  Cartier.     He  was  ennobled 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


301 


by  Francis  I.  about  1549,  and  is  styled  in 
his  later  years,  "  noble  homme  Jacques 
Cartier,  Sieur  de  Linioilou." 

The  period  of  his  death  is  not  ascertained. 
He  died  apparently  not  in  St.  Malo,  but  at 
Linioilou,  about  the  year  1555. 

Cartier  left  no  children.  His  nephew 
Jacques  Nouel,  "  ship  captain  and  master 
pilot,"  and  Olivier  Chatton,  husband  of  a 
daughter  of  his  sister  Bertheline,  succeeded 
him  as  navigators  at  St.  Malo,  and  as  such 
enjoyed  the  royal  favor.  Their  descendants 
still  exist  at  St.  Malo,  as  do  also  descend- 
ants of  his  uncles  on  the  father's  side,  who 
perpetuate  the  honored  name  of  Cartier. 

A  portrait  of  Cartier,  deemed  authentic, 
has  long  been  preserved  at  St.  Malo,  and 
has  in  our  day  been  copied  extensively  in 
France  and  Canada. 


THE  CAPUCHINS  IN  MAINE. 

The  recent  discovery  of  a  copper  plate, 
which  had  once  evidently  been  laid  in  the 
corner  stone  of  a  Catholic  convent  or  cha- 
pel at  Castine,  Maine,  has  drawn  attention 
to  the  labors  of  this  branch  of  the  Francis- 
can family  on  our  coast  at  an  early  period 
of  our  history. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  American  Archae- 
ological Society  some  months  since,  Mr. 
Charles  Folsom  made  some  remarks,  since 
printed  ;  but  as  his  researches  gave  but  little 
detail  on  the  mission  of  the  Capuchins, 
we  conclude  to  enlarge  the  brief  note  in- 
serted in  our  May  number,  and  give  here 
all  that  is  accessible  in  reference  to  this 
mission. 

The  Capuchins  are  a  branch  of  the  Fri- 
ars Minor,  founded  by  St.  Francis  of  Assisi, 
who,  in  an  age  and  country  when  all  seemed 
devoted  to  the  acquisition  of  wealth,  reared 
the  standard  of  poverty,  and  endeavored  to 
correct  the  vice  of  his  day  by  carrying  its 
opposite,  poverty,  to  its  furthest  possible 
extent.  The  Little  Sisters  of  the  Poor  in 
New  York  in  the  19th  century,  begging  for 
themselves  and  their  poor  the  subsistence 
for  the  day,  giving  no  thought  of  the  mor- 
row, are  not  a  stranger  contrast  than  Fran- 
cis presented  in  his  day. 


His  order  spread ;  but  about  the  close  of 
the  15th  century,  a  Friar  of  his  order,  Mat- 
thew Bassi,  learning  that  the  brethren  did 
not  wear  the  same  capuce  or  hood  as  their 
holy  founder,  assumed  the  long  pointed  one 
which  he  learned  the  saint  had  habitually 
worn.  Another  Friar,  Louis  de  Fossem- 
bruno,  joined  him  and  proposing  certain  re- 
forms of  the  rule  obtained  the  papal  sanction 
for  the  institution  of  a  new  division  of  the 
order.  The  bull  was  dated  July  13,  1528, 
and  under  it  the  Capuchin  order  was  insti- 
tuted at  Camerino. 

The  Capuchins  began  their  career  at  the 
moment  of  the  great  religious  movement  in 
Europe;  and  one  of  the  earliest  Vicars- 
General,  as  the  heads  of  the  order  are  termed, 
Bernard  Ochin,  unfrocked  and  joining  the 
Reformers,  proceeded  to  England. 

Charles  IX,  in  1573,  requested  the  intro- 
duction of  the  order  into  France,  and  a  few 
houses  were  gradually  formed  at  Paris  and 
elsewhere.  Among  its  eminent  members 
were  Henry,  Duke  de  Joyeuse,  who  left  his 
convent  to  lead  the  armies  of  the  League  and 
who,  having  made  his  peace  with  Henry  IV, 
resumed  his  habit  and  died  a  Capuchin  Friar; 
and  Bernard  de  Picquigny,  whose  Triplex 
Expositio  of  the  Epistles  of  St.  Paul  is  still 
studied  and  admired. 

The  Capuchins  were  consequently  a  new 
order  in  France,  when  Champlain  settled 
Quebec.  Their  first  appearance  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  French  colonies  is  in  1632, 
when  on  the  restoration  of  Canada  to  France, 
after  its  conquest  by  the  Kirks,  the  reli- 
gious affairs  of  the  colonies  were  offered  to 
the  Capuchins.*  Why  they  declined  it,  is 
not  known ;  but  on  their  refusal  it  was  of- 
fered to  the  Jesuits,  who  had  been  the  first 
missionary  order  in  Acadia,  and  had  labored 
with  the  Recollects  in  Canada. 

Less  than  ten  years  after,  d'Aulnay  and 
de  la  Tour  were  contending  for  the  mastery 
of  Acadia,  which  then  in  the  French  idea 
embraced  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick, 
Maine,  and  doubtless  a  little  more  of  New 
England.  D'Aulnay,  who  prided  himself 
on  his  fidelity  to  the  church,  of  which  de 

*  See  the  passport  of  the  Jesuit  Fathers, 
given  by  Cardinal  Richelieu  in  1632,  in  Martin's 
Bressani,  p.  295. 


302 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Sept,, 


la  Tour  seems  to  have  been,  what  in  the 
more  expressive  than  classic  language  of 
our  land,  is  called  a  hickory  member,  invited 
the  Capuchins  to  take  charge  of  the  reli- 
gious affairs  of  his  settlement.  They  began 
their  labors,  it  is  said,  in  1643.  Of  their 
mission  our  information  is  derived  almost 
exclusively  from  the  incidental  mention 
made  by  the  Jesuits,  as  they  came  in  con- 
tact with  them. 

Father  Druillettes,  a  Jesuit,  started  in 
1646  from  Quebec,  to  visit  the  Abnakis  and 
establish  a  mission  among  them.  The  Re- 
lation of  the  time,  speaking  of  his  wander- 
ings in  the  month  of  October,  1646,  says  : 
"  His  Indian  guide  seeing  himself  on  the 
banks  of  the  sea  of  Acadia,  conducted  the 
Father  in  his  little  bark  canoe  to  Pentagouet, 
where  he  found  a  little  hospice  of  Capuchin 
Fathers,  who  embraced  him  with  the  love 
and  charity,  which  was  to  be  expected  from 
their  goodness.  Their  Superior,  Father 
Ignatius  of  Paris,  gave  them  every  possible 
welcome.  After  recruiting  some  time  with 
these  good  fathers,  he  reembarked  in  his 
bark  canoe/'* 

Charlevoix  in  his  General  History  of 
New  France,  mentioning  this,  says  that 
Druillettes  found  them  on  "  the  Kennebec 
where  they  had  a  hospice,  as  well  as  a  house 
at  Pentagoet,  and  that  they  acted  as  chap- 
lains not  only  to  the  French  settled  on  this 
coast  and  on  that  of  Acadea,  but  also  to  all 
those  drawn  there  by  trade.  They  received 
the  Jesuit  missionary  with  much  joy  and  all 
possible  cordiality.  .  They  had  long  desired 
to  see  missions  established  among  the  In- 
dians in  those  parts,  whom  they  deemed 
very  apt  for  the  kingdom  of  God,  and  they 
had  even  entertained  the  idea  of  visiting- 
Quebec  to  induce  the  Fathers  of  the  Socie- 
ty no  longer  to  leave  untilled,  a  land  so 
well  prepared  to  receive  the  seed  of  the 
Faith."f 

Now  I  know  from  other  points  that  Char- 
levoix most  unfortunately  neglected  to  ex- 
amine thoroughly  and  use  in  his  history, 
the  archives  of  the  College  of  Quebec. 
The  few  manuscripts  that  have  escaped  the 

*Rel.  delaN.  F.,  1647,  p.  52,  ed.  Quebec. 
fVol.  i,  p.  280. 


conquest  by  England  and  the  suppression  of 
the  order,  were  evidently  not  used  by  him, 
and  the  great  mass  that  has  perished,  doubt- 
less, contained  much  that  could  not  at  the 
time  be  published  in  the  Relations;  but 
which  would  be  of  great  value  now. 

The  Journal  of  the  Superior  of  the  Jesu- 
its is  still  extant.  It  notes  the  arrival  of 
Druillettes  from  Maine  on  the  16th  of  June, 
1647;  but  on  the  3-4  July,  has  this  curi- 
ous entry: 

"July  3-4. — The  Abnaquiois  asked  to 
speak  with  me,  to  thank  me  for  the  visit  of 
Father  Druilletes,  and  to  beg  me  to  let  him 
return ;  but  the  last  comers  from  the  Abna- 
quiois having  brought  letters  from  the 
Capuchin  Fathers,  who  begged  us  not  to 
return  there;  I  refused  them,  and  made 
the  reply  which  will  be  found  in  a  letter 
which  I  wrote  on  the  subject  to  the  Capu- 
chins." 

This  correspondence  was  at  Charlevoix's 
hand,  but  has  now  disappeared,  and  we  can 
only  conjecture  its  contents. j  Father 
Charlevoix  might  have  given  us  the  sub- 
stance, but  as  we  have  said,  he  evidently 
failed  to  examine  the  written  documents  in 
the  house.  The  captains  of  the  fishing 
and  other  vessels  in  the  habit  of  running 
across  to  New  France,  were  as  we  see  from 
the  affair  of  Father  Biard  a  few  years  be- 
fore, considerably  tinctured  with  Protestant- 
ism and  viewed  the  Jesuits  with  direct  and 
decided  enmity.  It  is  therefore  probable 
that  the  wishes  of  the  Capuchins  dictated 
solely  by  a  desire  for  the  propagation  of  the 
Gospel,  were  thwarted  by  those  in  control 
on  the  coast,  and  that  they  were  compelled 
to  write  the  letter  referred  to  in  the  journal 
of  the  Superior  of  the  Jesuits. 

Their  good  feeling  towards  the  Jesuits  is 
evinced  by  a  letter  written  in  1648,  by  Fa- 
ther Cosmas  de  Mante  then  Superior,  and 
preserved  in  the  Relation  of  1651.  It  is  in 
these  words.  "We  conjure  your  Reveren- 
ces by  the  sacred  love  of  Jesus  and  of  Mary, 
for  the  salvation  of  these  poor  souls,  who 
call  for  you  at  the  south,  &c,  to  give  them 

J I  examined  very  carefully,  all  the  remaining 
papers  of  the  Jesuits  at  the  time  I  copied  Druil- 
lette's  narrative. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


303 


a  1  the  assistance  that  your  courageous  and 
untiring  charity  can  give  them;  and  even 
if,  in  passing  to  the  river  Kinebequi,  you 
meet  any  of  ours,  you  will  do  us  a  favor  to 
express  your  wants;  if  you  do  not  meet  any, 
you  will  continue,  if  you  please,  your  holy 
instructions  to  these  poor  Indians,  and  for- 
saken ones,  as  far  as  your  charity  will 
permit."* 

If  we  can  draw  any  conclusion  from  this, 
it  is  that  the  visit  of  Father  Druillettes 
led  to  efforts  to  establish  the  Capuchins  on 
more  permanent  foundations;  that  a  house 
was  established  on  the  Kennebec,  f  and  a 
new  chapel  or  hospice  erected  at  Pentagoet 
(Castine)  in  1648.  Of  this  latter,  the  plate 
here  presented  was  doubtless  the  corner- 
stone. It  was  found  in  the  fall  of  1863.  by 
Mr.  W.  H.  Weeks,  while  he  was  at  work 
on  the  road  leading  to  the  battery,  which 
the  Government  was  then  erecting  near  the 
mouth  of  the  harbor  of  Castine,  upon  the 
site  of  the  old  brick  battery,  known  as  the 
Lower  Fort.  It  was  but  a  short  distance 
from  the  fort,  and  but  little  below  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground. 

At  the  time  of  the  discovery  Mr.  Weeks 
did  not  observe  any  thing  remarkable  in  its 
appearance,  and  afterwards,  cut  off  a  piece 
of  it — about  one  sixth — to  repair  his  boat. 
But  recently,  says  Mr.  George  H.  Witherle, 
to  whose  intelligence  and  care  we  are  in- 
debted for  the  earliest  notice  of  this  relic, 
"  he  noticed  figures  and  letters  on  the  larger 
part,  which  induced  him  to  examine  it  care- 
fully, and  show  it  to  others  ;  he  also  took 
off  the  piece  which  had  been  put  on  the 
boat,  fortunately  without  serious  mutila- 
tion. "  A  photograph  was  subsequently 
taken;  for  a  copy  of  which  we  are  indebted 
to  Joseph  Williamson,  Esq. 

This  incription  reads  ; 
1648.  8.  I VN.  F.     1648  June.  8. 1  Friar 
LEO.  PARISIN.     Leo  of  Paris 
CAPUC.  MISS.      Capuchin,  Misionary, 
POSVI  HOC  FV.  laid  this  foun- 
NDTM  IN  HNll-  dation    in  honor 

*Rel.  1651,  p.  14-5. 

fit  will  be  observed  that  according  to  the 
Relation,  Druillettes  found  them  at  Pentagoet 
and  not  on  the  Kennebec  as  Charlevoix  says. 


EM  NR.E  DMM  of  Our  Lady 
SANC  TiE  SPEI.  of  Holy  Hope 
The  members  of  the  order  in  France 
generally  put  Capucin  after  the  name  ; 
in  Italy  and  Germany  more  frequently 
Ordinis  Minorum  Capuccinorum,  or  the 
initials,  0.  M.  C.  If  the  Father  was  on  the 
missions,  he  added  the  word,  Missionnaire. 
The  signature  is  not  then  Capuchin  Miss- 
ionary ;  but  Capuchin,  Missionary.  Mr. 
Folsom  on  the  strength  of  a  dot  would  read 
"  in  Capuc.  Miss,"  but  this  would  be  with- 
out analogy.  The  title  of  the  Chapel  has 
caused  some  investigation,  but  not  in  the 
most  likely  fields.  The  poetic  element 
which  the  Catholic  Church  drew  from  the 
East  has  never  forsaken  her  and  the  Lit- 
anies, Offices,  Festal  and  Votive  Masses  of 
the  Virgin  abound  in  poetic  titles,  many  of 
great  beauty,  and  in  most  cases  drawn  from 
Scripture.  The  Sapiential  Books  are  a 
great  store  house  for  this  purpose,  and  the 
words  spoken  of  Wisdom  are  applied  to  her 
who  bore  Him  who  was  Wisdom  Increate. 
One  of  the  most  familiar  of  these  is  the 
passage  "  Ego  Mater  pulchrae  dilectionis 
et  timoris  et  agnitionis  et  Sanctae  Spei — 
I  am  the  Mother  of  fair  love  and  of  fear 
and  of  knowledge  and  of  Holy  Hope" 
Ecclesiasticus  xxiv,  18.  In  this  the 
reader  will  see  the  source  of  the  title  of 
"  Our  Lady  of  Holy  Hope  "  given  by  the 
Capuchins  in  1648  to  their  convent  and 
chapel  at  Castine. 

Of  Father  Leo  we  have  no  tidings  ;  his 
name  is  the  third  which  we  know  as  con- 
nected with  these  labors  of  the  Capuchins. 
It  is  not  our  province  here  to  trace  the 
contest  between  the  two  Acadian  rivals. 
In  1649  D' Aulnay  was  overcome  by  de  la 
Tour  and  his  establishments  broken  up.  In 
the  following  year  yielding  to  the  repeated 
and  fresh  entreaties  of  his  first  children 
Druillettes  again  visited  the  Kennebec  and 
even  proceeded  to  Boston  and  Plymouth  as 
the  envoy  of  the  French  governor  to  the 
New  England  Colonies.  The  narrative  of 
his  journey  fell  into  my  hands  a  few  years 
ago  and  a  small  edition  was  printed  in  an- 
tique style  by  James  Lenox,  Esq.,  of  New 
York.  He  makes  no  allusion  to  the  Capu- 
chins who  had  disappeared  from  Maine. 


304 


HISTORICAL  MAGAZINE. 


[Sept., 


There  is  every  probability  that  other 
Capuchins  may  from  time  to  time  have  been 
on  the  coast,  as  they  were  frequently  chap- 
lains on  French  vessels.  One  is  mentioned 
in  the  next  century  in  an  English  account 
as  a  missionary  on  the  St.  John's,  if  my 
memory  serves  me  right,  although  the  wri- 
ter may  have  confounded  Capuchin  with 
Recollect. 

The  only  subsequent  missions  of  the 
Capuchins  were  in  Louisiana.  Here  the 
Jesuits  and  Priests  of  the  Seminary  of  Que- 
bec had  been  pioneers,  the  former  losing 
Fathers  Poisson  and  Souel,  and  the  latter 
Messrs.  Foucault  and  St.  Cosme,  at  the  hands 
of  the  Indians.  In  the  course  of  the  changes 
in  the  administration  of  the  colony,  the 
Jesuits  were  restricted  to  the  Indian  mis- 
sions, and  in  1725  the  care  of  the  colonists 
was  assigned  to  the  Capuchins  who  were 
sent  out  by  the  company  of  the  Indies  and 
continued  to  exercise  their  functions  till 
New  Orleans  was  erected  into  an  episcopal 
sec  and  a  body  of  parochial  clergy  had  gath- 
ered there. 

The  Capuchins  then  disappeared,  but  in 
our  days  a  colony  of  German  Fathers  of  the 
order  came  over  and  established  this  branch 
of  the  Franciscans  in  Texas,  and  another  in 
Wisconsin. 

Castine  has  had  a  varied  and  romantic 
history.  Occupied  first  by  the  French, 
invited  doubtless  by  its  natural  beauty  and 
advantages,  as  well  as  by  its  commanding 
position,  it  fell  at  last  into  the  hands  of  New 
England  settlers,  although  the  Indian 
missions  under  the  able  Thury  and  his  suc- 
cessors long  centred  here.  When  these  had 
passed  away,  and  the  Revolutionary  struggle 
began  England  planted  a  fort  at  Bagaduce 
to  control  the  colony,  whose  possession  was 
so  essential  to  Canada,  and  even  in  the  war 
of  1812  it  became  again  the  scene  of  impor- 
tant events.* 


*  For  the  History  of  the  Capuchins  in  general 
the  fullest  work  is  the  Annales  Capuccinorum 
of  Father  Zachary  Boverius,  and  its  continu- 
tion  by  Father  Maroellus  de  Pisa.  Lyons, 
1676. 


$totes  anlr  $m 


NOTES. 


Lieut.  Col.  Throop  to   Governor  Clinton. 
New  York,  March  8,  1784. 
May  it  Please  Your  Excellency  : 

I  have  been  almost  eight  years  banished 
from  my  family,  I  have  been  through  the 
whole  of  that  time  assiduous  in  the  service 
of  my  country  and  with  the  strictest  econo- 
my I  have  not  been  able  to  remove  my  fami- 
ly. I  have  applied  for  that  favor  to  the 
legislature,  I  am  told  Judge  Yates  and  Colo. 
Whiting  to  whom  it  is  referred,  have  con- 
cluded they  are  not  able  or  cannot  be  wil- 
ling to  remove  my  family.  Had  God  in  his 
Providence  sent  a  happy  bullet  through 
my  head  or  heart  when  I  was  in  my  coun- 
try's service,  I  should  have  left  my  dear 
ones  the  rich  inheritance  of  my  country's 
pitty  but  I  live  to  be  despised,  and  what  is 
more,  to  see  my  family  Neglected. 

I  have  to  entreat  your  excellency,  to 
Grant  me  a  Permit  to  Beg  in  the  Streets  of 
this  City,  for  three  Days,  that  I  may  endeav- 
or to  obtain  from  the  Charity  of  Individu- 
als, what  I  am  denied  from  the  Generosity 
of  my  Country. 

I  have  the  Honor  to  be, 
Your  Excellency's 

Devoted  Humble  Serv't 

JOSIAH  THROOP. 
His  Excellency. 

•  [Col.  Throop,  the  writer  of  the  above  in- 
dignant letter,  was  if  not  a  native,  at  least 
a  resident,  of  Nova  Scotia  at  the  breaking 
out  of  the  revolution,  and  with  other  friends 
of  the  American  cause  there,  took  up  arms 
and  endeavored  to  capture  some  British 
forts  on  the  frontier.  Having  been  unsuc- 
cessful, they  retired  to  the  states  in  1776, 
and  many  of  them  were  formed  into  a 
regiment  called  The  Nova  Scotia  Refugees 
of  which  Mr.  Throop  was  lieutenant  colo- 
nel. It  is  unnecessary  to  say  that  his  merits 
were  not  overlooked  by  the  state.  He 
eventually  settled  at  Chenango,  and  was 
very  active  in  promoting  the  settlement  of 
that  valley.  E.  B.  O'C] 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


305 


The    AuTHORsnir    of  the   Disputed 

NUMBERS  OF  THE    FEDERALIST.       A  writer 

in  the  New  York  Times  thus  attempts  to 
settle  the  authorship  of  Nos.  49  to  58  and 
62,  63  of  the  Federalist: 

As  is  well  known,  the  work  consists  of 
eighty-five  numbers.  Of  these,  five  were 
beyond  all  question  written  by  John  Jay, 
and  the  remaining  eighty  by  Alexander 
Hamilton  and  James  Madison,  either  sep- 
arately or  conjointly.  According  to  one 
statement,  for  which  the  ultimate  authority 
is  Hamilton  himself,  he  was  the  sole  author 
of  sixty-three  numbers,  and  joint  author  of 
three  more,  leaving  but  fourteen  to  Madison. 
According  to  another  statement,  for  which 
Madison  is  the  ultimate  authority,  he  was 
the  author  of  twenty-nine  numbers,  leaving 
fifty-one  to  Hamilton. 

It  is  quite  conceivable  that  either  Madi- 
son or  Hamilton,  after  an  interval  of  twenty 
or  more  years,  might  have  fallen  into  an  error 
as  to  the  authorship  of  one  or  two  out  of 
eighty  papers,  written  by  consultation,  for  a 
common  purpose,  and  under  a  common  signa- 
ture ;  but  it  is  not  credible  that  they 
should  have  been  mistaken  as  to  fifteen  ; 
that  Madison,  for  instance,  should  have 
supposed  himself  to  be  the  author  of  more 
than  twice  as  many  papers  as  he  actually 
wrote.  Still  less  can  we  suppose  that  eith- 
er Madison  or  Hamilton  would  write  or 
utter  a  falsehood  in  the  case.  There  must 
be  some  means  of  reconciling  the  discrep- 
ancy in  these  statements.  That  means,  we 
think,  and  shall  endeavor  to  show,  lies  upon 
the  very  face  of  the  admitted  facts.  The 
essential  facts  are  as  follows  : 

First,  as  to  Hamilton.  Two  days  before 
his  death,  when  the  duel  with  Burr  was 
impending,  Hamilton  stepped  into  the  office 
of  his  friend,  Judge  Benson.  Finding  him 
absent,  he  took  a  book  from  the  shelves, 
placed  in  it  a  small  scrap  of  paper,  and  left. 
Upon  this  paper  was  written  as  follows  : 

"  Nos.  2,  3,  4,  5,  54,  by  J. 

Nos.  10,  14,  37,  to  48,  inclusive,  M. 

Nos.  18,  19,  20,  M.  and  H.  jointly. 

All  the  others  by  H." 

That  this  memorandum  was  intended  to 
designate  the  authors  of  the  different  num- 
bers of  the  Federalist  is  unquestioned.      lu 

HIST.   MAO.       VOL.  VIII.  39 


it  Hamilton  claims  for  himself  the  sole  au- 
thorship of  sixty-three  numbers,  and  the 
joint  authorship  of  three,  leaving  to  Madi- 
son the  joint  authorship  of  three,  and  the 
sole  authorship  of  but  fourteen.  Upon  this 
memorandum  rests  the  sole  authority  for 
attributing  sixty-three  numbers  of  the  Fed- 
eralist to  Hamilton.  Every  statement  to 
that  effect  is  derived,  either  mediately  or 
immediately,  from  this  memorandum  of 
Hamilton. 

Second,  as  to  Madison.  There  are  two 
statements  by  him,  both  to  precisely  the 
same  effect.  One  is  in  a  copy  of  the  Fed- 
eralist, in  which,  at  the  end  of  each  num- 
ber, the  name  of  the  reputed  author  was 
printed,  in  accordance  with  Hamilton's 
memorandum.  This  was  corrected  by 
Madison,  who  with  his  own  hand  erased  the 
name  of  Hamilton  from  certain  numbers, 
and  substituted  his  own  initials,  thus  claim- 
ing for  himself  the  authorship.  This  vol- 
ume belonged  to  Richard  Bush.  The  other 
statement  of  Madison  is  contained  in  an 
edition  of  the  Federalist  published  by  Grid- 
eon,  in  1818,  for  which  he  corrected  the 
papers  claimed  by  himself,  and  furnished 
the  names  of  the  respective  writers.  In 
this  list  the  figures  for  each  number  are 
expressed  in  full.  These  lists  agree  exactly, 
and  are  to  the  following  effect  : 

Nos.  2,  3,  4,  5,  64,  by  Jay. 

Nos.  10,  14,  18,  19,  20,  37,  to  58,  62, 
63,  by  Madison. 

All  the  others  by  Hamilton. 

It  will  be  seen  that  by  this  list  Madison 
claims  for  himself  twenty-nine  numbers  and 
leaves  fifty-one  to  Hamilton.  The  discrep- 
ancy between  this  statement  and  that  of 
Hamilton's  memorandum  in  respect  to  the 
"  joint  "  numbers,  18,  19,  and  20,  is  satis- 
factorily explained  by  Madison  in  the  fol- 
lowing note  to  No.  18,  written  in  his  own 
copy  of  the  former  edition,  and  printed  in 
this  edition. 

"  The  subject  of  this  and  the  two  follow- 
ing numbers  happened  to  be  taken  up  by 
both  Mr.  Hamilton  and  Mr.  Madison.  What 
had  been  prepared  by  Mr.  Hamilton,  who 
had  entered  more  briefly  into  the  subject, 
was  left  with  Mr.  M.,  on  its  appearing  that 
the    latter  was    engaged  in  it,  with  larger 


306 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Sept., 


single  figure  in 
-a  mistake  which 


materials,  and  with  a  view  to  a  more  precise 
delineation,  and  from  the  pen  of  the  latter 
the  several  papers  went  to  press/' 

There  is,  therefore,  no  real  discrepancy 
between  the  statements  of  Madison  and 
Hamilton  in  regard  to  these  three  numbers. 

The  question  is  as  to  the  twelve  numbers, 
49  to  58,  and  62,  63.  The  ten  consecutive 
numbers,  49  to  58,  are  among  the  ablest 
and  most  elaborate  in  the  work,  and  it  is 
utterly  impossible  that  either  Hamilton  or 
Madison,  upon  deliberate  examination, 
could  be  mistaken  as  to  whether  he  wrote 
them.  Yet  both  apparently  lay  claim  to 
them  under  their  own  hands — Madison  de- 
liberately, formally  and  repeatedly,  and 
Hamilton  by  omitting  them  from  the  num- 
bers specially  assigned  to  the  others.  Mad- 
ison, at  all  events,  could  not  by  any  reason- 
able possibility  have  been  mistaken. 

We  propose  to  reconcile  this  apparently 
direct  contradiction  involving  the  author- 
ship of  these  ten  consecutive  numbers,  by 
supposing  a  mistake  of 
Hamilton's  memorandum 
he  had  no  opportunity  of  correcting,  for 
within  two  days  from  the  time  when  it  was 
written  he  was  a  corpse.  We  suppose  that 
instead  of  "  37  to  48  inclusive,"  he  should 
have  written  "  37  to  58  inclusive."  This 
simple  substitution  of  a"5"  for  a  "4"  will 
give  to  Madison  ten  out  of  the  twelve  dis- 
puted numbers  of  the  Federalist. 

The  list  of  Hamilton,  it  should  be  borne 
in  mind,  was  a  mere  memorandum,  without 
address  or  signature,  written  in  haste,  and 
probably  from  memory,  at  a  time  when  his 
mind  was  burdened  with  the  fearful  weight 
of  the  responsibility  of  the  duel  in  which  he 
was  to  be  engaged  in  a  few  hours.  How 
great  was  his  sense  of  that  responsibility, 
no  one  can  understand  who  is  not  acquain- 
ted with  the  circumstances  of  the  time, 
which  in  his  judgment,  rendered  it  neces- 
sary for  the  safety  of  the  country  that  he, 
conscientiously  opposed  as  he  was  to  dueling, 
should  not  decline  the  challenge  of  Burr. 
He  never  saw  that  memorandum  after  he 
had  placed  it  in  the  book  in  Benson's  libra- 

Every  one  knows  the  difficulty,  the  im- 
possibility almost  of  positively  recollecting 


a  single  insolated  figure  out  of  a  score. 
Every  one  knows  how  liable  he  is  to  write 
one  figure  for  another.  In  writing  this  very 
paper,  with  all  the  figures  clearly  in  our 
mind,  we  made,  in  fast  writing  more  than 
one  lapsus  pennse,  of  precisely  the  character 
supposed.  What  more  probable  than  that 
Hamilton,  in  these  circumstances,  should 
have  made  the  error  which  we  have  sup- 


The  probability  of  our  supposition  is 
increased  by  the  fact  that  an  error  of  pre- 
cisely similar  character  does  indisputably 
occur  in  this  very  memorandum  of  Ham- 
ilton. In  this  he  says  that  No.  "  54  "  was 
written  by  Jay.  Now  it  is  certain,  and  ad- 
mitted and  affirmed  by  all  parties  in  the 
dispute,  that  No.  54  was  not  written  by 
Jay,  while  "  64  "  was.  By  this  one  mistake 
in  writing  a  5  for  a  6,  Hamilton  makes 
three  distinct  misstatements  :  He  attributes 
to  Jay  a  number  which  he  did  not  write  ; 
he  denies  to  him  a  number  which  he  did 
write,  and  he  ascribes  to  himself  a  number 
which  he  certainly  did  not  write.  One 
such  error  being  proved  and  admitted,  en- 
hances the  probability  of  another  similar 
one,  especially  when  its  admission  furnishes 
a  certain,  and  apparently  the  only,  means 
of  reconciling  statements  otherwise  abso- 
lutely contradictory. 

The  external  evidence  thus  corrected, 
seems  to  us  to  show,  almost  to  a  demonstra- 
tion, that  the  ten  numbers  of  the  Federalist, 
49  to  58,  were  written  by  Madison  and  not 
by  Hamilton. 

The  internal  evidence  furnished  by  the 
numbers  themselves  seems  to  us  to  point 
unmistakably  in  the  same  direction.  We 
lay  no  stress  upon  the  mere  point  of  style  ; 
for  both  Hamilton  and  Madison  wrote  pure 
English,  without  mannerisms  or  affectation. 

No  one,  we  think,  from  the  style  alone, 
could  distinguish  any  paper  by  one  from 
any  one  by  the  other.  We  rely  wholly 
upon  the  topics,  and  the  connection  of  the 
different  numbers.  Numbers  47  and  48 
are,  without  question,  Madison's.  "  The  title 
of  47  is  :  "  The  Meaning  of  the  Maxim, 
which  requires  a  Separation  of  the  Depart- 
ments of  Power,  Examined  and  Ascertain- 
ed ;"  the  title  of  48  is  :  "  The   Same  Sub- 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


307 


ject  Continued,  with  a  view  of  giving 
Efficacy  in  Practice  to  that  Maxim  ;"  the 
titles  of  49  and  50  are  :  "  The  Same  Sub- 
ject Continued,  with  the  Same  View  ;"  the 
title  of  51  is  :  "  The  Same  Subject  Continu- 
ed, with  the  Same  view,  and  Concluded/' 
These  five  numbers  are  thus  really  but  parts 
of  one  essay.  The  first  two  parts  are  cer- 
tainly by  Madison,  and  the  antecedent 
probability  is  that  the  others  are  his  also, 
for  it  is  not  likely  that  an  essay  tending  to 
one  point  would  be  commenced  by  one  and 
finished  by  the  other.  Number  52  com- 
mences a  new  essay  on  a  topic  closely  allied 
to  the  preceding  one.  It  is  entitled,  "  Con- 
cerning the  House  of  Representatives,"  &c. 
Numbers  53  to  58  are  all  entitled,  "  The 
Same  Subject  Contiuued,"  &c.  These 
seven  numbers  are  thus  parts  of  a  single 
essay,  without  doubt  written  by  the  same 
person.  It,  as  we  have  seen,  is  claimed  for 
both  writers.  To  assign  them  to  Madison 
with  the  three  preceding  numbers,  requires, 
as  we  have  shown,  the  alteration  of  but  a 
single  figure  in  the  hasty  memorandum  of 
Hamilton  ;  while,  in  order  to  assign  them 
to  Hamilton,  we  must  consider  the  deliber- 
ate signatures  of  Madison,  and  as  many  of 
his  careful  erasures  in  Rush's  copy,  to  be 
willful  falsifications,  and  also  set  down 
twenty  figures  or  printed  words,  certified  to 
by  him  in  Gideon's  edition,  to  be  false  and 
fraudulent. 

Numbers  59,  60,  61,  form  but  a  single 
essay,  the  subject  of  which  is  "  Concerning 
the  Regulation  of  Elections."  These  num- 
bers are  certainly  Hamilton's,  and  are  as- 
cribed to  him  by  all  statements. 

Numbers  62  and  63,  the  two  remaining 
ones,  claimed  for  both  Madison  and  Ham- 
ilton, are  parts  of  a  single  essay  "  Concern- 
ing the  Constitution  of  the  Senate.''  In 
the  distribution  of  topics  this  would  natur- 
ally be  assigned  to  the  writer  who  had 
treated  of  the  "  Departments  of  Power"  and 
of  the  "  House  of  Representatives."  As 
we  have  shown,  we  think,  beyond  all  rea- 
sonable doubt,  that  these  latter  belong  to 
Madison,  we  have  no  hesitation  in  giving 
to  his  formal  and  repeated  claim  to  numbers 
62  and  63,  the  preference  over  the  merely 
implied     claim    contained    in    Hamilton's 


memorandum.  To  assign  these  numbers  to 
Hamilton  we  must  convict  Madison  of  re- 
peated and  willful  falsehood,  while  to  assign 
them  to  Madison,  we  have  only  to  suppose 
that  Hamilton  inadvertently  omitted  to  credit 
them  to  his  associate.  Number  64  is  a 
continuation  of  the  Essay  on  the  "  Consti- 
tution of  the  Senate."  It  treats  of  that 
body  u  in  regard  to  the  power  of  making 
treaties."  That  this  was  written  by  Jay,  is 
admitted,  although  Hamilton,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  admitted  error  to  which  we 
have  adverted,  virtually,  though  innocently, 
claims  it  for  himself.  Jay,  who  had  writ- 
ten nothing  since  the  fifth  number,  and 
who  wrote  no  subsequent  one,  doubtless 
undertook  this  because  his  position  as  Sec- 
retary of  Foreign  Affairs  made  him  especi- 
ally familiar  with  the  topic  in  hand. 

We  admit  that  the  evidence  in  favor  of 
Madison's  claim  to  numbers  62  and  63  is 
less  decisive  than  that  to  the  others  in  dis- 
pute. This  arises  from  two  causes.  First, 
because  the  "  Constitution  of  the  Senate"  is 
continued  in  numbers  65  and  66,  which  are 
certainly  Hamilton's  ;  and  we  should  here, 
as  before,  have  expected  that  one  subject 
would  be  treated  by  one  writer  ;  and  sec- 
ondly, because  to  give  them  to  Madison  we 
must  suppose  that  Hamilton  wholly  forgot 
the  authorship  of  two  numbers,  instead  of 
merely,  as  in  the  case  of  49  to  58,  making  a 
single  error  in  remembering  or  writing  a 
figure.  Still,  we  think  the  balance  of  evi- 
dence, external  and  internal,  in  reference 
to  these  numbers  to  be  decidedly  in  favor 
of  Madison,  even  if  they  stood  alone.  When 
in  addition  to  this,  we  consider  that  out  of 
twelve  disputed  points,  the  evidence  as  to 
ten  amounts  almost  to  demonstration  on  one 
side,  we  think  that  there  is  a  clear  pre- 
sumption in  its  favor  in  the  case  of  the  other 
two.  Moreover,  in  giving  62  and  63  to 
Madison,  no  imputation  beyond  inadver- 
tence rests  upon  Hamilton — an  inadvertence 
rendered  wholly  innocent  by  circumstances 
— while,  in  order  to  give  them  to  Hamilton 
we  must  accuse  Madison  of  willful,  deliber- 
ate and  repeated  falsehood — falsehood 
without  motive,  and  liable  to  exposure. 

Moreover,  Hamilton   revised  and  correc- 
ted his  own  portion  of  the  Federalist,  leav- 


308 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Sept, 


ing  those  numbers  written  by  Madison 
unaltered.  If  the  twelve  disputed  numbers 
were  written  by  him,  he  would  have  re- 
vised them  as  carefully  as  he  did  the  rest ; 
and  they  would  doubtless  have  received  as 
many  alterations  as  the  others.  Now,  by 
referring  to  Mr.  John  C.  Hamilton's  "  Colla- 
ted Texts/'  it  will  be  seen  that  these  twelve 
numbers  are  given  by  him,  almost  precisely 
as  by  Mr.  Dawson.  In  two  numbers  there  is 
no  variation  noted  ;  and  with  the  exception 
of  a  single  wholly  new  paragraph  in  No.  66, 
there  are  in  the  whole  of  these  twelve  num- 
bers only  a  few  trifling  verbal  changes. 
There  are  in  the  numbers,  indisputably 
Hamilton's,  no  twelve  consecutive  numbers 
in  which  the  alterations  are  not  three  times 
as  numerous,  while  in  some  single  numbers 
there  are  more  than  are  found  in  the  whole 
twelve.  The  inference  is  strong  that  these 
numbers  were  not  corrected  by  Hamilton. 
If  not  corrected  by  him  they  were  not 
written  by  him.  And  if  not  written  by 
him,  we  may  rest  assured  that  he  never 
intentionally  laid  claim  to  their  authorship. 

Mr.  John  C.  Hamilton,  indeed,  place 
the  name  of  his  father  over  sixty-three 
numbers  of  the  Federalist,  including  the 
disputed  twelve.  But  his  only  authority  is 
the  evidence  which  he  presents,  every  es- 
sential point  of  which  we  have  analyzed. 
That  evidence  seems  to  us  to  show,  almost 
to  absolute  demonstration,  that  the  eighty- 
five  numbers  of  the  Federalist  were  written  : 

Five  by  John  Jay,  viz.  :  Nos.  2,  3,  4,  5, 
64. 

Three  by  James  Madison  and  Alexander 
Hamilton,  jointly,  viz.  :  Nos.  18,  19,  20. 

Twenty-six  by  James  Madison,  viz.  : 
Nos.  10,  14,  37,  to  58,  62,  63. 

Fifty-one  by  Alexander  Hamilton,  viz. : 
Nos.  1,  6,  7,  8,  9,  11,  12,  13,  15,  16,  17, 
21,  to  37,  59,60,  61,65,  to  85. 

We  have  proceeded  throughout  on  the 
assumption  that  we  have  accurate  copies  of 
Hamilton's  memorandum  left  with  Judge 
Benson.  There  is  every  probability  that 
such  is  the  case — but  it  is  not  quite  certain. 
The  original  disappeared  many  years  ago. 
Benson  wafered  it  into  his  copy  of  the  Fed- 
eralist, where  it  remained  for  some  years. 
He  subsequently  removed  it  writing  in  its 


place  what  is  presumed  to  be  a  copy  of  its 
contents.  From  this  copy,  as  far  as  can  be 
ascertained,  have  been  taken,  mediately  or 
immediately,  all  subsequent  citations.  The 
original  was  given  by  Benson  to  the  New 
York  Society  Library,  and  was  inserted  in 
its  copy  of  the  Federalist,  from  which  it  has 
been  stolen,  probably  by  some  enthusiastic 
but  unscrupulous  autograph  collector.  We 
cannot  learn  that  Judge  Benson's  copy,  or 
any  other,  was  ever  carefully  compared  with 
the  original  memorandum.  It  is  barely 
possible,  though  we  think  not  at  all  probable, 
that  in  the  original,  if  it  were  accessible, 
would  be  found  64  instead  of  "  54 f}  in  the 
enumeration  of  Jay's  papers  ;  53  instead  of 
"  48,"  and  perhaps  even  the  missing  numbers 
"  62  "  and  "  63"  in  the  enumeration  of  Madi- 
son's. If  the  thief  be  still  alive,  he  may  now 
almost  make  atonement  for  his  crime  by 
sending  the  precious  document  to  the  Sani- 
tary Commission.  It  would  bring  a  fabulous 
price,  and  might  be  collated  with  the  copies 
derived  from  it. 


Virginia  "Blue  Laws,"  1663.— We 
have  all  heard  more  or  less  of  the  "Blue 
Laws"  of  Connecticut  and  of  the  "Black 
Code"  of  the  South.  But  I  did  not  know 
till  since  the  present  war  commenced,  that 
any  such  religio-legal  enactments  had  ever 
been  made  by  the  Southern  chivalry  of  the 
Ditch-land,  as  we  have  understood  by  this 
term  of  "Blue  Laws."  Some  two  years 
since,  a  soldier  of  the  Potomac  army,  on  en- 
tering the  court  house  in  Warwick  county, 
Va.,  found  the  old  records  of  the  Court, 
which  he  forthwith  confiscated  and  sent  to 
me  two  pages,  from  which  the  following 
items  are  copied. 

The  paper  is  quite  thick,  and  measures 
16  by  10  inches.  The  chirograph^  is  pecu- 
liar, and  there  are  twenty-six  entries  of 
decisions  made  by  that  court,  under  the  date 
of  Octerber  21st,  1663.  This  MS.  is  inte- 
resting, not  only  from  its  remote  antiquity, 
but  also  on  account  of  the  information  which 
it  gives  us  as  to  the  religious  and  legal 
manners  of  our  southern  neighbors,  two  hun- 
dred years  ago.     Witness  the  following  : 

"  Mr.  John  Harlow,  and  Alice,  his  wife, 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


309 


being  by  the  grand  inquest  presented  for 
absenting  themselves  from  church,  are,  ac- 
cording to  the  act,  fined  each  of  them  fifty 
pounds  of  tobacco,  and  the  said  Mr.  John 
Harlow  ordered  forthwith  to  pay  one  hun- 
dred pounds  of  tobacco  to  the  sheriff,  other- 
wise the  said  sheriff  to  levy  by  way  of 
distress." 

"Jane  Harde,  the  wife  of  Henry  Harde, 
being  presented  for  not  'tending  church,  is 
according  to  act  fined  fifty  pound  of  tobac- 
co, and  the  sheriff  is  ordered  to  collect  the 
same  from  her,  and  in  case  of  non-payment 
to  distress." 

"John  Lewis,  his  wife  this  day  refusing 
to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance,  being  ordered 
her,  is  committed  into  the  sheriff's  custody, 
to  remain  until  she  take  the  said  oath,  or 
until  further  ordered  to  the  contrary/' 

"John  Lewis,  his  wife,  for  absenting  her- 
self from  church  is  fined  fifty  pounds  of 
tobacco,  to  be  collected  by  the  sheriff,  from 
her  husband,  and  upon  non-payment,  the 
said  sheriff  to  distress." 

"Robert  Reynolds,  being  prosecuted  for 
absenting  himself  from  church,  and  sum- 
moned by  the  sheriff,  this  court  to  make  his 
appearance,  and  appearing  not,  is  fined  for 
both  offences  one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds 
of  tobacco,  to  be  levyed  by  the  sheriff  by 
way  of  distress  upon  his  non-payment 
thereof. 

"George  Harwood,  being  prosecuted  for 
his  absenting  himself  from  church,  is  fined 
fifty  pounds  of  tobacco,  to  be  levyed  by  way 
of  distress  by  the  sheriff  upon  bis  non-pay- 
ment thereof." 

"Peter  White  and  his  wife  being  presen- 
ted for  common  swearing,  are  fined  fifty 
pounds  of  tobacco  both  of  them,  to  be  col- 
lected by  the  sheriff  from  the  said  White, 
and  upon  his  non-payment  of  the  same  to 
distress." 

"Richard  Ring,  being  presented  as  a 
common  swearer,  is  fined  fifty  pounds  of 
tobacco,  to  be  levyed  by  the  Sherriff,  by 
way  of  distress,  upon  his  non-payment." 

From  all  I  can  learn  there  was  but  one 
"church"  in  Virginia  in  1C63,  and  that  was 
the  English,  or  what  is  now  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church,  and  it  was  for  non-atten- 
dance on  this  church  that  the  fine  of  fifty 


pounds  of  tobacco  was  inflicted  by  the  Old 
Dominion  two  hundred  years  ago;  and  the 
chivalrous  descendants  of  the  race  that 
passed  those  laws  in  Virginia,  have  been  the 
men,  in  later  times,  to  taunt  us  with  the 
memory  of  "blue  laws,"  as  if  none  such 
had  ever  been  enacted  except  by  the 
Yankees. 

This  record  speaks  of  no  fine  imposed  by 
the  Virginia  Court  except  in  "  tobacco," 
from  which  we  learn  that  this  weed  was  not 
only  a  staple  commodity  at  that  early  period 
of  our  country,  but  it  was  so  much  so  that 
it  became  a  substitute  for  currency. 

This  ancient  Record,  thus  brought  to 
light  by  the  fortunes  of  war,  seems  to  me  of 
some  historical  value,  and  accordingly  I 
have  deposited  it  for  safe  keeping  in  the 
archives  of  the  New  England  Historical 
and  Genealogical  Society,  13  Bromfield 
street,  Boston.      La  Roy  Sunderland. 

Boston,  July  19,  1864. 


Tomb-Stone. — The  oldest  tomb-stone  in 
the  oldest  burial-ground  of  Philadelphia, 
attached  to  the  Swedes'  Church  in  Swanson 
street,  bears  date  the  12th  of  November, 
1716,  one  hundred  and  forty-eight  years 
ago,  about  thirty-four  years  after  the  land- 
ing of  Penn.  The  lettering  is  legible,  but 
the  representation  of  an  hour-glass  and  of 
the  head  of  a  cherub,  carved  in  the  stone, 
are  very  indistinct.  The  stone  contains  the 
following  inscription  :  "  Here  lieth  the 
body  of  Mary,  wife  of  Andrew  Robinson, 
who  dyed  November  ye  12,  1716,  aged  65 
years." 


Sanitary. — Some  parties  in  England 
endeavored  to  make  out  that  we  Americans 
have  blundered  in  spelling  this  now  fami- 
liar word,  pretending  that  it  should  be  sana- 
tory from  sanare,  to  heal.  But  the  Lon- 
don Notes  and  Queries  justly  remarks  that 
sanitary,  like  the  French  sanitaire,  mean- 
ing that  which  tends  to  preserve  health,  is 
derived  from  the  Latin  sanitas.  Sanatory 
derived  from  sanare  would  mean  curative, 
a  different  word  and  different  idea. 

It  would  be  a  pity  indeed,  if  it  had  beeu 
true  that  we  had  raised  millions  to  endorse 
a  bad  spelling. 


310 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Sept., 


Pre-Death  Coffins  and  Monuments. 
—  The  London  Notes  and  Queries  have  re- 
cently had  some  curious  instances  of  these. 
A  few  weeks  since,  a  soldier  employed  in 
putting  up  head  boards  for  deceased  soldiers 
in  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  closed  his  la- 
bors by  painting  his  own  name  on  a  board, 
leaving  the  date  blank.  He  was  killed 
before  night,  thus  actually  in  a  manner  car- 
ving his  own  tomb-stone. 


Name  for  the  Confederate  States. 
— Although  we  have  adopted  an  appropriate 
and  classic  name  for  the  seceding  states, 
to  wit,  Secessia,  from  which  comes  the 
popular  name  of  the  people,  Secesh,  it 
would  seem  that  some  of  our  southern 
friends  are  busy  coining  a  new  name.  The 
Richmond  Examiner  says  : 

There  may  be  found  advertised  in  vari- 
ous newspapers  as  "  nearly  ready  for  the 
press,"  a  new  work  entitled  "Apalachia,  its 
Institutions,  Literature,  etc.,  by  J.  Robert- 
son Reid,  M.  A.  Chatabet,  LL.  D.  What 
"  Chatabet"  is  we  do  not  pretend  to  know  ; 
but  as  the  book  is  to  be  obtained  by  writing 
to  the  British  Cousulate  at  Charleston,  we 
presume  its  author  is  an  Englishman.  A 
Charleston  paper  heralds  it  as  "an  eagerly 
expected  volume/'  and  points  to  the  fact 
that  the  learned  author,  by  his  title,  "gives 
a  preference  to  the  name  Apalachia,  and 
denoting  the  territorial  limits  of  the  Con- 
federate States.  Thereupon  the  Charleston 
journalist,  admitting  the  high  importance  of 
adopting  "a  name  for  colloquial,  journalistic 
and  poetic  uses,"  yet  ventures  to  offer  ob- 
jections against  Apalachia,  in  that  it  was 
once  proposed  for  the  United  States  ;  then 
mentions  several  other  names  which  have 
been  from  time  to  time  suggested,  Allegania, 
Fredonia,  Winland,  Panola,  Chicora;  calls  on 
Mr.  Simms  to  propose  or  suggest  a  new  name ; 
"  invites  the  consideration  of  thinkers." 

It  will  take  some  citizens  by  surprise  to 
learn  that  there  is  already  on  foot  a  learned 
conspiracy  to  give  to  their  respective  states 
a  new  name  in  common,  and  to  make  them, 
the  said  citizens,  go  about  hereafter  through 
the  world  as  Apalachians,  Winlaoders, 
Panolans,  or  what  not.     This  will  not  do. 


The  name  of  the  state  where  we  now  indite 
is  Virginia  ;  that  was  always  her  name, 
she  has  answered  to  it  since  she  was  very 
young,  and  will  probably  bear  it  for  many 
generations.  If  a  man's  godfathers  and 
godmothers  have  christened  him  Tom,  it 
signifies  nothing  to  prove  to  him  afterwards 
that  Henry  Augustus  is  more  euphonious. 
The  man's  name  is  Tom — "  in  any  bond, 
bill,  quittance  or  obligation,"  Tom.  We 
would,  therefore,  entreat  Dr.  Reid  and  Mr. 
Simms  to  leave  us  our  old-fashioned  cogno- 
men and  shall  absolutely  refuse  any    other. 

Is  there  any  country  known  to  our  rea- 
ders in  want  of  a  name  to  "  designate  its 
territorial  limits  ?"  And  if  so  where  is  it  ? 
These  states  we  live  in  are  all  provided  with 
names  long  ago  j  every  name  of  them  being 
historic  and  actually  meaning  somewhat — 
a  quality  in  a  name  quite  as  important  as 
euphony — and  each  State  had  a  baptism 
and  sponsors. 

One  cannot  choose  his  own  god-father 
and  god-mother  j  and  some  persons  if  they 
could  be  christened  over  again  would  per- 
haps select  different  sponsors.  Georgia 
might  indeed  have  had  a  name  associated 
with  nobler  memories  than  those  of  the 
four  crowned  scoundrels,  of  blessed  memory, 
of  that  name.  The  Carolinas  might  have 
desired  a  name  not  recalling  King  Charles 
— but  still  North  and  South  Carolina  they 
are  and  will  remain.  Florida  was  so  bap- 
tized by  the  Spaniards,  from  the  glorious 
bloom  of  her  flowers,  which  have  never 
faded  ;  and  Virginia  attests  to  this  day  the 
ever  sacred  virginity  of  King  Henry's 
daughter.  As  for  the  Confederacy,  it  is 
not  a  country  ;  it  is  the  name  of  a  relation 
which,  for  the  present,  subsists  between 
certain  countries.  It  has  no  need  of  a  ter- 
ritorial designation,  inasmuch    as  it    has  no 


It 


is  a    league, 


an 


mutual  agree 


"  territorial    limits, 
alliance,  a 

certain  business  in  common,  so  long  as  that 
arrangement  may  suit  the  parties,  and  the 
name  of  it  is  a  Confederacy,  not  a  Winland 
nor  an  Allegania.  A  Confederacy  has  no 
business  with  a  name,  either  geographical, 
mythological  or  ethnological  j  and  cannot 
rightly  be  called  anything  else  than  a  Con- 
federacy. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


311 


Even  if  there  were  a  country  here  wan- 
ting a  name,  which  there  is  not,  what  sort 
of  propriety  would  there  be  in  giving  a  des- 
ignation to  the  Confederate  States  which 
would  suggest  the  idea  of  their  being  still 
a  portion  of  the  United  States  ?  The  Alle- 
ghany or  Apalachian  mountain  chain  ex- 
tends from  Maine  to  Alabama,  just  as  the 
Mississippi  runs  from  Minnesota  to  Louisiana; 
therefore,  to  give  our  Confederacy  the  name 
of  "Allegania"  or  "Apalachia"  would  be 
only  strengthening  that  famous  geographical 
argument  of  Mr.  Seward,  that  the  physical 
geography  of  the  continent  has  itself  per- 
emptorily decreed  an  indissoluble  Union. 
"  Winland"  is,  if  possible  still  worse  ;  for 
that  is  the  name  (Vinland)  which  the  Ice- 
landers, the  first  European  discoverers  of 
the  continent,  gave  to  Rhode  Island.  Those 
Scandinavians  never  came  so  far  south  as 
the  most  northern  portion  of  the  most  north- 
ern Confederate  State.  Would  any  Con- 
federate wish  to  borrow  a  name  from  Rhode 
Island  ?  The  writer  in  Charleston  proposes 
yet  another  name,  "  Southland  ;"  totally 
inadmissible  also  ;  that  would  be  a  name 
expressive  of  a  relation  to  Pennsylvania, 
New  York,  &c.  ;  but  if  our  states  are 
southward  from  those  countries,  they  are 
northward  from  Mexico  ;  it  is  as  proper 
that  their  name  should  express  their  geog- 
raphical relations  to  one  foreign  country  as 
to  another  ;  therefore,  Northland  would  be 
as  appropriate  as  Southland.  While  the 
old  Union  subsisted,  these  were  Southern 
States  ;  they  are  so  no  longer  ;  Virginia  is 
now  a  northern  State. 

But  we  object  to  the  whole  idea  of  a  new 
name  ;  first,  because  there  is  nothing  to  be 
named  ;  and  second,  because  a  common 
territorial  designation  would  implant  and 
foster  that  most  mischievous  notion  of  one 
united  nationality,  E  Pluvious  Union, 
whereof  the  states  are  but  counties  or  pro- 
vinces. 


War  Trophies. — Masonic  Matters. — 
Among  the  numerous  trophies  sent  to  me 
from  the  battle-field  is  an  ancient  book  with 
the  following  title  : 

"A  Candid  Disquisition  of  the  Principles 


and  Practices  of  the  Most  Ancient  and 
Honorable  Society  of  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons.  Together  with  some  Strictures  on 
the  Origin,  Nature  and  Design  of  the  Insti- 
tution. Dedicated  by  permission  to  the 
Most  Noble  and  Most  Worshipful  Henry, 
Duke  of  Beaufort,  &c,  &c,  Grand  Master. 
By  Wellius  Calcott,  P.  M. 

Ah  ipso 

Ducit  opes  animwnque  ferro. 
London :     Printed,  reprinted    and  sold   by 
Brother    Robert    William    McAlpine,     in 
Marlborough  street,  Boston,   A.   L.  5772 ; 
A.  D.  1772." 

From  entries  made  with  the  pen,  it  seems 
this  book  has  been  owned  in  Charleston, 
S.  C,  Norfolk  and  Newport  News,  Va.  It 
was  found  in  the  Naval  Hospital,  Ports- 
mouth, Va.,  1862,  whence  it  was  sent  tome 
by  a  member  of  the  29th  Massachusetts 
regiment.  In  looking  over  its  list  of  sub- 
scribers' names,  I  find  Paul  Revere,  Joseph 
Warren,  Epes  Sargent,  and  other  names  of 
personages  who  took  a  distinguished  part  in 
our  revolutionary  struggle  in  1776.  It 
gives  an  account  of  "Lodges  Held  in  the 
Town  of  Boston,  and  the  Time  and  Place 
of  their  Respective  Meetings,"  and  from 
which  it  appears  that  there  were  at  that 
period  three  Masonic  Jurisdictions  in  this 
city,  and  the  Lodges  met  as  follows  : 

"  Under  the  Jurisdiction  of  the  Right 
Worshipful  John  Rowe,  Esq.,  The  Grand 
Lodge  and  Quarterly  Communication — King 
street."  "  The  Master's  Lodge,"  and  "The 
First  Lodge  in  the  same  place."  "  The 
Second  Lodge  at  the  Bunch  of  Grapes," 
and  "  The  Rising  Sun  Lodge  at  the  British 
Coffee  House." 

"Under  the  Jurisdiction  of  The  Most 
Worshipful  Joseph  Warren,  Esq.,  viz  :  The 
Grand  Lodge  and  Quarterly  Communication, 
at  Free-Masons's  Hall,  near  Hanover  street. 
The  Lodge  of  St.  Andrew  in  said  Hall,"  and 
"The  Lodge  of  Massachusetts,  No.  2,  at 
Concert  Hall,  near  Queen  street." 

"  Under  the  Jurisdiction  of  the  Right 
Worshipful  and  Most  Noble  John,  Duke 
and  Marquis  of  Atliol,  &c,  &c  ,  Ancient 
York,  No.  169,  at  Mr.  Alexander's,  Battery 
March." 

This  book  is  of  some  historical  value,  es- 


312 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Sept., 


pecially  to  the  Masonic  Fraternity,  as  it 
contains  among  other  interesting  matter,  one 
very  ancient  document  on  "  Macourge,"  al- 
leged to  have  been  written  by  "  Kynge 
Henrye  the  Sixthe  of  Engelonde."    L.  R.  s. 


Elma,  a  Female  Christian  Name. — 
In  London  Notes  and  Queries,  (3d  S.  v.  p. 
97,)  an  inquiry  is  made  as  to  the  origin  of 
Elma,  the  Christian  name  of  the  daughter 
of  the  Earl  of  Elgin.  The  quaerist  sup- 
poses it  formed  from  the  initial  syllables  of 
her  mother  Elizabeth  Mary.  In  this  coun- 
try the  name  exists,  but  is  an  abbreviation 
of  Gulielma.  The  victim  of  the  Manhat- 
ten  Well  murder,  in  New  York,  many  years 
since  was  Elma  Sands,  whose  real  name  was 
Gulielma. 


A  Singular  Marriage  in  Old  Times. 
— Rev.  Theodore  L.  Cuyler  in  a  recent  let- 
ter from  Greenfield,  Conn.,  relates  the  fol- 
lowing interesting  incident  of  its  early  his- 
tory :  "  Rev.  Stephen  Mix  made  a  journey 
to  Northampton,  in  1696,  in  search  of  a 
wife.  He  arrived  at  the  Rev.  Solomon 
Stoddard's,  informed  him  of  the  object  of 
his  visit,  and  that  the  pressure  of  home 
duties  required  the  utmost  dispatch.  Mr. 
Stoddard  took  him  into  the  room  where  his 
daughters  were,  and  introduced  him  to 
Mary,  Esther,  Christiana,  Sarah,  Rebekah, 
and  Hannah,  and  then  retired.  Mr.  Mix 
addressing  Mary,  the  eldest  daughter,  said 
he  had  lately  been  settled  at  Weathersfield, 
and  was  desirous  of  obtaining  a  wife,  and 
concluded  by  offering  her  his  heart  and 
hand.  She  blushingly  replied  that  so  im- 
portant a  proposition  required  time  for  con- 
sideration. He  rejoined  that  he  was  pleased 
that  she  asked  for  suitable  time  for  reflect- 
ion, and  that,  in  order  to  afford  her  the 
needed  opportunity  to  think  of  hisproposal, 
he  would  step  into  the  next  room  and  smoke 
a  pipe  with  her  father,  and  she  could  re- 
port to  him.  Having  smoked  his  pipe  and 
sent  a  message  to  Miss  Mary  that  he  was 
ready  for  her  answer,  she  came  in  and  ask- 
ed for  further  time  for  consideration.  He 
replied  that  she  could  reflect  still  longer  on 
the  subject,  and  send   her  answer  by  letter 


to  Weathersfield.  In  a  few  weeks  he  re- 
ceived her  reply,  which  is  probably  the 
most  laconic  epistle  ever  penned.  Here  is 
the  model  letter  which  was  soon  followed  by 
a  wedding : 

Northampton,  1696. 
Rev.  Stephen  Mix, 

Yes, 

Mary  Stoddard. 
The  matrimonial  Mix-ture  took  place  on 
the  1st  of  December,  1696,  and  proved  to 
be  compounded  of  most  congenial  elements. 


The  First  Celebration  of  Independ- 
ence, in  Boston. — "  Thursday  last,  pur- 
suant to  the  order  of  the  honorable  council, 
was  proclaimed  from  the  balcony  of  the 
state  house  in  this  town,  the  Declaration  of 
the  American  Congress,  absolving  the 
United  Colonies  from  their  allegiance  to 
the  British  crown,  and  declaring  them  Free 
and  Independent  States.  There  were 
present  on  the  occasion  in  the  council  cham- 
ber, a  committee  of  council,  a  number  of  the 
honorable  house  of  representatives,  the  Mag- 
istrates, Ministers,  Selectmen,  and  other 
Gentlemen  of  Boston  and  the  neighboring 
Towns;  also  the  Commission  officers  of  the 
Continental  Regiments  stationed  here,  and 
other  Officers.  Two  of  these  regiments 
were  under  Arms  in  King  street,  formed 
into  three  lines  on  the  North  Sides  of  the 
Street,  and  in  thirteen  Divisions  :  and  a  de- 
tachment from  the  Massachusetts  Regiment 
of  Artillery,  with  two  pieces  of  Cannon,  was 
on  their  Right  Wing.  At  One  o'clock  the 
Declaration  was  proclaimed  by  Col.  Thomas 
Crafts,  which  was  received  with  great  Joy, 
expressed  by  three  Huzzas  from  a  great  Con- 
course of  People  assembled  on  the  Occasion. 
After  which  on  a  Signal  given,  Thirteen 
Pieces  of  Cannon  were  fired  from  the  Fort 
on  Fort-Hill ;  the  Forts  at  Dorchester  Neck, 
the  Castle,  Nantasket  and  Point  Alderton, 
likewise  discharged  their  Cannon.  Then 
the  Detachment  of  Artillery  fired  their 
Cannon  Thirteen  Times,  which  was  followed 
by  the  two  Regiments  giving  their  fire  from 
the  Thirteen  Divisions  in  succession.  These 
firings  corresponded  to  the  number  of  the 
American  States  United.     The    Ceremony 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


313 


was  closed  with  a  proper  Collation  to  the 
Gentlemen  in  the  Council  Chamber  ;  during 
which  the  following  Toasts  were  given  by 
the  President  of  the  Council,  and  heartily 
pledged  by  the  Company,  viz. : 

"Prosperity  and  Perpetuity  to  the  United 
States  of  America. 

"The  American  Congress. 

"The  General  Court  of  the  State  of  Mas- 
sachusetts Bay. 

"Gen.  Washington,  and  success  to  the 
Arms  of  the  United  States  : 

"The  downfall  of  Tyrants  and  Tyranny. 

"The  universal  Prevalence  of  Civil  and 
Religious  Liberty. 

"The  Friends  of  the  United  States  in  all 
Quarters  of  the  Globe. 

"The  Bells  in  Town  were  rung  on  the 
Occasion ;  and  undissembled  Festivity 
cheered  and  brightened  every  Face. 

"On  the  same  Evening,  the  King's  Arms 
and  every  sign  with  any  Resemblance  of  it, 
whether  Lion  and  Crown,  Pestle  and  Mor- 
tar and  Crown,  Heart  and  Crown,  &c,  to- 
gether with  every  sign  that  belonged  to  a 
Tory,  was  taken  down,  and  the  latter  made 
a  general  Conflagration  of  in  King  Street' ' 
[now  State  Street]. 

[From  the  New  England  Chronicle,  published 
by  Edward  E.  Powars  and  Nathaniel  Willis, 
Queen  Street,  Boston,    July  25,  1776.] 


The  Pittsfield  Elm. — A  correspond- 
ent of  the  New  York  Commercial  Adver- 
tiser speaks  as  .follows  of  the  removal  of 
the  celebrated  Pittsfield  elm,  that  majestic 
relic  of  the  past,  once  so  familiar  to  many 
of  our  readers : 

"  Pittsfield  and  all  who  have  sprung  from 
the  fruitful  loins  of  that  ancient  town,  are 
in  mourning — for  the  '  Old  Elm  is  not/  A 
few  days  since  this  venerable  landmark 
was  taken  down,  lest  in  some  sudden  fall  it 
should  spread  ruin  through  the  little  park 
that  surrounds  it,  and  wake  from  their  pro- 
longed slumbers  the  rude  forefathers  of  the 
hamlet,  whose  graves  were  first  made  in 
the    church-yard  hard  by.     The    Old  Elm 

HIST.  MAG.      VOL.  VIII.  40 


was  one  of  the  noted  trees  of  America; 
admired  by  all  who  saw  it,  but  especially 
dear  to  those  whose  early  and  home  associa- 
tions had  been  connected  with  it.  More 
than  a  hundred  years  ago,  the  Old  Elm 
was  noticed  and  protected  by  the  first  set- 
tlers, and  made,  as  the  Berkshire  Eagle 
well  says, 'the  first  centralizing  power  of 
the  town,  which  thus  crystalized  around  a 
nucleus  of  natural  beauty.' 

"  It  was  sixty-eight  feet  from  the  ground 
to  the  first  limb,  and  above  this,  a  crown  of 
foliage  lifted  itself  into  the  air  for  sixty 
feet,  graceful  and  beautiful  for  many  years, 
but  lately  sadly  bereft  by  storm  and  light- 
ning, and  the  ravages  of  age,  of  many  of 
its  ancient  glories.  The  rings  of  the  fallen 
tree,  carefully  counted  under  a  magnifier, 
indicated  the  ripe  old  age  of  three  hun- 
dred and  forty  years.  Twice  since  1840 
has  the  lightning  scorched  the  old  tree, 
rending  and  wrecking  it,  and  evoking  the 
deepest  solicitude  from  the  towns-people, 
who  tenderly  ministered  unto  its  necessi- 
ties. It  was  ever  high  treason  in  Pittsfield 
to  fail  of  unconditional  loyalty  to  the  Old 
Elm.  Under  its  protecting  arms  the  quota 
of  Pittsfield  in  1776  gathered  for  the  first 
war  of  Independence.  Again,  in  1812, 
similar  scenes  were  repeated;  and  during 
this  terrible  war,  thousands  of  the  men  of 
Western  Massachusetts  have  gathered  here 
to  receive  the  last  farewell  of  friends  be- 
fore they  entered  upon  the  invasion  of  a 
soil,  rendered  doubly  sacred  by  the  martyr- 
blood  of  the  heroes  who  have  fallen  in  de- 
fence of  civil  order  and  the  Constitution, 
and  the  right  of  all  men  to  personal  lib- 
erty. 

"  As  the  tree  fell  so  it  did  not  lie.  It 
was  at  once  beset  by  relic-hunters,  who 
would  have  carried  away  every  fragment  of 
sound  and  decayed  wood,  had  not  an  auction 
been  improvised,  and  what  was  left  sold  to 
a  citizen,  who  promises  to  make  the  wood 
up  into  memorials. 


The  Presidential  Election  of  1800 
(vol.  viii,  p.  240).  On  line  25,  col  1.,  for 
Republicans  read  Federalists, 


314 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Sept. 


New  Orleans. — It  is  well  enough,  per- 
haps, to  recur  occasionally  to  the  city  in 
which  we  live,  and  to  consider  what  changes 
time  makes  as  to  growth  and  prosperity. 
When  Louisiana  was  ceded  to  the  United 
States,  New  Orleans  contained  only  about 
eight  thousand  inhabitants.  It  then  had  an 
existence  of  more  than  eighty  years,  for  the 
first  settlement  was  made  by  Bienville  in 
1718.  Indeed,  when  it  passed  from  France 
to  Spain,  in  1743,  it  contained  but  little 
more  than  three  thousand  inhabitants ;  but 
from  the  time  of  its  cession  in  18U3  to  the 
United  States,  the  city  began  to  increase 
rapidly  in  growth  and  population,  until  we 
find  it  in  a  little  more  than  half  a  century 
embracing  a  population  exceeding  150,000. 
Such  were  the  influences  attending  its 
association  and  connection  with  the  other 
cities  of  our  great  Republic. 

But  it  was  not  only  in  population  that 
our  city  made  progress.  Seated,  as  it  was, 
at  the  outlet  of  the  Mississippi,  it  received 
at  its  levee  all  the  products  of  the  great 
and  growing  west,  and  its  wealth  advanced 
proportionably  with  its  growth  of  popula- 
tion. The  first  newspaper  published  in 
New  Orleaus  was  in  1794,  and  was  called 
the  Moniteur.  In  1860  we  had  ten  daily 
newspapers,  besides  several  periodicals  of  a 
literary  and  commercial  character.  Among 
the  earliest  of  our  public  buildings  was  the 
Charity  Hospital,  originally,  if  we  remem- 
ber right,  endowed  by  Sen  or  Almanzar 
de  Boxas,  in  1786,  and  built  at  an  expense 
of  $114,000 — a  large  amount  of  money  in 
those  days.  This  building  was  subsequent- 
ly burned,  but  it  was  rebuilt  in  1812. 
Senor  Boxas  was  a  great  benefactor  to  the 
city.  He  built  the  old  cathedral,  and  his 
remains  now  lie  there  covered  by  a  marble 
tablet,  detailing  his  benefactions  and  com- 
memorating other  of  his  deeds  of  kindness 
and  charity.  Probably  the  oldest  edifice  of 
note  in  our  city  is  a  building  erected  for  the 
use  of  the  Ursuline  Nuns  about  the  year 
1730,  known  as  the  Ursuline  Convent,  sub- 
sequently occupied  by  the  Boman  Catholic 
Archbishop.  Perier,  who  superseded  Bien- 
ville in  1727,  caused  to  be  constructed  the 
first  levee  in  Louisanna,  for  about  a  mile  in 
front   of  the  city;  and  from  this  small  be- 


ginning we  owe    all   the    levees  since  con- 
structed along  the  river  banks. 

It  is   remarkable  to  note  the  increase  of 
exports  from  about  the  date  of  the  cession 
to  the  United    States    in  1803.     These  ex- 
ports then  amounted  to  about  three  and  a 
half    million  dollars  ;  in  1860  to  one  hun- 
dred   and    eight     millions.     In    1849   the 
southern  and  western  produce  received  in 
New  Orleans  amounted  to  about  eighty-two 
millions  of  dollars,  in  1860  this  had  increased 
so  as  to  amount  to  one  hundred  and  eighty- 
five  millions.     The  cotton  crop  received  in 
New  Orleans  in  1836  was  495,443  bales ;  in 
1853  the   number  amounted  to  1,665,047 
bales ;   and    in    1860    the  number  was  in- 
creased  so  as  to  amount  to  2,255,458  bales — 
this    latter  amount   being  one  half  of  the 
crop    produced    in  the  entire  cotton  states. 
Such  has  been  the    wonderful    increase  of 
the  city  of  New  Orleana  in  population  and 
wealth  since  the  destinies  of  Louisiana  were 
united  to    the  other  states  of  the  republic, 
and  it  will  be  noted  that  in  previous  years, 
with  all  her  advantages,  she  remained    for 
near  half  a  century  nearly  stationary.     It 
may  be  remarked,  also,  in  passing,    that  the 
banking  system  in    our  city  was  regarded 
before  the  war  as  the  safest  and  best  in  the 
Union.     We  had    eleven  banks,    with    an 
aggregate  capital  of  about  eighteen  millions 
of  dollars.     Our  city  was  at  the  very  acme 
of  her  prosperity  when  the  demon  of  seces- 
sion invaded  the  hearts  of  her  citizens,  and 
the  changes  wrought  during  these  last  three 
years  of  wreck  and  ruin  are  fearful  to  note. 
From  being  the  largest  cotton    mart  of  the 
world,  and  in  receipt   of  millions  of  bales, 
she   now    esteems    herpelf  fortunate  if  she 
receive    a   few    thousands  of    bales.     Her 
commerce  has  fallen  off,  for  she  gave  in  1860 
at  the  Custom  House  2,235  clearances,  with 
a  tonnage   of  1,248,526  ;  in   fact,    she  was 
the  second  city  of  the  United  States  in  the 
amount   and   value  of  her  exports,  and  no 
city   of  the  world   counted   at  her  wharves 
so   large  a  number    of  steamboats. — A7".    O. 
Times. 


The  Prock  and  Gyascutus. — The  fol- 
lowing is  a  clipping  from  a  newspaper,  and 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


315 


purports  to  be  a  description  of  "  actual  and 
living  inhabitants  of  our  own  country." — 
The  writer  does  not  give  his  name,  which 
is  to  be  regretted.  I  have  examined  "Car- 
ver in  his  Appendix,"  but  have  not  been 
fortunate  enough  to  discover  any  reference 
to  these  animals  in  that  work.  Possibly  I 
have  not  the  right  edition. 

"There  is  a  striking  similarity  between 
this  case  and  that  of  one  of  the  animals  to 
which  I  refer,  and  which  has  hitherto  been 
regarded  as  fabulous,  but  it  is  now  demon- 
strated to  be,  as  well  as  its  companion,  an 
actual  and  living  inhabitant  of  our  own 
country.  Most  of  your  readers  have,  I  pre- 
sume, laughed  over  the  story  of  the  Yankee 
who  advertised  for  exhibition  those  extra- 
ordinary quadrupeds,  the  Prock  and  Gyas- 
cutus,  but  I  suspect  that  very  few  ever 
heard  of  the  origin  of  his  description  or 
supposed  that  it  was  founded  on  fact.  If  I 
recollect  right,  the  first  person  who  made 
mention  of  them,  although  not  by  name, 
was  Captain  Jonathan  Carver,  whose  voyage 
to  the  tfocky  Mountains,  in  1665,  is  quoted 
by  Mr.  Greenbow,  and  in  whose  book  the 
name  of  Oregon  was  first  given  by  the  river 
now  known  as  the  Columbia. 

Carver,  in  his  appendix,  describing  the 
various  animals  inhabiting  that  resnou, 
states  that: — "In  the  country  of  the  Osno- 
bions,  (Assinoboins)  there  is  a  singular 
beast,  of  the  bigness  of  a  horse,  and  having 
hoofs,  whereof  two  legges  on  one  side  are 
always  shorter  than  the  other,  by  which 
means  it  is  fitted  to  graze  on  the  steep 
slopes  of  the  mountains.  It  is  of  amazing 
swiftness,  and  to  catch  it  the  savages  doe 
head  it  off,  whereby  it  cannot  run,  but  falls 
over  and  is  so  taken" — And  further:  "I 
was  also  told  of  one  which  I  did  not  see. 
This  is  like  to  a  bear  in  size,  but  covered 
with  a  shell  as  is  the  tortoise,  with  many 
horns  along  its  back.  It  has  great  claws 
and  teeth  and  is  exceeding  fierce,  eating- 
man  and  beast." 

The  scientific  names,  which  in  the  case  of 
the  Prock,  have  been  vulgarized,  were  con- 
ferred upon  these  reported  animals  by  the 
French  naturalists,  who  imagined  them  to 
be  American." 


An  American  Admiral  in  Russia, 
(Vol.  vin  p.  248.) — Allow  me  to  correct 
some  mistakes  in  your  article  "  An  Ameri- 
can Admiral  in  Russia:" 

Admiral  George  Tate  of  the  Russian 
Navy,  was  son  of  George  Tate,  who  was 
born  in  England  in  1700.  George,  the 
father  had  four  sons,  all  born  in  England, 
viz,  Samuel,  Aug.  3,  1736,  William,  Nov. 
14,  1740,  George,  June  14,  1745,  in  Lon- 
don, Robert,  January  23,  1751.  The  father 
with  his  family  came  to  Falmouth,  now 
Portland,  between  1751  and  1756,  as  agent 
for  masts  and  spars  for  the  British  Govern- 
ment, and  died  in  Falmouth  Aug.  20,  1794. 
The  Tate  family  in  England,  was  seated  at 
De  la  Prey  abbey  in  North  Hamptonshire. 
Two  brothers  were  Lord  Mayors  of  London, 
Sir  Wm.  in  1488,  and  Sir  John,  in  1496. 
The  male  line  in  England  is  extinct. 

Samuel,  the  eldest  son  of  the  first  George, 
commanded  a  large  mast  ship  trading  be- 
tween Portland  and  England.  Rev.  Mr. 
Smith  in  his  Journal,  notes  "  May  16,  1766, 
Capt.  Tate  in  a  large  mast  ship,  came  here 
in  30  days  from  London."  Again  he  says, 
"July  3,  1770,  Capt  Tate  in  a  large  ship 
came  in."  Ann,  a  daughter  of  Samuel,  his 
first  child  born  in  our  Falmouth,  March 
1767,  (two  elder,  having  been  born  in  Eng- 
land,) married  Joseph  H.  Ingraham  of  Port- 
land in  1789. 

George,  the  Admiral,  third  son  of  George, 
born  in  London  1745,  camre  to  Falmouth 
with  his  father,  a  small  boy.  He  was  prob- 
ably brought  up  a  mariner  as  his  brother 
and  many  of  our  Maine  boys  were.  He 
entered  the  Russian  naval  service,  and  in 
1770,  was  appointed  by  Catherine  II.  a 
Lieut,  in  her  navy.  He  rose  gradually  in 
the  service,  and  particularly  distinguished 
himself  in  the  siege  of  Ismail,  a  Turkish 
fortress  and  city,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Danube,  by  the  Russian  army  and  navy 
under  Suwarrow,  and  in  the  final  attack  in 
December  1790,  when  it  surrendered  with 
an  immense  slaughter.  This  strong  place 
was  taken  by  storm  after  numerous  attacks 
in  which  the  Russians  lost  10,000  men. 
The  booty  taken  was  very  large,  230  pieces 
of  cannon,  345  standards,  10,000  horses 
and  numerous  munitions  of  war.     Tate  was 


316 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Sept. 


severely  wounded  in  this  engagement, 
but  was  promoted  and  received  an  order  of 
merit  for  his  gallant  conduct.  He  also 
distinguished  himself  in  the  war  with  Swe- 
den, for  which  he  received  from  the 
Empress  a  gold  medal ;  on  the  face  of  it 
was  an  effigy  of  the  Empress,  arround 
which  was  the  inscription,  as  translated — 
"By  the  Grace  of  God,  Katherine  the  Sec- 
ond Empress  and  Sovereign  of  all  Russia." 
On  the  reverse,  "Neighborly  and  forever 
Peace  with  Sweedland,  concluded  August 
3d  1790."  He  was  also  promoted  to  be  a 
Rear  Admiral.  He  continued  in  the  Russian 
service,  through  the  reigns  of  Katherine, 
Paul  and  Alexander  1st,  a  period  of  more 
than  50  years,  to  his  death,  which  took 
place  Feb.  17,  1821  in  the  76th  year  of  his 
age.  He  was  a  favorite  with  Alexander  1st 
who  promoted  him  to  be  First  Admiral,  and 
a  member  of  the  Imperial  Senate.  He  re- 
ceived from  his  different  sovereigns,  badges 
of  the  order  of  St.  Wladimar,  of  St.  Alex- 
ander Newski,  of  St.  Ann,  and  the  military 
order  of  St.  John,  and  died  respected  and 
honored  by  his  sovereign  and  the  peo- 
ple. 

The  medal  above  referred  to,  he  sent  to 
his  grand-niece,  a  daughter  of  his  niece 
Mrs.  Ingraham,  accompanied  by  a  letter  to 
her  father  dated  "Cronstaadt  June  28,  0.  S. 
1805,"  in  which  he  says,  "many  thanks  to 
Miss.  Eliza  for  her  letter  and  drawings.  In 
return  I  send  her  a  Gold  Medal,  the  gift  of 
her  late  majesty  Katherine  to  me,  at  the 
conclusion  of  the  Sweedish  war,  and  whose 
portrait,  a  very  good  one,  it   represents." 

Admiral  Tate  visited  Portland  in  1819, 
and  was  looking  remarkably  well.  He  was 
about  the  medium  height,  compactly  and 
firmly  built,  full  but  not  corpulent,  and  of 
dark  complexion.  A  good  portrait  of  him 
is  preserved  in  the  Ingraham  family. 

Wm.  Willis. 
Portland,  Sept.,  1864. 


Henry  Hudson,  pays  the  following  well  de- 
served compliment  to  this  work : 

"We  seize  this  opportunity  for  recom- 
mending Dr.  O'Callaghan's  charming 
work  to  those  few  of  our  readers  who  might 
feel  interest  enough  in  Henry  Hudson  to 
follow  up  the  subject  of  his  splendid  dis- 
covery. The  history  of  the  banks  of  the 
Hudson  have  here  been  chronicled  in  a 
manner  not  the  less  attractive  for  being  en- 
tirely unassuming  and  natural." 


Hooding.— The  operation  practised  by 
Sherman  at  Atlanta  on  Hood,  of  getting 
an  antagonist  out  of  a  strong  place  and 
slipping  into  it,  may  well  be  called  Hooding : 
as  it  is  not  the  first  time  a  Hood  figured  in 
it.  During  the  Revolutionary  War  Sir 
Samuel  Hood  practised  it  on  the  Count  de 
Grasse,  luring  him  by  a  show  of  fight  from 
a  fine  position  which  he  took  and  from 
which  the  Count  was  unable  to  dislodge 
them,  although  he  attacked  him  day  afte 
day  for  some  weeks. 


O'Callaghan's  History  of  New 
Netherland. — TheHackluyt  Society  Pub- 
lication of  1860  p.  56,  in  a   Memoir   on 


Governors  op  Pennsylvania. — (Vol. 
VIII.  266).  The  table  published  in  the 
Hist.  Mag.,  omits  the  name  of  William 
Markham,  the  first  deputy  governor  of 
Pennsylvania.  His  commission  from  Wil- 
liam Penn,  dated  April  10,  1681,  is  on 
record  in  Secretary  of  State's  office,  Albany. 

E.  B.  O'C* 


Spanish  Priests  in  New  York. — In 
1708  some  Spanish  priests  were  taken  priso- 
ners and  brought  into  New  York.  On  the 
10  Dec.  of  that  year,  a  warrant  was  drawn 
in  favor  of  Elizabeth  Cole  for  £16.  13.  6. 
for  their  diet  and  lodging.       E.  B.  O'C. 


Picayune  Appropriation.— The  small- 
est appropriation  probably  ever  made  by  an 
Act  of  Legislature  was  in  1713,  when  that 
of  New  York  voted  "the  sum  of  sixpence  to 
William  Smith  in  full  discharge  of  a  debt 
of  £356.  17s.  10 Jd.     See  the  Law.    O'C. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


317 


QUERIES. 

Tracts  by  Archbishop  Hughes. — 
Can  any  reader  of  the  Historical  Magazine 
send  a  copy  of  either  of  the  following 
tracts,  or  give  notice  where  a  copy  may  be 
seen  ?  Answer  to  the  nine  objections  pub- 
lished in  1827  ;  2.  Answer  to  Bishop  On- 
derdonk's  charge,  published  in  1833;  3. 
Eulogy  on  St.  Patrick,  published  in  1835. 


REPLIES. 

Bennett  Wheeler's  Pope's  Essay 
on  Man. — (Vol.  viii,  p.  248).  Bennett 
Wheeler's  reprint  of  Pope's  Essay  on  Man 
was  not  the  first  American  Edition.  It  was 
printed  by  William  Bradford,  Phil.,  in  1747, 
which  may  be  called  the  first  edition  un- 
til an  earlier  one  is  discovered. 

It  was  also  printed  by  Hugh  Gaines, 
New  York,  in  1786,  and  we  have  also  seen 
copies  printed  in  New  London,  1791 j  New 
York,  Duyckinck,  1796 ;  and  numerous 
others  printed  in  Plymouth,  Springfield, 
Brookfield,  Dover,  and  other  places. 

The  earliest  book  we  have  seen  with  the 
imprint  of  Bennett  Wheeler  is  Watt's 
Psalms,  Providence,  R.  I.,  printed  and  sold 
by  Bennett  Wheeler.     1781. 

o.z. 


Boodle  (Vol.  VIII,  p.  245.)— Although 
the  dictionaries  translate  the  Dutch  word 
boedel  into  estate,  the  English  word  estate 
is  not  translated  into  boedel.  The  word 
probably  comes  from  the  low  Saxon,  u  im- 
budel,  budel,  bodel,  boel"  and  means  not 
an  estate,  but  property,  possessions  j  not  the 
house  or  lands,  but  the  property  which  is 
in  the  house  ;  not  "  real  "estate,"  nor  "  bonds 
or  stocks,  but  household  goods,  linen,  jew- 
elry, silverware,  works  of  art,  &c.  —  "goods 
and  chattels."  Hence  the  word  boedel  is 
almost  entirely  superseded  by  imboedel. 
The  contraction  of  boedel  is  boel,  and  is  in 
vulgar  use  for  much  or  many,  or  for  a 
quantity  or  number.      For  instance,  "  een 


heele  boel  water,"  or  "  een  heele  boel  knik- 
kers"  for  much  water,  or  many  marbles ; 
or  in  this  manner  —  "  Some  big  loafers  were 
very  noisy  on  Sunday  afternoon  at  the  cor- 
ner of  the  street,  but  the  police  took  "the 
whole  boodle  of  them"  (see  Bartlett's  Dic- 
tionary of  Americanisms)  "  de  heele  boel" 
to  the  station-house."  The  word  does  not 
seem  to  be  in  use  in  New  York. 

S.  A. 


The  Ten  Orators  of  Athens.  (Vol. 
viii,  p.  278.) — Shawmut  can  find  a  copy 
of  the  work  he  seeks  in  the  Library  of  Har- 
vard College.  It  is  entitled  "  Harpocra- 
tionis  Lexicon  in  decern  Oratores  Atticos 
ex  Recensione  Grulielomi  Dindoru."  Qtom 
Oxonu,  1853.  8.  C. 


Batutm  an&  tljm  gwmMnjs, 


MAINE. 


The  Maine  Historical  Society — Brunswick, 
Aug.  4. — Held  its  annual  meeting  for  the  tran- 
saction of  business  at  its  rooms  in  Bowdoin 
College,  Brunswick,  on  August  4th.  The  Hon. 
Edward  E.  Bourne  of  Kennebunk  was  elected 
President,  in  place  of  the  Hon.  William  Willis, 
who  declined  a  re-election  two  years  ago  ;  but 
has  held  the  office  until  the  present  meeting  at 
the  request  of  the  Society.  For  more  than  the 
third  of  a  century  Mr.  W.  has  been  identified 
with  this  body,  and  the  history  of  the  state. 
He  is  now  engaged  in  the  re-issue  of  the  first 
volume,  of  the  Society's  Publications.  The 
principal  part  of  which,  as  well  as  many  other 
valuable  papers  in  the  subsequent  volumes,  is 
the  production  of  his  pen.  This  portion  of  the 
volume  is  part  of  the  History  of  Portland  ;  to 
be  enlarged  in  both  the  first  and  second  volumes  ; 
and  to  be  continued  out  of  his  abundant  materials 
to  the  present  day.  Judge  Bourne  is  well  known 
for  his  historic  taste  and  diligent  research,  and 
will  be  ready  to  sustain  and  carry  onward  all 
the  work  proposed  by  the  Society. 

The  by-laws  were  so  amended  as  to  allow 
vacancies  to  be  filled  and  three  members  added 
to  the  number  previously  chosen.  Thirteen  new 
members  were  elected. 

A  report  from  the  delegation  of  the  society  to 
the  Popham  Celebration  last  year,  was  presented 


318 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Sept. 


by  Judge  Bourne,  in  which  the  Society  was 
urged  to  encourage  this  celebration,  and  others 
of  a  like  nature.  Acting  on  this  suggestion, 
and  in  response  to  an  invitation  from  the  execu- 
tive committee  on  that  celebration,  a  committee 
was  appointed  to  represent  the  Society  on  the 
proposed  occasion,  at  Bath,  August  29th.,  con- 
sisting of  Rufus  K.  Sewell,  Esq.,  Rev.  Pres. 
Woods,  Hon.  S.  P.  Benson,  Hon.  W.  G.  Bar- 
rows, and  Hon.  J.  A.  Poor. 

The  following  gentlemen  are  the  officers  of 
the  Society  for  the  coming  year:  Hon.  E.  E. 
Bourne,  Kennebunk,  President ;  Rt.  Rev.  Geo. 
Burgess,  D.  D.,  Gardiner,  Vice-President ;  Hon.  J. 
W.  Bradbury,  Augusta,  Corresponding  Secretary  ; 
Rev.  Edward  Ballard,  Recording  Secretary ;  Rev. 
A.  S.  Packard,  D.  D.,  and  A.  C.  Robbins,  Esq., 
Treasurers.  The  last  three  persons  are  of  Bruns- 
wick. Three  members  were  added  to  fill  vacan- 
cies on  the  committees. 

No  better  opportunity  can  be  found  for  research 
in  history  than  is  furnished  in  Maine.  Its  geo- 
graphical relation  to  the  mother  country,  led  it 
to  be  the  first  of  the  New  England  territory  to 
be  occupied  by  an  English  colony,  and  the  ill- 
requited  labors  and  expenditures  of  Sir  Ferdi- 
nando  Gorges.  The  two  Pophams  and  Gilbert, 
opened  the  way  for  settlements  afterwards  on 
our  coasts,  that  were  crowned  with  permanence. 
The  new  interest  in  her  history  has  stimulated 
inquiry  into  her  remote  wants,  and  patient  re- 
search has  successfully  removed  the  unhistori- 
cal  allegations,  which  have  been  brought  against 
the  initial  point"  of  her  occupancy  by  the  col- 
ony at  the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec. 

At  the  coming  celebration  of  this  event, 
Judge  Bourne  will  deliver  the  address. 

A  vote  of  thanks  was  passed  to  Mr.  Willis 
for  his  long  cherished  interest  and  labors  ;  and 
also  commemorative  of  the  work  of  the  late 
Hon.  R.  H.  Gardiner,  one  of  the  corporators  of 
the  institution  in  1822. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

New  England  Historic  Genealogical  Societv. 
' — Boston,  July  6.  The  regular  meeting  was  hold- 
en  at  the  Rooms  of  the  Society,  No.  13  Broom- 
field  street.  In  the  absence  of  the  President  and 
Vice-Presidents,  Rev.  Dr.  Dorus  Clark  was  called 
to  the  chair. 

The  Corresponding  Secretary  reported  that 
since  the  last  meeting  letters  accepting  resident 
membership  had  been  received  from  Rev.  B.  F. 
DeCosta,of  Charleston,  Benj.  B.  Torry,  of  Boston, 
Dr.  Walcott  Richards,  of  Waltham,  and  Edward 
M.  Cary,  of  Boston. 

The  report  of  the  Librarian  showed  that  since 
the  last  meeting  there  had  been  received,  vol- 
umes, 8;  pamphlets,  38;  pedigrees  of  the  Scott 
and  Appleton  families;  photograph  of  an  ancient 
copperplate,  recently  exhumed  at  Castine. 


The  Historiographer  read  a  biographical  sketch, 
of  Beriah  Botfield,  M.  P.,  F.  S.  A.  &c  ,  a  corres- 
ponding member  of  the  Society,  who  died  at  his 
residence  in  London,  Aug.  7th,  1863,  aged  56 
years.  Also  of  Wm.  Jackson  Davis,  a  corres- 
ponding member,  who  died  in  New  York,  March 
26th,  1864,  aged  45  years. 

Rev.  John  A.  Vinton  read  a  very  interesting 
and  carefully  prepared  paper  on  Deborah  Samp- 
son, who  served  as  a  soldier  in  the  continental 
army  during  three  years  of  the  revolutionary 
contest,  under  the  name  of  Robert  Shurtliff. 
She  was  born  in  Plymton,  Mass.,  December  17, 
1760.  A  descendant  of  John  Alden,  of  Miles 
Standish,  of  Rev.  Peter  Hobart  and  of  Gov.  Wm. 
Bradford,  a  cousin  of  Simeon  Sampson,  one  of 
the  most  distinguished  naval  commanders  of  the 
revolution — there  was  much  in  her  family  rela- 
tionship to  awake  her  patriotism  and  inspire  her 
prowess.  The  first  male  attire  she  donned  pre- 
vious to  her  enlistment,  and  as  an  introduction 
to  the  army,  she  spun  and  wove  with  her  own 
hands.  She  enlisted  under  the  above  assumed 
name  in  April,  1781,  had  a  personal  share  in  the 
seige  of  Yorktown  where  the  entrenchments  were 
carried  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet,  and.  witness- 
ed the  scene  of  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis.  She 
was  afterwards  wounded  east  of  the  Hudson. 
On  recovering  from  her  wounds  she  was  engaged 
in  some  severe  engagements  with  the  Indians, 
and  was  finally  appointed  aide-de-camp  to  Gen. 
Patterson,  and  taken  into  his  family ;  and  all 
this  time  without  a  suspicion  of  her  sex,  and  all 
subsequent  knowledge  proves  her  virtue  and 
chastity  without  a  blemish.  Many  exceedingly 
interesting  details  of  her  encounters  were  given 
by  Mr.  Vinton.  Her  sex  was  finally  discovered 
by  the  physician  who  attended  her  in  a  severe 
illness  in  Philadelphia,  and  was  disclosed  by  him 
only  to  female  attendants.  She  was  honorably 
discharged  from  the  array,  Oct.  23,  1783, — she 
received  the  same  pension  as  other  soldiers.  A 
few  months  after  she  had  left  the  army  she  was 
married  to  Benjamin  Gannett  of  Sharon,  and  was 
the  affectior.ate  and  exemplary  mother  of  a  re- 
spectable family  of  children.  She  died  in  that 
town  April  27,  1827,  aged  66  years. 

Mr.  Vinton  said  that  in  many  years  of  histori- 
cal study,  he  could  truly  say  that  he  thought  no 
parallel  to  Deborah  Sampson  is  to  be  found  in 
the  annals  of  any  nation.  The  story  of  Semira- 
mis  is  now  fully  exploded  ;  Penthesilea  and  the 
Amazons  never  existed  but  in  epic  poetry;  Boa- 
dicea,  Joan  of  Arc,  Elizabeth  of  England  and 
Catharine  of  Russia  are  gnat  names,  but  prac- 
tised no  concealment  of  sex,  and  the  last  two 
were  of  doubtful  virtue.  It  is  to  be  hoped  a  life 
of  this  remarkable  person  may  be  written  out 
more  fully  by  Mr.  Vinton  at  a  future  day. 

William  Reed  Deane,  exhibited  a  photograph 
of  a  tablet  in  the  chancel  of  the  church  at  Haver- 
hill, England,  to  the  memory  of  Rev.  John  Ward 
of  that  place,  father  of  Rev.  Nathaniel  Ward,  of 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL   MAGAZINE. 


319 


Ipswich,  Mass.,  author  of  tho  Simple  Cobbler  of 
Agawara.  The  photograph  was  sunt  by  W.  W. 
Borebam,  of  Haverhill,  to  a  descendant  of  the 
Rev.  Messrs.  Ward,  who  resides  in  this  state.  The 
quaint  Latin  verse  on  this  tablet  is  well  known, 
having  been  quoted  and  translated  by  Fuller  in 
his  worthies  of  England. 

Mr.  Deane  also  exhibited  a  caricature  picture 
ofEng'andin  the  time  of  the  revolution,  dated 
1780;  its  commerce  represented  by  a  milch  cow, 
the  American  Congress  sawing  off  her  horns  and 
a  jolly  Dutchman,  a  Frenchman,  and  a  Spaniard 
filling  their  bowls  with  her  milk. 

Bostox  Numismatic  Society. — Boston,  July  7. 
— The  monthly  meeting  was  held  on  Thursday, 
July  7,  at  4  P.  M.  In  the  absence  of  the  Presi- 
dent, Mr.  Col  burn,  V.  P.,  acted  as  chairman. 
Various  matters  of  business  were  transacted,  after 
which  a  large  number  of  coins  and  medals  were 
offerel  for  examination.  Messrs.  Fowle  and 
Pratt  exhibited  several  of  the  English  silver  war- 
medals,  mostly  in  very  fin^  condition  ;  the  latter 
gentleman  also  had  a  parcel  of  gold  coins  of  vari- 
ous countries,  which  was  viewed  with  respect  and 
admiration  ;  among  them  were  proofs  of  the 
half  sovereign,  sovereign  and  double  sovereign  of 
George  IV.  Mr.  Davenport,  showed  some  curious 
American  presidential  medals  and  other  pieces. 
The  Secretary  exhibited  a  number  of  very  beauti- 
ful silver  medals,  principally  French.  The  most 
remarkable  is  of  size  38,  and  bears  on  one  side 
the  bust  of  King  Henry  II  in  armor;  on  the  re- 
verse is  the  full  length  figure  of  the  King,  crown- 
ed by  two  angels;  and  the  inscription  "  Et  pace 
et  belloarma  movet."  One  of  Henry  IV,  com- 
memorates the  famous  victory  of  Ivry,  and  one 
of  Louis  XIII,  has  on  the  reverse  a  richly  dress- 
ed and  ornamented  bust  of  Maria  de  Medici. 
There  was  also  a  beautiful  medal  of  Louis  XVI, 
struck  in  honor  of  the  peace  of  Versailles  in  1783. 
The  whole  lot  of  medals  were  in  perfect  condi- 
tion, and  were  very  much  and  justly  admired. 
The  Society  voted  to  omit  the  next  two  meetings, 
and  adjourned  till  October. 


OBITUARY. 

Rev.  Hubbard  Winslow. — The  public  have 
read  the  various  accounts  of  the  death  of  the 
Rev.  Hubbard  Winslow,  D.  D.,  the  widely- 
known  author  and  scholar,  which  have  appeared 
in  the  secular  and  religious  press  of  the  land. 
He  has  a  claim  upon  us  as  being  an  eminent 
member  of  an  honorable  and  historic  family  and 
we  accordingly  record  a  few  facts  respecting 
his  life  and  writings. 

Dr.  Winslow  was  born  in  Williston  Vt.,  Oct. 
30,  1799,  and  died  at  his  old  homestead,  Willis- 
ton,  the  13th  of  August  last,  while  on  a  visit 
there.  He  was  a  descendent  of  Kenelm  Wins- 
low, brother  of  Gov.  Edward  Winslow,  in  the 
seventh  generation.     It   is  not  necessary  to  re- 


fer to  his  ancestral  virtues  an  1  renown.  The 
family  history  is  recorded  in  all  the  colonial 
and  revolutionary  histories  of  New  England. 
Both  of  Dr.  Winslow's  brothers  have  figured 
widely  in  their  respective  spheres.  The  elder 
brother  is  the  Rev.  Myron  Winslow,  D.  D.,  LL. 
D.,  the  American  missionary  and  Oriental  schol- 
ar. The  younger  brother  is  the  late  Rev.  Gor- 
don Winslow,  D.  D.,  M.  D.,  of  the  Sanitary  Com- 
mission, drowned  in  the  Potomac  June  last. 
Dr.  Winslow  prepared  for  college  at  Phillisp 
Academy,  Mass.,  and  graduated  at  Yale  with 
the  philosophical  oration;  studied  theology 
there,  and  was  ordained  to  the  ministry  of  the 
Congregational  Church.  He  received  various 
calls,  but.  first  settled  at  Dover,  N.  H.,  where  he 
remained  three  years.  These  years  were  blessed 
with  fruitful  results.  He  gave  his  first  volume 
to  the  public,  entitled  Doctrine  of  the  Trinity 
a  book  which  gained  extensive  reputation  for 
its  author. 

In  1832,  he  succeeded  Lyman  Beecher  as 
pastor  of  the  Bowdoin  street  church,  Boston, 
where  he  ministered  twelve  years.  During  that 
time,  he  published  various  works,  wrote  largely 
for  the  journals,  visited  Europe,  made  various 
addresses  before  the  literary  and  scientific 
bodies  of  the  land,  and  enjoyed  a  remarkable 
degree  of  prosperity  in  his  pastorate.  Over  a 
thousand  communicants  were  added  to  his 
church,  and  he  colonized  several  parishes. 

In  1844.  Dr.  Winslow  resigned  his  pastoral 
charge,  owing  to  ill  health,  and  afterwards  had 
the  care  of  the  Mt.  Vernon  Institute.  Boston, 
succeeding  Jacob  Abbott,  and  E.  A.  Andrews, 
the  eminent  Latin  scholar.  During  this  period 
of  nine  years  he  published  books,  and  engaged 
in  the  educational  reforms  of  the  day.  He  was 
engaged  with  Horace  Mann  and  others  in  these 
movements,  furnishing  contributions  to  the  press 
and  delivering  public  addresses. 

In  1853,  he  again  visited  Europe,  and  spent 
ten  months  examining  its  public  institutions, 
and  attending  the  lectures  of  its  savants.  In 
1857,  he  accepted  the  charge  of  the  First  Pres- 
byterian Church,  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  but  was  com- 
pelled to  resign  in  1859  owing  to  ill  health. 
His  ministry  received  nearly  two  hundred  to  its 
numbers  by  confession  of  faith.  Since  1859  he 
has  resided  in  New  York  city,  devoting  himself 
to  the  preparations  of  works  for  the  press,  and 
contributing  to  numerous  journals  and  reviews. 
Among  his  works  we  state  the  following: 
Moral  Philosophy,  Intellectual  Philosophy, 
Christian  Doctrines,  Relation  of  Natural  Science 
to  Religion,  Social  and  Civil  Duties,  Design  and 
Mode  of  Baptism,  Aids  to  Self  Examination, 
Young  Man's  Aid,  The  Hidden  Life,  etc. 

The  philosophical  writings  of  Dr.  Winslow 
are  his  ablest  and  most  enduring  works.  They 
have  received  the  highest  testimonials  of  their 
excellency  from  leading  scholars  every  where. 


320 


HISTORICAL   MAGAZINE. 


[Sept.,  1864. 


Their  sale,  as  with  all  of  Dr.  Winslow's  works, 
have  been  large.  His  mind  was  powerfully- 
made,  vigorous  in  its  action,  and  of  a  keen, 
penetrative  cast.  Discrimination  and  clearness 
appear  in  all  his  writings.  A  ripe  and  generous 
scholarship  embracing  the  languages,  philoso- 
phy and  science,  was  added  to  all  his  natural 
endowments.  His  position  among  American 
authors  was  highly  respectable,  and  in  his  own 
province  of  philosophy  he  had  few  equals.  In 
social  and  religious  life,  Dr.  Winslow  was  emi- 
nently characterized  by  his  genial  and  generous 
traits,  his  fidelity  and  zeal  in  the  cause  of  his 
master.  Few  men  have  been  so  generally  re- 
spected and  esteemed  in  their  avocations  as  was 
the  subject  of  this  sketch.  W, 


The  Blennerhassett  Papers,  embodying  the  private 
Journal  of  Harman  Blennerhassett  and  the  hith- 
erto unpublished  Correspondence  of  Burr,  Alston, 
Comfort,  Tyler,  Devereux,  Dayton,  Adair,  Miro, 
Emmett,  Theodosia  Burr,  Alston,  Mrs.  Blenner- 
hassett and  others,  their  contemporaries,  develop- 
ing the  purposes  and  aims  of  those  engaged  in  the 
attempted  Wilkinson  and  Burr  Revolution,  em- 
bracing  also    the  first   account   of  the   Spanish 
Association  of  Kentucky  and  a  memoir  of  Blen- 
nerhassett.    By  William  H.  Safford,  Cincinnati. 
Moore,  Wilstach  $  Baldwin,  1864,  8°,  665  pp. 
This    is    a  remarkably  fine  volume,  and  may 
well  be  regarded  with  pride  in  the  West.     Pub- 
lishing  has    hitherto    been   confined   within   a 
remarkably  narrow  circle.     The  mass  of  works 
are  issued  in  Boston,   New   York,    Philadelphia 
or  Baltimore.     The  West  must  have  its  share. 

Mr,  Safford  has  here  with  patient  and  dis- 
criminating labor  given  a  full  and  exhaustive 
memoir  of  Blennerhassett  who  has  so  long  been 
an  object  of  sympathy  as  a  victim  of  the  plots 
and  schemes  of  Aaron  Burr. 


Biographical  Sketches  of  Loyalists  of  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution,  with  an  Historical  Essay.  By 
Lorenzo  Sabine,  in  two  volumes.  Boston.  Lit- 
tle, Brown  $  Co,,  1864. 

Mr.  Sabine's  Loyalists  at  its  appearance 
opened  a  new  vein  of  inquiry  and  modified  many 
preconceived  views  of  the  great  struggle  for 
American  Independence  as  well  as  of  the  actors 
on  both  sides.  Valuable  and  important  as  that 
work  was  it  labored  under  the  difficulty  of  a 
first  attempt  in  a  new  field,  and  it  is  a  cause  of 
no  little  satisfaction  that  Mr.  Sabine  has  been 
leab  to  continue  his  researches  and  ultimately 
crown  his  labors  by  this  elegant  and  compre- 
hensive edition.  Living  for  almost  a  generation 
among  the  descendants  of  the  self-exiled   ad- 


herents of  the  English  rule,  he  became  interest- 
ed in  them  and  by  studying  their  history  formed 
a  theory  of  the  history  of  the  Revolution  rather 
different  from  that  popularly  received.  His 
elaborate  historical  essay  gives  a  full  and  ex- 
tended view  of  the  state  of  political  party  in  the 
colonies,  the  real  importance  of  the  question  of 
taxation,  the  newspapers  of  the  day,  as  prelimi- 
naries to  the  struggle,  and  of  the  motives  for 
adherence,  the  unlawful  treatment  of  many  by 
mobs,  the  active  services  of  the  loyalists  during 
the  war,  and  their  treatment  subsequently  by 
the  British  government  and  the  attempts  to  ob- 
tain compensation  for  confiscated  property  from 
Congress.  Every  question  of  importance  is 
thus  handled  and  with  ability,  skill  and  research 
that  leave  nothing  to  desire. 


Italians. 


The  Sanitary  Fairs  in  their  departments  of 
Curiosities  have  brought  out  many  remarkable 
antiquities  and  a  perfect  wealth  of  autographs. 
Among  the  noticeable  things  at  that  at  Pittsburg 
were  an  unpublished  letter  from  Washington  to 
Judge  Addison  ;  a  plan  of  Fort  Duquesne  by 
Mr.  Lyon  of  Carlisle,  who  served  under  Forbes 
in  1758  ;  Irwin's  order  book  in  Wayne's  cam- 
paign 1777  ;  a  copy  of  Elliot's  Indian  Bible, 
wrongly  represented  as  being  one  of  four  known 
copies,  a  Ballad  of  the  Revolution  by  James 
Kemp  ;  part  of  the  letters  and  correspondence 
of  Gen.  St.  Clair ;  an  Indian  traders  account 
book  in  1771-4,  kept  at  Cuskuskies,  an  Indian 
town  near  the  junction  of  the  Mahoning  and 
Shenango,  Lawrence  Co.,  Pa;  letter  book  of 
Gen.  Daniel  Brodhead,  1779-81 ;  Order  books 
of  Generals.  Jerome,  Mcintosh  and  Brod- 
head. 

The  autograph  collection  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley  Sanitary  Fair,  is  one  that  will  repay  ex- 
amination, as  the  whole  collection  is  to  be  sold 
by  W.  J.  Stedman  &  Co.,  at  the  Woodward 
Bookstore,  90  North  Fourth  street,  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  on  the  7th  and  8th  of  October.  Autographs 
of  Presidents,  Vice-Presidents  and  Cabinet  Offi- 
cers, Signers  of  the  Declaration,  Generals  of  the 
Revolution,  the  War  of  1812,  and  the  present 
struggle,  authors,  artists,  &c,  will  be  found 
here.  A  letter  of  Gen.  Jackson  to  Col.  Pipkin 
Sept.  12,  1824,  printed  in  our  columns  some 
time  since  is  one  of  the  collection.  Foreign 
celebrities  also  claim  their  share. 

The  New  York  Historical  Society  will  com- 
memorate, on  Oct.  12  (anniversary  of  the  sur- 
render of  the  last  Dutch  fort  on  the  Delaware), 
the  200th  anniversary  of  the  conquest  of  New 
Netherland  by  the  English.  The  Hon.  John  R. 
Brodhead  is  to  deliver  the  oration. 


THE 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


Vol.  VIII.] 


OCTOBER,  1864. 


[No.  10. 


Gmnl  iSMprtmntt. 


THE  TORY  CONTINGENT  IN  THE  BRI- 
TISH ARMY  IN  AMERICA  IN  1781. 

Mr  Sabine,  who  first  drew  attention  to  the 
history  of  the  Loyalists,  contributed  a  work 
on  them  some  years  since,  which  has  exer- 
cised a  most  remarkable  effect  in  modifying 
views  and  compelling  exact  and  discriminat- 
ing research.  He  showed  how  large,  import- 
ant  and  influential  both  in  the  cabinet  and 
field  was  the  portion  of  the  colonists  who  ad- 
hered to  the  king,  and  established  the  neces- 
sity of  considering  their  motives  and  acts  in 
the  great  struggle.  The  new  edition  in  which 
Mr  Sabine  crowns  the  labor  of  years  by 
putting  into  accessible  shape  his  later  re- 
searches gives  us  a  work  invaluable  to  the 
student,  and  of  an  elegance  which  does  hon- 
or to  Little,  Brown  &  Co.,  who  have  produced 
it. 

Numbers  of  Loyalists  joined  the  royal 
army,  some  doubtless  as  recruits  to  regular 
regiments,  but  many  in  provincial  corps. 
The  latter  Mr  Sabine  estimates  as  high  as 
twenty  five  thousand  at  least,  and  Loyalists 
in  1779  and  1782  claimed  in  public  docu- 
uments  that  the  king  had  more  Americans 
in  his  service  than  Congress  had.  They 
were  in  some  of  the  best  fought  battles  of 
the  war  at  Bennington,  King's  Mountain, 
Pensacola,  Savannah,  Ninety  Six,  Hanging 
Rock,  Eutaw  Springs  and  Yorktown. 

To  give  some  idea  of  this  force,  we  give 
a  list  published  in  G-aine's  Universal  Regis- 
ter or  American  and  British  Calendar,  for 
the  year  1781,  printed  we  are  to  suppose 
late  in  the  preceding  year.  The  invaluable 
work  of  Mr  Sabine  enables  us  to  add  notes 

HIST.  MAG.      VOL.  VIII.  41 


on  many  of  these  officers,  which  will  enhance 
its  interest. 

"List  of  the  Officers  of  His  Majes- 
ty's Provincial  Troops  raised  in 
North  America. 

General  and  Staff  Officers. 
Oliver  De  Lancey,  Esq;^ 
Cortlandt  Skinner,  Esq  ; 1  I  Brigadiers 
Mountfort  Brown,  Esq;  General. 

Benedict  Arnold,  Esq;     J 
Alexander  Innes,  Esq1';2  Inspector  General. 
Henry  Rooke,  Esqr;  "J 

Ebenezer  Bridgham,  Esqr ;  3    I     Deputies 
Hugh  Mackay  Gordon,  Esq1";  [  Insp.  Gen. 
Augustus  Prevoost,  Esqr ;        J 
Edward  Winslow,   Esqr;4    Muster  Master 

General. 
Ward  Chipman,  Esqr;  DepM.  Master  Gen. 

Majors  of  Brigade. 

John  Smith,  Esqr;   Paymaster  General 

1  Brother  of  Chief  Justice  De  Lancey  ;  born  in 
New  York  in  1717;  colonel  in  the  French  war, 
member  of  assembly,  and  then  of  the  council, 
brigadier-general  in  1776,  attainted  in  1777.  He 
died  at  Beverley,  England,  in  1785. 

Skinner  was  a  cousin  of  De  Lancey,  speaker 
of  the  assembly  of  New  Jersey,  and  attorney- 
general.  He  died  at  Bristol,  England,  in  1799, 
aged  71. 

Brown  had  been  a  governor  of  the  Bahamas. 

Robert  Cunningham,  of  S.  C,  was  made  a 
brigadier-general  in  1780;  but  his  appointment 
was  not  apparently  known  in  New  York. 

2Innis  was  colonel  of  S.  C.  Royalists.  He 
was  defeated  and  wounded  at  Musgrove's  Mills, 
on  the  Enoree,  in  1780.  ' 

8  Bridgham  was  a  Boston  merchant,  banished 
in  1778. 

4  Nephew  of  Gen.  John  Winslow,  of  Acadian 
fame;  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1765;  obtained 
a  colonelcy  under  the  crown  in  1775  ;  councilor, 
surrogate-general,  judge  of  the  supreme  court, 
and  administrator  of  the  government  of  New 
Brunswick.  Died  at  Frederickton  in  1815, 
aged  70. 


322 


HISTORICAL  MAGAZINE. 


[Oct., 


Queen's  Rangers. 
J.  Graves   Sirncoe,1   lieutenant  colonel   com- 
mandant 
Richard  Armstrong,  major 

Captains  of  Cavalry  John  McGill 9 
John  Saunders2  Samuel  Smith 

Alexander  Wickham3  John  Whitlock 
David  Shank  *  iEneas  Shaw. 

Captains  of  Infantry  Lieutenants  of  Cavalry 


John  McKay5 
Francis  Stevenson 
James  Dunlap 
Robert  McCrea 
James  Murray6 
James  Kerr7 
Stair  Agnew8 


Allan  McNab  10 
George  Spencer 
John  Wilson 

Lieutenants  of  In- 
fantry 
George  Ormond 


l-Born  at  Cotterstock,  Eng.,  in  1752;  came 
out  as  ensign  of  the  35th ;  wounded  at  Brandy- 
wine,  as  captain  of  the  40th ;  first  governor  of 
Upper  Canada  in  1791 ;  major-general  in  1794; 
governor  of  St.  Domingo  in  1796;  lieutenant- 
general  in  1798;   died  at  Torbay  in  1806. 

2  Saunders  was  a  wealthy  Virginian,  who  joined 
Dunmore  with  a  troop  of  horse,  raised  at  his 
own  expense.  In  1780  he  commanded  at  George- 
town, S.  C,  and  was  twice  wounded ;  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  England,  and  died  at  Fred- 
erickton,  N.  B.,  in  1834,    chief  justice. 

3  John  Wickham,  of  Va.,  ensign,  and  later, 
captain  in  the  Rangers;  a  nephew  of  Fanning; 
was    one   of  Burr's  counsel  in  1807. 

4  Shank  was  a  Virginian,  who  joined  Dunmore 
in  1776,  and  fought  on  Long  Island;  in  1777, 
lieutenant;  captain  in  1778;  and  from  Aug., 
1779,  commanded  a  troop  of  dragoons.  He 
fought  at  Brandywine,  Germantown,  Monmouth, 
Charleston,  and  in  Virginia.  He  retired  on 
half  pay  in  1783.  In  1791  Gov.  Simcoe,  of  Up- 
per Canada,  gave  him  command  of  the  Queen's 
Rangers  Shank  went  to  England  in  1799  ;  was 
made  colonel  in  1808;  major-general  in  1811; 
lieut.  gen.  in  1821 ;  died  at  Glasgow  Oct.,  1831 . 

6 Died  in  York  county,  N.  B.,  in  1822. 

e Died  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  in  1789. 

'Died  at  Amherst,  N.  S.,  in  1830. 

8  A  Virginian,  son,  apparently,  of  Rev.  Jno. 
Agnew.  Wounded  at  the  Brandywine,  and, 
while  on  his  way  to  Virginia,  captured  by  the 
French  fleet  and  taken  to  France.  Died  at 
Frederickton,  N.  B.  in  1821,  aged  63. 

9 Died  at  Toronto,  C.  W.,  in  1834,  aged  83. 

10  Father  of  the  famous  Sir  Allan  McNab,  of 
the  Caroline  affair.  He  was  wounded  13  times 
in  the  revolution,  and  was  for  many  years  ser- 
geant-at-arms  of  the  assembly  of  Upper  Canada. 


William  Atkinson 
Nathaniel  Fitzpatrick 
Thomas  Murray 
Alexander  Matheson 
George  Pendred 
Charles  Dunlap 
Hugh  McKayi 
Adam  Allen2 
Richard  Hollands 
Caleb  Howe 
St  John  Dunlap 
Andrew  McCann 


Coronets 
Thomas  Merrit4 
William  Digby  Lawler 
B  Muirson  Woolsey 

Ensigns 
Swift  Armstrong 
John  Wardlow 
Charles  Henry  Miller 
Nathaniel  Munday 
Charles  Jones  5 
John  Ross 

William  Digby  Lawler,  Adjutant  of  Cavalry 

George  Ormond,  Adjutant  of  Infantry 

John  Agnew,  Chaplain6 

Alexander  Mathson,  Quarter  Master 

Alexander  Kellock,  Surgeon  7 

Volunteers  of  Ireland. 
Francis  Lord  Rawdon,  colonel 
Welbore  Ellis  Doyle,  lieutenant  colonel       * 
John  Campbell,  major 

Captains  Charles  Bingham 

John  Doyle  Thomas  Proctor 

James  King  James  Moffat 

William  Barry  Samuel  Bradstreet 

Charles  Hastings         Hugn  Gillespie 
William  Blacker  Henry  Munro 

John  McMahon  J°hn  Jewell 

David  Dalton  capt.      Harman  Black  ' 
lieut.  Ensigns 

Edward  Gilbourne 
Lieutenants  Thomas  Flynn 

Charles  Valancy8         John  Wilson8 

1  A  Scotchman.  He  died  at  St.  George's,  N. 
B.,  in  1848,  aged  97. 

2  Died  at  York  county,  N.  B.,  in  1823,  aged  66. 

3  Was  alive  in  1843,  at  Dipper  Harbor,  N.  B. 

4  Afterwards  sheriff  of  Niagara,  and  surveyor 
of  the  king's  forests.  Died  at  St.  Catharine's, 
C.  W.,  May,  1842. 

5  Killed  at  Yorktown,  and  buried  with  military 
honors. 

6  Rector  of  Suffolk,  Va. ;  read  Dunmore's  pro- 
clamation in  his  church,  and  left  soon  after; 
taken  prisoner  at  sea  and  carried  to  France. 
Died  at  Frederickton,  N.  B.,  in  1812,  aged  85. 

7  An  excellent  surgeon  ;  he  was  sent  to  Bruns- 
wick to  attend  Simcoe,  when  wounded  and  taken 
in  1777. 

8  Sabine  does  not  include  this,  apparently, 
among  the  tory  corps,  unless  it  be  his  2d  Ameri- 
can regiment.  He  mentions  a  James  Moffat,  of 
R.  I.,  a  lieutenant  in  the  2d  American  regiment, 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


323 


James  Thompson         Henry  Powell  Sargent 
David  Whitley  Marcus  Ran  ford 

Walter  Cunningham  James  Corduer 

Barker,  Ceaplain 


James  Keens,  Adjutant 
James  Slater,  Quarter  master 
George  Armstrong,  Surgeon. 


New  York  Volunteers. 
George    Turnbull,1    lieutenant    colonel   com- 

mandant 
Henry  F.  Sheridan  2  Major 


Captains. 
Richard  Kane 
Finley  Burns 
John  Coffin3 
Allan  Cameron 
William  M  Johnston 
John  Althause 

Lieutenants 
William  Gray4 
John  McGregor5 
Archibald  McLean0 


Duncan  Munro 
Robert  Paterson 
John  Ludwick  De 
Beck 

,  Ensigns 

Cosby  Hunt7 
Thomas  Walker 
Benjamin  Townsend 
Allan  Cummings 
Allan  Cameron,  junr 
John  Althause,  jun 


who,  after  the  war,  went  to  Shelburne,  N.  S., 
and  Chas.  Valancy,  captain  in  the  king's  Ameri- 
can regiment,  and  John  Wilson,  a  lieutenant  in 
the  2d  American  regiment. 

1  Sabine  calls  the  regiment  the  3d  American, 
or  N.  Y.  Volunteers,  which  makes  the  previous 
one  the  2d,  as  already  inferred.  In  Oct.,  1777, 
at  Fort  Montgomery,  Turnbull  was  captain  in 
the  Loyal  Americans,  and,  for  his  gallantry,  put 
in  command  of  the  N.  Y.  Vol.  In  1779,  distin- 
guished at  Savannah.  In  1780,  he  three  times 
repulsed  Sumter  at  Rocky  Mount. 

2  Was  highly  distinguished  at  the  battle  of 
Eutaw  Springs  in  1781. 

3  John  Coffin  was  of  Boston.  Volunteered  at 
Bunker  Hill;  got  a  commission,  rose  to  captain 
in  the  Orange  Rangers,  exchanged  to  the  N.  Y. 
V.,  and  went  to  Georgia  with  it  in  1778.  Dis- 
tinguished at  Savannah,  Hobkirk's  Hill,  Cross 
Creek  ;  made  brevet  major  for  gallantry  at  Eu- 
taw Springs;  retired  on  half  pay,  and  settled 
in  New  Brunswick.  Colonel  in  British  army  in 
1797;  major-general  in  18U3;  lieutenant-gene- 
ral in  1809;  general  in  1819  .  served  many  years 
in  the  assembly  and  council.  He  died  in  King's 
county,  N.  B.,  in  1838,  aged  87. 

4  Perhaps  of  Westcliester,  N.  Y.  ;  who  died  in 
N.  B.  in  1824.     * Of  Philadelphia. 

'Drowned  in  the  St.  John,  N.  B.,  before  1805. 
6  According  to  Sabine,  became  a  captain,  dis- 


Tsaac  Brown,1  Chaplain 
Benjamin  Townsend,  Adjutant 

Quartermaster 

Surgeon 

Royal  Fensible  Americans. 

Joseph  Gorham,2  lieutenant  colonel  command- 
ant. 
Thomas  Batt,3  major 


Captains 
George  Burns 
Gilfred  Studholm 
Philip  Bailey,  capt. 
lieut 

Lieutenants 
R.  Wilson 
John  Walker 


Ambrose   Sherman4 
Constant  Conner5 
Alexander  Achison 

Ensigns 
Wink  Tongue 
William  D.  Street 
Alexander  Sutherland6 
Joseph  A.  Gorham 


John  Eccleston,  Chaplain 
Peter  Clench,  Adjutant 
Robert  Spears,  Quartermaster 
William  Cullen,  Surgeon. 

Nova  Scotia  Volunteers. 
Governor  Legge,  colonel 


Captains 
George  H.  Monck 
J).  Cunningham 
Thomas  Green 
John  Vanput 
John  Solomon 

Lieutenants 
Jonas  Tawson 


Charles  Morris 
William  Pringle 

Ensigns 

Thomas  Cussee 
John  Cunningham 
John  Needham 
Thomas  Fitzwilliams 


tinguished  at  Eutaw  Springs;  staff  adjutant  in 
the  war  of  1812;  member  of  assembly  in  New- 
Brunswick.  Died  at  Nashwaak,  N.  B.,  in  1830, 
aged  76. 

1  Probably  of  Westchester  county,  and  a  pro- 
tester in  1775. 

2  Sabine  supposes  Gorham  to  have  been  a  Mas- 
sachusetts man.  He  raised  his  corps  in  Decem- 
ber, 1775. 

3  Batt  was  major  as  early  as  Nov.,  1776,  and 
was  then  at  Fort  Cumberland. 

4  Was  also  surgeon's  mate.  He  went  to  New 
Brunswick,  and  was  drowned  there. 

5  Died  subsequently  at  Halifax. 

6  Was  after  commissioned  in  the  British  army. 


324 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Oct., 


Brigadier  General  De  Lancey' s  first 

Battalion 
Oliver  De  Lancey,  Esq ;  colonel 
John  H.  Cruger,1  lieutenant  colonel 
Joseph  Green,2  major 
Honorable  Bennet  Walpole,3  brigade  major 

Captains  Jolm  Rooney^ 

James  Galbreath         Charles  McPherson™ 
Jacob  Smith  4  Thomas  Hays 

Barrent  Roorback*     Thomas  Cunningham 
Thomas  French6 

Alexander  McDonald?       Ensigns 
George  Kerr,  capt.      Nicholas  E.  Ord 
lieut,  William  Supple 

John  Wormley 
Lieutenant  Richard  Boyle 

James  French  8  William  Robins 

Charles  Bowden,11  Chaplain. 

Adjutant. 

Nathaniel  Rogers,  Quartermaster. 
Nathaniel  Smith,12  Surgeon. 

1  Cruger,  a  son-in-law  of  De  Lancey,  was  a 
member  of  the  council,  and,  at  the  beginning  of 
the  revolution,  chamberlain  of  the  city  of  New 
York.  He  is  famous  for  his  defense  of  Ninety- 
Six,  and  for  his  gallantry  at  Eutaw.  He  died 
in  London  in  1807,  aged  69. 

2  Went  to  Ireland  at  the  peace. 

8  Was  also,  according  to  Sabine,  captain  of  in- 
fantry in  the  Queen's  Rangers. 

4 Wounded  at  Ninety-Six;  died  on  St.  John's 
river,  N.  B.,  in  1837,  aged  88. 

5  A  physician  of  New  York,  where,  after  the 
war,  he  settled  on  half  pay.  In  1806  he  joined 
Miranda's  project. 

6  Entrapped  near  Savannah  by  Col.  White  of 
Georgia,  who,  with  six  men,  captured  French 
with  111  men  and  130  stand  of  arms. — (Sabine) ; 
but  see  H.  M.,  vol.  viii,p.  291. 

7  Not  apparently  the  husband  of  Flora,  but  a 
namesake,  who  died  in  New  Brunswick  in  1835, 
aged  72. 

s  Died  in  York  county,  N.  B.,  in  1820,  aged  75. 

9  Wounded  in  1780,  In  Georgia,  in  a  skirmish 
with  Pickins,  and  killed  at  Ninety-Six. 

10  Died  apparently  at  St.  John,  N.  B.,  in  1823, 
aged  81. 

11  Perhaps  a  son  of  Rev.  John  Bowden. 

12  A  physician  of  Rhode  Island.  Died  in  St. 
John,  N.  B.,  in  1818,  aged  81. 


Brigadier  General  De  Lancey's  second 

Battalion 
Stephen  De  Lancey,1  lieutenant  colonel 
Thomas  Bowden,'2  major 

Captains  Daniel  Hallett 

George  Dunbar  Benjamin  P.  Griffith 

Thomas  William  Moore  Colin  Campbell 8 
Samuel  Hallet3  Justin  McCartney 

Walter  Campbell4         William  Brooke 
Alexander  Constable    Daniel  Cameron 
Hawes  Hatch5 
Edward  Potts,6  capt.         Ensigns 

lieut  Thomas  Shrieve 

Henry  Ferguson 

Lieutenants  Angus  M^Dermot 

Alexander  McMillan  Charles  N.  Taylor 
Benjamin  Lister7        GeergeBrewerton9jr, 

Thomas  Field,  Chaplain 
Daniel  Cameron,  Adjutant 
Edward  Potts,  Quartermaster 
John  Johnson,  Surgeon. 

Brigadier  General  De  Lancey' s  third 
Battalion 
Gabriel  F.  Ludlow,10  colonel 
Richard  Hewlet,11  lieutenant  colonel 


1  In  1765,  clerk  of  the  city  and  county  of  Al- 
bany ;  seized  by  the  people  in  1776,  and  sent  to 
Hartford.  In  1786,  of  the  Nova  Scotia  council ; 
subsequently  chief  justice  of  the  Bahamas,  and 
governor  of  Tobago.  He  died  at  Portsmouth, 
U.  S.,  in  1799.  His  son,  Col.  Sir  Wm.  F.  De 
Lancey,  fell  at  Waterloo. 

2  A  New  Yorker ;  wen  to  England  at  the  peace. 

3  Of  Long  Island  ;  arrested  in  1776.  He  finally 
settled  at  St.  John,  N.  B. 

4  Died  at  Musquash,  N.  B. 

5  Of  Boston,  which  he  left  in  1776  with  the 
royal  army.     Died  at  Lebanon,  N.  H.,  in  1797. 

6  In  1783,  became  a  lieutenant  in  the  British 
army. 

7  Drowned  in  New  Brunswick  in  1803. 

8  Had  been  ensign  and  quartermaster.  He 
died  at  St.  Andrew,  N.  B.,  in  1843. 

9  Probably  son  of  George  Brewerton,  who  died 
in  1719  in  command  of  this  battalion. 

10  Of  New  York.  In  1792,  judge  of  vice-ad- 
miralty in  New  Brunswick.  Commander-in- 
chief  of  the  colony  in  1803.     Died  in  1808. 

11  Of  Hempstead.  Captain  in  the  French  war, 
and  at  capture  of  Fort  Frontenac;  early  took  sides 
for  the  king.  In  1777,  he  held  Setauket  against 
Gen.  Parsons.  He  died  near  Gagetown,  N.  B.,  in 
1789.     His  widow  died  on  Long  Island  in  1819, 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


325 


Gabriel  De  Veber,1  major. 


Captains. 

Edward  Allison2 
Gilbert  ColdeuWillet 
Charles  Hewlet 
Elijah  Miles 3 
Thomas  Lister4 

Lieutenants. 
Gerrard  Clowes5 


John  Clowes5 
Edmund  Evans 
Ichabud  Smith6 
Samuel  Clowes5 

Ensigns 
William  McFarland  ? 
Nathan  Barnuin 
Zachariah  Brown8 
William  Montgomery7 


William  Walter,*)  Chaplain 
Alexander  Clark  Adjutant 
Edmund  Evans,  Quartermaster 
Charles  Doughty,7  Surgeon 

King's  American  Regiment 
Edward  Fanning,  Esq1;10  Colonel 
George  Campbell,  Esqr )  lieutenant  colonel 
James  Grant,  Esq;  major 

1He  was,  in  1782,  lieutenant  colonel  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales  American  Volunteers.  He  was 
sheriff  of  Sunbury  county,  N.  B.,  in  1792,  and 
died  there. 

2  Of  Long  Island.     Died  in  New  Brunswick. 

3  Died  at  Maugerville,  Sunbury  county,  N.  B., 
in  1831,  aged  79. 

4  Settled  in  New  Brunswick,  but  returned  to 
the  U.  S. 

5  Gerard  became  captain.  All  three  retired  to 
New  Brunswick  on  half  pay.  Gerardus  was 
killed  in  1798. 

6  Afterwards  captain  lieutenant.  Died  at  Mau- 
gerville, N.  B.,  in  1823,  aged  67. 

7  After  the  peace  they  embarked  on  the  trans- 
port ship  Martha,  which  was  wrecked  near 
Tusket  river.  Of  170  men,  women  and  children, 
only  65  were  saved.  Lieut.  McFarland  and  En- 
sign Montgomery,  and,  apparently,  Doughty, 
were  lost. 

8  Died  in  Sunbury  county,  N,  B.,  in  1817, 
aged  78. 

9  Rector  of  Trinity  church,  Boston ;  a  graduate 
of  Harvard  (1756) ;  lost  £7000  by  his  loyalty  ; 
went  to  New  Brunswick,  but  returned  to  Boston, 
and  was  rector  of  Christ  church.  Died  in  1800, 
aged  61. 

10  Born  on  Long  Island ;  son  of  Col.  Phineas 
Fanning;  graduated  at  Yale,  and  removed  to 
North  Carolina,  where  he  was  conspicuous  as 
one  of  the  causes  of  the  Regulator  outbreak. 
In  1777  he  raised  a  corps  of  460  men,  called  the 
Associated  Refugees,  or  King's  American  Regi- 
ment, for  which  £2000  was  subscrbied  in  New 
York,  and  £1019  in  Kings  and  Richmond  coun- 


Captains. 
Abraham  De  Peyster1 
Thomas  Cornwall 
Isaac  Atwood 
John  W  Livingston 
Robert  Gray 
Thomas  Chapman 
Peter  Clements2 
Jas  De   Peyster1  capt 
lieut 


Wightman  3 


Lieutenants. 
William 
John  Burn 
Roderick  McLeod 
Peter  J.  Smith 


Dugald  Campbell 
James  McKay 
Stephen  Hustace 
George  Cox 
John  Sargent 
Leonard  Reed 
Barclay  Fanning 

Ensigns 

John  Young 
Alexander  Grant 
David  Purdy4 
Thomas  Barker 
Elisha  Budd5 
Edward  Mecan 
Abel  Hardenbrooke 


Samuel  Seabury,6  Chaplain 
John  Cruikshanks  Adjutant 
George  Thomas,  Quartermaster 
Robert  Tucker,7  Surgeon 

Prince  of  Wales'  American  Volun- 
teers 
Mountfort  Brown,  Esq;  colonel 

lieutenant  colonel 

John  Carden,8  major 

ties.  He  served  in  Rhode  Island,  and  on  Long 
Island.  In  1782,  he  was  surveyor-general  of 
New  York.  Sept.  23, 1763,  lieutenant-governor 
of  Nova  Scotia;  from  1786  to  1805,  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Prince  Edward's  Island ;  major- 
general  in  1793;  lieutenant-general  in  1799; 
general  in  1808.     He  died  in  London  in  1818. 

1  Born  at  New  York  in  1753.  He  was  second 
in  command  at  King's  Mountain  in  1780.  After 
the  peace,  was  treasurer  of  New  Brunswick. 
James  was  a  younger  brother.  In  1786  he  be- 
came first  lieutenant  in  the  royal  artillery,  and 
distinguished  himself  at  Valenciennes  in  July, 
1793,  and  was  killed  at  Lincelles  in  August  of 
that  year. 

2  Died  near  Fredericton,  N.  B.,  in  1833,  aged  94, 

3  Wounded  at  Hobkirk's  Hill  in  1781. 

4  Son,  perhaps,  of  a  Capt.  David  Purdy  of  this 
regiment,  who  was  wounded  in  1778. 

5 Born  at  White  Plains;  son  of  James  Budd; 
killed  by  the  Cow  Boys.  Ensign  Budd  was  at 
Savannah,  and  in  other  actions  in  the  south. 
After  the  peace,  justice  of  the  common  pleas  in 
Nova  Scotia.  Died  at  Liverpool,  England,  in 
1813,  aged  51. 

6  The  well  known  Bishop  of  Connecticut. 

7  Perhaps  the  Wilmington  (N.  C.)  physicion, 
whose  property  was  confiscated  in  1779. 

8  Was  in  command  at  Hanging  Rock  when  at- 


326 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Oct., 


James  Shanks 
Michael  Ambrose6 
Josiah  Wheeler 
Thomas  Lindsay- 
James  M'Donald7 


Captains. 
John  Bowen 
Stephen  Hoyt 
Daniel  Lyman1 
John  Collet 
Andrew  Maxwell  2      John  0  Neill. 
John  Bridgewater3  Ensigns. 

Stephen  Holland4        -pi      ,  jr     .  • 
Charles  M=Neil,  capt.  p^k  j£™« 

luuL  John  Ness 

T .     .  James  Place 

Lieutenants.  T  x,     w    ■*. 

John  Westrop 

Mathias  Ross  James  Bridgham 

William  Conroy  junr.  John  Wentworth  Hol- 

Monson  Hoyt5  land7 

George  Penton,  Chaplain 

John  Ness,  Adjutant 

Monson  Hoyt,  Quarter  master 

James  H.  Thomas,  Surgeon. 

(To  be  continued.) 


CAMP  LIFE  IN  1776  — SIEGE  OF  BOS- 
TON. 

[I  inclose  a  few  extracts  from  a  MS.  journal  of 
upwards  of  one  hundred  pages,  kept  by  a  re- 
volutionary officer,  who  was  a  lieutenant  in  a 
Connecticut  regiment.  The  journal  is  enti- 
tled, "  Diera  from  Jan.  4th  to  April  6th,  1776." 
As  it  is  too  long  for  the  H.  M.,  I  have  copied 
what  is  of  general  interest,  omitting  personal 
details,  and  modernizing  the  spelling.  I  dont 
know  where  so  minute  a  description  of  the 
particulars  attending  the  evacuation  of  Bos- 
ton by  the  British  army  in  1776,  can  be  found 
as  in  the  following  diary.] 

tacked  by  Sumter  in  1780,  and  disgraced  him- 
self by  resigning  to  Capt.  Kouslet  of  the  Infantry 
of  the  Legion  during  the  action.  Died  in  April, 
1783. 

1  A  graduate  of  Yale  in  1770.  At  the  peace, 
he  was  major.  Member  of  assembly  of  Nova 
Scotia.     Died  at  the  Invalids,  London,  in  1809. 

2  Of  Maryland,  apparently.  A  Maxwell,  ma- 
jor of  this  regiment,  surrendered  Fort  Granby 
to  Lee.  After  the  war,  accused  Arnold  of  arson, 
and  was  sued  by  the  traitor,  who  recovered  2$. 
6d.  damages.  Hoyt  apparently  lived  on  Long 
Island  in  1792. 

3  Died  in  England  in  1803,  aged  69. 

4  One  of  this  name  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  was 
banished  in  1778. 

5  Died  in  St.  Martins,  N.  B. 

6  Perhaps  a  son  of  Alexander  and  the  famous 
Flora  McDonald. 

7  Was  a  lieutenant  at  the  close  of  the  war. 


Saturday,  Jna.  6,.  1776. — We  set  off 
about  sunrise,  [from  Fisk's]  and  had  a  te- 
dious walk  into  Providence,  where  we  ar- 
rived between  10  and  11— took  breakfast  at 
Col.  Dexter's— did  several,  errands,  and  left 
town  a  little  after  12 ;  travelled  a  little  out 
of  the  road,  for  the  sake  of  seeing  a  very  large 
burying  place,  north  of  the  town,  where  I  ob- 
served a  remarkably  fine  tomb,  in  which  was 
deposited  Oliver  Arnold,  Attorney  General ; 
went  forward  to  Stark's  at  Pawtucket,  where 
drank  some  flip  with  a  man  from  Guilford, 
Conn.,  who  had  just  met  with  a  fall  from  a 
horse,  by  which  he  was  very  wet  and  cold; 
after  a  short  sitting,  marched  forward  to  Dag- 
gett's in  Attleboro;  where  we  arrived  about 
sunset,  and  were  agreeably  intertained  with 
the  landlord's  company  during  the  evening, 
who  also  sung  us  several  psalm  tunes,  and 
about  9  o'clock  went  to  bed. 

Sunday,  Jan.  7, — We  set  off  from  Dag- 
gett's, about  sunrise,  came  to  Macka's,  at  9 
o'clock,  where  we  ate  breakfast;  about  10 
o'clock  set  off  again;  were  diverted  with  Tra- 
cy's telling  us  some  of  the  high  transactions 
of  the  citizens.  We  came  to  Man's  about 
12  o'clock,  at  between  meetings,  where  we 
drank  some  flip,  and  did  some  writing;  then 
came  forward  to  Hedden's,  where  we  drank 
some  more  flip,  and  did  some  writing ,  then 
set  off  again  and  came  to  Cheney's,  a  little 
before  sunset;  concluded  to  lodge  here  to- 
night; had  some  fried  mutton  for  supper. 

Jan.  8, — Set  off  from  Cheney's  about  sun- 
rise, and  travelled  as  far  as  Gay's  before 
breakfast;  called  in  again  at  Ames,  Richard's 
&  Child's,  and  about  3  o'clock  came  into 
Camp  [at  Roxbury] ;  found  our  company  in 
the  house  that  Col.  Huntingdon  lately  occu- 
pied fixed  our  straw  buncks  prepared  our 
lodgins,  and  went  to  bed  alittle  after  8  o'clock ; 
was  soon  alarmed  on  the  other  side  of  the 
water ;  dressed  myself,  went  up  on  to  the  hill, 
where  I  saw  a  small  village  near  the  water, 
on  the  west  of  Charlestown  in  flames. 

Jan.  9, — After  breakfast  went  over  to  Col. 
Parson's  Reg't — saw  Lieut.  Baldwin  and 
some  others ;  drank  some  sling  with  them  at 
Eldredge's;  went  into  the  Reg't.  where  I 
lit  of  Ensign  Lyman,  and  drank  some  flip 
with  him;  saw  a  man  who  was  in  last  night's 
attack  on  Charlestown,  by  whom  I  learned 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL   MAGAZINE. 


327 


that  about  400  men  under  Maj.  Knowlton 
were  sent  there  to  burn  the  houses  left  stand- 
ing by  the  Regulars  when  they  burnt  the 
rest  of  the  town  last  June,  [at  Bunker  Hill 
fight]  which  they  effected  with  great  success, 
burning  all  the  houses,  except  two  or  three, 
and  took  five  prisoners  without  the  loss  of 
a  man. 

Jan.  10, — After  breakfast,  went  and  took 
a  view  of  the  ground  where  we  encamped 
last  summer  j  now  a  desolate  place,  the  tents 
all  struck  and  carried  off,  the  chimneys  left 
partly  standing  and  partly  thrown  down ; 
but  none  of  my  companions  with  whom  I 
have  spent  so  many  agreeable  hours,  now 
appear  there,  nor  will  they  again,  for  some 
are  already  numbered  with  the  dead. 

Jan.  11, — After  breakfast,  went  up  onto 
our  Regimental  parade  where  I  lit  of  one 
Lieut.  Pidge  of  the  minute  men,  who  belongs 
to  Attleboro,  as  he  tells  me.  I  find  him  an 
honest,  uncultivated  fellow  who  talked  very 
sensibly  and  freely,  on  the  two  capital  vices 
of  the  country,  viz.  the  tyranny  and  pride 
of  the  Clergy  (or  as  he  calls  them,  the 
Bandeliers)  and  inslaving  the  Africans ;  he 
made  many  just  observations  thereon,  but 
in  coarse,  vulgar  language. 

Sunday,  Jan.  14, — About  2  o'clock  went 
to  my  friend  Burrell's  where  we  dined  on  a 
noble  good  turkey,  after  which  I  sat  awhile 
with  him,  his  wife  and  some  other  ladies. 

Jan.  18, — After  breakfast,  I  took  a  walk 
up  on  the  hill,  and  from  there  down  to  Gen. 
Spencer's.  Coming  back  I  met  Capt  Mills, 
who  informed  me  of  a  Report  in  camp  that 
Gen.  Montgomery  had  been  defeated  near 
Quebec ;  but  the  Report  being  told  several 
ways,  we  hope  it  is  groundless. 

Sunday,  Jan,  21, — After  breakfast  took  a 
walk  up  into  the  woods,  beyond  Parker's, 
the  Butcher,  and  wrote  twelve  lines  more, 
of  the  Poem  I  have  in  hand,  viz  : 

Can  any  one  whom  Heaven's  care  hath  bless'd, 
And  by  Almighty  love  hath  been  caress'd,   &c 

Sunday,  Feb.  4, — Went  to  the  Hospital 
about  10  o'clock  and  attended  the  funeral 
of  Chas.  Wright  of  our  Company.  He  was 
buried  in  a  new  Burying  Place  at  the  south 
end  of  Jamaica  Pond,  where  I  observed  about 
20  graves  which  I  suppose  all  to  bft  of  sol- 


diers who  have  died  in  the  Hospital;  after 
the  funeral,  came  home  and  dined  with  us; 
after  dinner  Capt  Jewett  and  he  had  along 
disputation  on  Church  Discipline  &c.  I 
accidentally  put  in  a  word  about  the  disputes 
amongst  the  clergy  which  hath  appeared  of 
late  in  Connecticut,  rendering  it  (in  my 
opinion)  of  as  little  value  as  half  a  dozen  old 
Almanacks.  This  observation  gave  great 
offence  insomuch,  that  a  Rev.  Divine  present 
presumed  to  call  me  a  Blasphemer,  at  least 
against  man  (as  he  said).  In  the  evening 
had  considerable  discourse  with  Capt  Jewett 
on  the  subjects  of  Religion,  &c. 

Feb.  14, — Just  before  day-light  we  were 
alarmed  by  seeing  all  the  buildings  on  Dor- 
chester Neck  in  flames,  which  made  a  grand 
appearance.  While  viewing  them  I  lost  a 
sly  dog  of  a  prisoner,  who  made  his  escape 
from  the  Guard.  Had  a  good  breakfast  of 
fried  eels,  after  which,  feeling  unwell,  took 
a  nap. 

Feb.  19, — Made  an  evening  visit  at  Col. 
Wyllys ;  where  met  a  number  of  gentlemen : 
while  there  Col.  Robinson  and  Mr  Chase 
came  in  with  little  Ashley  who  was  about  to 
engage  Maj.  Park  in  a  duel,  which  was  a 
matter  of  great  diversion  to  the  company. 

Feb.  26, — After  breakfast,  Lieut.  Harris 
and  I  set  off  for  Cambridge,  with  Mr  Grif- 
fin, Capt.  Darrow,  Ensign  Pendleton,  &c. 
Obliged  to  go  round  by  sign  of  the  Punch 
Bowl,  on  account  of  the  bridge  over  the 
creek  being  broken  to  pieces  by  the  ice  : 
Arrived  at  Cambridge  about  11  o'clock,  and 
went  into  a  tavern  for  refreshment,  where 
we  found  Capt.  Giles  Wolcott;  then  went 
over  to  the  Colleges  and  to  the  Artillery 
Park,  where  we  spent  some  time  in  viewing 
the  Artillery  and  other  warlike  stores  j  then 
went  to  Prespect  Hill,  where  we  saw  Gene- 
rals Putnam  and  Sullivan  viewing  the 
works;  then  to  Cobble  Hill,  after  looking 
at  the  works  there,  crossed  over  a  creek  on 
very  rotten  ice  to  Leachmere's  Point,  where 
they  are  building  a  Bomb  Battery.  The 
works  here  seem  to  be  the  most  formidable 
of  any  post  we  have  visited.  Returned  back 
toDurkee's  Regt,  called  to  see  the  Col.  who 
was  very  sick  of  a  fever;  Lieut  Bingham 
was  also  sick  ;  came  into  town,  called  in  to 
see  Lieut  Adams,  where  we  found  several 


328 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Oct., 


officers  playing  cards,  amongst  the  rest  was 
Col.  Alden  and  Coit;  we  here  drank  some 
todda,  and  dined  on  fresh  cod  fish,  fried. 
Set  off  for  home,  called  in  at  a  tavern  in 
Brookline,  where  we  drank  some  flip  with 
Capt  Mason  from  Lebanon ;  our  next  remove 
we  reached  Capt  Darrow's  quarters  where 
we  were  very  agreeably  entertained  by  Dr. 
Eley's  singing,  &c.  while  about  10  o'clock , 
when  Lieut.  Harris  and  poor  Fitch  waded 
home  through  the  mud. 

March,  2. — I  took  a  walk  up  to  the  Meet- 
ing House  j  saw  the  train  at  fixing  shells,  &c ; 
also  saw  four  mortars  which  were  brought 
over  from  Cambridge.  A  mighty  report 
prevails  that  the  militia  of  the  neighboring 
towns  for  20  miles  around,  are  ordered  in 
to  our  assistance  in  the  intended  attack  on 
Boston.  About  11  p.  m.  alarmed  by  the 
heavy  report  of  Cannon  or  mortars,  upon 
which  Lieut.  Harris  and  I  went  onto  the 
hill,  where  we  saw  several  shells  hove  from 
Boston  over  towards  Leachmere  Point  ;  we 
also  observed  one  hove  from  Cambridge  side 
into  Boston  (which  we  judged  to  be  from 
the  "  Congress/')  It  fell,  as  we  think,  near 
the  center  of  the  town,  and  by  the  sound  of 
the  explosion  it  probably  fell  into  some  cel- 
lar. The  firing  was  continued  from  both 
sides  till  a  late  hour. 

Sunday,  March,  3d.  Turned  out  before 
day,  to  the  Alarm  Post;  then  went  down 
to  our  little  fort,  where  we  performed  the 
parapet  firing,  and  crinclecrancle  marching, 
&c.  in  great  plenty.  Observed  several 
shells  hove  each  way,  one  in  particular  into 
Boston,  which  fell  a  little  this  side  of  the 
Alms  House,  the  explosion  of  which  illumi- 
nated a  considerable  of  the  hither  part  of 
the  town. 

Several  shot  were  also  fired.  Informed 
that  our  people  burst  a  10  inch  mortar  last 
night,  which  wounded  3  or  4  men.  Towards 
night  our  men  were  ordered  to  draw  four 
days'  provisions;  a  number  of  boats  are  car- 
ried from  Dorchester,  and  a  number  of 
heavy  cannon  from  Dorchester  to  Cam- 
bridge. 

March,  4th  "  Going  on  to  Dorchester  neck 
to  night,"  is  now  the  toast  of  the  day. 
About  10  oclock,  took  a  walk  up  to  the 
Meeting  House,  where  I  learned  that  a  Brig. 


General,  Cols.  Whitcomb,  Heed,  and  Wyl- 
lys,  with  six  other  field  officers,  and  two 
thousand  men,  properly  officered,  were  to 
"go  on  to  Dorchester  this  night"  about  the 
middle  of  the  day,  a  very  large  party  of 
teams  made  their  appearance  in  camp  en- 
gaged for  our  enterprise  to-night. 

March,  4th. — A  little  before  sunset 
marched  off  from  Roxbury;  but  for  more 
than  half  a  mile  before  we  came  to  Dorches- 
ter lines,  we  overtook  teams  in  great  plenty, 
nor  did  we  find  any  vacancy  till  we  came  to 
the  lines;  in  some  places  they  were  so  wedged 
in  together,  we  were  obliged  to  leave  the 
road  to  get  forward ;  reached  the  lines  at 
7  o'clock,  where  we  waited  half  an  hour.for 
orders,  when  a  signal  was  given  and  the  can- 
nonade began  at  Lamb's  fort,  and  was  imme- 
diately answered  by  a  very  warm  fire  from 
the  enemy's  lines;  a  brisk  fire  between  N. 
Boston  and  our  fortifications  on  Cambridge 
side,  began  soon  after.  It  was  supposed 
there  was  a  thousand  shot  and  shells  hove 
this  night,  by  both  armies,  more  than  three- 
fourths  of  which  were  sent  from  Boston. 
Our  party  consisting  of  about  2400  men,  with 
300  teams,  were  crossing  the  marsh,  on  to  the 
Neck,  which  together  with  a  fresh  breeze 
at  S.  W.  concealed  us  from  the  enemy  until 
they  could  see  onr  works  by  day-light.  The 
division  to  which  I  was  assigned,  com- 
manded by  Col,  Whitcomb,  was  ordered  on, 
to  the  northerly  hill,  where  in  one  hour's 
time  we  had  a  fort  enclosed,  with  fascines 
placed  in  shandelears ;  and  we  immediatley 
employed  as  many  men  at  intrenching  as 
could  be  advantageously,  used  for  that  pur- 
pose. A  larger  party  was  assigned  the  high 
hill,  where  they  erected  a  larger  fort,  built 
much  in  the  same  manner  as  ours,  There 
were  also  four  other  smaller  forts  and  bat- 
teries erected  this  night  on  other  eminences 
on  the  Neck. 

March,  5th.  1776. — This  is  the  anniver- 
sary of  the  celebrated  "massacre"  in  the 
streets  of  Boston  in  1770,  and  although  there 
may  not  perhaps  be  so  great  a  display  of  elo- 
quence as  has  for  several  years  been  wont  on 
this  occasion,  yet  I  dare  say  there  has  never 
been  a  more  honorable  appearance  of  Ameri- 
can Policy,  than  what  is  this  day  obvious, 
both  to  our  friends  aud  enemies,  especially 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


329 


in  the  town  of  Boston  (the  ancient  theatre 
of  those  peculiar  exhibitions)  in  taking 
possession  of  and  fortifying  the  important 
post  of  Dorchester  Neck.  It  may  also  be 
observed,  that  what  is  this  day  wanting  in 
the  beauties  of  rhetoric  and  oratory,  is  more 
than  made  up  in  the  awful  exhibition  of 
artificial  thunder  and  lightning  which  has 
been  so  entertaining  to  our  eyes  and  ears 
the  night  past. — Our  party,  under  the  im- 
mediate command  of  Brig.  Gen.  Thomas, 
having  taken  possession  of  almost  every  ad- 
vantageous eminence  on  the  Neck,  and 
considerably  fortified  them,  were  relieved 
by  a  detachment  of  3000  men  from  the 
Roxbury  lines,  without  the  notice  of  the 
enemy:  our  division  marching  off  in  the 
rear  of  the  whole,  crossed  the  marsh  a  little 
before  sunrise,  but  yet  we  escaped  the  shot 
of  the  enemy,  and  came  home  to  our  quarters 
sun  about  an  hour  high,  weary  and  hungry. 
The  excessive  cannonade  and  bombard  of 
last  night,  did  no  damage  in  Roxbury,  ex- 
cept mortally  wounding  Lieut.  Mayo  of  Col. 
Leonard's  Regiment;  he  lately  belonged  to 
Roxbury ;  his  father  and  friends  now  living 
in  this  town  were  some  of  them  with  him 
when  he  died.  He  was  shot  in  the  thigh 
by  a  cannon  ball,  which  so  fractured  the 
bone  that  the  surgeons  immediately  took  off 
the  limb  up  near  the  body,  and  although 
he  did  not  bleed  to  excess,  yet  his  pain  was 
so  exquisite  occasioned  by  the  bone  being 
shivered  to  pieces  quite  to  his  hip  joint, 
that  he  died  about  9  o'clock  in  the  morning. 
I  hear  that  one  man  was  killed,  and  4  or  5 
wounded  last  night  on  the  Cambridge  side. 
The  firing  ceased  on  both  sides  this  morn- 
ing, before  sunrise;  nor  was  it  renewed  thro' 
the  whole  day  and  night  following.  After 
taking  some  refreshment,  walked  up  the 
Hill,  to  look  over  to  my  friends  on  Dor- 
chester Hill,  who  appeared  to  go  on  with 
their  work  bravely,  without  interruption. 
About  10  o'clock  the  enemy  gave  them  a 
few  shots,  some  50  or  60,  but  no  damage 
done  except  spoiling  two  guns. 

March  6th. — Two  of  our  men  were  wound- 
ed on  Dorchester  Hill  last  night,  one  by  a 
field  piece  going  off  by  accident,  while  he 
was  loading  her;  the  other  was  wounded  in 
the  shoulder   by  a    cannon  shot  from  the 

HIST.  MAG.      VOL.  VIII.  42 


Castle.  A  little  before  noon  we  were  alarm- 
ed by  a  signal  at  the  [Roxbury]  Meeting 
House,  that  the  enemy  were  landing  on  Dor- 
chester; the  Regiment  was  turned  out,  and 
kept  in  readiness  for  action  the  remaining 
part  of  the  day ;  but  it  afterwards  appeared 
this  alarm  happened  some  how  thro'  mistake. 

March  6. — We  were  turned  out  at  the 
alarm  post,  at  2  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and 
continued  in  line  till  almost  sunrise. 

March  8th. — About  sunset  we  marched  to 
Dorchester,  and  immediately  proceeded  to 
cross  the  Marsh.  It  rained  moderately 
most  of  the  night  and  part  of  next  day. 
Col.  Clark  ordered  our  regiment,  with  Col. 
Robertson's  and  Col.  Parsons'  to  march 
down  and  relieve  Col.  Shepherd's  party  at 
Nook's  Point.  We  had  no  shelter  thro'  the 
night,  but  constantly  kept  fires.  I  visited 
the  sentries  on  the  beach  several  times; 
several  false  alarms  during  the  night  added 
to  our  fatigue. 

March  9. — As  it  began  to  grow  light  our 
party  was  marched  over  to  the  Barrack, 
where  they  rested  most  of  the  forenoon. 
Our  people  have  erected  7  barracks,  each 
90  feet  long,  most  of  them  are  covered. 
Towards  night,  Gen.  Putnam  and  some 
other  big  officers,  were  at  the  barracks.  Got 
Gen.  Thomas'  order  for  some  rum  for  my 
party.  On  crossing  the  marsh  again,  were 
almost  drowned  in  the  mud;  nor  did  we 
fare  much  better  on  the  road  to  Roxbury, 
for  in  many  places  the  mud  was  nearly  as 
deep  as  the  top  of  my  boots :  reached 
home  a  little  before  9,  with  stomachs  well 
prepared  for  eating,  drinking,  or  sleeping. 
Soon  after  we  got  home,  the  enemy  began 
to  cannonade  Nook's  Point,  probably  occa- 
sioned by  their  discovering  our  intention  to 
fortify  that  place  :  heavy  firing  of  cannon 
all  night,  which  killed  Doct.  Dole  of  Col. 
Whitney's  Regt.  and  also  a  Lieut,  and  two 
other  men. 

Sunday,  March  10. — By  late  movements 
in  Boston,  it  appears  they  are  vastly  alarm- 
ed ;  and  that  the  enemy  are  conveying  away 
their  treasure  with  all  speed ;  many  think 
they  will  soon  leave  the  town.  About  4 
this  P.  M.  I  went  with  Lieut  Harris  up  on 
to  the  Hill,  and  saw  upwards  of  20  vessels 
under  sail,  going  out  of  the  harbor. 


330 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Oct., 


March  11. —  After  breakfast,  went  up 
on  to  the  Hill,  to  observe  the  situation  of  the 
enemy;  found  that  the  vessels  which  fell 
down  the  harbor  yesterday,  were  come  to 
an  anchor  some  distance  below  the  Castle, 
but  no  uncommon  motion  is  apparent  among 
the  shipping.  I  then  went  to  G-en.  Spen- 
cer's, where  I  borrowed  a  copy  of  the  late 
Intelligence  that  came  out  of  Boston,  which 
hath  occasioned  so  much  discourse  in  Camp, 
and  is  now  doubtless  much  spread  in  the 
country,  which  is  as  follows,  viz  :  [This  doc- 
ument will  be  found  in  the  Appendix  to  the 
3d  vol.  of  Sparks's  Washington.] 

March  11. — Borrowed  "  Common  Sense" 
of  Col.  Gay,  and  find  it  to  be  a  masterly 
piece,  well  adapted  to  the  times.  Our  Reg't 
last  night  received  orders  to  march  at  the 
shortest  notice,  at  any  time  when  the  neces- 
sity of  the  service  requires  it. 

March  13. — Orders  came  to  night  for 
the  Riflemen  to  march  to  morrow. 

March  14. — Orders  were  received  to-day 
for  Cols.  Stark,  Patterson,  Webb,  G-reaton 
and  Webb,  to  march  to-morrow  morning, 
at  9  o'clock. 

March  15. — Called  in  at  Waterman's, 
where  I  saw  the  effigy  of  G-en.  Putnam, 
which  is  indeed  a  new  thing,  and  bears  no 
great  likeness  to  any  thing  in  heaven, 
above,  &c. 

Sunday,  March  17. — Attended  the  alarm 
post  as  usual ;  heard  several  cannon  as  we 
were  coming  home.  While  at  breakfast, 
alarmed  by  the  drum's  beating  to  arms,  and 
the  Reg'ts  were  immediately  hurried  out. 
I  went  up  to  the  north  of  Ruggles'  Fort, 
where  I  observed  some  very  peculiar  move- 
ments of  the  shipping;  they  continued  fall- 
ing down  the  harbor,  many  of  them  sur- 
rounded with  great  numbers  of  boats  till 
about  noon,  when  I  hear  the  Selectmen  of 
Boston  came  out  to  Roxbury  and  informed 
the  Generals  that  the  British  troops  had  all 
embarked  and  left  the  town;  whereupon  a 
detachment  from  our  army  marched  in  with 
the  American  Standard  displayed,  and  took 
possession  of  the  town  about  2  P.  M.  A 
party  from  Cambridge,  in  boats,  landed  on 
the  Common  at  the  same  time.  I  met  with 
some  trouble  this  night  with  a  praying  sen- 
try, which  is  pot  very  common  in  camp. 
Walked  out  to  Brookline  before  dinner  with 


Lieut  Chamberlin,  and  bought  £  quire  of 
paper,  at  the  moderate  rate  of  3s.  4d. 

March  19. — This  evening  the  regulars 
blowed  up  part  of  the  Castle,  and  burnt  the 
block-house  on  the  lower  point.  Wm  So- 
buck,  an  Indian,  deserted  this  night. 

March  20. — A  little  after  sun-rise,  hear- 
ing a  considerable  cannonade  down  to  the 
Castle,  I  went  up  on  to  the  Hill,  and  viewed 
the  Castle,  fleet,  &c.  Several  guns  were 
fired  at  the  Castle  while  I  was  looking  on. 
About  2  P.  M.  I  went  down  to  the  old  Bos- 
ton fortifications,  and  saw  with  great  pleasure 
the  curious  works  of  the  Regulars,  with 
many  cannon,  &c.  which  they  left  on  the 
ground.  Returned  about  sun-set,  and  re- 
ceived one  month's  wages,  £5. 8. 0.  At 
about  9  o'clock  was  going  to  bed,  but  observ- 
ing a  bright  light  down  toward  the  Castle, 
went  on  to  the  Hill,  where  I  had  a  fair  pros- 
pect of  the  upper  Block  house  and  the  large 
Barrack,  with  several  other  buildings  on 
Castle  Island  all  in  flames,  which  so  illu- 
minated the  air,  that  altho  it  was  a  dark 
night,  yet  out  of  curiosity,  I  read  part  of  a 
letter  lately  received  from  my  wife. 

March  21. — Marched  to  Dorchester, 
where  I  fixed  one  of  his  majesty's  Powder 
Wagons  that  had  drifted  over  from  Boston 
harbor,  and  slept  a  comfortable  nap  on  it 
without  any  disagreeable  dreams. 

March  22.— ^-Went  over  to  Castle  Island 
in  a  whale  boat,  where  I  saw  the  most  curi- 
ous heap  of  ruins,  and  destruction  that  had 
ever  met  my  observation.  The  works  were 
stronger  than  I  expected,  but  every  thing 
that  could  be  affected  by  fire,  was  laid  in 


ashes ;  most  of  the  cannon 


of  which  a  large 


number  were  left  on  the  ground,  and  of 
very  large  size,  had  their  ears  or  horns 
knocked  off,  and  all  spiked  up;  most  of  the 
carriages  were  also  destroyed,  with  a  great 
variety  of  camp  utensils,  &c,  so  as  to  be 
rendered  useless,  at  least  for  the  present. 

March,  25. — Went  up  to  our  upper  fort, 
from  which  I  saw  a  part  of  the  British  fleet 
under  sail. 

March,  28.— Went  thro'  Brookline  to 
Watertown,  calling  at  many  shops  by  the 
way;  reached  Watertown  a  little  before 
noon,  where  I  spent  some  time,  but  could 
see  nothing  more  curious  than  a  double-; 
geered  Grist-Mill,  which  I  much  admired. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL     MAGAZINE. 


331 


Went  over  to  Cambridge;  walked  thro'  the 
burying  ground,  where  I  saw  many  monu- 
ments. Afterwards  I  met  one  Mr.  Lambert, 
a  Boston  gentleman  lately  settled  in  Cam- 
bridge, who  showed  me  the  famous  [country] 
seats  of  Gov.  Oliver.  Mr.  Fayerweather, 
Gen.  Brattle,  the  Vassals,  and  several  other 
tories  who  have  fled  to  the  ministerial  army 
for  refuge,  and  thereby  sold  their  country. 
I  took  a  view  of  the  artillery  on  Cambridge 
Common  where  I  observed,  among  other 
valuable  pieces,  the  famous  "Congress" 
hooped  up  with  bands  of  iron  in  a  most 
shocking  manner,  as  if  she  had  been  ailing ; 
called  at  the  College,  bought  a  newspaper, 
and  proceeded  immediately  to  Bunker  Hill, 
where  I  viewed  the  grand  fortifications  of 
the  Ministerialists,  which  are  indeed  vastly 
formidable,  and  equal,  perhaps  superior,  to 
any  in  New  England;  then  viewed  the  ruins 
of  Charlestown,  a  place  beautifully  situated, 
and  advantageous  for  trade.  Not  a  single 
building  remains  standing,  except  a  few 
barracks,  block  houses,  and  huts  erected  by 
the  British  for  their  own  necessity.  It  was 
thought  to  contain  over  one  thousand  houses 
before  its  destruction.  I  fell  in  company 
with  Ensign  Pendleton,  with  whom  I  crossed 
Charlestown  Ferry,  and  was  conducted  thro' 
Boston,  calling  at  Wm.  Porters,  where  we 
drank  a  glass  of  wine;  finally  returned 
home  sufficiently  weary.  It  is  said  most  of 
the  British  fleet  sailed  out  of  our  harbor  this 
morning,  and  that  one  of  the  transports  is 
drove  on  shore  in  such  a  manner,  it  is  to 
be  hoped  she  will  not  be  got  off. 

March,  29. — Went  on  fatigue  with  aparty, 
at  levelling  the  works  of  the  enemy  on  the 
Neck,  which  we  demolished  much  faster  than 
those  villains  erected.  About  noon  Lieut 
Waterman  and  I  went  into  town  up  as  far 
as  the  old  South  Meeting  House,  and  viewed 
the  horrible  destruction  the  Ministerial 
troops  had  made  in  this  famous  building, 
which  is  no  less  than  86  feet  in  length  and 
62  in  width,  exclusive  of  the  porches.  The 
whole  inside  of  this  great  house  is  entirely 
taken  out  except  the  gallery  on  one  side, 
and  a  great  quantity  of  gravel  laid  on  the 
floor,  to  make  a  convenient  place  to  exer- 
cise their  horses  in.  This  day  Col  James 
Reed's,  Nixon's,  Poor's,  Prescott's,  Arnold's, 


and  Baldwin's  Reg,;s  marched  from  Cam- 
bridge. 

March,  30.— After  breakfast  all  the  offi- 
cers of  our  company  went  into  Boston.  We 
called  at  several  shops  to  buy  such  articles 
as  we  needed ;  also  went  to  Fanueil  Hall  to 
see  the  market  mightily  thronged  with 
people;  observed  the  ridiculous  distinction 
made  by  the  Regulars  in  this  elegant  build- 
ing, in  order  to  fix  it  for  a  play  house;  then 
to  Long  Wharf,  where  we  saw  a  very  great 
quantity  of  sea-coal,  and  a  number  of  saddles 
of  a  peculiar  make,  prepared  by  the  Regu- 
lars for  carrying  packs,  &c.  on  their  marches 
thro'  the  country ;  then  went  over  to  North 
Boston,  viewed  that  part  of  the  town,  and 
went  down  to  the  West  Battery,  where  1 
observed  the  famous  iron  mortar  left  by  the 
Regulars  in  their  late  hasty  flight ;  we  then 
ascended  Mount  Whoredom,  where  are 
several  small  forts ;  and  then  proceeded  to 
Beacon  Hill  where  the  agreeable  prospect 
of  the  different  parts  of  the  town  and  places 
adjacent  is  vastly  more  pleasing  than  the 
curiosities  of  this  particular  fortification. 
We  then  viewed  the  grand  seat  of  the  cele- 
brated Col.  Hancock,  together  with  the 
Alms  House  and  adjacent  parts  of  the  Com- 
mon ;  walked  thro  t^e  town,  observed  two 
very  large  burying  yards,  the  famous  Stone 
Chapel,  &c.     We  then  came  home. 

Sunday,  March  31. — By  General  Orders 
this  afternoon,  Cols.  Learned's,  Parsons's, 
Huntington's,  Ward's,  and  Wyllys's  Reg'l\ 
will  march  on  Thursday  morning  next. 

April,  1st. — This  morning  the  Militia 
Reg'ts  marched  off  in  great  noise  and  confu- 
sion, maintaining  a  brisk  fire  in  almost  every 
part  of  the  Camp.  After  dinner  went  in  to 
town  and  took  a  view  of  the  wharves  on  the 
easterly  side  of  the  town,  where  the  enemy 
had  erected  several  batteries  to  play  on 
Dorchester,  &c.  on  Wheeler's  Wharf  we 
saw  a  large  iron  mortar  which  they  had 
spiked  up  and  thrown  into  the  harbor  ;  then 
on  to  Fort  Hill,  and  took  a  look  at  our  new 
works,  as  well  as  the  enemy's  old  fortifica- 
tion. (While  there  two  or  three  ships  came 
in  to  Nantasket  Road  and  joined  the  fleet, 
when  they  fired  a  round  of  cannon.)  We 
then  went  over  toward  North  End,  as  far 
as  the  canal  thro'  the  town ;  theft  home. 


334 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Oct. 


declare  (as  an    Addition  to    this  his  will) 

that  his   Wife  should  haue  Lib'ty  to  take 

wood  for   her  use   upon  any   of  his   Lands 

during   her  life,   Upon   the    Oath   of  Jo : 

Eddy. 

(5)  3:  1645.  Before  us, 

Tho  :  Dudley  Govr. 

Jo  :  Winthrop  D.  Gov  : 
(Endorsed) 

The  will  of  Mr.  Beniamin  lately  deceased. 
Recorded  12  (4)  1646  by 

William  Aspinwall  V.  Recorder. 

II. 

Letter  of  Gov.  John  Endecott ,  1650. 
Mr.  Auditor  Generall :  There  were 
divers  gentlemen  that  attended  mee  at  my 
going  to  the  election  together  with  the 
Servants,  that  at  their  going  and  return- 
ing back  wth  (me)  had  in  beare  &  wine  at 
Joseph  Hermitage  eleven  Shillings  &  4d. 
Which  I  pray  you  giue  a  bill  to  the  Treas- 
urer that  hee  may  be  paid. 
4th  0f  the  8th  month  1650.         Yo». 


Jo:  Endecott. 


III. 


Deposition  taken  by  Gov.  Richard  Belling- 
ham,  1652. 

Mark  Hume  of  Boston  aged  33  years  or 
thereabouts  deposeth  and  Sayth  : 

That  about  thirteen  yeares  since  this  deponl 
Came  into  New  England  in  a  Shipp  called 
the  Jonathan,  wlh  Thomas  Blanchard  and 
his  wyfe  and  two  children,  and  his  wives 
mother  (as  the  depo111  was  informed)  an  old 
Sickly  Wooman  and  very  weak.  And  this 
depo111  Sayth  that  he  well  remembers  that  the 
sayd  Thomas  Blanchard  took  very  much 
paynes  wth  the  said  old  woman,  and  was  very 
carefull  of  her,  and  Kept  a  candle  burning 
by  her  (for  the  most  part)  all  the  night 
long,  in  so  much  that  this  depo111,  (having 
a  Cabbin  over  against  her  in  the  said  Shipp) 
did  marvaile  that  he  was  able  to  endure  the 
paynes  &  charges  he  continually  had  about 
her  and  the  two  children. 

Sworne  5°.— 2*.— 1652. 
before  me,  R.  Bellingham. 


IV. 

Summons  for  Debt. — 1653. 

Benjamin  Sweat,  by  vertue  hereof  you 
are  required  to  appeare  att  ye  Next  Court  to 
bee  holden  at  Hampton  ye  (1st)  (3d)  day  of 
the  next  (8th)  M°:  there  to  answer  to  ye 
complaint  of  Natt :  Winsley,  in  an  action  of 
debt  of  three  pounds  ad.  money,  to  bee  payd 
in  Current  Money  :  for  a  runlett  of  Sack 
wch  you  received  of  him  ;  hereof  faile  you 
nott.  Dated  ye  27th  of  ye.  7th  mo.  1653. 
P.  Curiam  Tho:  Bradbury. 

y. 

Tauern  Licence :  1660. 

Wee  the  Select  men  of  Salem  aprove    of 
Roger  Preston  to  keep  an  Ordinary    at   his 
new  dwellinge  house  ouer  at  the    farme    of 
Mr.  Downing,  for  the  refreshing    of  Stran- 
gers, as  witnes  or.  hands  this  28.  9th .  1660. 
Edmond  Brattin 
George  Cornell 
Walter  Prite 
Thomas  Lowthropp.* 

VI. 

Deposition  taken   by  Gov.    John   Lever  ett, 
1663. 

The  Testimony  of  James  Neighbor  aged 
agout  46  years  :  This  deponent  testifieth 
&  Sayth,  that  in  his  presence  &  heareing 
Mr.  John  Dix,  did  speak  unto  the  rest  of  the 
undertakers  men  coned  in  his  former  Testi- 
mony, to  goe  on,  for  the  recovering  of  their 
Ironworks,  without  him,  Saying  that  he 
was  a  greate  deal  out  of  purse  allreadie,  and 
that  when  others  were  come  up,  in  propor- 
tion with  himself  in  point  of  charge,  that 
then  he  wold  advance  his  proportion  with 
them. 

Taken  vpon  oath  in  Boston  the  2  May 
1663  before  Jno  Leverett  Cons'. 

Mr.  John  Giffourd  testified  upon  oath  to 
the  truth  of  all  above  written  in  Court  held 
at  Ipswich  the  5l!>  of  May  1663. 

p.  me,  Robert  Lord,  Clerk. 

*Capt.  Thos.  Lothropp  commanded  the  com- 
pany of  young  men"  who  were  murdered  by 
King  Philip,  at  Bloody  Brook,  near  Springfield, 
Mass.,  in  1675. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


335 


VII. 

Warrant  for  the  election  of  Jurymen  in 
Maine,  in  1673. 
To  the  Constable  of  Charles  Towne.  In 
his  Ma,lcs  name:  You  are  required  to 
warne  yor  freemen  that  they  meet  &  choose 
three  able  &  meet  men  to  serve  on  the  Jury 
of  Tryalls  at  the  County  Court  to  be  held 
at  y ■•"'  Towne  the  17lli  of  this  instant.  Also 
you  are  to  warne  Mr.  John  Thrumble  Senr- 
Thos  Osbume  &  his  wife,  &  Bon1.  Bowers 
&  his  wife,  that  they  appeare  &  answer  ye  pr 
Tentments  of  the  Grand  Jury  Severally 
for  not  attending  the  Public  worship  of 
God  on  ye  Lords  dayes.  Also  Michal  Smith 
&  his  wife  for  disorderly  living  asunder  each 
from  other,  &  for  witnesses  Mr  Samuel 
Ward  &  Edw.  Carrington.  And  hereof 
you  are  to  make  a  true  return  under  yor. 
hand  &  not  to  faile. 

Dat.  3.  4,  1673     Thomas  Danforth. 

(Endorsed) 
There    as   bee    choisin    for    ivery     men 
Joseph   Licoyn  :  Richard  Lovein  :  Larance 
Douse.     I  have  warned  the  peirsins  minsin- 
ed  in  this  warrant. 

Nathanel  Hucheson  Consthabel. 


[Thos  Danforth  R.  (Recorder  acting  as 
Clerk  of  the  Court)  took  an  active  part  in 
public  affairs  in  the  Province  of  Maine  in 
the  latter  half  of  the  17ih  Century.  He  was 
born  in  England  in  1622,  emigrated  to  Maine 
about  1655,  was  elected  Deputy  Governor 
in  1679.  Onthe  separation  of  the  province 
from  Massachusetts,  in  the  same  year,  he 
was  chosen  as  the  first  President,  and  continu- 
ed in  that  office  until  superceded  by  the 
usurpation  of  Sir  Edmund  Andros  in  1686. 
He  died  in  1699,  aged  77.] 


AN   INDIAN  WORK   OF  COTTON   MA- 
THER. 

Sir — In  a  recent  ramble  over  the  eastern 
end  of  Long  Island,  searching  for  antiqui- 
ties, I  found  in  an  old  mansion,  where  I 
presume  it  had  probably  rested  during  the 


last  century  of  its  existence,  an  interesting 
and  I  think  scarce,  perhaps  rare  pamphlet, 
printed  in  Indian  and  English  in  the  year 
rTOO,  at  Boston.  I  send  you  both  the  In- 
dian and  English  titles.  The  Indian  title 
discloses  the  fact,  certainly  an  interesting 
one,  that  it  was  written  by  Rev.  Cotton 
Mather.  The  pamphlet  is  interesting  in  a 
philological  point  of  view,  as  well  as  in 
many  other  ways.  It  is  in  16mo.,  pp.  28, 
and  is  in  good  preservation. 

The  work  is  printed  on  the  left  hand  page 
in  Indian,  and  on  the  right  hand  page  in 
English;  so  that  the  corresponding  words 
in  the  two  languages  stand  directly  oppo- 
site each  other. 

Your  friend, 

Saml.  B.  Barlow. 

62  E.  21st  st.,  New  York. 

An  Epistle  |  To  the  Chriftian  |  INDI- 
ANS, |  Giving  them  |  A  Short  Accovnt,  of 
what  the  |  ENGLISH  |  Defire  them  to  Know 
and  to  Do,  |  in  order  to  their  Happinefs.  | 
Written  by  an  Englifh  Minifter  at  the  |  De- 
fire  of  an  Englifh  Magiftrate,  |  who  fends  vnto 
them  this  |  Token  of  Love.  |  Bofton,  |  Print- 
ed by  Bartholomew  Green,  and  |  John  Allen. 
1700. 

Wuffukwhonk  |  En  Chriftiancue  afuh  pean- 
tamwae  |  INDIANOG,  |  Wahteauwaheonac- 
vnt  I  Teanteagquaffinifh,  |  Nifli  |  English- 
mansog  I  Kodtantamwog  Indianog  |  Wahte- 
aunate  kah  Uflenate,  |  En  michemohtae  Wvn- 
niyevonganit.  |  Wuffukwhofik  nafhpe  Cotton 
Mather,  |  Englifhmanne  Nohtompeantog,  nam- 
poo  I  hamunate  kodtantamoonk  Edward 
Bromfleld  Englifhmanne  Nanawvnnuaenah, 
noh  okkodaninnvmav  yev  womoaufve  |  Ma- 
goonk  en  Indianfut.  j  Mufhauwamuk, 
Printevnun  nafhpe  Bartholomew  Green,  kah 
I  John  Allen.  1700. 


RHODE  ISLAND  REBELLION  AGAINST 
MASSACHUSETTS,   IN  1692 

Proclamation  by  Gov.  Sir.   Wm.  Phips. 

Province  of  )    By    his    Excellency     fy 

Massachusets  Bay  ss.      )    Council  a   Proclamation. 

Whereas,  divers  persons  of  ye,  Town   of 


336 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Oct., 


Little  Compton  &  parts  adjacent  in  ye, 
County  of  Bristol  within  this,  their  Magis- 
ties  province,  have  been  inveigled  &  drawn 
into  a  bett  &  take  part  with  Christopher 
Almy  Sen1".,  Dan.  Wilcox,  Henry  Head,  & 
Wm  Briggs  of  ye  Sd  Town  of  Little  Comp- 
ton, in  opposition  to  ye.  majisties  Govern- 
ment, &  with  force  &  arms  to  protect  them 
against  their  officers  having  lawful  warrant 
to  take  them  into  custody  to  be  brought  to 
answer  for  several  High  misdemeanours 
wherewith  they  Stand  charged. 

His  Excellcy  &  Council  being  rather 
desirous  to  reduce  them  by  clemency  than  to 
use  great  severiy,  doe  hereby  declare  & 
make  known  to  all  such  persons,  that  if  up- 
on publication  hereof  they  shall  desist  & 
come  in  to  one  or  more  of  their  majesties 
Justices  within  the  Sd  County,  submitting 
themselves  to  their  majesties  Authority  and 
Govern1.,  they  shall  be  Indempnified  for 
what  is  past  behaving  themselves  peacea- 
bly &  orderly  for  time  to  come,  but  in  de- 
fault of  making  such  submissions  they  may 
expect  to  be  proceeded  against  as  High 
Criminals. 

And  the  said  Christopher  Almy,  Dan 
Wilcox,  Henry  Head  &  Wm  Briggs  are 
hereby  required  in  yr  Majesties  names  with- 
in the  space  of  ffourty  eight  hours  next 
after  publication  hereof  to  render  them- 
selves unto  some  of  yr  Majesties  Justices 
of  the  peace  within  the  sd  County  of  Bris- 
tol, that  they  may  be  brought  to  answer 
what  shall  be  objected  against  them  on  yr 
Majesties  behalfe  as  they  will  answer  their 
(refusal)  at  yr  uttmost  peril.  Given  under 
ye  .Seale  of  the  sd  Province  at  Boston,  ye 
eighth  day  of  Dec.  1692,  in  the  fourth 
year  of  yr  Majesties  Reign. 

William  Phips 
By  order  in  Council 

Isa  Addington  Secret. 


Letter  from  Secretary  Addington  to  Copt. 
Gookin,  Enclosing  the  Preceding  Procla- 
mation. 

Boston,  December  8^  1692. 

S' 

His  Ex:cy  and  Council  have  thought  it 
adviseable  to  Emit  a  Proclamation  of  In- 


dempnity  to  such  persons  as  have  been  un- 
adviseably  inveigled  and  drawn  in  to  take 
part  with  and  Abet  Christopher  Almy  and 
his  accomplices  in  opposition  to  their  Majties 
Authority  and  Government,  upon  their  sub- 
mission,  hopeing  that  many  of  them  may 
better  Consider  with  themselves,  &  be  ready 
to  accept  of  their  Majties  Grace  and  Favour 
therein  rendered  unto  them.     If  otherwise 
they  shall  be  so  hardy  as  to  persist  it  will 
be  a  high  aggravation  of  their  offence,  and 
render  them  more  inexcusable  whatever  In- 
convenience and  Severity  may  follow  upon 
their    refusal.     The  prudent  Management 
and  good  Issue  of  this  troublesome  affair 
is  of  great  moment.     And  lest  the  Weather 
should  prevent  his  Excy,£  Coming  as  was 
intended,  a  Letter  is  written  to  Maj1'  Wal- 
ley,  desiring  him  to  go  over  to  "advise  and 
Labour  therein.     And  it  is  expected  that 
Capne  Cullimore    of  Situate  may  come  to 
you  with  a  further  assistance,  by  that  time 
you  receive  these.     He  is  esteemed  a  pru- 
dent person  and  gives  Encouragement  that 
he  may  be  able  to  perswade  and  bring  them 
to  reason;  he  brings  with  him  a  Comission 
to  your  selfe.     It  will  be  most  Eligible  that 
the  matter  be  effected  with  the  least  Noyse 
or  Force,  so  as  to  prevent  the  Effusion  of 
blood.     When  Maj'  Walley  and  Capne  Cul- 
limore are  joyned  you,  you  willtbe  assisted 
with  advice   and  otherwise.     Let  the  per- 
sons that  come  in  upon    the  Proclamation 
give  in  their  names  and  make  their  submis- 
sion  before    one  or   more  of  their  Maj,ies 
Justices.     Endeavour  all  possible  dispatch, 
that  so  you  may  return  home,  and  in  the 
interim  give  an  accompt  of  what  shall  oc- 
cur, Wishing  you  good   Success.     If  you 
have    already  seized   any  of  the   abettors, 
Let  them  give  Bond  with  Sureties  to  answer 
at  the  next  General  Sessions  of  the  Peace 
in  the  County,  and  in  the  mean  time  to  be 
of  the  good  behaviour. 

By  order  in  Council 


Isa  Addington,  S 


eery. 


(Addressed) 
To  Capt.  Samuel  Gookin 
at  Little  Compton 
These 

For  their  Ma1ics  Service. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


337 


totes  anb  (Qwries, 


NOTES. 


The  First  School  in  new  York  City. 
i — The  first  school  opened  in  New  Amster- 
dam ,  in  1G33 .  It  was  an  elementary  parochial 
school  under  the  management  of  the  deacons 
of  the  Dutch  Church.  At  that  period  the 
city  extended  from  the  Battery  northward 
only  to  the  present  location  of  wall  street  and 
contained  a  population  of  but  four  hundred 
persons. 

The  first  teacher  was  Adam  Roeland- 
sen,  who  came  from  Holland  in  company 
with  Wouter  Van  Twiller,  to  fill  the  triple 
office  of  teacher,  chorister  and  beadle.  He 
came  from  the  land  where  the  pilgrims  found 
their  first  home  on  escaping  from  the  religious 
persecutions  in  England.  While  sojourning 
there  they  learned  to  prize  education  and 
good  schools  as  the  noblest  allies  of  liberty. 
About  a  dozen  years  prior  to  the  advent  of 
the  first  schoolmaster  on  the  island  of  Man- 
hattan, the  Pilgrims  had  borne  with  them 
across  the  Atlantic  the  seeds  of  public  educa- 
tion, which  they  subsequently  planted  in 
the  New  England  colonies,  side  by  side  with 
the  church. 

About  ten  years  after  the  first  school  was 
opened,  those  early  Knickerbockers  began 
to  agitate  the  subject  of  erecting  a  building 
for  its  accommodation.  It  took  them  twenty 
years  to  agree  upon  a  suitable  site,  collect  the 
necessary  means,  and  erect  their  first  school- 
house  which  was  completed  about  1663. 
While  arrangements  for  building  this  school- 
house  were  in  progress,  in  1659,  the  first 
"Latin  Schoolmaster  "  arrived  from  Hol- 
land. 

In  1687,  the  first  English  Grammar-school 
was  commenced  in  New  York.  It  subse- 
quently received  fifty  pounds  a  year  from 
the  English  colonial  goverment  for  the  sup- 
port of  its  teacher.  In  addition,  forty  pounds 
were  granted  to  this  institution  for  the  pur- 
pose of  establishing  free  scholarships.  In 
1702  this  school  was  established  on  the 
King's  Farm,  and  thus  became  the  germ  of 
King's    College.     During  this    period  the 

HIST.  MAO.      VOL.  VIII.  43 


Island  of  Manhattan  was  in  the  possession 
of  the  English,  and  the  name  of  the  city  had 
been  changed  from  New  Amsterdam  to  New 
York.  Its  population  was  about  five  thou- 
sand. 

The  citizens  of  this  young  metropolis  were 
very  desirous  of  securing  a  person  who  was 
well  qualified  to  fill  the  position  of  teacher 
in  their  first  English  Grammar-school,  and 
accordingly  they  wrote  to  the  Bishop  of  Lon- 
don, requesting  him  to  send  them  a  "  master, 
as  there  was  not  any  person  within  the  city, 
proper  and  duly  qualified  to  take  upon  him- 
self the  office  of  schoolmaster  in  said  city, 
with  whose  convenience  it  would  be  agreea- 
ble/' 

In  1732  a  "Free  School  for  teaching  the 
Latin  and  Greek  and  practical  branches  of 
mathematics"  was  incorporated  by  law. 
In  1754  a  royal  charter  was  granted  for  es- 
tablishing an  English  college,  which  was 
called  King's  College.  Two  years  later  an 
edifice  was  erected  for  its  use,  on  grounds 
granted  for  that  purpose  by  the  corporation 
of  Trinity  Church.  A  few  years  subse- 
quently, a  grammar-school  and  a  medical  de- 
partment were  added.  This  institution  was 
in  a  flourishing  condition  at  the  beginning 
of  the  American  Revolution  j  but  the  war 
suddenly  suspended  its  operations,  and  the 
building  was  occupied  for  military  purposes. 
After  the  Revolution  this  college  was  reopen- 
ed and  its  name  changed  to  Columbia  Col- 
lege, which  it  still  bears. 

As  the  population  of  the  city  increased, 
new  schools  were  occasionally  opened ;  some 
for  private  instruction,  at  expensive  rates  of 
tuition;  others,  under  the  management  of  the 
different  religious  denominations,  and  known 
as  charity  schools,  were  chiefly  designed  for 
the  children  of  the  poor  families  belonging 
to  their  respective  churches.  Prior  to  1800 
no  provision  had  been  made  for  public 
schools,  and  the  means  of  education  were 
entirely  beyond  the  reach  of  the  great  body 
of  the  citizens. 

Some  time  during  1795  several  benevo- 
lent ladies,  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  formed 
an  association  for  the  purpose  of  aiding  poor 
women  who  were  not  of  the  order  of  Qua- 
kers.    In   a  few  years  they  observed  that 


338 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Oct., 


there  was  a  large  and  increasing  class  of  poor 
children  who  were  entirely  without  the  means 
of  education,  even  at  the  charity  schools  of 
the  different  churches.  Accordingly,  in 
1802,  they  opened  a  school  for  poor  girls, 
children  of  that  class  of  women  for  whom 
their  association  provided  employment  and 
the  means  of  support.  Afterwards  they  ad- 
mitted both  girls  and  boys  into  their  schools; 
but  they  finally  excluded  all  boys  from  them, 
admitting  girls  only.  These  schools  were 
taught  by  these  benevolent  ladies  in  person, 
taking  the  duty  week  by  week,  in  turn. 

The  success  of  the  schools  for  girls  sug- 
gested a  plan  for  opening  similar  schools  for 
boys.  On  the  19th  of  February,  1805, 
twelve  philanthropic  gentlemen  met  for  the 
purpose  of  considering  this  subject.  The 
result  of  this  meeting  was  the  presentation 
of  a  memorial  to  the  Legislature  of  the  State 
of  New  York,  which  was  signed  by  about 
one  hundred  prominent  citizens,  asking  for 
a  charter,  and  such  pecuniary  aid  as  would 
enable  them  to  establish  free  schools. 

On  the  9th  of  April,1805,  the  Legislature 
of  New  York  passed  "  An  act  to  incorporate 
the  society  instituted  in  the  city  of  New 
York,  for  the  establishment  of  a  free  school, 
for  the  education  of  poor  children  who  do 
not  belong  to,  or  are  not  provided  for,  by 
any  religious  society."  This  act  provided, 
that"  any  person  who  should  contribute  to 
the  society  the  sum  of  eight  dollars  should 
be  a  member  thereof;  and  any  person  who 
should  contribute  the  sum  of  twenty-five 
dollars  should  be  a  member,  and  be  further 
entitled,  during  the  life  of  such  contributor, 
to  send  one  child  to  be  educated  at  any  school 
under  the  care  of  the  society;  and  whoever 
should  contribute  the  sum  of  forty  dollars, 
should  be  a  member,  and  be  entitled  to  send 
two  children,  etc." 

This  act  also  provided  that  the  society 
should  manage  by  thirteen  trustees,  to  be 
elected  on  the  first  Monday  in  May  in  every 
year,  who  should  be  members  of  said  cor- 
poration and  actual  residents  of  the  city  of 
New  York.  The  first  Board  of  Trustees  was 
elected  on  the  tenth  day  of  May,  1805,  and 
composed  of  the  following  persons,  with 
whom  the  plan  of  the  society  originated : 
De  Witt  Clinton,  President. 


John  Murray,  Jr,  Vice  President. 

Leonard  Bleecker,  Treasurer. 

Benjamin  D.  Perkins,  Secretary. 
Gilbert  Aspinwall,  Thomas  Eddy,  Thomas 
Franklin,  Mathew  Franklin,  Adrian  Hege- 
man,  William  Johnson,  Samuel  Miller,  Ben- 
jamin Gr.  Minturn,  and  Henry  Ten  Brook. 
This  association  having  now  assumed  a 
responsible  shape,  the  trustees  began  to  ap- 
peal to  the  public  for  the  necessary  means 
to  carry  forward  their  noble    enterprise. 

Notwithstanding  great  exertions  were  made 
in  soliciting  subscriptions,  nearly  twelve 
months  elapsed  before  they  had  collected  a 
sum  sufficient  to  warrant  them  in  making 
the  requisite  engagements  for  opening  a 
school. 

About  this  time  intelligence  reached  this 
country  concerning  the  mode  of  teaching 
elementary  classes,  which  had  then  just 
been  introduced  into  a  school  of  about  one 
thousand  children  in  London,  under  the  su- 
perintendence of  Joseph  Lancaster.  "Econ- 
omy in  expense,  and  facility  and  expe- 
dition in  communicating  instruction,"  were 
the  characteristic  distinctions  claimed  for 
this  method  of  instruction. 

This  plan  of  teaching  comprehended  read- 
ing, writing  and  arithmetic.  A  school  was 
divided  into  classes  of  ten  or  fifteen  pupils 
each,  who  were  placed  under  the  care  of  a 
monitor,  who  was  a  pupil  in  a  class  of  higher 
grade.  Thus  the  children  were  to  be  made 
the  instruments  of  their  own  instruction. 
One  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  had  visited 
Lancaster's  school  in  London,  and  was  very 
desirous  of  adopting  the  same  system  in  the 
schools  of  this  society  in  New  York.  At 
length  a  teacher  was  found,who  appeared  to 
be  qualified  for  the  undertaking,  and  a  small 
apartment  was  secured  in  Bancker  street, 
(now  Madison)  near  Pearl  street,  and  the 
first  school  under  the  charge  of  this  society 
was  opened  on  the  14th  of  May,  1806.  In 
a  few  days  this  school  contained  forty-two 
pupils.  This  was  the  first  Lancasterian 
School  established  in  America. 

About  this  time  Col.  Henry  Rutgers  pre^ 
sented  two  lots  of  ground  in  Henry  street, 
for  the  purpose  of  erecting  thereon  a  school- 
house  to  meet  the  wants  of  the  poor  in  that 
part  of  the  city.     These  lots  were  valued  at 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


339 


$2,500.  In  addition,  the  citizens  contributed 
cloth,  stockings,  shoes  and  hats,  to  make  the 
children  who  attended  the  schools  comfort- 
able during  the  severe  cold  weather. 


Mission  Santa  Clara,  Cal.  —  The 
Mission  Santa  Clara  was  founded  the  12th 
of  January,  1777,  on  the  banks  of  the  Gua- 
dalupe river,  at  the  expense  of  Charles  III, 
"  King  of  Spain  and  the  Indies."  The  two 
first  pastors  of  this  mission  were  Father  Jose 
Antonio  de  Murguiaand  Father  Thomas  de 
la  Pena.  The  place  in  which  the  mission 
was  first  founded  was  called  by  the  natives 
"  Socoistika, "  which  means  laurel  trees, 
from  the  large  quantity  of  laurels  in  the 
vicinity.  About  the  beginning  of  the  year 
1779,  a  great  inundation  swept  over  the  land, 
destroying  the  church  and  buildings.  With 
undiminished  energy  the  fathers  laid,  on  the 
19th  November,  1781,  the  corner  stone  of  a 
new  church,  in  a  place  called  by  the  Indians 
"  Gerguensun,"  which  means  "Valley  of 
the  Oaks,"  at  a  distance  of  half  a  league 
from  the  former  site.  The  dimensions  of  this 
church  were  as  follows:  Forty  and  one-half 
varas  long  by  nine  broad  on  the  inside.  The 
walls  were  of  adobe,  and  were  a  vara  and  a 
half  thick  by  eight  varas  high,  and  situated 
on  the  ground  on  which  Mr.  Redman's  house 
now  stands. 

On  the  15th  of  May,  1784,  the  Church 
was  finished  and  dedicated  to  Sta.  Clara,  by 
the  "Holy  man,  Father  Junipero  Serra," 
assisted  by  Fathers  Murguiaand  De  la  Pena. 
The  interesting  ceremony  commenced  by 
Father  Serra's  handing  the  key  of  the  new 
church  to  Don  Pedro  Fages,  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  of  the  Royal  Troops  and  Military 
Governor  of  the  Californias.  Don  Pedro 
thereupon  proceeded  to  open  the  door,  and 
thereby  became  guardian  of  the  mission. 
The  Governor  was  assisted  by  Don  Jose 
Joaquin  Moraga,  Vice  Governor.  The  mo- 
ment of  presentation  was  one  of  great  rejoic- 
ing, and  was  celebrated  by  the  firing  of  guns 
and  festivities. 

The  report  from  which  we  select  the  above 
history  is  from  a  manuscript  record  of  the 
year  1777,  now  in  the  archives  qf  the  Mission 
of  Santa  Clara,  and  is  authenticated  by  the 
autographs  of  Father  Serra,  De  la  Pena, 


Francisco  Palu,  Don  Pedro  Fages,  and  Don 
Jose  Moraga,  to  which  are  appended  peculiar 
flourishes.  Four  days  provious  to  the  above 
dedication  Father  Murguia  died,  and  was 
interred  in  the  sanctuary  of  the  building 
which  he  had  helped  to  found. 

In  the  year  1818  this  church  was  nearly 
demolished  by  an  earthquake,  and  it  became 
necessary  to  build  a  new  one.  The  effeet  of 
the  earthquake  is  still  visible. 

The  third,  the  present  church  (and  sur- 
rounding buildings),  was  then  founded  by 
the  two  pastors  of  the  mission,  Father  Jose 
Viaden  aud  Father  Magin  Catala,  and  was 
finished  in  the  year  1822,  and  is  described 
as  a  rectangular  building,  eight  yards  in 
front,  and  about  as  deep,  one  end  of  which 
contained  the  church  and  parsonage.  The 
church  is  fifty-two  varas  long  by  ten  and 
one-half  in  width.  It  was  formerly  decorated 
with  a  steeple,  made  of  adobes,  about  sixty 
feet  in  hight,  but  the  ravages  of  time  and 
the  climate  reduced  it  to  such  a  state  that  it 
was  found  necessary  in  1821,  to  construct 
another,  which  was  made  of  wood.  This 
church  was  solemnly  dedicated  August 
11th,  1822. 

The  first  Governor  sent  by  the  Mexican 
republic  to  California  was  Echandia,  who 
arrived  in  the  year  1824.  An  American 
describes  him  as  "  the  scourge  of  California, 
an  instigator  of  vice,  who  sowed  the  seeds 
of  disease,  of  dishonor,  not  to  be  extirpated 
while  a  mission  remains  to  be  robbed." 
His  first  official  act  was  to  subvert  the 
established  plan  of  the  missions  and  take  all 
control  from  the  missionaries.  By  persisting 
in  this  course  he  drove  forth  many  priests, 
and  through  his  ill  treatment  towards  the 
president  of  the  missions,  caused  the  vene- 
rable Sanchez's  death.  This  state  of  affairs 
continued  until  1831,  when  Don  Manue  Vic- 
toria gave  a  check  to  the  rapacity  of  the 
Mexican  representative;  but  Victoria  ruled 
but  a  few  months  when  the  plunder  inau- 
gurated by  Echandi  recommenced.  Father 
Peyri,  a  man  of  great  energy  and  purpose, 
became  obnoxious.  He  was  driven  from  the 
Mission  San  Luis  Rey,  of  which  he  was 
founder,  and  which  he  had  ruled  for  thirty- 
four  years.  The  tears  and  entreaties  of  the 
Indians  were  of  no  avail,  and  he  was  forced 


340 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Oct.; 


to  flee  to  Mexico.  For  years  afterwards  the 
Indians  preserved  a  painting  of  Peyri,  which 
they  idolized,  and  when  he  finally  left  for 
Spain  every  stranger  was  besieged  with 
questions  concerning  his  safety. 

At  this  period  the  missions  of  California 
contained  30,650  Indians,  424,000  head  of 
cattle,  62,500  horses,  321,500  sheep,  and 
raised  annually  122,500  bushels  of  wheat  and 
maize.  This  property  was  delivered  to  the 
legal  authorities,  who  alloted  some  to  each 
family.  The  missionaries  were  allowed  ra- 
tions, which  were  often  never  sent.  So  poor 
indeed  had  the  missionaries  become  through 
the  policy  of  Echandia,  that  one  by  the 
name  of  Sarria  died  of  hunger  and  wretch- 
edness at  the  Mission  La  Soledad,  where  he 
had  spent  thirty  years  in  the  instruction  of 
the  Indians.  In  1840  the  work  of  demoli- 
tion continued.  In  1842  several  of  the  mis- 
sions were  closeof — that  of  San  Diego  en- 
tirely so,  and  the  number  of  Indians  won- 
derfully decreased.  At  Santa  Clara  the 
missionaries  had  contrived  to  save   much. 

Such  was  the  state  of  the  missions,  which 
still  numbered  thirteen  missionaries;  but 
civil  war  soon  broke  out;  the  remaining  mis- 
sions were  occupied  by  the  belligerent  for- 
ces, and  the  Indians  forced  to  take  a  part. 

Before  the  rebellion  was  quelled  the  Amer- 
ican war  ensued,  which  resulted  in  the  cap- 
ture of  California.  The  fertility  of  the  soil 
and  the  discoveries  of  gold  soon  brought  a 
large  emigration  to  our  shores,  which  drove 
the  Indians  from  their  missions  to  the  moun- 
tains, where  they  retaliate  their  many  wrongs 
by  plunder. 

Had  not  the  American  war  ensued  there 
is  no  doubt  but  that  under  the  former  im- 
becile rule  not  a  single  stone  of  those  inter- 
esting missions  would  remain  upon  another. 
War  has  had  but  little  effect,  and  govern- 
ment has  instituted  reservations  for  the 
Indians,  where  they  may  raise  sufficient  to 
live  upon,  without  pillage  and  murder. 

There  are  six  bells  at  the  Mission  Santa 
Clara,  one  of  which  bears  the  following  in- 
cription : "  San  Juan  Bautista,  Ave  Maria  Pur- 
issima," — St.  John  the  Baptist,  hail  Mary 
most  pure. 

It  is  presumed  that  this  bell  was  originally 
cast  for  the  Mission  San  Juan,  from  the  fact 


of  the  other  five  bearing  the  name  of  the 
mission  to  which  they  belong.  On  the 
largestis,  "  Santa  Clara  Ave  Maria  Purissima, 
Ruelas  me  fecit/' — Hail  Mary  most  pure, 
Ruelas  is  my  manufacturer.  All  bear  the 
date  of  1805,  and  were  a  donation  of  Spain 
for  the  support  of  the  mission.  One  is 
cracked.  Four  are  quite  large,  and  all  have 
deep,  sonorous  tone,  their  composition  being 
largely  silver. 

The  Alameda,  three  miles  long,  leading 
from  Santa  Clara  to  the  Puebla  San  Jose 
was  laid  out  in  the  year  1805.  Willow  trees 
are  planted  on  both  sides  the  entire  distance. 
There  are  many  traditionary  accounts  of  the 
beauty  of  the  Alameda,  which  was  the  fav- 
orite resort  of  the  Californians.  Here  horse- 
races and  celebrations  of  Saint  days  were 
engaged  in,  with  that  spirit  for  which  the 
Catholic  communities  are  so  celebrated. 
Although  neglected  and  decayed,  it  presents 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  picturesque 
sights  to  be  met  with  on  this  coast. 

The  Santa  Clara  College  was  founded 
March  19th,  1851,  by  the  Rev.  Father  John 
Nobili. —  California   Farmer. 


Recollections  of  the  Past. — In  turn- 
ing over  the  manuscript  contents  of  an  al- 
most forgotten  portfolio,  my  attention  was 
attracted  by  the  peculiarity  and  somewhat 
crabbed  chirography  of  a  document  concern- 
ing Philadelphia  within  some  three  score 
years  lang  syne.  I  think  it  will  amuse  some 
of  your  spectacled  readers,  and  may  instruct 
more  recent  seekers  after  knowledge  of  our 
city.  Farther  explanation  is  deemed  un- 
necessary.    The  document  speaks  for  itself. 

REMINISCENCES. 

In  the  early  part  of  1793,  my  father  had 
been  to  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  and  made 
an  agreement  with  a  house-carpenter  to  take 
me  as  an  apprentice,  and  then  gave  me  the 
name  and  street,  and  started  me  off  with  a 
little  bundle  under  my  arm,  of  perhaps  a 
shirt,  trowsers  and  stockings  j  and  after  get- 
ting some  dinner,  my  master  gave  me  orders 
to  go  with  the  other  boys,  to  the  building  in 
Front-street  below  Chestnut,  where  he  im- 
mediately put  me  to  sawing  boards;  and  I 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


341 


served  my  apprenticeship,  and  followed  the 
business  about  twenty  years. 

I  belonged  to  the  Society  of  Friends  and 
attended  what  was  called  the  North  Meeting 
in  Keys'  alley,  perhaps  now  New-street 
where  many  worthies  attended,  such  as  many 
people  will  remember,  when  I  mention  their 
names.  Such  as  old  Samuel  Smith,  John 
Parrish,  Samuel  Emlen,  Tl  omas  Scattergood, 
William  Savery,  Henry  Drinker,  Jacob 
Thomkins,  Leonard  Snowden,  Nathan  A. 
Smith,  Joseph  Justice,  Thomas  Morris,  my 
old  night-schoolmaster  Joseph  Yerks,  two 
Frenchmen,  John  de  Marssellac,  and  Ste- 
phen Gralet,  John  Webb,  and  many  others, 
but  it  would  be  too  tedious  to  mention  them 
all.  On  the  female  side  of  the  meeting-house, 
were  Rebecca  Jones,  Hannah  Catherill  and 
a  number  of  others. 

As  to  city  improvements,  and  county  im- 
provements likewise,  it  appears  as  though 
they  were  just  beginning  to  dawn  and  break 
forth.  City  Councils  erected  a  large  water- 
house  of  stone  at  the  N.  W.  corner  of  Schuyl- 
kill, Front  and  Chestnut  streets,  with  a  pow- 
erful steam  engine  to  raise  the  Schuylkill 
water,  and  send  it  on  to  another  water-house 
in  the  centre  of  the  crossing  of  Market  and 
Broad  street  [these  streets  were  also  intersect- 
ed by  what  ivas  called  Centre  Square,  in  the 
centre  of  which  was  the  engirie  house.  The 
Square  was  enclosed,  planted  with  trees,  and 
gravel  ivalks  laid  out. — F.  C.  ],  built  of  solid 
marble  in  a  circular  form.  My  master  gave 
my  fellow  apprentices  and  myself  liberty, 
one  day,  to  go  to  Market,  near  Water  street, 
and  see  the  first  hydrants  opened  [strange 
to  say,  many  persons  could  never  be  persuaded 
to  drink  or,  indeed,  use  at  all,  the  "  hydrant 
water, "  as  it  was  then  called,  averring  that 
as  the  river  received  all  manner  of  jilth,  dead 
dogs,  cats,  carrion,  &c,  &c.,the  water  was 
consequently  poisonous.  They,  therefore,  con- 
tinued the  use  of  the  spring  water  from  the 
old  pumps  as  usual* — F.  C],  with  the 
*  [The  same  kind  of  prejudice  influenced  a  great 
many  of  our  citizens  to  oppose  and  remonstrate 
against  the  introduction  and  use  of  gas  into  our 
streets  and  our  houses  as  an  illuminator.  It  was 
deemed  to  be  extremely  dangerous — rendering 
the  city  constantly  liable  to  conflagration ! 
Strange  to  say,  even  up  to  the  present  time, 
persons  are  found  who  still  refuse  the  use  of  gas, 
although  every- where  met  by  demonstration  of 


Schuylkill  water  coming  out  freely  close  to 
the  Delaware ;  this  work  was  a  great  hobby 
with  William  Rush,  the  wood-carver,  and 
Oliver  Evans,  in  those  days.  Then  Councils, 
after  building  a  large  house,  and  I  think  two 
large  steam-engines  [certainly  one  of  these  by 
Oliver  Evans. — F.  C]  to  drive  the  water  up 
the  hill  at  Fairmount  into  a  basin  on  very 
high  ground,  and  with  pipes  lead  it  through 
the  city;  this  plan  Councils  also  abandoned, 
and  got  [under  the  active  exertions  of  Jo- 
seph S.  Lewis,  William  Rush  and  other 
enterprising  members  of  the  watering  com- 
mittee, on  which  Mr.  Lewis  was  chairman, 
the  committee  employed  Frederick  Graeffas 
their  superintendent  of  the  works. — F.  C] 
to  the  right  way  by  making  the  water  throw 
itself  up-hill,  by  a  dam  and  water-wheels,  as 
any  one  may  see  in  operation  at  this  time — 
one  of  the  greatest  works  in  this  country  if 
not  in  the  world. 

Either  in  the  latter  part  of  my  apprentice- 
ship, or  shortly  after,  the  bridge  company 
began  to  drive  large  grooved  logs  for  coffer- 
dams, to  build  the  piers  in  the  Schuylkill 
for  the  permanent  bridge  to  rest  upon  there 
having  been  as  yet  nothing  but  a  floating 
bridge  to  cross  on,  at  Market  street;  and  when 
the  ice  or  a  large  freshet  would  drive  the 
floating  bridge  away,  they  had  to  take  to  a 
very  large  scow  to  cross  in.  And  now,  in 
the  year  1836,  see  the  strides  which  improve- 
ments have  taken  since  those  by-gone  days. 

August  27th,  1864. 


Miniature  of  an  American  Revolu- 
tionary Officer.  —  A  miniature  hand- 
somely set  in  gold,  has  been  deposited  at 
the  library  of  the  New  York  Historical 
Society,  of  which  the  following  account  is 
given : 

This  is  the  miniature  of  a  distinguished 
officer  of  rank  in  the  American  Revolution- 
ary army,  who  perished  by  starvation  in 
the  old  sugar  house  in  Liberty  street,  which 
was  demolished  a  few  years  since,  near  the 
present  Post  office. 

At  his  last  moments  he  sent  for  a  young 
officer  in  the  British  army,  and  entrusted 
him  with    this  miniature,    with   the    most 

the  fact,  that  the  consumption  of  gas  is  less  dan- 
gerous by  far  than  our  old  fashioned  way  of 
lighting  from  the  use  of  oil  and  candles. — F.  C.] 


342 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Oct., 


earnest  request  that  it  should  be  sent  to 
his  only  daughter,  then  living  in  this 
country.  With  this  request  the  officer 
pledged  himself  to  comply;  but  such  was 
the  deranged  political  state  of  affairs,  that 
it  was  impossible  for  him  to  effect  his  pur- 
pose, and  on  the  return  of  peace,  being 
ordered  with  the  army  to  England,  his 
consequent  location  was  too  remote  to  make 
the  proper  enquiries. 

A  trifle  as  this  miniature  would  be  con- 
sidered by  the  generality  of  the  world,  yet 
still  as  there  are  those  to  whom  it  would  be 
of  inestimable  value,  it  is  desirable  if  pos- 
sible to  find  the  real  owner. 

From  the  sudden  death  of  the  British 
officer,  the  name  of  the  American  officer  is 
lost,  and  the  hope  of  finding  the  real  owner 
is  extremely  complicated  thereby. 

At  all  events  it  is  a  memento  of  the 
"times  which  tried  men's  souls/ ;  and  the 
resemblance  of  him,  who  although  dead, 
yet  should  forever  live,  in  the  remembrance 
of  those  who  can  properly  appreciate  the 
sufferings  and  martyrdom  of  our  Revolu- 
tionary sires. 

There  is  little  probability  of  the  officer 
being  recognized  at  this  late  day,  yet  as 
there  is  a  possibility,  the  present  holders 
deserve  the  thanks  of  all,  for  the  effort  now 
to  restore  to  a  family  what  will  be  a  price- 
less treasure. 


Washington's  First  Watch. — A  cor- 
respondent of  the  Philadelphia  Inquirer, 
writing  from  Annapolis,  says  that  he  saw  in 
the  hands  of  Mr  C.  A.  A  S.  Wolf,  watch- 
maker  and  jeweler  of  that  city,  a  relic  of 
antiquity,  in  the  shape  of  a  watch  said  to 
have  been  presented  to  General  George 
Washington  at  his  birth,  by  his  grand- 
father. The  memento  is  the  property  of 
the  Custis  family,  and  was  left  at  the  estab- 
lishment of  Mr.  Wolf  by  a  near  relative, 
a  surgeon  in  the  Union  army,  for  a  short 
period.  The  watch  is  much  larger  than 
those  of  the  present  day,  measuring  eight 
and  three-quarter  inches  in  circumference, 
and  when  in  the  case,  which  is  evidently 
of  modern  make,  exceeds  nine  inches. 
This  curiosity  is  of  silver,  plated  with  gold, 
and  bears  the  name  of — Veigneur,  Gene- 


va, maker;  the  number  and  year  of  its  manu- 
facture cannot  be  ascertained.  It  is  set 
with  aqua-marine,  and  handsomely  enameled 
on  the  back,  with  the  scales  of  Justice  and 
liberty  cap,  which  time  has  somewhat  ob. 
literated. 


Charles  Sealsfield.  — The  mystery  of 
the  life  of  Charles  Sealsfield  seems  to  have 
been  settled  by  his  will,  which  bequeathed 
the  greater  part  of  his  property  to  a  family  of 
the  name  of  Postel,in  Moravia.  This  recall- 
ed to  the  memory  of  some  people  who  lived 
at  Prague  more  than  forty  years  ago,  that 
Postel  was  the  name  of  the  secretary  of  a 
religious  order  who  suddenly  vanished  from 
Prague,  and  was  afterwards  heard  of  at  Ber- 
lin and  Switzerland.  It  is  supposed  that  this 
fugitive  secretary  was  no  other  than  Seals- 
field;  that  he  entered  the  order  of  Knights  of 
the  Cross  which  held  the  benefice  of  the  par- 
ish in  which  he  was  born;  was  ordained 
priest,  and  became  secretary  of  the  order ; 
aimed  at  great  things ;  hoped  for  a  post  at 
the  Austrian  court  and,  being  disappointed  of 
this,  took  to  flight,  and  turned  up  as  a  literary 
celebrity.  This  would  of  course  explain  this 
mystery  in  which  the  life  of  Sealsfield  was 
enveloped,  and  if  true  it  is  a  romance  in 
itself  not  unworthy  of  a  romantic  writer. 
— Athenseum 

Origin  of  Mules  in  the  United 
States. — Up  to  the  year  1773  there  were 
scarcely  any  mules  to  be  found  in  the  United 
States — those  few  had  been  imported  from 
the  West  Indies,  and  were  of  a  very  inferior 
order. 

When  Washington  returned  to  private 
life  at  Mount  Vernon  he  became  convinced 
that  mules  would  be  better  adapted  for  use 
in  the  agriculture  of  the  Southern  States,  as 
they  lived  longer,  were  less  liable  to  disease, 
require  less  food,  and  were  more  economical, 
than  horses. 

On  his  views  becoming  k  nown  to  the  king 
of  Spain  he  sent  him  a  jack  andtwojennies. 
The  jack  was  sixteen  hands  high,  of  a  grey 
color,  heavily  made,  and  of  a  sluggish 
disposition.  About  the  same  time  he  also 
received  a  jack  and  some  jennies  from  La- 
fayette, which  were  procured  on  the  island 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


343 


of  Malta.  These  proved  more  ferocious 
and  active.  By  crossing  the  breed,  Wash- 
ington availed  himself  of  the  best  qualities  of 
the  two,  and  thus  introduced  excellent  mules 
for  farming  labor  in  this  country. 

Such  was  their  superiority,  that  at  the 
sale  of  the  General's  effects,  one  wagon  team 
of  four  mules  sold  for  $800. 

At  this  day  these  animals  are  extensively 
used  in  the  Southern  and  Middle  States. 


Gov.  Bradford's  Bible. — A  communi- 
cation to  the  Boston  Journal  states  that  the 
Bible  of  Gov.  Bradford,  printed  in  black  let- 
ter, 1592,  containing  his  name  and  those  of 
generations  of  his  descendants,  and  long 
sought  in  vain  by  antiquarians,  is  now  in  the 
possession  of  Mr.  Joseph  Belcher  Walters,  of 
Sharon,  Mass.,  of  which  he  is  the  careful, 
vigilant  and  tenacious  custodian,  as  were  his 
father  and  grandmother,  Alice  (Bradford) 
Waters,  before  him.  Mr.  Waters  was  born 
June  22,  1804,  the  son  of  Zebulun  Wa- 
ters, Jr.,  of  Stoughton,  by  his  second 
wife,  Lucy  Belcher,  who  was  born  Au- 
gust 23, 1768,  the  son  of  Zebulon  Waters, 
senior,  of  Stoughton,  by  his  wife,  Alice 
Bradford  (born  Nov.  3,  1734;  published 
to  him  March  14,  1757),  the  daughter  of 
Elisha  Bradford,  of  Kingston,  by  his  second 
wife,  Bathsheba  La  Brocke,  who  was  the 
son  of  Joseph  Bradford  of  Kingston,  born 
1630,  the  youngest  son  of  the  governor. 
Through  these  six  generations  the  Bible  has 
descended,  with  a  loss  of  only  a  few  of  the 
last  leaves;  but  the  boards  of  the  cover  are 
gone,  the  margins  worn  down  nearly  to  the 
text,  and  the  leather  of  the  back  rolled  up, 
drawing  the  forward  and  latter  leaves  back- 
ward, and  rendering  the  volume  when  closed 
cuneiform. 


"Going  through  the  Motions." — 
From  the  "  Genealogy  of  the  Wetmore  Fam- 
ily, "  a  work  recently  printed,  we  extract  the 
following  anecdote  of  Rev.  Izrahiah  Wet- 
more,  of  Stratford,  Conn. : — "When  the  news 
of  the  surrender  of  Gen.  Cornwallis  to  Gen. 
Washington,  reached  Stratford,  it  was  on 
Sunday,  and  during  the  hours  of  worship. 
Word  was  immediately  taken  to  the  pulpit, 


when  Parson  Wetmore  was  engaged  deliver- 
ing his  discourse.  Drawing  himself  up  to 
his  fullest  height,  and  making  known  the 
intelligence,  he  said:  "My  friends,  the 
house  of  God  is  no  place  for  boisterous 
demonstrations;  we  will,  therefore,  in  giving 
three  cheers,  only  go  through  the  motions/' 
That  the  motions  were  given  with  an  em- 
phasis, the  reader  will  easily  imagine,  and 
to  the  congregations  of  the  present  day,  given 
to  applause,  it  may  convey  a  useful  hint. 


Copy  of  a  Handbill  in  the  Posses- 
sion of  the  Historical  Society  of 
Pennsylvania. — 

DIRECTIONS 

For  Manouvres,  to  be  performed  by  the 
Rrigade  composed  of  the  Three  City 
Battalions,  on  Tuesday, the  Fourteenth 
of  November,  1775. 

Rear  Ranks,  take  proper  Distance  I— By 
Word  of  Command. 

When  the  Reviewers  appear  on  the  Right, 
Double   Roll — The    whole  present  their 
Arms,  and  officers  trail  Arms.* 

When  they  march  round  to  the  Left  Flank 
—  Two  Strokes  and  a  Flam,  to  face  to 
the  Left. 

When  they  march  to  the  Rear — Two  Strokes 
and  a  Flam. 

When  they  march  to  the  Right  Flank- — Two 
Strokes  and  a  Flam. 

When  they  come  to  the  Front — Two  Strokes 
and  a  Flam. 

last  Part  of  Tat-too— All  Shoulder,  Offi- 
cers Order. 

Roll,  One  Stroke  and  a  Flam* — Wheel  by 
Sub-Divisions  to  the  Right ! 

As  soon  as  the  Front  makes  the  second 
Wheel — Slow  Time. 

As  soon  as  the  Rear  passes  the  Reviewers — 
Quick  Time. 

As  soon  as  the  Brigade  has  gained  its  form- 
er Ground — To  Arms,  form  Battalion  ! 

Flam  and  Troop — Rear  Ranks,  take  their 
Distance ! 

Flam — Rear  Ranks,  to  Front  face,  and  Of- 
ficers Order. 

*It  is  probable  that  the  officers  carried  pikes. 
— Copyist, 


344 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Oct. 


Double  Roll — Present  Arms,  and  Officers 
trail  Arms. 

Brigade  Major  drops  the  Point  of  his  Sword 
— General  salute. 

Brigade  Major  raises  his  Sword — Officers 
trail  arms  and  put  on  their  Hats. 

Last  part  of  Tat-too — Shoulder  and  Offi- 
cers Order. 

Ruff- — Caution  to  Officers,  Sergeants  and 
Drums. 

Flam — Face. 

Flam  and  Troop — Officers  take  Post  in  the 
Rear. 

Flam — Officers  face  to  the  Front. 

Flam — Order. 

Manual  Exercise — By  Beat  of  Drum. 

Flam — Officers  Recover. 

Flam   and    Troop — Officers  take   Post  in 

Front,  Sergeants  in  the  Rear. 
Infantry   of  First    and    Third    Battalions, 

Cover  Flanks  ! — By  word  of  Command. 
Ruff — Caution. 
Flam- — Prime  and  Load! 
Flam   and    Troop — Rear  Ranks,  close   to 

the  Front,  and  officers  take  Post  in  the 

Battalions ! 
Ruff- — Caution. 

First  Manoeuvre  :    Double  Roll  and  March 

— Advance  by  Files  from  the  Centre  of 

Grand  Divisions ! 
To  Arms — Form  Battalion  ! 
Preparative — Firings  by  sub-Divisions  from 

Centre  to  Flanks,  one  Round. 
First  Part  of  the  General—Yum™  ceases. 
Retreat  and  March — Retreat  by  Files  from 

the  Center  of  Grand  Divisions  ! 
To  Arms — Form  Battalion  ! 
Flam— To  Front  Face  ! 

Second  Manoeuvre :  From  the  Center  of 
Wings  advance  by  Files — The  same  Sig- 
nals as  the  First  Manoeuvre  and  Retreat 
in  the  same  Manner. 

Third  Manoeuvre, — From  the  Centre  of  Bat- 
talions advance  by  Files  ! — The  same  Sig- 
nals as  above,  both  Advancing  and  Re- 
treating. 

Fourth  Manoeuvre :— By  Sub-Divisions  from 
the  Right  form  Columns  ! — The  same  Sig- 


nals as  above,  both  in  Advancing  and  Re- 
treating. 

N.  B.  In  Retreating,,  the  Right  Hand 
Sub-Division  goes  to  the  Right  about :  the 
others  face  to  the  Right. 

Order  of  March. 
The  Brigade  marches  from  the  Right  by 
Platoons,  to  the  Head  of  Arch  Street,  down 
Arch  Street  to  Fourth  Street;  up  Fourth 
Street  to  Vine  Street,  down  Vine  Street  to 
Second  Street;  down  Second  Street  to 
Spruce  Street,  and  then  separate. 


Spanish  Priests  in  New  York  (Vol, 
Vlll,  p.  316). — Dr.  O'Callaghan,  in  his  Doc- 
umentary History,  vol.  iii,  p.  277,  mentions 
two  other  Spanish  priests,  captured  on  the 
Spanish  ship  Victory,  Chev.  de  Rossell  by 
the  Diamond,  Capt.  Thos.  Jacobs.  The 
names  of  the  two  are  Andre  Saens  de  Bi- 
tare  and  Thomas  Grents,  a  Dominican.  The 
former  was  very  badly  treated,  robbed  of 
his  money,  and,  after  having  received  per- 
mission to  go  to  England,  was  seized  when 
embarking  on  the  Snow  Amason  by  Capt. 
Jacobs,  robbed  of  every  thing,  and  confined 
on  the  Diamond.  Grents,  who  may  have 
been  English,  petitioned  for  his  release. 

Voting-Mills. — It  appears  from  the 
following  article,  which  is  to  be  found  in 
the  (Philadelphia)  Freeman's  Journal  for 
January  7,  1784,  that  complaints  of  cheat- 
ing at  elections  are  not  confined  to  our  day. 

Advertisement  Extraordinary.  The  new 
invented  Voting-Mill. 

An  ingenious  mechanic  who  has  long 
made  the  sublime  art  of  political  machinery 
his  study,  proposes  with  the  blessing  of  God 
to  construct  a  number  of  Voting-Mills  upon 
principles  which  have  been  repeatedly  tried 
with  success.  These  mills  are  particularly 
adapted  to  the  use  of  the  city  and  of  sundry 
districts  in  the  different  counties  of  this 
State.  Though  somewhat  costly  in  the  first 
purchase,  these  mills  will  be  found  in  the 
end  to  save  much  time  and  money,  as  well 
as  many  unavailing  disputes.  They  are  safe, 
easy  and  expeditious,  and  are  so  contrived 
that  one  single  hand  may  work  not  only  one 
mill ;  but  all  the  other  mills  so  constructed, 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


345 


however  distant  or  dispersed,  will  be  found 
to  work  together  by  the  same  motion. 

A  sufficient  number  of  them  will  be  fully 
prepared  by  the  time  of  the  election  for 
members  of  convention,  the  plan  which  was 
originally  devised  at  Lancaster  after  many 
improvements  being  now  so  complete  that 
one  of  these  mills  upon  an  emergency  will 
turn  out  from  two  to  three  hundred  votes 
in  an  hour.  The  great  mill  which  contains 
the  primum.  mobile  will  be  erected  upon 
Market  Street  at  the  expense  of  the  United 
States. 

Orders  from  the  country  will  be  punctual- 
ly obeyed,  and  the  mode  and  time  of  appli- 
cation will  be  speedily  published.  It  is  ex- 
pected that  this  invention  will  be  found  to 
answer  upon  trial  in  the  other  states  as  well 
as  Pennsylvania.  A  premium  from  govern- 
ment or  a  patent  for  the  sole  making  of 
these  mills  will  be  expected  in  case  it  should 
be  thought  necessary  that  the  secret  should 
be  divulged. 


The  Muscovy  Duck  an  American 
Bird  —  Explanation  of  the  Name. — 
At  a  meeting  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences,  Philadelphia,  Mr.  Hill  stated  that 
the  habitat  of  the  Muscovy  duck  is  the 
Lake  of  Nicaragua.  There  travelers  see 
them  at  all  times,  either  in  small  breeding 
coteries,  or  large  flocks.  In  the  wild  state 
their  plumage  is  dark  without  any  admix- 
ture of  white.  They  were  originally  pro- 
cured from  the  Mosquito  shore,  the  coun- 
try of  the  Muysca  Indians  (see  Humboldt's 
researches),  and  hence  is  derived  the  name 
of  Musco  duck,  corrupted  into  Muscovy 
duck.  The  West  India  Islanders  had 
early  naturalized  them,  for  on  the  discovery 
of  Columbus,  they  speak  of  "  ducks  as 
large  as  geese,"  that  they  found  among  the 
Indians. 


Americanisms. — It  has  sometimes  been 
asserted  that  the  word  hop,  as  applied  to  an 
informal  ball  or  dancing  party,  is  an  Ameri- 
canism. This  is  incorrect.  It  is  used  in 
this  sense  in  a  letter  from  Mrs.  Delany 
(whose  Life  and  Correspondence  have  re- 
cently been  published  in   England    in    six 

HIST.  MAG.      VOL.  VIII.  44 


volumes)  to  her  sister  Mrs.  D'Ewes,  dated 
January  10,  1744-5: 

"  Our  little  hop  which  I  promised  Bell  was 
appointed  for  Wednesday,  but  that  proving 
the  Fast-day,  it  is  to  be  this  evening." 

The  use  of  the  word  fall  for  autumn  is 
generally  considered  an  Americanism,  but 
is  most  probably  an  English  provincialism. 
William  Penn  uses  the  word  fall  in  this 
sense  in  one  of  the  earliest  letters  written 
by  him  from  America. 

Philadelphia.  w.  D. 

The  word  "fair'  which  never  should  have 
been  thrust  out  of  the  saxon  seasons  for 
"autumn;"  and  which  is  as  poetical  and 
appropriate  as  "  spring,"  is  local  in  England. 
It  is  found  occasionally  in  print.  I  have 
met  it  in  Bishop  Challoner's  writings  pub- 
lished in  the  last  century.  s. 


Washington. — In  1686  John  Washing- 
ton, master  of  the  sloop  Two  Sisters,  was 
prosecuted  in  the  Court  of  Admiralty,  New 
York,  for  violation  of  the  navigation  laws, 
in  having  imported  a  quantity  of  brandy, 
which  had  not  been  laden  in  England. 


QUERIES. 

Paroling  Private  Soldiers. — Is  there 
any  former  instance  of  the  practice  of  parol- 
ing private  soldiers,  now  so  much  in  vogue 
in  our  war  ?  Is  it  not  a  new  and  very  un- 
wise step  ?  s. 


A  Copley  Gallery, — Can  a  list  be  made 
up  of  the  paintings  by  Copley  still  preserved 
in  this  country?  If  his  paintings  could  not 
begatherd  together,  a  catalogue  ought  cer- 
tainly to  be  made  up.  m. 


David  Alden  son  of  the  Pilgrim,  is  said 
(Mass.  Hist  Coll.  ii.  6)  to  have  died  aged  73. 
Can  any  one  tell  the  date  of  his  death, 
New  Haven,  Conn.  e.  b.  d. 


Earthquake  at  Jamaica  in  1692. — 
Savage's  Genealogical  Dictionary,  ii,  469, 
speaks  of  a  Ralph  Houghton  as  lost  at  Port 
Royal  in  the    great   Jamaica  Earthquake, 


346 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Oct., 


June  1692.  Can  any  reader  of  the  Histori- 
cal Magazine  refer  to  a  printed  account  of 
this  earthquake,  especially  to  one  in  which 
this  sufferer  is  mentioned  ?  r.  B.  D. 

Mrs.  Houghton  or  Horton  of  Stough- 
ton,  Mass.,  a  Centenarian. — Where  can 
a  notice  of  the  death  of  this  lady  be  found  ? 
She  is  said  to  have  died  at  the  remarkable 
age  of  105,  some  time  between  1765  and 
1780.  f.  B.  D. 


REPLIES. 

Bibliography  or  the  "Following" 
or  "Imitation  of  Christ/'  by  Thomas 
a  Kempis  (Vol.  viii,  pp.  279). — 

1802 
Of  the  Imitation  of  Christ.  In  Three 
Books.  Translated  from  the  Latin  of  Tho- 
mas a  Kempis,  By  John  Payne.  New  Bed- 
ford :  Published  by  Abraham  Shearman, 
Jr.  1802.  12°,  pp.  287. 

1805 
Of  the  Imitation  of  Christ.  In  Three 
Books.  Translated  from  the  Latin  of  Tho- 
mas h  Kempis.  By  John  Payne.  New 
Bedford.  Published  by  Abraham  Shear- 
man, Jr.  Printed  in  Boston  by  E.  Lincoln. 
1805.  12°,  viii,  pp.  256. 

1833 

The  |  Following  of  Christ  |  Translated 
from  the  Latin  of  |  Thomas  A  Kempis  |  By 
the  Rt.  Rev.  and  Ven.  |  Edward  [Richard?] 
Challoner,  D.  D.  V.  A.  |  With  reflection 
at  the  Conclusion  of  each  Chapter.  I  Balti- 
more :  |  Fielding  Lucas,  Jr.  |  138  Market 
street.     18°,  345  pp. 

The  copyright  bears  date  in  1833.  Four 
Books. 

1812 

The  Christian  Pattern ;  or  a  Treatise  of 
the  Imitation  of  Jesus  Christ :  with  Medi- 
tations and  Prayers  for  sick  persons,  by 
George  Stanhope,  D.  D.  Charlestown, 
1812.  8°. 


Doctor  Samuel  Johnson  (Vol.  viii,  pp. 
258) — In  the  July  No.  of  he  Magazine, 
an  inquiry  is  made  concerning  the  disposi- 
tion of  Dr.  Johnson's  library. 

With  the  exception  of  a  few  books  given 
away  by  his  last  will,  his  library  was  sold  at 
auction  by  order  of  his  executors.  The  sale 
was  made  by  Mr.  Christie  at  his  great  room 
in  Pall  Mall,  on  Wednesday,  Febuary  16, 
1785,  and  the  three  following  days. 

One  of  the  sale  catalogues  is  now  before 
me. 

The  books  are  offered  for  sale  in  662  lots, 
being  about  165  lots  per  day.  The  lots  are 
to  be  taken  away  with  all  faults  at  the  buyer's 
expense  within  one  day  after  the  sale  is  ended. 
The  public  are  notified  that  the  books  may 
be  examined  on  Monday  and  Tuesday  pre- 
ceding the  sale,  which  will  begin  each  day 
at  12  o'clock. 

It  is  stated  in  Anderson's  Life  of  Dr. 
Johnson  (3d  Ed.,  p.  615,  note)  that  the 
library  though  by  no  means  handsome  in  its 
appearance,  was  sold  for  the  sum  of  £247, 
9s.  In  many  of  the  books  Dr.  Johnson  had 
written  short  notes. 

I  notice  upon  the  catalogue  (Lot  No.  644) 
13  of  Dr.  Johnson's  Dictionaries  with  MS. 
notes. 

Among  other  interesting  articles  was  a 
MS.  relating  to  the  Province  of  Massachu- 
setts Bay. 

Can  any  of  your  correspondents  inform  us 
what  this  manuscript  was? 

Dedham.  E.  Wilkinson. 


The  Tristram  Coffin  Medal,  (Yol. 
viii,  page  277.) — Some  few  years  since 
[1826?]  Sir  Isaac  Coffin,  Bart,  had  a  medal 
struck  in  commemoration  of  his  ancestor, 
Trist[r]am  Coffin ;  which  with  his  accus- 
tomed liberality  he  presented  to  all  the 
male  descendants  of  the  name.  It  bore  on 
one  side  a  full  length  figure  of  their  ances- 
tor in  the  Spanish  costume,  with  this  in- 
scription, "  Trist[r]am  Coffin,  the  first  of 
the  race  that  settled  in  America,  1642 ;" 
and  on  the  reverse  were  four  [two]  hands 
joined — "Do  honor  to  his  name" — "Be 
united. —  lhacher's  Am.  Med.  Biography,  i, 
229. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


347 


Revolutionary  Pensioners.  —  (Vol. 
viii,  148,  178).  — Of  the  list  given,  besides 
Miller  and  Gates,  we  must  record  the  deaths 
of 

1.  John  Goodnow  of  Sudberry,  Mass. 

2.  John  Pettengill,  of  Henderson,  Jefferson 
Co.,  N.  Y.,  who  died  April  23,  1864. 

3.  Rev.  Daniel  Waldo,  who  died  at  Syra- 
cuse, N.  Y.,  July  30,  1864,  aged  nearly 
102  years. 

4.  James  Barham,  who  died  May  20,  1864, 
near  Nashville.  He  was  born  in  Fauquier 
Co.,  Va.,  Mar.  31, 1763.  He  was  present  at 
the  Capitulation  of  Burgoyne.  He  emigrat- 
ed to  Danielson  Co.,  Tenn.,  in  1808,  and 
lived  there  till  his  death. 

His  great  age,  his  seventy  years  of  faith- 
ful service  as  a  pastor  in  the  Congregational 
Church,  and  the  fact  that  he  was  one  of  the 
twelve  surviving  links  between  our  own  times 
and  the  Revolution,  and,  the  oldest  graduate 
of  Yale  College,  call  for  something  more 
than  a  passing  word  to  his  memory.  Daniel 
Waldo  was  born  at  Windham,  Windham 
county,  Conn.,  on  September  10,  1762. 
When  17  years  old  he  was  drafted  into  the 
army  of  independence,  performing  his  share 
of  the  honorable  struggles  of  the  colonists 
for  the  liberty  of  their  new-born  nation.  In 
the  following  year  he  was  captured  at  the 
batte  of  Horseneck,  taken  to  New-York,  and 
imprisoned  in  the  Sugar  House,  being,  how- 
ever, exchanged  after  a  confinement  of  two 
months.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  com- 
menced study,  and  graduated  at  Yale  in  the 
class  of  1788.  On  leaving  college,  he  en- 
tered upou  the  study  of  theology  under  Dr. 
Levi  Hart,  of  Preston,  Conn.,  and  on  May 
24,  1792,  was  ordained  pastor  of  a  Congre- 
gational church  of  that  town.  This  charge 
he  resigned  in  1809,  removing  to  Cambridge- 
port,  Mass.,  for  two  years;  then  to  Rhode 
Island,  as  a  missionary;  afterward  to  Har- 
vard, Worcester  county,  Mass.,  and  finally 
to  Exeter,  Rhode  Island,  where  he  presided 
over  the  church  for  twelve  years.  At  this 
period,  1836,  he  retired  from  any  stated 
charge,  frequently  preaching,  however,  for 
various  ministers.  His  son  was  then  pastor 
of  the  Congregational  Church  at  Syracuse. 
On  December  22,  1856,  Mr.  Waldo,  then 
93  years  old,  was  elected  chaplain  of  the 


House  of  Representatives,  to  which  honor- 
able duty  he  was  again  called  the  following 
year. 

Long  known  as  "  Father  Waldo,"  from  the 
affectionate  veneration  in  which  he  was  held 
by  his  fellow-citizens,  the  deceased  clergy- 
man leaves  a  record  bright  with  patriotism, 
generosity,  and  liberality  of  thought.  The 
long  career  of  such  a  man,  his  unclouded 
memory  to  the  last,  enabling  him  to  recall 
the  great  events  which  crowded  the  history 
of  the  last  three  generations,  his  undimmed 
eyes,  until  two  years  since  allowing  him  to 
read  the  records  of  our  more  gigantic  strug- 
gle for  liberty,  is  something  to  reflect  upon. 
He  had  often  seen  humanity  beaten  down 
and  trodden  under  foot,  despotism  and  un- 
holy ambition  crushing  out  the  young,  strong 
life  of  nations,  cruel  wars  crimsoning  the 
fairest  portions  of  earth  in  the  interest  of 
base  and  wicked  men,  and  before  he  died  he 
saw  the  same  horrors  flung  abroad  in  our 
own  land  by  the  hands  of  perjured  and  trai- 
torous men.  Such  things  sadden  the  faint 
of  heart.  But  if  it  is  permitted  to  the  sons 
of  men,  when  they  leave  us,  to  view  with  a 
clearer  sight  and  a  loftier  knowledge  the 
deeds  done  in  the  flesh,  they  know  that 
while  the  innocent  suffer,  and  humanity 
mourns,  He  by  whom  we  shall  all  be  judged 
ordereth  all  things  well. 


C.  D. — One  of  your  correspondents  in- 
quires in  what  form  the  song  of  the  Star 
Spangled  Banner  was  first  printed  ?  I  think 
that  in  The  History  of  the  Philadelphia 
Stage  you  will  find  that  subject  clearly  ex- 
plained. The  song  was  first  printed  and 
put  upon  the  press  by  Captain  Edes,  of  Balti- 
more, who  belonged  to  Colonel  Long's  Twen- 
ty-seventh Regiment  of  militia.  He  kept 
his  printing  office  at  the  corner  of  Balti- 
more and  Gay  streets.  It  was  given  to  him 
by  the  author,  Mr.  Key.  of  Washington,  in 
its  amended  form,  after  the  battle  of  North 
Point,  about  the  latter  end  of  September, 
1814.  The  original  draft,  with  its  inter- 
lineations and  amendatory  erasures,  &c,  was 
purchased  by  the  late  Gen.  George  Keim, 
of  Reading,  and  I  suppose  his  heirs  have  it 
now.  It  was  printed  on  a  small  piece  of 
paper,  in  the  style  of  our  old  ballads  that 


348 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Oct., 


were  wont  to  be  hawked  about  the  streets 
in  days  of  yore.  It  was  first  sung  by  about 
twenty  volunteer  soldiers,  in  front  of  the 
Holiday  Street  Theatre,  who  used  to  congre- 
gate at  the  adjoining  tavern  to  get  their  early 
mint  juleps.  Ben.  Edes  brought  it  round 
to  them  on  one  of  those  libating  mornings, 
or  matinees.  I  was  one  of  the  group.  My 
brother  sang  it.  We  all  formed  the  chor- 
isters. This  is  its  history.  Mr.  Key  was  a 
lawyer  and  a  great  friend  to  John  Randolph. 
He  occasionally  favored  the  press  with  criti- 
cisms on  poetry,  and  used  thus  to  offer  re- 
marks upon  Walter  Scott's  poems,  and  other 
poets  of  that  day.  I  believe  he  also  contri- 
buted poetical  effusions  to  the  press,  but 
generally  anonymously.  His  nom  de  plume 
I  forget.  I  heard  him  once  deliver  an  ad- 
dress in  our  Court  House,  at  the  corner  of 
Sixth  and  Chesnut  streets,  about  the  time  of 
Monroe's  administration.  He  was  a  very 
bland,  gentlemanly  man,  plain  in  his  dress 
and  manner,  but  spoke  with  ease  and  flu- 
ency." 


Bibliography  of  the  Following  or 
Imitation  of  Christ,  (Vol.  viii,  page 
279)    1834.— The  |  Imitation  |  of  |  Chirst 

I  in  Four  Books.  |    By  Thomas  a  Kempis. 

I  Translated  from  the  Original  Latin,  |  by 
the  |  Rt.  Rev.  Challoner,  V.  A.  |  New 
York,  |  Published  by  Owen  Phelan,  |  57 
Chatham  St.  |  1835.  |  32-  320  pp.     a.  t. 

The  Ten  Orators  of  Athens,  (Vol. 
viii,  p.  278). — The  Catalogue  of  Harvard 
Library  shows  that  it  possesses  the  work  re- 
ferred to — "  Harpocrationis  Lexicon  in 
Decern  Oratores  Atticos  ex  Recensione 
Gulielmi  Dindorfii.     4<>  Oxford,  1853." 


Marriages  in  New  England,  (Vol. 
viii,  p.  279). — Mr.  Savage  in  his  Genea- 
logical Dictionary  of  New  England  some- 
where says  "  that  no  instance  is  known  to 
him  of  marriage  by  a  minister  in  N.  E.  prior 
to  1686,"  yet  on  p.  361,  Vol.  IV,  he  says 
of  Lawrence  Vandenbosk,  Boston,  1685,  a 
Huguenot  clergyman,  who  probabaly  in 
virtue  of  his  function  had  undertaken  to 
solemnize  marriage  perhaps  the  first  ever 
performed  in   Massachusetts  except  by   a 


civil  officer.  He  had  been  brought  before 
a  tribunal  for  this  enormity  and  had  promis- 
ed "  to  do  no  more  such  things,"  yet  says 
Judge  Sewall,  "in  September  he  joined  to- 
gether Giles  Sylvester  and  Hannah,  widow 
of  Benjamin   Gillam"  New    Haven,    Conn. 

F.  b.  d — R. 
In  1772  the  Rev.  Mr.  Mozley,  a  Mission- 
ary from  the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of 
the  Gospel  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  was  pre- 
sented by  the  grand  jury  for  marrying  a 
couple  belonging  to  his  parish  after  the 
banns  were  duly  published  and  consent  of 
parents  obtained.  The  Court  fined  him  £20. 
In  his  case,  however,  he  had  no  proof  of  his 
being  a  clergyman  except  documents  under 
the  hand  of  the  Bishop  of  London. 

E.  B. 

[Both  cases  are  sufficiently  illogical.  Hav- 
ing marriage  as  a  civil  contract,  the  parties 
make  the  contract  and  the  magistrate,  minis- 
ter, or  any  one  else  who  is  present,  is  but  a 
witness  ;  and  there  was  no  reason  in  punish- 
ing Vandenbosk  for  being  a  witness  to  a 
contract  or  requiring  Mozley  to  prove  him- 
self a  Clergyman  to  be  a  good  witness.  The 
fallacy  lies  in  the  common  but  erroneous 
idea  that  the  Clergyman,  or  magistrate  per- 
forms the  marriage.  The  man  and  woman 
are  really  the  only  parties  who  perform  or 
solemnize  or  make  the  contract.] 


Sarins  anft  tljm  JtomMngs. 


ILLINOIS. 

Chicago  Hirtoeical  Society. — Chicago,  Sep- 
tember 20,  1864.  The  first  stated  meeting  after 
the  summer  recess  was  held,  W.  L.  Newbery 
Esq.,  President,  in  the  chair. 

The  aggregate  additions  to  the  library,  the 
past  three  months,  were  reported  at  1,128,  from 
108  sources.  Of  particular  interest  were — a 
manuscript  Bible  (date  unknown)  in  black  let- 
ter, illuminated,  on  fine  vellum,  once  in  the 
possession  of  archbishop  English,  of  Trinidad; 
and  a  series  of  "Pasigraphic"  dictionaries  (in 
some  fifteen  languages)  edited  at  Mtjnchen  by 
W.  Stephanus  after  the  system  of  Bochmayer — 
being  a  new  attempt  at  a  universal  language; 
also  a  considerable  collection  of  coins,  cheifly 
Roman. 

The  Secretary  announced,  that  he  had,  in  the 
Society's   behalf,   accepted    the  custody  of  the 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


349 


flags  of  Battery  B,  first  Illionis  Artillery,  sub- 
mitting the  correspondence  on  the  occasion, 
which  was  accepted  and  ordered  to  be  filed. 

Of  the  correspondence  for  the  three  months 
(112  letters  written,  53  received)  a  summary 
was  given.  Letters  were  read  from  A.  H.  Bod- 
man,  accompanying  the  presentation  of  a  beau- 
tiful engraved  likeness,  after  Ilealy,  of  Governor 
Yates;  from  major  J.  R.  Hugunien,  on  donating 
the  original  clearance  from  Oswego  of  the 
Schooner  Diana,  Robert  Hugunin  master,  bound 
to  Lewistown,  District  of  Niagara,  N.  Y.,  June, 
15,  1811;  also  from  Z.  Eastman  Esq.,  U.  S. 
consul,  Bristol,  England,  presenting  the  original 
firman,  or  pass,  in  Turkish,  permitting  the  Bark 
C.  G.  Kershaw,  of  Cleveland,  0.,  to  pass  through 
the  Bosphorus  into  the  Black  Sea,  and  re- 
turn. 

Letters  were  read  from  Mr.  S.  G.  Russell, 
giving  particulars  of  the  literary  life,  corres- 
pondence and  remains  of  his  father,  the  late 
Professor  John  Russell,  of  Bluffdale  ;  also  from 
Mr.  J.  G.  Shea,  editor  of  the  Historical  Maga- 
zine, the  latter  occasioning  some  remarks  upon 
the  importance  of  giving  a  liberal  support  to 
that  organ  of  the  historical  associations  of  the 
United  States. 

The  Secretary  called  the  society's  attention 
to  the  fact,  that  the  state  of  Illinois  had  fallen 
behind  several  of  the  states  of  the  Northwest, 
in  omitting  to  establish  a  "Bureau  of  Sta- 
tistics," or  to  provide  in  any  way  for  extending 
encouragement  and  aid,  of  an  official  and 
authentic  character,  to  the  designs  of  the  United 
States  "  Bureau  of  Emigration,"  recently  or- 
ganized at  Washington.  He  read  also  an  ex- 
tended communication  from  Mr.  N.  H.  Parker,  on 
the  same  subject,  pressing  the  practical  impor- 
tance of  a  prompt  attention  by  the  state,  to 
secure  its  share  of  benefits  from  the  Bureau  last 
named. 

The  following,  upon  motion,  was  unanimously 
adopted. 

Whereas,  The  United  States  Government,  by 
order  of  Congress,  has  recently  established  and 
organized  a  "Bureau  of  Emigration,"  for  the 
purpose  of  encouraging  and  aiding  the  emigra- 
tion of  foreigners  to  the  unoccupied  or  newly 
settled  regions  of  the  United  States: 

Resolved,  That,  in  the  opinion  of  this  Society, 
the  interests  of  the  State  of  Illinois  require  the 
prompt  establishment  of  a  State  Bureau  of  Sta- 
tistics, to  be  filled  by  a  Commissioner  of  ap- 
proved intelligence,  judgment  and  experience, 
for  the  purpose  of  seasonably  collecting,  digest- 
ing and  publishing  in  full,  and  from  time  to 
time,  all  the  means  of  information  respecting 
the  resources,  development  and  advantages  to 
settlers  of  this  state;  to  hold  correspondence 
with  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Emigration, 
and  in  all  ways  to  serve  effectually,  as  occasion 
may    offer,    the   object  of  general   good     con- 


templated in  the  late  enlightened  action  of  the 
general  government. 

Resolved,  That  a  copy  of  the  above  be  trans- 
mitted by  the  Secretary  to  His  Excellency  Gov. 
Yates,  as  also  to  his  successor  when  elected. 

A  communication  prepared  by  the  late  Mr. 
Hooper  Warren,  of  Henry,  Illinois,  was  then 
read,  referring  to  :he  so-called  "Black  Code,"  of 
this  state,  with  numerous  references  to  sources 
of  published  information  relating  to  that 
code.  In  the  same  connexion  was  read  a  letter 
from  Mr.  John  A.  Warren,  of  Henry,  communi- 
cating information  of  the  recent  death  of  the 
writer,  his  father.  Remarks  followed  upon  the 
life,  character  and  public  services  to  Illinois  of 
the  deceased,  one  of  its  earliest  printers,  found- 
er of  its  third  public  journal,  the  " Edwards- 
ville  Spectator,"  in  1819,  as  also  editor  of  several 
other  newspapers  in  the  state.  Allusion  was 
made  to  the  important  service  rendered  by  the 
late  Mr.  Warren  to  the  cause  of  African  emanci- 
pation, and  the  esteem  in  which  he  was  held  as  a 
correspondent  of  this  society. 

Resolutions  expressing  respect  for  the  memory 
of  the  deceased  were  adopted. 

Professor  Goldwin  Smith,  of  the  University  of 
Oxford,  England,  was  admitted  an  Honorary 
member  of  the  Society;  on  which  occasion  re- 
marks were  made  by  Charles  L.  Wilson,  Esq., 
late  Secretary  of  the  United  States  Legation  at 
London,  testifying  to  the  valuable  aid  rendered 
by  Professor  Smith  to  our  country,  in  the  midst 
of  the  great  perils  and  embarassments  caused 
by  the  Rebellion,  that  aid  being  by  none  more 
profoundly  appreciated,  and  esteemed,  than  by 
the  diplomatic  representatives  of  our  country 
in  Great  Britain. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

New  England  Historic  Genealogical  So- 
ciety, Boston,  Sept.  7. — A  stated  meeting  was 
held  at  three  o'clock  this  afternoon,  at  rooms  13 
Bromfield  street,  President  Lewis  in  the  chair, 

Edward  Sprague  Rand,  Jr.,  the  recording 
secretary,  read  the  record  of  the  previous  meet- 
ing. 

Rev.  Caleb  Davis  Bradlee,  the  corresponding 
secretary,  reported  letters  of  acceptance  from  the 
following  gentleman  previously  elected  members 
of  the  society,  viz:- 

Resident — George  B.  Bigelow,  Rev.  Israel  P. 
Warren  and  J.  P.  Preston,  all  of  Boston. 

Corresponding — John  Gough  Nichols,  F.  S.  A., 
&C,  of  London,  Eng.,  editor  of  the  Herald  and 
Genealogist ;  and  William  T.  Cushing  of  Roches- 
ter, N.  Y. 

John  H.  Sheppard,  the  librarian,  reported  as 
donations,  27  volumes,  (including  8  volumes  of 
records  and  2  volumes  of  the  Columbian  Centinel, 
newspaper,  of  an  early  date),   and  24  pamphlets, 


350 


HISTORICAL  MAGAZINE. 


[Oct., 


The  eight  volumes  of  records  are  a  part  of  the 
genealogical  collections  of  the  late  Andrew  Hen- 
shawWard  of  West  Newton,  an  early  member  of 
the  society,  and  were  presented  by  his  sons,  Jo- 
seph W.,  Andrew  H.  and  D,  Henshaw  Ward,  in 
conformity  to  a  wish  which  their  father  had  fre- 
quently expressed  during  his  life.  They  consist 
of  one  volume  of  the  Sudbury  Genealogist  pre- 
pared for  the  history  of  Sudbury,  Mass.,  on  which 
he  has  for  some  time  been  engaged ;  and  7  volumes 
of  copies  of  county  and  town  records,  of  births, 
marriages  and  deaths,  namely,  two  large  thick 
volumes,  of  Middlesex  county  records,  contain- 
ing the  returns  of  24  different  towns  and  extend- 
ing from  1630  to  1783,  one  volume  Roxbury  re- 
cords from  1630  to  1783,  one  volume  Woburu  re- 
cords, from  1641  to  1855,  and  one  volume  Marl- 
borough records,  1692  to  1847,  and  one  volume 
of  Shrewsbury  records  from  1721  to  1843.  All 
except  Roxbury  and  Woburn  are  in  manuscript. 

They  will  form  a  valuable  addition  to  the  genea- 
logical materials  already  in  the  library,  Thanks 
were  voted  to  the  Messrs,  Ward  for  their  donation. 

Willam  B.  Trask,  historiographer,  read  bio- 
graphical sketches  of  Hon.  Joseph  C.  Hornblow- 
er,  LL.  D.,  of  Newark,  N.  J.,  Honorary  Vice 
President  of  the  society  for  that  state,  born  at 
Secud  River,  near  Bellevile,  N.  J,  May  6,  1777, 
died  at  Newark,  June  11,  1864,  aged  87;  also  of 
two  other  members,  namely,  Rev.  Alvan  Lam- 
son,  D.  D.,  of  Dedham,  Mass.,  born  at  Meston, 
Mass.,  Nov,  18,  1792,  died  at  Dedham  on  July 
18,  1864;  aged  72,  and  Hon.Wllliam  M.Wilson,  of 
Greenville,  Ohio,  born  near  Mifflin,  Pa.,  March 
11,  1864,  aged  56. 

Usher  Parsons,  M.  D.,  of  Providene,  R.  L, 
author  of  the  Life  of  Sir  William  Pepp  err  ell, Bart., 
and  other  works,  was  chosen  Vice  President  for 
the  state  of  Rhode  Island  in  place  of  the  late  Mr. 
Barstow. 

Rev.  Dorus  Clarke,  D.  D.,  of  Waltham,  read  a 
most  interesting  paper  on,  Luying  the  Catechism 
in  New  England  in  Olden  Time,  and  its  historical 
results ;  selecting  the  time,  some  sixty  years  ago, 
and  the  place,  the  town  of  Westhampton,  in  west- 
ern Massachusetts. 

He  related  several  anecdotes  of  the  early  settlers 
of  that  town,  particularly  of  its  first  pastor,  Rev. 
Enoch  Hale,  father  of  the  late  Hon.  Nathan  Hale, 
editor  of  the  Boston  Daily  Advertiser,  and  of  Dr. 
Enoch  Hale,  for  several  years  an  eminent  phy- 
sician in  this  city.  Mr  Hale's  habits  were  exact 
and  systematic  to  a  proverb.  Every  family  in  the 
neighborhood  could  regulate  its  tall  clock  by  the 
precise  punctuality  with  which  he  would  arrive 
to  preach  an  appointed  lecture.  On  the  Sabbath, 
every  man  who  was  earlier  or  later  than  he  at 
public  worship,  doubted  the  correctness  of  his 
own  watch.  He  was  for  twenty  years  secretary 
of  the  General  Association  of  Congregational 
Ministers  in  this  State.  On  one  occasion  the 
meeting  of  that  body  was  held  in  a  town  seventy- 


five  miles  distant  from  his  place  of  residence. 
Five  minutes  only  were  to  spare  before  the  time 
for  opening  the  meeting.  Speculation  was  rife 
among  the  members  then  on  the  ground,  as  to 
the  probability  of  his  being  there  in  season  to 
attend  to  the  duties  of  his  office.  One  clergyman, 
who  knew  him  better  than  the  others,  said  that 
if  he  was  not  there  at  the  time  it  would  only 
prove  that  the  town  clock  was  wrong,  for  there 
could  be  no  possibility  of  his  failure.  Curiosity 
grew  intense  and  more  intense;  the  interest  to 
see  how  it  would  come  out  was  prodigious,  but 
fore  the  last  minute  expired  Father  Hale  drove 
up  to  his  "old  shay,"  entered  the  church  and 
called  the  meeting  to  order  at  the  -precise punctum 
temporis  which  had  been  apponted. 

Dr.  Clarke  gave  a  very  graphic  description  of 
the  beautiful  town  of  Westhampton,  of  the 
manner  of  saying  the  catechism  for  several  suc- 
cessive years  in  the  "old  meeting-house,"  and 
the  benign  effects  of  this  teaching  upon  the 
children  and  youth  of  that  day,  and  upen  the 
intelligence,  the  morals,  and  the  religion  of  the 
inhabitants  to  the  present  day;  giving  much 
credit  to  the  master  mind  of  Jonathan  Edwards 
of  the  adjoining  town  of  Northampton,  for  the 
impress  of  his  character  upon  that  and  neighbor- 
ing towns. 

Col.  Samuel  Swett,  of  Boston,  read  a  paper  of 
John  Quincey  Adams  as  a  Poet,  quoting  his  poeti- 
cal writings  at  various  periods  of  his  extended 
life,  particularly  a  poem  which  he  wrote  while  a 
student  in  the  law  office  of  the  late  Chief  Justice 
Theophilus  Parsons,  of  Newburyport.  He  could 
truly  be  styled  an  assiduous  and  ingenious  poet 
from  his  boyhood  to  the  day  of  his  death. 


OBITUARY. 

Death  of  Hooper  Warren. — It  is  due  to  the 
worth  and  public  services  of  this  good  man  that 
the  press  should  lay  a  wreath  of  honor  on  his 
tomb.  He  has  just  closed  a  long,  active  and 
useful  life,  dying  at  Mendota,  on  a  visit,  the  22d 
inst.,  at  the  age  of  seventy-four  years. 

A  native  of  Walpole,  N.  H.,  where  he  was 
born  in  1790,  he  was  a  resident,  for  the  greater 
part  of  his  life,  until  his  majorty,  of  Vermont, 
where  he  learned  his  trade  as  a  printer  in  the 
office  of  the  Rutland  Herald.  Mr.  Warren  came 
to  Delaware  in  1814  to  Kentucky  three  years 
later  (working  with  Amos  Kendall),  and  in  1818 
to  St.  Louis.  During  the  fall  of  1818  he  was  agent 
of  a  Lumber  Company  of  St.  Louis,  at  Cairo, 
which  was  then  without  a  settlement — the  only 
resident  family  (named  Hutchins)  occupying, 
for  a  home  and  store,  a  "grounded  flatboat." 

In  March,  1819,  Mr.  Warren  removed  to  Ed- 
wardsville,  Illinois,  and  commencd  the  pub- 
lication of  the  Edwardsville  Spectator,  having  for 
his  principal  friends  and  contributors  such  men 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL   MAGAZINE 


351 


as  Governor  Edwards,  Daniel  P.  Cook,  George 
Churchill,  Thomas  Lippincott,  etc. 

The  only  newspapers  published  earlier  in 
Illinois  were  the  Illinois  Emigrant,  of  Shawnee- 
town,  and  the  Illinois  Intelligencer,  of  Kaskaskia. 
The  Illinois  Republican  (the  fourth  newspaper  in 
the  order  of  publication)  was  started  at  Ed- 
wardsville  by  Judge  Smith  four  years  after  the 
Spectator. 

Mr.  Warren  edited  the  Spectator  for  six  years, 
avowing  his  anti-slavery  principles  in  his  first 
prospectus.  It  was  the  able  organ  of  the  anti- 
slavery  men  of  Illinois  in  the  bold  attempt, 
commenced  in  1822,  to  engraft  legalized  slavery 
upon  our  state  constitution.  The  contest  was 
one  of  the  fiercest  ever  known  in  our  state  his- 
tory; and  it  was  only  by  a  slender  majority  that 
this  young  commonwealth  was  saved  from  the 
blighting  curse  which  thus  early  threatened  its 
then  promising  career.  Posterity  will  not  fail 
to  search  out  the  standard  bearers  in  that  war 
of  freedom ;  nor  will  the  name  of  Hooper  Warren 
fail  of  its  meed  of  honor. 

After  his  six  years  of  service  as  editor  of  that 
journal,  Mr.  Warren  passed  a  part  of  the  year 
1826  in  Cincinnati,  editing  the  National  Crisis; 
when  he  removed  the  press  of  the  Spectator  from 
Edwardsville  to  Springfield,  at  which  last  place 
the  Sangamon  Spectator  was  edited  by  him  for 
about  two  years.  In  1829  he  removed  to  Galena, 
establishing  there  (jointly  with  Drs.  Newhall 
and  Philleo)  the  Galena  Advertiser  and  Upper 
Mississippi  Herald,  -which  was  printed  about  one 
and  a  half  years.  In  1831  he  removed  to  Hen- 
nepin, where  for  five  years  he  filled  the  offices 
of  clerk  of  the  circuit  court  and  county  com- 
missioners court,  as  also  of  recorder  and  jus- 
tice of  the  peace. 

In  1836  he  published  for  about  a  year,  at  Chi- 
cago, the  Commercial  Advertiser,  when  he  re- 
turned to  Hennepin,  and  in  the  spring  of  1839 
removed  his  family  to  Henry,  Illinois,  where  he 
carried  on  a  farm.  In  1850,  after  the  death  of 
his  wife,  he  published  at  Princeton,  for  one 
year,  the  Bureau  Advocate,  when  he  again  re- 
moved to  Chicago,  passing  there  about  three 
years,  as  associate  editor  (with  Zabina  Eastman) 
of  the  Free  West  and  the  Western  Citizen.  He 
then  returned  to  his  farm  in  Henry,  where  he 
continued  to  reside  until  his  death. 

Such  is  a  meagre  outline  of  the  career  of  one 
of  the  earliest  and  oldest  printers  of  Illinois — a 
man  of  work  as  well  as  thought,  who  rarely  had, 
in  his  busy  toil,  time  to  write,  but  was  a  genuine 
"compositor,"  his  thoughts  and  his  fingers  keep- 
ing time  nimbly  the  one  with  the  other. 

Earnest,  yet  calm,  brave  and  undaunted,  yet 
wise  and  just,  he  remained  ever  true  and  inflexi- 
ble in  his  principles,  liberal  in  his  politics,  in 
warm  sympathy  with  "the  people"  and  the  "peo- 
ple's rights;  "  yet  as  such,  a  staunch  advocate 
of  the  natural  rights  of  all  men  and  all  races, 


and  hence  the  open,  unflinching  foe  of  African 
slavery. 

Few  men  have  passed  through  a  long  life  of 
such  labor  as  his  with  a  purer  record — more 
blameless,  more  respected,  more  trusted.  His 
tranquil  old  age  was  not  inactive;  but  was  occa- 
sionally improved  by  him  in  writing  upon  past 
events  in  the  history  of  Illinois,  about  which 
few  had  better  information  or  could  write  more 
justly  and  more  wisely.  Mr.  Warren  was  a  fre- 
quent and  esteemed  correspondent  of  the  Chica- 
go Historical  Society. 

The  subject  of  this  notice  lived  not  to  see  fully 
established  that  emancipation  of  the  American 
bondmen  to  which  his  life-long  labors  had  been 
devoted.  Like  Moses,  he  was  permitted  only  a 
Pisgah  sight  of  the  land  of  long  promise  and 
hope.  He  has  passed  in  full  age  away,  to  join 
the  band  of  faithful  laborers  for  humanity  and 
right,  who,  once  stigmatized  as  seditious  and 
disturbers  of  the  peace,  will  be  forever  honored 
as  fellow-workers  with  God  and  the  good  friends 
of  their  country,  advocates  and  defenders  of  the 
oppressed.  The  loss  is  our  own  when  such  men 
are  forgotton  in  their  death. 

W.  B. 


Ex-Gov.  Henry  Johnson  passed  away  on 
Thursday,  the  4th  of  August,  on  his  plantation 
near  the  junction  of  Bayous  Grosse  Tete  and 
Maringouin,  in  the  parish  of  Pointe   Coupee. 

For  nearly  forty  years  Gov.  Johnson  was  a 
leading  character  in  this  state,  strong  in  popular 
favor,  and  high  in  public  office.  In  his  day  he 
was  the  head  of  the  old  Whig  party  in  Louisiana. 

Gov.  Johnson  was  born  in  Virginia.  On  the 
16th  of  September,  1809,  he  received  from  Gov. 
Claibrone  the  appointment  of  clerk  for  the 
second  superior  court  of  the  territory  of  Orleans, 
which  office  he  held  until  the  1st  of  May,  1811, 
when  he  was  made  Judge  of  the  Parish  Court  of 
St.  Mary.  In  the  same  year,  by  the  constituency 
of  the  country  of  Attakapas  in  which  he  then 
resided,  he  was  nominated  and  elected  a  member 
of  the  convention  which  framed  the  Constitution 
of  1812.  In  the  month  of  September,  1812,  he 
ran  for  representative  to  Congress,  but  was  de- 
feated by  T.  B.  Robertson.  On  the  12th  of 
January,  1818,  he  was  chosen  by  the  legislature 
of  this  state  to  fill  a  vacancy  in  the  United  State 
senate,  caused  by  the  death  of  Wm.  C.  C.  Clai- 
borne. 

During  his  first  senatorial  term,  which  expired 
in  1824,  he  seldom  spoke,  though  he  was  a  faith- 
ful attendant  of  the  sessions  of  the  senate.  His 
political  friends  presented  his  name  as  candidate 
for  the  office  of  governor  in  1824,  to  which  he 
was  elected. 

Gov.  Johnson  took  the  oath  of  office  on  the 
13th  of  December,  1824,  and  remained  in  the  ex- 
ecutive chair  until  the  13th  of  December,  1828. 
His    administration    was  popular.     In   1829  he 


352 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Oct., 


was  defeated  for  the  United  State  senate  by  the 
celebrated  Edward  Livingston.  From  1835  to 
1839  Governor  Johnson  was  a  representative  in 
congress,  but  he  was  not  a  frequent  debater. 
In  1842  his  name  was  before  his  fellow-citizens 
as  a  candidate  for  governor.  Though  his  politi- 
cal friends  rallied  to  his  standard,  he  was  defeat- 
ed by  Alexander  Mouton. 

But  fortune  showed  herself  more  kind  two  years 
afterwards,  when  he  was  called  to  fill  the  vacant 
place  of  Alexander  Porter  in  the  United  States 
senate.  He  acted  quite  a  conspicuous  part  in 
the  proceedings  of  the  senate  from  1844  to  1849. 
With  March  4th,  1849,  his  senatorial  term  came 
to  an  end. 

On  the' death  of  General  Taylor,  in  1850, 
Charles  M.  Conrad,  representative  from  the 
second  congressional  district  of  Louisiana,  hav- 
ing resigned  his  seat  in  order  to  accept  the  office 
of  secretary  of  war,  in  Mr.  Fillmore's  cabinet, 
Governor  Johnson  became  a  candidate,  but  after 
an  animated  struggle,  he  was  unsuccessful 
against  Judge  Bullard. 

The  last  fourteen  years  of  his  life  were  spent 
in  the  serene  enjoyment  of  rural  pursuits.  He 
was  not  far  from  ninety  when  he  sank  into  the 
grave.  Though  once  married,  to  Miss  Key,  a 
niece  of  Francis  S.  Key,  the  author  of  the 
Star-Spangled,  Banner,  this  union  was  never 
blessed  with  children. 


Memorial  of  John  Allan.  Printed  for  the  Bradford 
Club.     New  York,  1864,  39,  pp. 

The  Bradford  Club  has  thus  beautifully  shown 
its  appreciation  of  Mr.  Allan,  by  issuing  in  the 
faultless  style  of  its  publications  a  memorial 
from  the  genial  pen  of  Mr.  E.  A.  Duyckinck, 
who  views  the  great  collector  with  more  indul- 
gent eyes  than  the  friend  who  contributed  the 
notice  of  the  sale  to  our  columns.  The  little 
volume  is  enriched  with  a  portrait,  a  facsimile 
of  his  hand-writing  and  his  book  plate. 

Mr.  Duyckinck's  notice  of  Mr.  Allan  is  very 
interestingly  given  and  will  be  perused  by  the 
fortunate  few  with  genuine  satisfaction. 

The  Operations  of  the  French  under  the  Count  De 
Grassein  1781-2  as  described  in  two  contempo- 
raneous Journals.  New  York,  1864,  8«,  216  pp. 

The  Bradford  Club  has  in  this  volume,  the 
largest  it  has  yet  issued,  entered  a  field  hitherto 
in  a  manner  untouched — the  Naval  Operations 
of  France  during  our  Revolution.  The  impor- 
tance of  the  naval  aid  rendered  by  our  ally 
cannot  be  overlooked.  If  fruitless  in  great 
direct  results  except  at  Yorktown,  its  indirect 
assistance  was  immense. 


The  basis  of  this  volume  is,  1,  a  manuscript 
journal  kept  by  an  officer  styling  himself  De 
Goussencourt,  (probably  a  pseudonym)  hostile 
to  De  Grasse,  and  2,  an  account  of  the  Cam- 
paign published  soon  after  De  Grasse's  defeat, 
and  written  either  by  him  or  by  one  of  his  de- 
voted partisans.  Historic  truth  can  steer  safely 
between  the  two,  guided  by  the  narratives  of 
English  writers.  The  translation  and  notes  are 
by  Mr.  Shea;  the  volume  itself  is  printed  by 
Mr.  Munsell  in  his  best  style. 

The  Bradford  Club  series  is  thus  increasing, 
its  issues  being,  1,  The  Deerfield  Papers;  2,  The 
Croakers  ;  3,  De  Grasse's  Campaign.  They  pro- 
pose we  believe  to  give  us  a  volume  of  New 
Netherland  Poets,  to  show  doubtless  that  the 
muses  flourished  here  even  in  the  most  decried 
days  of  Dutch  rule. 


fpttllans. 


Centennial  Celebration  at  New  Bedford. 
— The  two  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  incor- 
poration of  the  town  of  Dartmouth  was  cele- 
brated at  New  Bedford,  Sept.  14th,  with  con- 
siderable display  and  spirit.  The  authorities 
and  citizens  of  Dartmouth,  New  Bedford,  West- 
port,  Fairhaven  and  Acushnet, — all  of  which 
were  formerly  comprised  within  the  limits  of 
the  ancient  town  of  Dartmouth — participated  in 
the  festivities  of  the  day.  A  procession  was 
formed,  which  marched  to  the  First  Christian 
Church,  where  the  forenoon  exercises  were  held. 
These  consisted  of  a  brief  introductory  address 
by  Mayor  Howland  of  New  Bedford,  an  interest- 
ing historical  address  by  Wm.  W.  Crapo,  Esq., 
of  New  Bedford,  a  poem  by  James  B.  Congdon, 
Esq.,  and  appropriate  singing.  The  procession 
was  then  reformed  and  marched  to  the  City 
Hall,  where  the  guests  and  citizens  sat  down  to 
a  collation,  and  after  this  was  finished  speeches 
were  made  by  Mayor  Howland,  Hons.  Thomas 
D.  Elliott,  Robert  C.  Pitman  and  John  H.  Clif- 
ford, Rev.  W.  J.  Potter  and  others.  At  5  o'clock 
Messrs.  E.  S.  and  J.  Allen,  the  Army  Aeronauts, 
of  Providence,  R,  I.,  made  a  fine  ascension  in 
their  balloon  "Empyrean,"  from  the  common, 
which  was  witnessed  by  a  large  crowd  of  spec- 
tators, and  this  closed  the  celebration. 

The  Rev.  David  Stevenson,  state  librarian  of 
Indiana  is  preparing  and  publishing  by  order  of 
the  legislature  of  that  state,  Jndiana's  Roll  of 
Honor  and  Patriotic  Dead:  being  a  complete 
History  of  the  Action  of  Indiana  and  her 
Soldiers  during  the  present  Civil  War  in  Ameri- 
ca. It  will  contain  a  complete  history  of  all  the 
regiments  and  batteries  of  the  State.  It  will 
form  2  vols.  8°  of  1,300  pages  with  20  portraits 
on  steel.     The  first  volume  is  now  ready. 


THE 


HISTORICAL   MAGAZINE 


Vol.  VIII.] 


NOVEMBER,  1864. 


[No.  11. 


(Stiunl  gfprtmtnt. 


BRADDOCK'S  DEFEAT. 

Letter  of  Rorert  Orme  to  Lt.  Gov. 
Robert  Hunter  Morris. 

Fort  Cumberland,      \ 
July  18,  1755.  j 

Dear  Sir :  T  am  so  extremely  ill  in  bed 
with  the  wound  I  have  received  in  my 
thigh,  that  I  am  under  the  necessity  of 
employing  my  friend,  Captain  Dobson,  to 
write  for  me. 

I  conclude  you  have  had  some  account 
of  the  action  near  the  banks  of  the  Mo- 
nongahela,  about  seven  miles  from  the 
French  fort.  As  the  reports  spread  are 
very  imperfect,  what  you  have  heard  must 
consequently  be  so  to  you.  You  should 
have  heard  more  early  accounts  of  it,  but 
every  officer  whose  business  it  was  to  have 
informed  you,  was  either  killed  or  wounded, 
and  our  distressful  situation  put  it  out  of 
our  power  to  attend  to  it  so  much  as  we 
would  otherwise  have  done. 

The  9th  instant  we  passed  and  repassed 
the  Monongahela,  by  advancing  first  a 
party  of  three  hundred  men,  which  was 
immediately  followed  by  another  of  two 
hundred.  The  general,  with  the  column 
of  artillery,  baggage,  and  the  main  body  of 
the  army,  passed  the  river  the  last  time 
about  one  o'clock.  As  soon  as  the  whole 
had  got  on  the  fort  side  of  the  Mononga- 
hela, we  heard  a  very  heavy  and  quick  fire 
in  our  front.  "We  immediately  advanced 
in  order  to  sustain  them,  but  the  detachment 
of  the  two  hundred  and  three  hundred  men 
gave  way  and  fell  back  upon  us,  which 
caused  such  confusion,  and  struck  so  great 

pIST.  MAO.       VOL.  VIII.  45 


a  panic  among  our  men,  that  afterwards  no 
military  expedient  could  be  made  use  of 
that  had  any  effect  upon  them.  The  men 
were  so  extremely  deaf  to  the  exhortations 
of  the  general  and  the  officers,  that  they 
fired  away  in  the  most  irregular  manner  all 
their  ammunition,  and  then  ran  off,  leaving 
to  the  enemy  the  artillery,  ammunition, 
provision,  and  baggage;  nor  could  they  be 
persuaded  to  stop  till  they  got  as  far  as 
Guest's  plantation,  nor  there  only  in  part, 
many  of  them  proceeding  as  far  as  Colonel 
Dunbar's  party,  who  lay  six  miles  on  this 
side. 

The  officers  were  absolutely  sacrificed  by 
their  unparalleled  good  behaviour,  advancing 
sometimes  in  bodies,  and  sometimes  sepa- 
rately, hoping  by  such  example  to  engage 
the  soldiers  to  follow  them,  but  to  no  pur- 
pose. The  general  had  five  horses  killed 
under  him,  and  at  last  received  a  wound 
through  his  right  arm,  into  his  lungs,  of 
which  he  died  the  13th  inst.  Poor  Shirley 
was  shot  through  the  head ;  Captain  Mor- 
ris wounded ;  Mr.  Washington  had  two 
horses  shot  under  him,  and  his  clothes  shot 
through  in  several  places,  behaving  the 
whole  time  with  the  greatest  courage  and 
resolution.  Sir  Peter  Halket  was  killed 
upon  the  spot;  Colonel  Burton  and  Sir 
John  Clair  wounded ;  and  inclosed  I  have 
sent  you  a  list  of  killed  and  wounded, 
according  to  as  exact  an  account  as  we 
are  yet  able  to  get. 

Upon  our  proceeding  with  the  whole 
convoy  to  the  Little  Meadows,  it  was  found 
impracticable  to  advance  in  that  man- 
ner. The  general,  therefore,  advanced  with 
twelve  hundred,  with  the  necessary  artillery, 
ammunition  and  provision,  leaving  the  main 
body  of  the  convoy  under  the  command  of 
Colonel  Dunbar,  with  orders  to  join  him 


354 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Nov., 


as  soon  as  possible.  In  this  manner  we 
proceeded  with  safety  and  expedition,  till 
the  fatal  day  I  have  just  related  j  and  happy 
it  was  that  this  disposition  was  made,  other- 
wise the  whole  must  either  have  starved  or 
fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy,  as 
numbers  would  have  been  of  no  service  to 
us,  and  our  provisions  were  all  lost. 

Our  number  of  horses  very  much  re- 
duced, and  those  extremely  weak,  and 
many  carriages  being  wanted  for  the  wound- 
ed men,  occasioned  our  destroying  the 
ammunition,  and  superfluous  part  of  the 
provision,  left  in  Colonel  Dunbar's  convoy, 
to  prevent  its  falling  into  the  hands  of  the 
enemy. 

As  the  whole  of  the  artillery  is  lost,  and 
the  troops  are  so  extremely  weakened  by 
deaths,  wounds,  and  sickness,  it  was  judged 
impossible  to  make  any  further  attempts. 
Therefore  Colonel  Dunbar  is  returning  to 
Fort  Cumberland,  with  everything  he  is 
able  to  bring  up  with  him.  I  propose 
remaining  here  till  my  wound  will  suffer 
me  to  remove  to  Philadelphia,  from  whence 
I  shall  proceed  to  England.  Whatever 
commands  you  may  have  for  me,  you  will 
do  me  the  favour  to  direct  to  me  here. 

By  the  particular  disposition  of  the  French 
and  Indians,  it  was  impossible  to  judge  of 
the  numbers  they  had  that  day  in  the  field. 
I  am,  dear  sir, 

your  most  obedient, 

and  most  humble  servant, 

To  KOBERT  ORME. 

Hon.  Robert  Hunter  Morris, 
Lieut.  Gov.  of  Pennsylvania. 

K. 


THE  TORY  CONTINGENT  IN  THE  BRI- 
TISH ARMY  IN  AMERICA  IN  1781. 

(Continued  from  page  326.) 

New  Jersey  Volunteers,  First  Bat- 
talion. 

Brigadier  General  Cortlandt  Skinner,  Esq; 

colonel. 
Joseph  Barton,1  Esq;  lieutenant  colonel 

1  Perhaps  the  one  captured  on  Staten  Island 
in  1777. 


Thomas  Milledge,1  Esq ;  major 


Captains 

Joseph  Crowell2 
James  Shaw3 
John  Cougal4 
James  Nealson 
John  Taylor5 

Lieutenants 
William  Hutchinson 
Samuel  Leonard 


Joseph  Cunliff 
Isaac  Hedden7 
Patrick  Hagerty1 
John  Thompson 
John  Lawrence 

Ensigns 

John  Reed 
James  Moody9 
James  Britain 


1  Surveyor-general  of  N.  J. ;  died  at  Granville, 
Annapolis  county,  N.  B.,  in  1816. 

2  Died  at  Carleton,  N.  B. 

3  Mortally  wounded  at  Eutaw  Springs  in  1781. 
4 Of  Delaware;  published  as  an  enemy  to  his 

country  in  1776,  by  committee  of  Dover,  for  re- 
fusing continental  money. 

5  Probably  the  one  who  died  at  Weymouth,  N. 
S.,  in  1820. 

6  In  1782  capt.  lieut. ;  died  in  Upper  Canada, 
to  which  he  removed  from  New  Brunswick. 

1 1saac  Hadden,  in  Sabine,  was  clerk  of  the 
assembly  in  N.  B.,  and  died  in  that  province. 

8  Died  soon  after  peace  at  Derby,  N.  S. 

9One  of  the  most  celebrated  tory  partizans  in 
the  war,  whom  incessant  persecution  by  whig 
neighbors  drove  from  his  farm  where  he  lived 
quietly  and  inoffensively.  In  April,  1777,  with 
73  neighbors,  he  reached  Col.  Barton's  corps  at 
Bergen.  In  his  first  expedition  he  was  defeated, 
and  lost  most  of  his  men;  but  his  services  as  a 
spy  were  found  beyond  price.  In  June,  1779, 
he  captured  a  colonel,  lieutenant-colonel,  major, 
two  captains,  and  several  other  officers,  and  de- 
stroyed a  valuable  depot  of  ammunition  and 
arms  ;  and,  on  his  return,  routed  another  party 
with  terrible  loss.  He  was  then  used  as  a  spy 
on  Washington,  Sullivan  and  Gates.  In  1780 
he  attempted  to  carry  off  Gov.  Livingston;  and, 
failing,  carried  a  jail,  releasing  several  loyalists. 
After  capturing  18  militia  officers  and  committee 
men  with  a  party  of  7,  he  was  himself  taken, 
and  conveyed  to  West  Point,  where  he  was 
treated  with  unexampled  barbarity  by  Arnold. 
Condemned  to  death,  he  broke  prison  and  es- 
caped. He  was  made  a  lieutenant  for  capturing 
Washington's  dispatches.  In  a  second  attempt 
he  barely  escaped  with  life.  In  a  third,  again, 
succeeded.  In  1781  he  attempted  to  penetrate 
Philadelphia  and  carry  off  the  books  of  con- 
gress. He  failed,  and  his  brother  was  taken 
and  hung.  Moody,  for  all  his  losses  and  servi- 
ces, was  but  poorly  compensated  by  the  English 
government.  He  died  at  Weymouth,  N.  S.,  in 
1809,  aged  66, 


1564.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


355 


Zenophon  Jewett1 
Ozias  Ansley 


Henry  Barton 
Phineas  Milledge'2 


Chaplain 


Isaac  Hedden,  Adjutant 

Quartermaster 

Uzael  Johnson,  Surgeon3 


New 


Volunteers,    Second 


Jersey 

Battalion. 
John  Morris,4  lieutenant  colonel  command- 
ant 
John  Colden,  major 

Captains 
Cornelius  McCleese 
Waldron  Blaau5 
Norman  McLeod 
George  Stanforth 
Donald  Campbell 
J.  Demenzies  capt. 
lieut 


William  Stevenson 
Josiah  Parker 
Thomas  T.  Prichard 
Thomas  Morrison 
George  Lambert6 
Samuel  Richard  Wilson 
Adolphus  French 


Lieutenants 
William  V.  Dumont  James  B 


Ensigns 
Uriah  Blaau 


Legrange 


John  H.  Rowland,8  Chaplain 
James  B.  Legrange,  Adjutant 
Thomas  Morrison,  Quartermaster 
Charles  Earle,  Surgeon. 

New  Jersey  Volunteers,  Third  Bat- 
talion. 

Isaac  Allen,9  lieutenant  colonel  commandant 

_* 

Zenophon  Jouette,  or  Jewett,  was  sheriff  of 
York  county,  N.  B.,  in  1792,  and  held  other  offi- 
ces.    He  died  at  St.  John,  N.  B.,  in  1843. 

2 Son  of  the  major;  died  at  Annapolis,  N.  S., 
in  1836,  aged  71. 

3  Taken  prisoner  on  Staten  Island  in  1777, 
and  sent  to  Trenton. 

*Sent  in  1777  to  destroy  salt  works  at  Tom's 
River,  N.  J. ;  but  finding  them  private  property, 
declined. 

5  Waldron  Bleau,  of  N.  Y.,  captain  3d  Battery 
N.  J.  V.,  died  in  St.  John,  N.  B.,  in  1783,  five 
days  after  landing. 

6  Taken  prisoner  on  Staten  Island  in  1777,  and 
sent  to  Trenton. 

7  Taken  prisoner  at  Eutaw  Spi-ings. 

8  John  Hamilton  Rowland,  Episcopal  mission- 
ary, of  Pennsylvania,  after  the  peace  removed 
to  Sbelburne,  N.  S. 

9  A  lawyer  of  Tr«nton,  N.  J.;    attainted,  in 


Robert  Drummond,1  major 


Captains 

Joseph  Lee2 
Peter  Campbell  3 
Charles  Harrison4 
Bartholomew  Thache 
Daniel  Cozens 
Thomas  Hunlock5 
John  Barberie6 
Edward  Steele  capt 
lieut 


Lieutenants 
John  Jenkins7 


John  Troops 
William  Chew 9 
John   Hatton^ 
James  Harrison7 
rJohn  Coombs11 
Enoch  Lycon 

Ensigns 
John  Camp 
John  Willis 
Nathaniel  Coombs 
Cornelius  Thompson 
John  Swanton 
John  Shannon 


Chaplain 


John  Jenkins,  Adjutant 
John  Folker,  Quartermaster 
WTilliam  Peterson,12  Surgeon 

New  Jersey  Volunteers,  Fourth  Bat- 
talion. 
Abraham  Buskirk,^  lieutenant  colonel  com- 
mandant 

Pennsylvania;  became  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  New  Brunswick;  died  at  Fredericton, 
N.  B.,  in  1806,  aged  65. 

_  *Died  at  Chelsea,  England,  in  1789.  He  en- 
listed 200  of  his  neighbors  in  the  battalion.  It 
was  almost  entirely  swept  away  by  disease  in 
South  Carolina,  Georgia  and  Florida. 

2  Of  N.  J. ;  confined  in  jail  at  Trenton  in  1776, 
by  provincial  congress,  and  fined  £100;  magis- 
trate in  York  county,  N.  B.,  in  1792. 

3  Died  at  Maugerville,  N.  B.,  in  1822.  His 
property  in  Pennsylvania  was  confiscated. 

4  A  relative  of  President  W.  H.  Harrison.  Af- 
ter the  peace  he  went  to  New  Brunswick.  His 
fate  is  unknown. 

5  Retired  to  New  Brunswick,  but  returned  to 
the  U.  S. 

6  Taken  prisoner  on  Staten  Island  in  1777, 
and  sent  to  Trenton;  wounded  at  Ninety-Six 
and  Eutaw  Springs;  militia  colonel  and  magis- 
trate in  New  Brunswick ;  died  at  Sussex  Vale 
in  1818,  aged  67. 

7  Settled  in  New  Brunswick  in  1783 

8  Mortally  wounded  at  Eutaw  in  1781. 

9  Died  at  Fredericton  in  1812,  aged  64. 

10  Wounded  at  Ninety-Six  in  1781. 

11  Died  in  New  Brunswick  in  1827,  aged  74. 

12  Taken  prisoner  in  1777,  and  sent  to  Trenton. 

13  Attempted  to  capture  a  militia  force  at  Para- 
mus  in  1777.     In  1779  he  set  out  from  Pawlus 


356 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE- 


[Nov., 


Philip  Van  Cortlandt,1  major 


Captains 

William  Van  Allen 
Peter  Butan 
Samuel  Byerson  2 
Jacob  Buskirk3 

Lieutenants 

Edward  Earle4 
John  Yan  Buskirk 
James  Servanier5 


John  Hyslop  6 
John  Symondson7 
John  Yan  Orden8 

Ensigns 
Justus  Earle9 
Philip  Yan  Cortlandt 
jun.™ 

Bichard  Cooper 
William  Sorrell 
John  Jewett 


Daniel  Batwell,11  Chaplain 

Adjutant 

William  Sorrell,  Quartermaster 
John  Hammell,  Surgeon. 

Hook  (Jersey  City)  up  the  river  with  part  of 
the  garrison  and  other  troops,  to  cut  off  a  for- 
aging party,  but  had  to  retreat.  In  1780,  with 
400  men,  he  crossed  from  Staten  Island  to  Eliza- 
bethtown,  burnt  the  church  and  town  house, 
and  carried  off  prisoners  and  plunder.  He  was 
with  Arnold  at  New  London.  I  write  this  note 
in  the  house  of  a  gentleman  whose  grandfather, 
Cornelius  Demarest,  was  killed  by  Buskirk  at 
Closter  in  his  raid  in  May,  1779. 

The  Jersey  Volunteers  were  called,  also, 
"Skinner's  Greens." 

!Born  in  1739;  descended  from  Secretary 
Van  Cortland,  who  came  over  in  1629;  1775, 
deputy  from  Westchester  county,  N.  Y.,  to  meet 
members  of  the  continental  congress ;  frequently 
in  action;  died  in  England  in  1814. 

2 Brother  of  Colonel  Joseph;  raised  a  com- 
pany of  60  near  Paterson,  New  Jersey;  at  the 
peace  went  to  New  Brunswick,  and  thence  to 
Canada. 

3  Evidently  son  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Buskirk. 
In  1777,  when  lieutenant,  taken  prisoner  by 
Gen.  Dickinson,  and  wounded  at  Eutaw,  as  cap- 
tain in  1781. 

*  Died  at  Grand  Lake,  N.  B. 

6 Died  at  St.  John,  N.  B.,  in  1803. 

6  Became  adjutant ;  settled  at  Shelburne,  Nova 
Scotia. 

7  Died  in  New  Brunswick. 

8 Son  of  Gabriel;  also  a  refugee.  Was  in- 
structor at  King's  college,  N.  S.,  and  afterwards 
held  office  in  Bermuda. 

9  Settled  in  New  Brunswick. 

10  Born  in  New  York  in  1766. 

11  Episcopal  minister  in  York  and  Cumberland 
counties,  Pa. ;  committed  to  York  jail  in  1776. 
Congress  permitted  him  to  sell  his  personal  ef- 
fects and  remove  with  his  family  to  New  York. 
Ho  died  in  England. 


Orange  Bangers. 

John  Bayard,  Esq.   lieutenant  colonel  com- 
mandant 
Guert  Spt.  Dewint,  Esq.  major 


Captains 
James  Brace1 
Samuel  Bayard'2 
Forbes  B.  McDonald 
Bobert  Botton 
John  Howard3 
Abraham  Van  Bus- 
kirk 
De  Meynne  4 

Lieutenants 

Donald  M^Leod 
John  Cu minings 
Basil  Borison 
Neal  Stewart 


Alexander  McDonald5 
Bartholomew   Uni- 

acke6 
Bobert  Bethell 

George  Dawson7 
Edward  James 


Ensigns 

James  Grandidier 
John  Cameron 
Colin  Campbell8 
Boderick  M'Kenzie9 
William  Jackson 
Thomas   Van   Bus- 
kirkio 


Ebenezer  Townsend,n  Chaplain 
William  Jackson,  Adjutant 
Bobert  Bethell,  Quartermaster 
John  Frazer,12  Surgeon. 

IIn  1782  a  James  Brace  was  major  of  the 
Royal  Fencibles. 

2  One  of  the  claimants  of  the  Westenhook  pa- 
tent; arrested  by  Lee  at  New  York  in  1776.  In 
1782  he  was  major. 

3  Was  at  one  time  under  Tarleton,  and  quar- 
reled with  him.  He  was  an  intimate  friend  of 
Beverley  Bobinson.  Died  at  Hampton,  N.  B.r 
in  1824,  aged  82. 

4  Sabine  gives  it  Philip  De  Mayern. 

5  An  officer  of  this  name  died  in  New  Bruns- 
wick in  1835,  aged  72. 

6 Became  captain  lieutenant. 

'Captain  in  1782. 

8  A  Colin  Campbell  was  ensign  in  De  Lancey'a 
2d  battalion,  quartermaster  and  lieutenant. 

9  Went  to  Nova  Scotia. 

10  Sabine  says,  son  of  Capt.  Lawrence  Van 
Buskirk  ;  a  captain  in  this  corps,  born  in  Hack- 
ensack,  who  died  at  Shelburne,  N.  J.,  in  1803. 
Thomas  became  a  lieutenant,  went  to  Nova 
Scotia,  but  returned  to  New  Jersey. 

11  This  may  be  Rev.  Epenetus  Townsend,  Epis- 
copal clergyman,  of  North  Salem,  N.  Y.,  whom 
Sabine  supposes  to  have  perished  in  1777. 

12  Scotch.  Died  at  Shelburne,  N.  S.,  in  1840, 
aged  88. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


357 


Koyal  American  Regiment. 
Beverley  Robinson,1  colonel 
Beverley  Robinson,-  junr  lieutenant  colonel 
Thomas  Barclay, :{  major 

Captains  William  Howison 

Christopher  Hatch4 

Joshua  Barnes-  Lieutenants 

Lemuel  Wilmot«  Caleb  Fowler  o 

Morris  Robinson7  William  Bailey10 

William  Fowler  Duncan  Fletcher 

Simon  Kollock8  Anthony  Allaire11 

1  Son  of  Hon.  John  Robinson*  president  of 
Virginia  ;  inclined  to  whigs  ;  figured  greatly  in 
cases  of  defection,  and  was  prominent  in  Ar- 
nold's treason;  died  at  Tkornburg,  near  Bath, 
England,  in  1792,  aged  70.  He  received  from 
the  British  government  £17,000  for  his  losses. 

2  Graduate  of  King's  college,  N.  Y. ;  studying 
law  when  the  revolution  broke  out;  at  the  peace 
went  to  Nova  Scotia ;  lived  chiefly  at  St.  John, 
N.  B.,  but  died  in  New  York  in  1816. 

3  Son  of  Rev.  Henry  Barclay,  of  New  York, 
born  Oct.  12,  1753;  a  graduate  of  Columbia 
college,  and  law  student  under  John  Jay  ;  en- 
tered the  army  as  captain  in  the  Loyal  Ameri- 
cans; after  the  peace,  speaker  of  the  assembly 
of  Nova  Scotia,  and  adjutant- general  of  the 
militia;  commissioner  under  Jay's  treaty  ;  con- 
sul-general for  the  northern  and  eastern  states, 
and  commissary  of  prisoners  ;  and,  finally,  com- 
missioner under  the  treaty  of  Ghent.  He  died 
at  New  York  in  April,  1830,  aged  77.  He  had 
a  pension  of  £1200  from  the  English  govern- 
ment. 

4 Of  Boston;  proscribed  and  banished  in  1778. 
"While  captain,  wounded  and  commended  for 
gallantry.  Died  at  St,  Andrew,  N.  B.,  in  1819, 
aged  70. 

5  Sabine  gives  a  captain  in  Be  Lancey's  corps 
of  this  name;  captured  in  1778  with  his  com- 
pany by  Major  Leavenworth  of  Massachusetts. 

6 Of  Long  Island,  N.  Y. ;  died  at  Fredericton, 
N.  B.,  in  1814. 

7 Son  of  Bev.  Robinson;  died  at  Gibraltar  in 
1815,  aged  5G ;  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  British 
army.     Sabine  says,  capt.  Queen's  Rangers. 

8 Of  Delaware;  active  in  1777  in  using  coun- 
terfeit continental  money,  and  enlisting  men; 
went  to  Nova  Scotia, 

9  Of  Westchester  county,  New  York ;  a  loyal 
protester  in  1775.  He  became  captain,  and  died 
at  Fredericton,  N.  B.  William  and  Gilbert  were 
probably  relatives  ;  but  Mr.  Sabine's  researches 
failed  to  establish  the  fact. 

10  Became  captain-lieutenant ;  died  near  Fred- 
ericton in  1832,  aged  97. 

H  Became  captain  before  the  peace ;  died  in 
Douglas,  N.  B.,  in  1838,  aged  84. 


John  Ward1  Ensiyns 

Thomas    Hender-    William  L.  Huggeford5 

son-  Benjamin  Ward6 

Oliver  Barberie3      John  Robinson7 
Charles  Colbourne1  Richard  Swords8 
Robert  Robinson9 
Gilbert  Fowler 
John  Beardsley,10  Chaplain 
John  Cunningham,11  Adjutant 
Charles  Colbourne,  Quartermaster 
James  Webster,  Surgeon 

Independent  Companies. 
Timothy  Hierlihy,  major  commandant. 

Captains  Lieutenants 

James  Gunganven       Anthony  Kennedy 
Alexander  McMullen  Humphrey  Henderson 
Timothy  Wm  Hierlihy  Caleb  Wheaton,  jun12 
Joseph  Osborne  Franklin  G.  Etter 

George  Wetmore 

xOf  Westchester  county,  N.  Y. ;  entered  ser- 
vice in  1776;  frequently  in  battle;  died  at  St. 
John,  N.  B.,  in  1846,  aged  93,  styled  "The 
Father  of  the  City." 

2  Died  in  1828  at  St.  Andrew,  N.  B.,  aged  77. 

3  Died  at  Sussex  Vale,  N.  B. 

4  Of  Norfolk,  Va.  After  the  peace,  he  settled 
at  Digby,  N.  S.,  but  died  in  Virginia. 

5  Wounded  and  taken  at  Stony  Point;  lieuten- 
ant in  1782. 

6  Of  New  York ;  wounded  in  1777  at  the  storm- 
ing of  Forts  Montgomei-y  and  Clinton. 

7  Son  of  Bev.  Robinson,  Sr.  At  the  peace,  a 
lieutenant;  settled  in  New  Brunswick  ;  became 
deputy  paymaster,  member  of  the  council,  trea- 
surer of  the  colony,  mayor  of  St.  John ;  died 
at  St.  John  in  1828,  aged  67. 

8 Sabine  says,  Thomas;  taken  at  Stony  Point 
in  1779. 

9 Of  Virginia;  a  relative  of  Beverly;  was  a 
divinity  student,  but  fled  to  escape  impressment 
in  militia ;  died  in  Canada ;  deputy  surveyor  of 
crown  lands. 

10  Episcopal  clergyman  of  Poughkeepsie  and 
Fishkill,  N.  Y. ;  born  at  Stratford,  Conn.,  in 
1732;  studied  at  Yale,  but  received  his  degrees 
from  King's  college,  New  York ;  ordained  in 
England;  returned  in  1762;  refusing  to  take 
oath  of  allegiance  to  congress,  he  was  stripped 
of  everything,  and  retired  with  his  family  to 
New  York.  Col.  Robinson  had  been  the  chief 
supporter  of  his  church  at  Fishkill.  After  the 
peace,  became  pastor  of  Maugerville,  N.  B.,  and 
died  at  Kingston  in  1816. 

11  Died  at  Fredericton,  N.  B. 

12  Caleb,  of  Sandwich,  Mass.,  banished  in  1778. 


358 


HISTORICAL  MAGAZINE 


[Nor,, 


Ensigns 
John  Noble 


Alexander  Stewart 
John  Wheaton1 


Loyal  New  Englanders. 
George  Wightman,   lieutenant  colonel  and 

captain 
Richard  Holland,2  lieutenant 
John  Wightman,3  ensign 

British  Legion. 
B.  Tarleton,4  lieutenant  colonel  commandant 
Charles  Cochran,  major 

Captains  of  Cavalry  J  Edwards7 
Richard  Hovendon*    ^ter  Stewart 
Jacob  James  6  John  Rousselett 

David  Kinlock  Thomas  Mlller 

Lieutenants  of  cavalry 

Captains  of  infantry  Samuel  ChapmanS 
Keneth  McCulloch      Nathan  Vernon9 

IWent  to  New  Brunswick. 

2  A  Richard  Holland,  of  Massachusetts,  was 
ensign  in  the  Queen's  Rangers. 

3  A  Lieutenant  John  Wightman  died  at  Carle- 
ton,  N.  B.,  in  1819,  aged  71. 

4  Banastre  Tarleton,  who  here  appears  as  com- 
mander of  a  tory  regiment,  was  born  in  Liver- 
pool, England,  in  August,  1754.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolution  he  left  his  legal 
studies  to  enter  the  army,  and  came  to  America 
with  Cornwallis.  After  tbe  war,  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  parliament.  In  1798  he  married  a  daugh- 
ter of  the  duke  of  Ancaster.  In  1817  he  was 
made  major-general.  George  IV.  made  him  a 
baronet,  and  a  knight  of  the  bath. 

5 Of  Pennsylvania;  acted  for  a  time  with  the 
Queen's  Rangers,  and  made  many  captures. 
His  company  was  finally  incorporated  with  the 
Legion. 

6  Of  Pennsylvania ;  active  in  1777,  kidnap- 
ping whigs  near  Philadelphia ;  stole  horses  for 
British  army.  His  troop  finally  joined  Tarleton. 
In  April,  1780,  he  was  a  prisoner  in  North  Caro- 
lina; and  the  president  of  Pennsylvania  asked 
that  he  should  not  be  exchanged,  but  sent  home 
for  trial  for  his  many  villanies. 

7  James. 

8  Of  Pennsylvania  ;  joined  army  in  1776  ;  cap- 
tured at  sea,  and  carried  to  Massachusetts. 
Like  James,  he  was  claimed  by  the  governor  of 
Pennsylvania,  tried  in  1781,  but  acquitted. 

9  Nathaniel  Vernon,  sheriff  of  Chester  county 
in  1775.     Property  confiscated. 

The  infamous  Christian  Huck,  "the  swearing 
captain,"  was  killed  in  1780,  before  this  list  came 
out. 


H  Davies 
Benjamin  Hunt 


Coronets 

-  Miller 

—  Guildart 

-  Hovedon 

—  Swum 


Lieutenants  of  in-    _ 
fantry              _ 
Laughlan  M'Donald          ^     . 
William  Darby                   Ensigns 
Donald  M'Crummen  Murdock  M'Caskell 
Donald  M'Leod           Alexander  M'Crea 
Donald  M'Pherson      Ralph  Cunningham 
Campble 

M'Leod,  chaplain 

William  Taylor,  Adjutant1 
Donald  M'Donald,  Quartermaster 


Surgeon 


Maryland  Loyalists. 
James   Chalmers,2  lieutenant   colonel  com- 
mandant 
James  M'Donald,  major 


Captains 
Grafton  Dulaney3 
Patrick  Kennedy4 
Caleb  Jones5 
Philip  R.  Keys 
James  Trisley 
Isaac  Costen 


Lieutenants 
James  Millar 
James  Inglis 
Thomas  H  Parker 
John  Stirling7 
Leven  Townsend 


1  A  William  Taylor,  of  New  Jersey,  lawyer, 
son  of  John,  sheriff  of  Monmouth  county,  born 
at  Middletovvn  in  1746  ;  became  chief  justice  of 
Jamaica,  but  returned  to  New  Jersey,  bought 
his  old  estate,  and  died  at  Perth  Amboy  in  1806. 

2  His  corps  was  very  deficient  in  numbers, 
says  Sabine;  but  the  show  of  officers  is  quite 
good.  It  was  at  Pensacola  in  1781. — II.  31.,  iv, 
p.  167.  In  1783  it  embarked  at  New  York  for 
St.  John,  N.  B.,  but  was  wrecked  off  Cape  Sa- 
ble, and  more  than  half  perished.  Chalmers 
had  gone  to  England. 

3  Walter  Dulaney  was  major  in  1782. 

*  Physician  of  Baltimore;  escaped  to  New 
York  in  1777  ;  saved  at  the  wreck  of  the  Martha. 

5  Sheriff  of  Somerset  county,  Md.  ;  escaped 
from  Baltimore  in  1776,  and  arrived  at  New 
York  in  the  frigate  Brune  in  1776;  removed  to 
New  Brunswick. 

6  Made  prisoner  in  Florida,  but  paroled  and 
went  to  England;  returned  to  Maryland  in  1785; 
elected  to  the  assembly  in  1794;  resigned  his 
half  pay  in  1806-7.  He  was  elected  to  the  10th 
congress,  and  held  his  seat  till  1813.  Died  at 
Georgetown,  D.  C,  in  1815. 

7 Captain  at  the  peace;  wrecked  in  the  Martha; 
•lied  at  St.  Mary'g,  N.  B.,  in  1826,  aged  76. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL  MAGAZINE. 


359 


Ensigns 
William  Stirling1  James  Henley 

Winder  Cannon  William  Munro 

William  Jones  John  Coffman 

John  Patterson,2  chaplain 
James  Millar,  adjutant 

Quartermaster 

Surgeon. 

Pennsylvania  Loyalists. 
William    Allen,3   lieutenant  colonel   com- 
mandant 
John  De  Lancey,4  major 

Captains  Lieutenants 

Francis  Kearney5        Benjamin  Baynton 
Thomas  Stevens  Ross  Currie8 

Thomas  Colden<5         Moses  Holt9 
Joseph  Swift7 

1  Had  become  adjutant  at  (be  peace.  In  tbe 
wreck  of  tbe  Martha,  off  Tusket  river,  he  floated 
on  a  piece  of  the  wreck  for  two  days  and  two 
nights  to  the  waist  in  water.  Lieutenant  Stir- 
ling perished.  On  the  third  day  the  survivors 
drifted  to  an  island,  where  they  remained  seven 
days  without  food  or  fire. 

2 Clergyman  of  Kent  county,  Md. ;  sent  to  con- 
vention as  disloyal  in  1775 ;  discharged  on  terms. 

3Son  of  Chief  Justice  Allen;  was  a  lieuten- 
ant-colonel in  the  continental  army,  and  served 
under  St.  Clair;  joined  Howe  in  1776,  having 
had  leave  to  resign  his  commission.  He  raised 
tbe  Pennsylvania  Loyalists  in  1778.  He  ex- 
pected from  his  family  influence  to  raise  a  large 
corps,  but,  says  Sabine,  was  disappointed.  His 
regiment  took  part  in  the  gallant  defense  of 
Pensacola  against  the  French  and  Spaniards 
(see  1/.  M  ,  vol.  iv,  p.  171) ;  45  being  killed  and 
many  wounded  at  the  explosion  of  the  maga- 
zine, which  compelled  the  garrison  to  surrender. 
Col.  Allen  was  in  New  Brunswick  in  1783. 

4  Probably  John  Peter  De  Lancey,  a  brother 
of  James,  whose  wife  was  Allen's  sister;  a  native 
of  New  York,  educated  in  England;  was  at 
Brandywine  and  Monmouth,  and  held  a  com- 
mission in  the  British  army,  which  he  resigned 
in  1789,  and  returned  to  Westchester  county, 
where  he  died  in  1828. 

5  Kearney  became  major. 

6 Grandson  of  Lieutenant-Governor  Coldcn. 

7  Handsome,  but  stuttering  Joe  Swift;  a  lieu- 
tenant in  the  army  before  the  war;  went  to 
Nova  Scotia,  but  died  in  Philadelphia  in  182G. 

8  Ross  Curry  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  conti- 
nental army,  but  was  attainted,  and  his  property 
confiscated;  he  died  in  New  Brunswick  a  lawyer. 

9  Died  at  Sorel,  Canada  East,  in  1799,  a  magis- 
trate, and  wealthy. 


Ensigns 
George  Harden  Cortland  Todd1 

William  M'  Michael 

Jonathan  Odell,-  chaplain 
Ross  Currie,  adjutant 
Moses  Holt,  Quartermaster 
John  Christal,  Surgeon 
(To  be  continued.) 


HISTORICALCOS-IPABOUTTHENEW 
YORK  COURT   OF  SESSIONS. 

A  paper  read  before  the  Historical  Society,  Oct. 
4,  18G4,  by  A.  Oakey  Hall. 


These  Ante-Revolutionary  Records  of 
the  Court  of  Quarter  or  General  Sessions 
of  the  Peace  for  this  County,  which  are 
now  deposited  with  the  Historical  Society 
under  an  order  of  the  criminal  court  to 
which  they  belong,  commence  in  February, 
A.  I).  1684.  They  are  the  minutes  of  the 
proceedings  of  that  court. 

They  begin  at  an  interesting  historical 
period.  Charles  the  Second  was  soon  to 
surrender  the  personal  sceptre  of  a  "  merry 
monarch''  into  the  grasp  of  the  King  of 
Terrors.  Louis  the  Fourteenth  was  outvy- 
ing his  voluptuous  brother  of  England  in 
pursuits  which  it  has  been  reserved  for  the 
pen  of  a  woman — Miss  Pardoe — to  piquant- 
ly  narrate.  The  Prince  of  Orange  was 
awaiting  that  turn  of  fortune's  wheel,  which 
the  excesses  of  one  king  and  the  blunders 
of  another  might  force  in  his  favor.  John 
Sobieski  was  glorifying  Poland  :  but  illus- 
trating how  different  a  man  he  could  be  in 
the  field  and  in  administration.  The  prince- 
ly and  pontificial  dignity  of  the  helpless 
Innocent  the  Eleventh  was  fearing  the  in- 
sult that  came  to  him  a  twelvemonth  later 
from  France  in  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  Nantes.     And  at  the  same  time  Louis 

l  Proscribed  in  1778. 

2 Episcopal  clergyman  of  New  Jersey.  In 
1775,  examined  by  provincial  congress,  and  put 
on  parole;  wrote  witty  and  pointed  political 
poetry,  since  collected.  He  became  provincial 
secretary,  register  and  clerk  of  New  Brunswick, 
He  died  in  1818. 


360 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Nov., 


was  engaged  in  consummating  a  humbling 
of  the  grand  old  republic  of  Genoa — whose 
Doge  was  so  soon  to  implore  her  freedom  at 
Paris.  Sophia,  Electress  of  Hanover,  was 
inditing  piquant  letters  to  Ilten,  the  minis- 
ter of  her  husband ,  while  the  latter — faith- 
less absentee — was  steeped  to  the  lips  in  the 
intoxicating  pleasures  of  Yenice.  The 
young  Peter  of  Russia — not  as  yet  the 
Great — was  silently  developing  his  manly 
and  warlike  spirit ;  and  into  the  mind  of 
the  imaginative  Czar  the  accomplished  and 
enthusiastic  Leforth  was  installing  a  large 
amount  of  valuable  information.  The  help- 
less Carlos  the  Second  was  on  the  throne  of 
Spain. 

Thus,  in  1684,  was  arranged  a  part  of 
the  chess  board  of  Europe  so  far  as  the 
pieces  were  concerned.  How  of  the  bishops, 
knights  and  pawns  in  law,  literature,  sci- 
ence, and  historical  bustle  ? 

Fenelon,  La  Chaise  and  Bossuet  were 
pleading  the  glories  of  Mother  church  amid 
the  slowly  rising  glories  of  Versailles' 
architecture.  The  youthful  Abbe  Fleury 
was  dreaming  of  preferment  in  the  distant 
future.  The  afterwards  Cardinal  Alberoni 
was  approaching  boyhood's  emancipation. 
Colbert  had  just  died.  Louvois  was  in  his 
zenith,  and  Dubois  was  in  training  to  suc- 
ceed him.  The  venerable  poet,  Waller, 
"  maker  and  model  of  melodious  verse," 
was  entering  his  80th  year.  Dryden  was 
flecking  with  the  threads  of  poesy,  the 
warp  of  satire  and  the  woof  of  criticism. 
Mathew  Prior  was  at  St.  John's,  Cam- 
bridge, practicing  "  graceful  and  fluent 
versification."  Swift  was  about  to  suffer 
the  disgrace  of  losing  his  Baccalaureate  : 
because,  in  lighter  flirtations  with  the 
Muses,  he  was — in  the  sage  opinion  of 
routine  Dons — sacrificing  a  more  honorable 
reputation  for  severer  studies.  Addison 
was  preparing  for  college.  Corneille  was 
rapidly  sinking  in  physical  strength  towards 
his  death  in  the  October  following.  The 
English  writer  of  comedy,  Wycherly,  was 
performing  in  a  serious  drama  of  debtor 
and  creditor  in  prison.  Jeffries  was  pre- 
paring himself  to  soon  interweave  a  thorny 
crown  of  detestation.  While  Sir  Charles 
Sedley  meditated  light  and  graceful  songs, 


his  daughter  was  dreaming  of  playing  as 
light  and  graceful  a  role :  although  as  yet 
unconscious  it  was  to  be  Dutchess  of  Ports- 
mouth. Cudworth  was  closing  his  career. 
Wm.  Penn  returned  in  that  year  from  his 
last  proprietary  visit  of  peace  and  good 
will.  The  noble  Duke  of  Argyle,  the  igno- 
ble Duke  of  Monmouth,  and  the  heroic 
Lady  Alicia  Lisle  were  enjoying  their  last 
year  of  life,  before  another  one  should  suc- 
ceed to  present  each  of  them  at  the  heads- 
man's block.  And  English  worshippers  of 
the  star  of  empire  which  westward  took  its 
way  were  tediously  tracking  the  seas,  bound 
for  those  colonies,  which,  altogether,  in 
1684,  had  not  so  many  inhabitants  as 
listened  last  Sunday  to  the  chimes  in  our 
sister  city  of  churches. 

The  clerk  who  made  the  first  entry  in 
these  minutes  was  one  of  3,800  inhabitants 
of  this  city.  He  could  walk  through  six- 
teen streets.  He  could  count  about  four 
hundred  and  fifty  houses,  and  smoke  his 
pipe  before  quaint  cottages  in  Beaver 
street ;  with  cows  lowing  in  Wall  street  to 
be  milked.  He  could  have  purchased  that 
year  a  lot  in  Wall  street,  23  feet  by  60,  for 
$35.  He  could  have  attended  23  marriages 
in  the  year  previous.  He  could  have  called 
for  medical  skill  upon  Dr.  De  Lange.  He 
could  have  danced  with  the  belle  of  that 
year,  Mrs.  Brandt  Schuyler  :  nee  Cornelia 
Van  Cortlandt.  He  could  have  played  so- 
cial detective  upon  the  future  patriot,  Kip 
Van  Dam,  as  he  returned  from  honest 
courtship  to  Sara  Vanderspiegel.  He  could 
have  conveniently  got  ready,  an'  he  had 
foretold  their  worth,  documents  for  Annetje 
Jans  to  transmit  to  her  heirs  against  the 
often  threatened  lawsuit  for  the  recovery 
of  Trinity  Church  leases.  With  her  that 
year  was  billing  and  cooing  Vincent  de  la 
Montagnie. 

Mr.  Clerk  had  witnessed  the  arrival,  in 
the  August  previous,  of  that  most  liberal 
Catholic  gentleman — that  Governor  of 
courteous  address  and  unswerving  integrity 
— Thomas  Dongan.  He  had  hailed  with 
delight  a  calling  of  a  General  Assembly  in 
the  October  previous  by  that  conciliatory 
ruler  who  acceded  to  the  petitions  of  the 
people,  not  for  their  much  importunity,  but 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


361 


because  he  deemed  that  they  deserved  their 
City  Charter  and  their  secured  corporate 
rights.  He  had  seen  a  Recorder  and  a  Mayor 
qualified:  Aldermen  chosen :  and  attended 
upon  the  passage  by  the  Assembly  of  fit- 
teen  bills.  One  of  them  was  entitled,  "An 
Act  to  settle  Courts  of  Justice."  It  settled 
four:  and  one  of  them  was  this  Court  of 
General  Quarter  Sessions.  The  bill  itself, 
with  the  wonderful  but  unapproved  Charter 
of  Liberties — miscalled  the  Duke  of  York's 
Charter — together  with  these  acts,  are  care- 
fully preserved  in  the  office  of  Mr.  Secre- 
tary of  State  at  Albany.  And  the  history 
of  the  Court  has  been  read  before  this  body, 
and  bound  up  in  Common  Pleas  reports  by 
that  honor  to  society,  jurisprudence,  polite 
letters,  and  geographical  science — Mr. 
Justice  Charles  P.  Daly- 
Can  we  be  pardoned  before  leaving  the 
epoch  iu  which  these  minutes  commence, 
if  wre  pause  yet  longer  (as  original  or  deni- 
zenized  Knickerbackers)  to  recall  with 
pride,  in  the  fame  1683  Assemblymen, 
these  glorious  words  in  their  Charter  of 
Liberties? 

"  Every  freeholder  and  freeman  may  vote 
for  representatives  without  restraint:  no 
freeman  shall  suffer,  but  by  judgment  of 
his  peers:  no  tax  shall  be  assessed  on  any 
pretence  whatever  but  by  the  consent  of 
the  Assembly :  no  seaman  or  soldier  shall 
be  quartered  on  the  inhabitants  against 
their  will;  no  martial  law  shall  exist:  and 
no  person  professing  faith  in  God  by  Jesus 
Christ  shall  at  any  time  be  in  any  way  dis- 
quieted or  questioned  for  any  difference  of 
opinion  in  matters  of  religion." 

Do  not  these  germinating  words  of  free- 
dom classify  with  those  sown  by  the  M ay- 
flower  covenant  and  the  Virginia  Burgesses 
in  the  virgin  soil  of  Columbia? 

At  such  an  interesting  period,  then,  do 
these  minutes  begin.  They  extend  through 
six  volumes.  Volume  the  sixth  ends  with 
1790.  But,  for  our  purpose  this  evening, 
it  closes  with  1776  and  1784.  Each  suc- 
ceeding volume  from  1790  to  1864  is  now 
on  file  in  the  office  of  the  present  Clerk : 
who  for  more  than  twenty-five  years  has, 
during  all  the  chances  and  changes  of 
politics  in  the  Metropolis,    maintained    his 

HIST.  MAG.      VOL.  VIII.  46 


office,  a  circumstance  not  less  honorable 
to  the  Judges,  than  to  his  own  reputation 
for  industry  and  capacity.  Two  breaks  in 
these  volumes  will  be  discovered.  They 
are  of  the  highest  historical  significance. 
One  during  the  Leislerian  troubles:  and 
conclusively  evidencing  their  civic  bitter- 
ness. The  other  break  is  from  May,  1776, 
to  May,  1784.  The  minutes  recommence, 
in  period  second,  just  one  hundred  years 
after  the  first  century. 

In  the  former  month  the  Court  adjourns 
to  the  term  of  August,  1776.  But,  when 
August  came,  the  Sons  of  Liberty  had 
thrown  down  the  battle  gage :  and  inter 
arma  .silent  leges.  The  break  here  is,  how- 
ever, clerically  of  only  one  blank  page. 
Then  commences  a  new  regime  of  minutes. 
On  one  side  of  the  blank  page  is  this  entry  : 
The  King  vs.  Cornelius  Van  Zile.  Upon 
the  other  side  is :  The  People  vs.  James 
Myers.  Here  the  entry  was  "in  the  six- 
teenth reign  of  George  the  Third."  There, 
it  reads  in  the  eighth  year  of  the  Indepen- 
dence of  the  State  of  New  York! 

But,  how  expressive  is  that  blank  page  of 
separation  between  those  eight  years  I 

How  the  page  will  fill  with  momentous 
memories,  and  brighten  with  glowing  rhe- 
toric whenever,  haply,  the  hand  of  George 
Bancroft  may  touch  it!  Mark,  too,  as  the 
sides  of  the  separation  are  examined,  how 
gingerly  the  pen  has  squeezed  ink  into  the 

words,  The   King  vs. ,  looking  much 

as  if  it  meant  The  Thing :  but  how  boldly 
the  clerk  of  the  free  and  independent  State 
has  begun  his  proud  record. 

There  is  every  style  of  penmanship 
throughout  these  volumes.  They  begin 
with  rough  turns  of  quaintness.  The  finish 
of  a  copperplate  engraver  succeeds,  and  in 
often  curious  arrangement.  A  few  pages 
are  Hollandais.  There  are  varieties  of 
inks  :  from  the  dirty  liquid  of  James'  to 
the  dainty  dinginess  of  Queen  Anne's 
times  :  not  to  forget  the  besotted  blotches 
of  the  first  George's  day:  and  the  many 
parti-colored  inks  of  the  lunatic  king, 
whose  greatest  lunacy  was  his  Ameriean 
war.  Is  there  a  believer,  among  the  society 
members,  in  the  art  of  detecting  the  charac- 
ter of  a  writer  from  his  penmanship  ?    If  so, 


362 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Nov., 


let  him  devote  a  few  days  to  these  volumes  : 
and  present  Mr.  Valentine's  "  Manual" 
with  a  biography  of  each  clerk  of  court. 

Court  minutes  are  usually  very  dry  read- 
ing :  necessarily  they  are  only  rough  indices 
to  the  fuller  records  which  exist  in  the  more 
perishable  condition  of  unbound  or  folded 
law  papers.  But  the  documents  where- 
to these  volumes  are  indices  were  long  ago 
lost.  Indeed,  it  is  certain  they  were  princi- 
pally destroyed  during  the  revolutionary 
war.  A  few  scraps  exist  in  private  collec- 
tions. Some  in  these  archives :  a  bundle 
or  so  are  in  the  office  of  the  County  Clerk, 
mixed  in  with  documents  belonging  to  the 
Supreme  Court.  Hence,  these  minutes  now 
deposited  will  serve  the  future  historian  of 
our  Municipal  History  (we  have  only 
some  annals  as  yet.  Strange  that  no  mem- 
ber of  this  society*  has  sought  to  rival 
Bancroft,  Motley,  and  Kirke,  in  marrying 
historical  facts  to  glowing  narrative  con- 
cerning this  Metropolis.  Hence,  whenever 
that  historian  seeks  to  write  the  chapter 
which  requires  for  its  preparation  insight 
into  the  criminal  jurisprudence  of  our 
Amsterdamic-Manhattanico-Gothamic-Bab- 
elish  sequences,  he  will  find  these  pages  of 
value.  Neither  the  professional  historian 
nor  the  amateur  reader  will  call  these 
Court  minutes  dry  reading.  They  abound 
in  dramatic  incidents,  and  melodramatic 
inferences.  Nay,  there  is  alternation  of 
whimsical  burlesque,  quaint  comedy,  and 
absorbing,  heartrending  tragedy.  Only 
some  few  pages  are  devoted,  and  in  the  first 
volume,  to  civil  matters.  The  Court  at  the 
outset  had  a  concurrent  civil  jurisdiction, 
but  this  was  soon  diverted  elsewhere,  and 
afterwards  repealed.  The  pages  teem  with 
references  to  the  ever-increasing  contest  be- 
tween justice  with  her  blind  eye,  and  vice 
and  crime  with  their  never  sleeping  eyes  : 
or,  to  the  complications  of  the  peace  and 
comfort  of  society,  occasioned  by  human 
passions  ripening  in  the  atmosphere  of  an 
ever-maturing  but  never  perfected  metro- 
polis. 

*r>ut  the  Hon.  Francis  B.  Tillou  has  about 
900  MS.  pages  of  such  a  history,  prepared  with 
greate  rudition,  and  bringing  down  events  to 
1710.     He  hopes  soon  to  oomplete  it. 


The  recital  by  the  Clerk  in  volume  the 
first  is  a  most  loyal  one;  and  is  in  these 
words  "Province  of  New  York  at  the 
Generall  Quarter  Sessions  of  our  Lord  the 
King  held  at  the  Citty  Hall  in  the  Citty  of 
New  York — (this  was  the  Stadt  Huys  at 
the  head  of  Coenties,  or  Countesses'  slip) 
for  our  sayd  Lord  the  King,  and  the  body 
of  the  sayd  City,  and  County  of  New  York. 
That  is  to  say  on  Tuesday,  the  5th  day  of 
February,  in  the  six  and  thirtieth  yeare  of 
the  Reigne  of  our  Sovereign  Lord  Charles 
the  Second  of  England,  Scotland,  France 
and  Ireland,  King,  Defender  of  the  Faith, 
and  before  Cornells  Steenwyck,  Esq.,  Mayor 
of  the  sayd  City,  James  Graham,  Recorder, 
Nicholas  Bayard,  John  Inians,  Wm.  Pin- 
horn,  Guyl.  Verplank,  John  Robison  and 
William  Cox,  Esqs.,  Adlermen  and  Justices 
of  the  Peace  of  the  sayd  City  and  County, 
commissionated  by  authority  under  his 
Royall  Highness  James  Duke  of  York  and 
Albany,  and  Lord  Proprietor  of  the  Prov- 
ince aforesaid." 

This  loyal  style  is  substantially  followed 
down  to  the  Revolutionary  Period  :  except 
that  the  formalities  of  recital  are  sometimes 
clipped  by  the  clerks, and  in  some  instances 
(soon  to  be  specially  mentioned)  as  if  they 
were  not  so  fond  of  spreading  out  royalty 
in  ink  to  dry  for  posterity,  as  was  the  most 
loyal  clerk  who  began  the  volumes. 

The  names  of  the  Magistrates  who  are 
above  recited  are  of  course  well  known  to 
all  students  of  our  municipal  history,  and 
each  one  has,  I  believe,  posterity  represent- 
ed upon  the  catalogues  of  membership  of 
our  society. 

Alderman  "Win.  Cox,  whose  name  is  in 
the  first  recital,  subsequently  figures  on  the 
minutes  as  a  complainant  in  burglary  :  as  a 
Grand  Juryman  after  ceasing  to  be  Magis- 
trate :  as  having  a  Coroner's  inquest  over 
him:  and  in  the  admission  to  probate  of 
his  last  will  and  testament. 

After  the  recital  follows  the  empanelling 
of  the  Grand  Jury,  and  the  oath  of  the 
Grand  Inquest  is  set  forth  almost  verbatim 
as  it  is  administered  in  1864,  nearly  two 
hundred  years  later,  and  in  a  year  which 
has  all  the  numerals  with  which  Mr.  Clerk 
begins  his  minute. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


363 


The  Grand  Jury  would  seem  to  have  had 
for  a  long  series  of  terms  very  easy  busi- 
ness; not  a  few  of  the  entries  evidencing 
that  they  had  nothing  to  present.  Once 
they  proudly  declared  omnia  bene. 

Mr.  Francis  Kumbout  appears  as  the  first 
Foreman.  But  the  names  of  the  Grand 
Jury  are  not  spread  upon  the  minutes  until 
1754 — a  practice  pursued  until  now.  Henry 
Thomasson  is  the  only  criminal  of  the  first 
term.  He  is  indicted  for  Burglary  (Burgi 
latrocinium:  theft  of  the  mansion),  but 
on  being  sent  for  is  found  to  have  broken 
jail,  and  Mr.  Sheriff  is  ordered  to  pursue 
him.  It  would  seem  from  this  that  the 
Criminal  Quarter  Sessions  did  not  have  a 
very  auspicious  commencenieut;  but  in  a 
few  months  he  was  caught,  and  branded 
with  the  letter  "  B"  on  the  back. 

This  first  volume  contains  entries  made 
by  clerks  under  Charles,  James,  and  Wil- 
liam and  Mary.  The  other  volumes  recite 
the  graciousness  of  majesty  which  belonged 
to  Anne  and  the  Hanoverians. 

These  entries  for  the  most  part  bear  tes- 
timony that  vice  and  crime  were  then  little 
different  in  complexion  from  that  which 
they  still  possess.  The  scales  of  justice 
were  of  course  smaller,  but  the  weights 
used  were  lighter  than  they  respectively 
now  are.  Yet  for  that  matter  some  growl- 
ing reporter  may  tell  us  that  judgment  is 
often,  yet,  weighed  out  to  offenders  with 
drams  and  scruples ! 

We  find  tippling  houses  severely  frowned 
upon :  especially  when  they  harbored  ne- 
gro slaves.  So  early  as  1(>86,  a  tanner  or 
two  became  indicted  under  the  common  law 
of  nuisance.  Frail  ladies  make  complaints 
of  an  interesting  character  under  the  law 
of  nallius  films :  to  the  subsequent  in- 
demnity of  a  county  not  as  yet  discussing 
the  Malthusian  problem.  The  vulgar  punish- 
ment of  whipping  and  the  effective  one  of 
branding  appears  to  be  in  vogue  as  a  species 
of  primitive  stripes  and  scars.  The  cartmen 
give  early  trouble,  because  the  new  charter 
of  Dongan  that  is  in  force,  and  some  crude 
ordinances,  oblige  them  to  take  out  licenses 
and  contribute  toward  good  streets,  and  pay 
fees  and  stand  forfeits :  all  shown  upon 
these  pages. 


We  find  significant  entry  in  respect  to 
taxing  the  five  proper  wards  and  the  out- 
ward (not  to  intimate,  however,  that  the 
latter  was  an  improper  one),  in  order  to 
furnish  eighty-six  cords  of  wood  wherewith 
to  build  new  stockades  for  city  defence. 
These  wards,  let  us  recall,  were  recently 
created— North,  East,  South,  West,  Dock, 
and  Outward  or  Harlaem. 

There  is  also  a  record — charming  to  tax- 
payers and  litigants — of  the  yearly  bill  of 
a  High  Sheriff"  taxed  at  nine  pounds  ! 

Entries  made  by  the  gallant  clerks  of 
Queen  Anne  show  that  although  rowdyism 
was  spasmodic,  it  was  chronically  punished  ; 
also,  that  butchers  were  mulcted  in  damages. 
as  a  penalty  for  forestalling  the  market — 
how  very  primitive  !  That  constables  were 
fined  for  not  attending  the  court  in  season. 
And  page  10 — let  us  be  exact,  because  of 
the  precedent — of  volume  second  bears 
witness  that  a  fine  for  contemptuous  speak- 
ing in  the  court  room  was  imposed.  Ward 
assessors  were  on  two  occasions  arrested  for 
not  doing  their  duty,  but  released  upon 
apologies. 

Gallant  clerks,  did  we  write  ?  Why,  at 
page  20  of  volume  2,  it  appears  that  for 
shoplifting,  there  were  publicly  whipped 
with  birch  rods  Mesdames  Elizabeth  Moore 
and  Mary  Vincent?  Names  very  like  these, 
appear  even  now  for  the  same  offence  upon 
Henry  Vandervoort's  minutes.  Would  A. 
T.  Stewart  &  Co.  like  to  have  the  brich-rod 
penalty  restored  ?  Mayhap  their  "  lady 
customers  in  the  purloining  trade"  might  fear 
such  a  punishment  more  that  that  of  plying 
the  deft  needle,  or  using  the  sewing  bird, 
at  Sing-Sing! 

Other  entries  disclose — of  course — bur- 
glaries (for  no  burglary  is  complete  without 
an  entry),  together  with  a  variety  of 
larcenies  and  misdemeanors.  One  John 
Vincent  is  brought  up  for  throwing  hot 
water  in  the  public  streets,  and  endanger- 
ing pedestrians:  and  for  thus  getting  of 
goodly  Knickerbockers  into  hot  water  has 
to  apologize  to  the  court.  A  counterfeiter 
is  ordered  to  pay  a  fine  for  the  use  of  Tri- 
nity Church  (the  connection  between  the 
crime  and  the  direction  of  the  penalty  is 
respectfully  submitted  to  the  Diocesan  Con- 


364 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Nov., 


vention).  At  pages  26  and  28  of  volume 
2d,  appears  a  precedent  for  an  indictment 
in  a  forcible  entry  of  premises  by  armed 
force  :  likely  to  prove  valuable  if  our  most 
distinguished  and  accomplished  brother  Dix 
shall  ever  find  himself  outgeneraled  in  this 
same  court.  As  an  accompaniment  to  the 
prosecution  of  the  butcher  in  1688,  appears 
another  of  a  baker  for  regrating  the  market 
in  his  bread  in  1687.  From  the  August 
of  this  year  to  March  1691,  is  the  break  in 
the  minutes  chargeable,  as  before  alluded  to, 
unto  the  Leislerian  troubles.  These  latter 
appear  to  have  made  Justice  very  technical : 
for  at  page  72  of  volume  2d,  we  find  one 
David  Provost  prosecuted  for  the  very  in- 
significant offence  of  causing  himself  to  be 
unduly  returned  as  elected  an  alderman. 

Our  Puritan  members  will  please  take 
notice  (p.  83)  that  a  Quaker  meeting  house 
was  licensed  by  the  court.  On  an  adjoin- 
ing page,  appears  the  minute-chronicle  of 
the  route  of  a  culprit  from  the  City  Hall 
through  to  Broadway  and  down  Wall  and 
whipped  beside  the  cart,  at  every  corner. 
These  localities  could  be  improved,  the 
cynical  antiqaurian  might  observe,  by  adopt- 
ing the  precedent  in  these  days  of  petroleum, 
gold,  and  mining  false  pretences,  which  our 
courts  sometimes  have  to  notice.  Presently 
one  Barclay  is  tried  for  keeping  a  billiard 
table  :  but  he  is  acquitted. 

But  now  we  must  bring  up  honest 
Knickerbocker  blushes,  and  cry  mercy  for 
our  ill  thoughts  of  the  Bostonians  who  dealt 
with  witches.  These  blushes  mantle  in 
consulting  pages  212-217,  in  volume  2d, 
respecting  the  trials  of  negroes  for  the  al- 
leged plot.  We  find  one  poor  ignorant  cul- 
prit broken  on  the  wheel,  another  beheaded 
and  quartered,  a  third  "  to  be  suspended  in 
chains  until  he  died  without  sustenance;" 
and  a  fourth  thus  sentenced  :  "  to  be  burned 
with  a  slow  fire,  that  he  may  continue  in 
torment  for  eight  or  ten  hours,  and  continue 
burning  in  the  said  fire  until  he  be  dead  and 
burned  to  ashes."  Seven  negroes  are 
sentenced  "  in  a  batch,"  to  be  hanged.  Alas ! 
in  all  eras  when  fear  balances  the  scales  of 
Justice,  Mercy  is  never  seated  upon  the 
summit  of  the  beam  ! 

In  1716,  the  Surveyors  of  the  Highways 


are  commissioned  by  the  Court  to  push  a 
road  to  King's  Bridge,  and  the  goodly  in- 
habitants are  ordered  to  turn  out  and  aid  in 
stubbing  the  road.  About  this  time  appear 
the  first  entries  respecting  procedure  for 
manumitting  slaves;  and  it  can  only  be 
done  by  the  Masters  entering  into  security 
that  the  freedmen  shall  not  become  a  charge 
to  the  city  nor  engage  in  riotous  conduct. 
Counterfeit  money  is  burned  to  ashes  in  open 
Court  (p.  437).  When  whipping  occurs  it 
must  be  done  "  to  bleeding"  (p.  443).  A 
baker  who  has  been  arrested  for  giving 
short  weight  behaves  insolently  to  the  Grand 
Jury,  and  after  being  fined  is  ordered  to  give 
his  bread  to  the  poor.  Madmen  are  com- 
mitted to  the  common  jail,  after  the  fashion 
of  our  ancestors,  who  would  be  called  ab- 
surd if  they  had  not  lived  before  the  days 
of  Pinel. 

At  page  493  appears  the  following  re- 
markable Court  address  to  Governor  Mont- 
gomery, which  shows  how  flunkey  ism  to 
authority  infected  even  some  phlegmatic 
Dutchmen  who  were  members  of  the  Court, 
and  who  were  crossed  with  the  blood  of  fee- 
faw-fum,  etc.,  etc. : 
City  and  County  of  New  York,  ss.  : 

At  a  Court  of  General  Quarter  Sessions 
of  the  Peace,  held  for  the  City  and  County 
of  New  York,  at  the  City  Hall  of  the  said 
city,  on  Wednesday,  the  eighth  of  May, 
Anno  Domini  1738. 

Court  opened. 

The  Court  having  proposed  to  the  Grand 
Jurors.  &c,  to  join  with  them  in  an  address 
to  his  Excellency,  to  congratulate  him  on 
his  safe  arrival  to  this  his  Government,  the 
same  was  readily  accepted,  and  accordingly 
an  address  was  drawn,  approved,  and  order- 
ed to  be  engrossed  and  signed  by  this  Court, 
His  Majesty's  Attorney  General,  the  High 
Sheriff,  Clerk  of  the  Peace,  Coroner,  Grand 
Jurors  and  the  Attorneys-at-Law,  then  at- 
tending this  Court,  who  all  waited  upon  his 
Excellency  with  the  said  address — at  his 
Majesty's  Fort  George — which  was  present- 
ed to  his  Excellency  by  Robert  Lurting, 
Esq.,  Mayor  of  the  City  of  New  York,  and 
read  to  his  Excellency  by  Francis  Harrison, 
Esq.,  Recorder  of  the  said  city,  in  the 
words  following,  viz. : 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


365 


To  his  Excellency,  John  Montgomerie, 
Esq.,  Captain  General  and  Governor  in 
Chief  of  his  Majesty's  Provinces  of  New 
York  and  New  Jersey,  and  Territories  de- 
pending thereon,  in  America,  and  Vice- Ad- 
miral of  the  same,  &c. : 

The  humble  Address  of  the  Justices  of 
the  Peace,  Attorney  General,  High  Sheriff, 
Clerk  of  the  Peace,  Coroners,  Grand  Jurors 
and  Attorneys-at-Law,  at  the  Court  of  Gen- 
eral Quarter  Sessions  of  the  Peace,  held  for 
the  City  and  County  of  New  York,  on  the 
fourth  day  of  May,  in  the  first  year  of  his 
Majesty's  reign. 

May  it  please  your  Excellency :  If  the 
customary  time  of  our  meeting  had  given 
us  a  more  early  opportunity  of  expressing 
our  great  and  very  just  joy  for  your  Excel- 
lency's very  safe  arrival,  we  could  not  have 
been  wanting  to  ourselves  in  the  most 
speedy,  sincere,  and  public  demonstrations 
of  our  duty,  and  the  high  regard  we  have 
for  your  Excellency's  person  and  admins- 
tration. 

Sir,  upon  these  occasions  it  has  been 
usual  for  those  who  had  the  honor  to  ad- 
dress the  Governors,  to  join  their  prayers 
for  the  preservation  of  their  Plights,  Liber- 
ties, and  Properties ;  with  their  solemn  as- 
surances of  endeavoring  to  deserve  so  great 
a  blessing — but  your  Excellency  has  antici- 
pated even  our  wishes;  and,  by  your  public 
declarations  of  your  noble  and  most  gener- 
our  intentions  towards  this  Province,  left 
us  nothing  to  petition  for,  except  it  be  that 
your  Excellency  will  believe  that  you  have 
filled  our  hearts  with  esteem  and  gratitude, 
which,  with  all  other  marks  of  our  duty 
and  affection,  shall  evidently  appear  to  your 
Excellency  in  all  our  actions,  and  in  our 
most  zealous  endeavors  to  return  your  Ex- 
cellency the  most  suitable  acknowledgments. 

Sir,  as  you  c.ome  from  the  immediate 
presence  of  the  best  and  most  indulgent  of 
Princes  (first  year  of  the  reign  of  the  new 
king,  remember),  who  reigns  unrivalled  in 
the  minds  and  hearts  of  his  subjects,  we 
hope  we  shall  not  waste  too  much  of  your 
Excellency's  time  while  we  conclude  this, 
our  humble  address,  with  assuring  your 
Excellency  of  our  unfeigned  Loyalty  and 
Fidelity  to  his  most  sacred    Majesty    King 


George  the  Second,  and  his  Illustrious 
house,  in  which  we  pray  that  the  crown  of 
Great  Britain  may  for  ever  be  established, 
and  that  under  the  happy  influence  of  your 
Excellency's  Government  and  protection, 
the  blessings  of  a  Reign  which  already  dis- 
closes so  great  Glory  and  Splendor  may 
very  long  be  derived  to  us,  his  Majesty's 
distant  subjects,  and  your  Excellency's 
most  obedient,  most  faithful,  humble  ser- 
vants.    (This  was  the  sugar-coating). 

To  which  address  his  Excellency  was 
pleased  to  make  the  following  curt  answer, 
viz  :     (This  was  the  pill). 

"  Gentlemen — I  thank  you  for  this  kind 
address,  and  shall,  to  the  utmost  of  my 
power,  always  support  you  in  your  rights 
and  authorities,  and  hope  you  who  are 
Magistrates  will,  at  all  times,  exert  your- 
selves in  putting  the  Laws  in  execution  for 
his  Majesty's  service  and  the  good  of  the 
People  of  the  City  and  County." 

Volume  the  second  close  on  the  day  when 
Washington  opens  the  book  of  mortal  life. 
Volume  the  third  almost  opens  with  a 
minute  not  complimentary  to  the  Court  (p. 
43),  for  it  recites  a  presentment  by  the 
Grand  Jury  of  a  member  thereof,  Francis 
Harrison,  Recorder,  for  a  malicious  false 
imprisonment.  This  was  the  very  Recorder 
who  had  read  .the  flunkey  address.  As  the 
trial  took  place  in  the  Oyer  and  Terminer 
— an  upper  court — we  do  not  know  the 
verdict.  But  we  can  give  one  here — 
"  Sarved  him  right  I" 

A  little  later  the  Grand  Jury  present  the 
extension  of  William  street  as  a  nuisance. 
Many  property-holders  of  1864  might  com- 
mend the  action  of  the  Grand  Inquest! 
William  street  has  always  been  a  much 
vexed  street  and  of  crooked  ways.  We 
know  that  in  our  generation.  It  had  four 
previous  names :  Smee  street,  Glassmakers' 
street,  Borgers  Path,  and  Smith  street.  In 
1745  that  worshipful  body  take  an  antipa- 
thy to  Guy  Fawkes  day,  and  anathematize 
the  setting  off  of  squibs  to  celebrate  the 
disgrace  of  that  traitor,  whom  young  John 
Bulls  so  characteristically  detest.  About 
1760  the  clerks  seem  particularly  remiss  in 
referring  by  recital  to  the  king,  and  in 
chanting  the  nauseous  chorus  of  "Gracious 


366 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[NOV.; 


Majesty."  The  republican  schoolmaster  is 
evidently  abroad  in  the  Province.  Besides, 
reverence  for  royalty  was  at  a  discount 
when  subjects  heard  about  "dapper  little 
George  the  Second/'  with  his  red  face  and 
white  eyebrows  and  goggle  eyes,  at  sixty 
years  of  age  dancing  a  pretty  dance  with 
Madame  Walmoden,  and  capering  about 
dressed  up  like  the  Turk  that  he  was. 

But  about  eight  years  latter  (and  about 
the  time  Commissioner  the  Earl  of  Carlisle 
came  to  New  York  to  doctor  up  royalty) 
attention  seems  to  have  been  invited  to  this 
decrease  in  clerical  obsequiousness,  and  cor- 
rectional style  is  made  in  favor  of  kingly 
etiquette.  The  old  strophe  and  ante-strophe 
about  his  gracious  majesty  was  accordingly 
sung  to  the  Bench  and  Jury. 

All  these  references — chosen  almost  hap- 
hazard— might  be  with  interest  enlarged 
upon  and  added  to.  They  could  be  con- 
tinued through  other  volumes.  But  enough 
have  been  made,  under  favor  of  the  motto 
"  Desipere  in  loco/'  to  invite  attention  to 
these  quaint  records — completing  an  entire 
cycle. 

The  next  cycle  has  not  yet  ended  :  but 
the  progress  of  the  age  is  well  shown  in  the 
fact  that  already  one  hundred  and  one 
volumes  of  minutes  have  succeeded  these, 
and  by  1884  it  is  estimated  they  will  number 
at  least  one  hundred  and  fifty.  The  in- 
crease is  twenty-three  hundred  per  cent. 

In  the  reign  of  Charles  they  were  "  ab- 
stracts and  brief  chronicles"  of  our  New 
York  criminal  time.  At  this  crisis  of  our 
republic  they  heve  become  actual  histories 
of  some  phases  in  our  social  and  political 
life.  And  so  will  it  continue  until  the 
crowning  act  of  Court  Minutes — judicial 
sentences — end  in  "  the  last  syllable  of 
recorded  time!" 


GENERAL  WASHINGTON'S   LANDS. 

[From  tho  Pennsylvania  Gazette  of  Sept.  22,  1773] 

The  subscriber  having  obtained  patents 
for  upwards  of  20,000  acres  of  land  on  the 
Ohio  and  Great  Kanawha,  being  part  of 
200,000  acres  granted  by  proclamation,  in 


1764  (10,000  of  which  are  situated  on  the 
banks  of  the  first  mentioned  river,  between 
the  mouth  of  the  two  Kanawhas,  the  re- 
mainder on  the  Great  Kanawha  or  New 
river,  from  the  mouth,  or  near  it,  upwards, 
in  one  continued  survey),  proposes  to  divide 
the  same  into  any  sized  tenements  that  may 
be  desired,  and  lease  them  upon  moderate 
terms,  allowing  a  reasonable  number  of 
years  rent  free ;  provided  that,  within  the 
space  of  two  years  from  next  October,  three 
acres  of  every  fifty  contained  in  each  lot, 
and  proportionable  for  a  lesser  quantity, 
shall  be  cleared,  fenced  and  tilled,  and  that 
by  or  before  the  time  limited  for  the  com- 
mencement of  the  first  rent,  five  acres  for 
every  hundred,  and  proportionally,  as  above, 
shall  be  inclosed  and  laid  down  in  good 
grass  for  meadow;  and,  moreover,  that  at 
least  fifty  good  fruit  trees,  for  every  like 
quantity  of  land  shall  be  planted  on  the 
premises. 

Any  persons  inclinable  to  settle  upon 
these  lands,  may  be  more  fully  informed  of 
the  terms,  by  applying  to  the  subscriber, 
near  Alexandria,  in  Virginia,  or  in  his  ab- 
sence, to  Mr.  Lund  Washington  j  and 
will  do  well  in  communicating  their  inten- 
tions before  the  first  of  October  next,  in 
order  that  a  sufficient  number  of  lots  may 
be  laid  off  to  answer  the  demand. 

As  these  lands  are  among  the  first  which 
have  been  surveyed,  in  the  part  of  the 
country  where  they  lie,  it  is  almost  needless 
to  premise,  that  none  can  exceed  them  in 
luxuriance  of  soil,  or  convenience  of  situa- 
tion; all  of  these  lying  upon  the  banks 
of  either  the  Ohio,  or  Kanawha,  and 
abounding  in  fine  fish  and  wild  foul  of 
various  kinds,  as  also  in  most  excellent 
meadows,  many  of  which  (by  the  bountiful 
hand  of  nature),  are  in  their  present  state 
almost  fit  for  the  scythe. 

From  every  part  of  these  lands  water 
carriage  is  now  had  to  Fort  Pitt,  by  an  easy 
communication  ;  and  from  Fort  Pitt  up  the 
Monongahela  to  Bed  Stone,  vessels  of  con- 
venient burthen  may,  and  do  pass  continu- 
ally :  from  whence,  by  means  of  Cheat 
river,  and  other  navigable  branches  of  Mo- 
nongahela, it  is  thought  the  portage  to  Pa- 
towmack  may,  and  will  be  reduced  within 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


367 


the  compass  of  a  few  miles,  to  the  great 
ease  and  convenience  of  the  settlers,  in 
transporting  the  produce  of  their  lands  to 
market:  to  which  maybe  added  that,  as 
patents  have  now  actually  passed  the  seals, 
for  the  several  tracts  were  offered  to  be 
leased,  settlers  on  them  may  cultivate  and 
enjoy  the  land  in  peace  and  safety,  not- 
withstanding the  unsettled  councils,  respect- 
ing a  new  colony  on  the  Ohio ;  and  as  no 
right  money  is  to  be  paid  for  these  lands, 
and  a  quit  rent  of  two  shillings  sterling  a 
hundred,  demandable  some  years  hence  only, 
it  is  highly  presumable  that  they  will  al- 
ways be  held  upon  a  more  desirable  footing, 
than  where  both  these  are  laid  on  with  a 
very  heavy  hand.  It  may  not  be  amiss 
further  to  observe,  that  if  the  scheme  for 
establishing  a  new  government  on  the  Ohio, 
in  the  manner  talked  of,  should  ever  be 
effected,  these  must  be  among  the  most 
valuable  lands  in  it;  not  only  on  account  of 
the  goodness  of  the  soil,  and  the  other  ad- 
vantages above  enumerated,  but  from  their 
contiguity  to  the  seat  of  government,  which 
it  is  more  than  probable  will  be  fixed  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Great  Kanawha. 

George  Washington. 

Mount  Vernon,  July  15,  1773. 


gtotcs  ani  Queries. 


NOTES. 

History  of  Fort  Niagara, — 1668. 
Sieur  De  LaSalle  established  quarters  at 
Niagara,  situate  south  of  Lake  Ontario,  west 
of  the  Senecas,  twenty-five  leagues  above 
them,  in  the  angle  of  land  east  of  the  mouth 
of  the  river  of  the  same  name,  which  is  the 
outlet  of  Lake  Erie. 

1675.  The  Senecas  burnt  the  quarters  at 
Niagara. 

1686.  Monsieur  de  Denonville  proposes  to 
send  Sieur  D'Orvilliers  with  Sieur  Ville- 
neuve  the  draughtsman  to  Niagara  to  estab- 
lish a  post;  thereupon  Gov.  Dongan  writes  to 
M.  de  Denonville,  "  I  am  likewise  informed 
that  you  are  inteuded  to  build  a  fort  at  a  place 
called   Ohniagero  on   the  side  of   the  lake 


within  my  master's  territories,"  and  remon- 
strates against  such  erection. 

1087.  Gov.  Dongan  recommends  the 
building  of  a  fort  at  "  Oneigra  near  the 
great  lake  in  the  way  where  our  people  goe 
a  beaver  hunting." 

"  1687.  July  31.  Monsieur  de  Denonville 
returning  from  an  expedition  against  the 
Seneca  Nation,  encamped  with  all  his  army 
at  the  post  of  Niagara,  constructed  a  fort 
and  placed  one  hundred  of  the  king's  troops 
to  garrison  the  same  under  the  command  of 
Sieur  de  Troyes.  Father  de  Lambcrville  was 
the  first  chaplain  to  this  post. 

Aug.  2.  La  Hontan  in  a  letter  of  this  date 
says :  "  This  fort  stands  on  the  south  side  of 
the  straight  of  Herrie  Lake,  upon  a  hill  at 
the  foot  of  which  this  lake  falls  into  the 
lake  of  Frontenae"  (Ontario). 

1688.  July  6.  Sieur  de  Troyes  with  100 
of  the  soldiers  having  died.  Marquis  deDen- 
onville  issued  orders  to  abandon  the  fort. 

1689.  Sept.  15.  Sieur  Desbergeres,  com- 
mandant of  the  fort,  having  assembled  all 
the  officers,  made  a  Proces  Verbal  of  the 
condition  of  the  fort. 

"  Firstly  :  We  leave  in  the  centre  of  the 
Square  a  large  framed  wooden  cross  eighteen 
feet  in  height,  on  the  arms  of  which  are 
inscribed  in  large  letters,  these  words  :■- — 

REGN-  VINO  f  IMP-  CHRS- 
which  was  erected  on  last  good  Friday  by 
all  the  officers,  and  solemnly  blessed  by  the 
Reverend  Father  Millet. 

Item  :  A  cabin  in  which  the  commandant 
lodged,  containing  a  good  chimney,  a  door 
and  two  windows,  furnished  with  three 
hinges,  fastenings  and  locks,  which  cabin  is 
covered  with  forty-four  deal  boards,  and 
about  six  other  boards  arranged  inside  into  a 
sort  of  bedstead. 

Item:  Right  in  front  is  the  Reverend 
Father  Millet's  cabin,  furnished  with  its 
chimney,  windows  and  sashes,  shelves,  a 
bedstead  and  four  boards  arranged  inside, 
with  a  door  furnished  with  its  fastenings 
"  and  hinges,  the  which  is  of  twenty-four 
boards. "  The  other  items  include  a  '-cabin 
covered  with  50  boards,  another  covered 
with  forty-two  boards,  another  covered  with 
30  boards ;  a  bake-house  partly  covered  with 
boards,  and  the  remainder  with  hurdles  and 


368 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Nov., 


clay,  a  large  frame  building  clapboarded  with 
eighty-two  plank  j  a  large  storehouse  covered 
with  130  boards  surrounded  by  pillars  8  feet 
high ;  a  well  with  its  cover  above  the  scarf 
of  the  ditch,"  which  process  being  completed 
he  embarked  with  the  remaining  troops  on 
board  the  bark  La  Generale,  of  which 
Maheut  was  pilot,  for  the  Fort  of  Frontenac 
(now  Kingston). 

1725.  M.  de  Longueuil  repairs  to  Ononta- 
gue,  an  Iroquois  village,  and  procures  con- 
sent for  the  construction  of  two  barks,  and 
the  erection  of  a  stone  house  at  Niagara, 
the  estimated  expense  of  which  was  $5,592. 

1726.  Sieur  Chaussegross,  engineer, 
writes  that  he  erected  this  house  on  the 
same  spot  where  an  ancient  fort  had  been 
built  by  order  of  M.  deDenonville,  former 
Governor  of  New  France  in  1686. 

1726.  July  25.  Chevalier  de  Longueuil, 
son  of  M.  de  Longueuil,  was  the  command- 
ant at  Niagara. 

1726.  Sept.  5.  Chevalier  De  Longueuil 
writes  from  Niagara  that  there  are  no  more 
English  at  Choueguen  (Oswego),  along  the 
Lake,  nor  on  the  River,  and,  if  he  meet 
any  of  them  on  the  lake  he'll  plunder  them  j 
"that  the  house  is  very  much  advanced; 
that  thirty  of  the  workmen  have  been  ill." 

1726.  Sept.  7.  Gov.  Burnet  convened 
the  Five  Nations  at  Albany,  to  ascertain 
whether  they  had  consented  to  the  establish- 
ment of  Fort  Niagara.  They  replied  that 
the  Onondagas  had  given  some  sort  of  con- 
sent, but  that  they  had  never  consented,  and 
never  would  consent  to  it. 

1728.  May  14  :  Louis  XV.  writes  to  the 
Gov.  of  New  France  approving  of  the  farm- 
ing out  of  this  post  for  the  purpose  of  cur- 
tailing the  expenses  incurred  there. 

1729.  Sieur  de  Joncaire,  commandant. 
Father  Crespel  arrived  here  22d  July  in  a 
vessel  of  80  tons  from  Frontenac.  Crespel 
remained  as  chaplain  three  years. 

1730.  Sieur  de  Rigauville  commandant. 
This  year  two  French  soldiers  of  the  gar- 
rison were  arrested  for  mutiny  and  sent  to 
Montreal  for  trial,  and  condemned  to  be 
executed.  Awaiting  the  arrival  of  an  exe- 
cutioner, they  were  committed  to  jail,  from 
which,  by  the  aid  of  two  Recollect  Brothers, 
they  made  their  escape  to  Quebec  and  placed 


themselves  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
Superior  of  that  order.  A  conflict  of  juris- 
diction arose,  and  the  mutineers  escaped  to 
France. 

1744.  Sieur  de  Celoron  commander.  The 
garrison  consists  of  64  soldiers  and  six  offi- 
cers.    The  stockades  repaired  and  doubled. 

1746.  Lieut,  de  Contrecoeur,  command- 
ant. 

1748.  Capt.  de  Raymond,  commandant. 

1749.  Oct.  20.  A  return  shows  there  was 
in  the  fort, 

4  iron  guns  of  2  inches. 

4  «       «  1J     « 

1  iron  mortar  of  6  inches  in  diameter, 
1     "       "         for  grenades, 

5  swivels. 

13  iron  shells  (boites  a  pierriers.) 

1750.  Aug.  12.  Peter  Kalm  visited  the 
fort  and  found  M.  Beaujeu  in  command. 

1755.  July.  Partially  undermined  by  the 
lake.  The  artillery  taken  at  Fort  Duquesne 
arrived  here.  Foubonne  and  Pouchot 
ordered  to  put  Niagara  in  the  best  defence. 

1755.  Oct.  5.  Guienne  Keg.  embark  at 
Frontenac  for  Niagara  in  48  armed  bateaux. 

1756.  June  12.  Pouchot  has  finished 
Niagara.  It  consists  of  a  horn  work  with 
its  half  moon  covert  way,  lunettes  at  the 
places  d'armes  re-entering  from  the  covert 
way.  The  front  of  this  work  is  120  toises. 
It  is  fortified  according  to  M.  de  Vauban's 
method. 

1756.  The  Beam  battalion  is  in  camp  at 
Niagara,  making  with  those  already  there 
a  corps  of  600. 

1756.  Aug.  M.  Duplaisis,  commandant. 

1757.  April.  Capt.  Pouchot,  commandant, 
1757.  Nov.    Capt.  Vassan  relieved  Capt. 

Pouchot.  He  describes  the  buildings  as 
consisting  of  two  large  barracks,  one  church, 
one  powder  magazine,  and  a  store  for  mer- 
chandise. 

1759.  May  8.  Pouchot  had  sailed  for 
Niagara  with  troops  on  two  little  vessels  built 
during  the  winter  at  Ogdensburgh. 

1759.  May  20.  Brig.  Gen.  Prideaux 
leaves  Schenectady  with  the  44th  and  46th 
British  Regiments,  the  4th  Battalion  of  the 
Royal  Americans,  two  battalions  of  New 
York  Provincials,  and  1,100  Indians  under 
Sir  William  Johnson, 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


369 


July  1.  Leaving  a  detachment  at  Oswego 
under  Col.  Haldiniand,  they  embark  on  Lake 
Ontario. 

July  7.  Saturday.  The  troops  hmded 
about  six  miles  to  the  eastward  of  the  Fort. 
Monsieur  La  Force,  captain  of  the  schooner 
Iroquois,  is  sent  by  the  commandant  of  the 
Fort  to  destroy  the  barges. 

July  8.  Sunday — 10  A.  M.  A  captain 
of  the  Royal  Americans  was  conducted, 
blindfolded,  into  the  Fort,  and  demanded  a 
surrender  of  the  Fort.  Capt.  Pouchot 
replied  he  did  not  understand  English. 
Breakfasted  the  officer  and  sent  him  back  as 
he  came. 

July  9.   Monday.  No  entry. 

July  10.  Tuesday.  Rainy  and  fogy.  The 
Fort  kept  up  a  hot  fire  upon  the  English, 
who  were  engaged  opening  trenches  about 
300  toises  from  the  Fort.  M.  Joncaire 
burns  Little  Fort,  (the  chimney  of  this  Fort 
still  remains  standing  near  Miss  Porter's 
residence),  and  arrives  at  the  Fort  with  70 
persons,  several  women  and  Indians,  amongst 
whom  was  the  chief  Kaendae. 

July  11.  Wednesday.  The  English  en- 
gaged in  throwing  up  batteries,  and  at  5  P. 
M.  began  to  play  two  Grenadoe  Royal  mor- 
tars. The  firing  ceased  during  a  parley. 
At  10  P.  M.  the  English,  began  to  fire  again 

DO  O 

with  eight  mortars. 

July  12.  Thursday.  A  battery  200  toises 
distant  from  the  Fort  was  thrown  up.  A 
parley  was  had  between  the  Indians.  The 
Iroquois  cannonaded  the  trench  all  day,  and 
sailed  at  night  for  Oswego. 

July  13.  Friday.  The  English  completed 
a  shell  battery  of  six  mortars  in  spite  of  the 
great  fire  from  the  Fort,  and  during  t!  e 
night  threw  oWO  bombs. 

July  14.  Saturday.  The  Indians  in  the 
Fort  obtain  leave  to  cross  the  river,  so  that 
no  kettles  (as  they  called  the  shells)  should 
break  their  heads.  Col.  Johnson  having  but 
few  provisions,  persuades  his  Indians  to  re- 
main by  offering  them  the  pillage  of  the  Fort. 

July  15.  Sunday.  Working  at  the  bat- 
tery continues.  Ten  mortars  play  upon  the 
Fort,  in  which  several  wen;  wounded. 

July  16.  Monday.  Rain  all  day.  Firing 
of  bombs  continues.  Twenty  men  in  all, 
have  been  disabled  in  the  Fort. 

HIST.  MAG.      VOL.  VIII.  47 


^  July  17.  Tuesday.  Heavy  fog.  The 
English  unmask  a  battery  of  two  large  guns 
and  two  howitzers  on  Montreal  Point,  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  A  shot 
entered  the  commandant's  chimney  and 
rolicd  beside  his  bed,  on  which  he  had  just 
lain  down.  At  the  same  time  two  other 
batteries  were  unmasked.  M.  de  Morambert 
was  slightly  wounded  in  the  Fort. 

July  18.  Wednesday.  Firing  on  both 
sides  continued  through  the  day.  In  the 
Fort,  one  soldier  was  dismembered,  and  four 
wounded  by  bombs. 

July  19.  Thursday.  The  Engli  h  perfect- 
ed a  new  parallel  eighty  yards  long  in  front 
of  the  Fort. — The  fire  was  very  great  on  both 
sides.  The  schooner  Iroquois  arrived  from 
Kingston.  "This  evening  Brig.  Gen.  Pri- 
deaux  was  killed  i;  the  trenches  by  an 
accident,  the  gunner  inconsiderately  firing  as 
the  General  was  passing,  the  shell  bursting 
as  soon  as  it  cleared  the  mouth  of  the  cohorn, 
and  a  large  piece  struck  him  on  the  side  of 
his  head." 

July  20.  Friday.  The  English  perfect  a 
third  parallel  towards  the  lake,  distant  one 
hundred  and  sixty  yards  from  the  lake,  and 
continued  firing  with  their  mortars.  In  the 
Fort,  one  man  killed  and  four  wounded. 

July  21.  Saturday.  The  English  con- 
struct a  fourth  parallel,  distant  100  yards 
from  the  F^ort. — The  schooner  cruises  off 
Oswego  to  arrest  convoys. 

July  22.  Sunday.  Conflicton  both  sideshea- 
vy.  The  English  fire  red-hot  balls  fire- 
balls. M.  Bonnafoux  wounded,  and  ten 
men  killed  or  wounded  in  the  fort. 

July  23.  Monday.  M.  Pouchot  receives 
letters  from  Aubry  and  de  Lignery  announc- 
ing their  arrival  at  Navy  Island  with  600 
French  and  1,000  Indians,  "who  when  pass- 
ing the  little  rapid  at  the  outlet  of  Lake 
Erie,  resembled  a  floating  island,  so  black 
was  the  river  with  batteaux  and  canoes." 
At  2  P.M.  the  English  unmask  another 
battery  of  18.  12  and  6  pounders.  In  the 
evening,  Gen.  Johnson,  learning  that  a  large 
party  of  French  and  Indians  were  coming 
from  Detroit,  Presquisle  and  Venango  to 
raise  the  siege,  ordered  600  chosen  men 
from  the  44th  and  46th  Regiments,  100  New 


370 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Not., 


York  provincials,  and  600  Indians  to  waylay 
them  at  a  place  they  must  pass  by  on  their 
way  to  the  Fort. 

July  24th,  Tuesday,  8  o'clock  A.  M.— 
The  English,  under  the  command  of  Lt.  Col. 
Massa,  Lt.  Col.  Farquay  and  Major  Beck- 
with  safely  entrenched  behind  their  breast- 
works, received  the  fire  of  the  advncing  par- 
ty five  or  six  times  and  then  rising  up  re- 
turned the  five  with  immense  slaughter. 
Five  hundred  French  and  Indians  were  kill- 
ed and  120  taken  prisoners,  among  whom 
were  17  officers.  4  P.  M.,  Gen.  Johnson 
sends  Major  Hervy  with  a  flag  of  truce  and 
demands  the  surrender  of  the  Fort.  M. 
Pouchot  declines,  not  crediting  Major  Her- 
vy's  statement,  sends  Capt.  de  Cervies  to 
the  English  camp  and  finds  it  true. 

M.  Pouchot  assembles  the  garrison  to 
deliberate  on  the  situation  fo  the  Fort.  The 
garrison  consisted  of  149  men  detached  from 
the  regiments  of  La  Sarre,  Royal  Rousillon, 
Guienne  and  Beam,  under  the  orders  of 
Captain  Pouchot  of  the  Beam  Regiment; 
Commandants,  Capt.  de  Villiers  of  La  Sarre ; 
Capt.  de  Cervies  of  Royal  Rousillon  ;  Lt.  De 
Morambert  of  Guienne;  Lt.  Salvignac  of 
Beam;  Lt.  La  Miltiere  of  Languedoc;  of 
183  Colonials  under  the  orders  of  Captain 
De  la  Roche ;  Lieutenants  Cornoyer  and 
Larminac;  of  133  Militia  and  21  gunners, 
commanded  by  Lt.  Bonnafoux  of  Royal 
corps,  in  an  all  486,  and  39  employes — five 
of  whom  were  women  and  children  ;  who 
with  two  Madames  Douville  attended  the 
hospital,  served  up  gun  cartridges  and  made 
earth  bags,  of  whom  were  hors  de  services 
or  lost  10  men  of  La  Sarre,  9  of  Bearn^  8 
of  Royal  Rousillon,  13  of  Guienne,  43  of  the 
Colonials,  26  Militia,  in  all  109  men  killed 
or  wounded  and  37  sick.  Of  54,000  lbs  of 
powder,  24,000  lbs  had  been  consumed, 
that  the  garrison  had  not  lain  down  for  19 
days,  that  help  was  not  to  be  expected  from 
anyquarter.  Thereupon  M.  Pouchot  called 
in  the  English  officer  and  negotiations  con- 
tinued the  entire  night.  The  entire  garrison 
demanding  a  capitulation  at  day  break,  the 
following  capitulation  was  drawn  up  and 
signed : 

Articles  of  capitulatiou  granted  to  the  gar- 
rison of  Niagara,  inclosed  in  Sir  William 


Johnson's  letter  to  Major-  General  Amherst 

oftheZbthofJuly,  1759. 

Article  1.  The  garrison  shall  march  out 
with  arms  and  baggage,  drum  beating  and 
match  lighted  at  both  ends,  and  a  small 
piece  of  cannon  to  embark  upon  vessels  which 
the  commander  of  his  Britannic  Majesty's 
forces  shall  furnish,  to  convey  them  to  New 
York,  by  the  shortest  ronte  and  in  the 
shortest  time.     Granted. 

A.  II.  The  garrison  shall  lay  down  their 
arms  when  they  embark,  but  shall  keep,  their 
baggage.     Granted. 

A.  III.  The  officers  shall  keep  both  their 
arms  and  their  baggage.     Granted. 

Art.  IV.  The  French  ladies  as  well  as 
the  chaplain,  shall  be  sent  back  and  the  com- 
mander of  his  Britannic  Majesty's  troops 
shall  furnish  them  with  vessels  and  sub- 
sistence necessary  for  their  voyage  to  the  first 
French  post,  and  this  is  to  be  executed  as 
soon  as  possible ;  those  women  who  chose  to 
follow  their  husbands  are  at  liberty  to  do  it. 
Granted,  except  with  regard  to  those 
women  who  are  his  Britannic  Majesty, s 
subjects. 

Art.  Y.  The  sick  and  wounded,  who  are 
obliged  to  remain  in  the  fort,  shall  have 
liberty  to  depart,  with  everything  that  be- 
longs to  them,  and  shall  be  conducted  in 
safety,  as  soon  as  they  are  able  to  bear  the  fa- 
tigues of  a  voyage,  to  the  place  destined  for 
the  rest  of  the  garrison;  in  the  mean  time  they 
are  to  be  allowed  a  guard  for  their  security. 
Granted. 

Art.  VI.  The  commanding  officer,  all 
the  other  officers,  and  private  men,  who 
are  in  the  service  of  his  most  Christian 
Majesty,  shall  quit  the  fort  without  being 
subject  to  any  act  of  reprisals  whatsoever. 
Granted. 

Art.  VII.  An  inventory  shall  be  made 
of  all  the  military  stores  in  the  magazine, 
which,  with  the  artillery,  shall  be  delivered 
up  bona  fide,  as  well  as  other  effects, 
which  are  the  property  of  his  most  Christian 
Majesty,  and  which  are  found  in  the  maga- 
zine at  the  time  of  the  capitulation.  The 
vessels  and  boat  are  included  in  this  article. 

Art.  VIII.  The  soldiers  shall  not  be 
plundered,  nor  separated  from  their  officers, 
Granted, 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE, 


371 


Art.  IX.  The  garrison  shall  be  conduct- 
ed under  a  proper  escort  to  the  place  destined 
for  their  reception:  the  general  shall  express- 
ly recommend  to  this  escort  to  hinder  the 
savages  from  approaching  and  insulting  any 
persons  belonging  to  the  garrison,  and  shall 
prevent  their  being  pillaged  by  them,  when 
they  quit  their  arms  for  embarkation  ;  and 
the  same  care  is  to  be  taken  on  every 
part  of  the  route,  where  savages  may  be  met 
with.     Granted. 

Art.  X.  An  exact  list  shall  be  made  of 
the  names  and  sirnames  of  the  differeut 
troops,  as  well  egulars  as  militia,  and  all 
others  who  are  employed  in  his  most  Chris- 
tian Majesty's  service;  and  all  those  who  are 
so  employed  shall  be  treated  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  rest  of  the  garrison.  Granted 
in  the  first  article. 

Art.  XI.  All  the  savages,  of  whatsoever 
nation  they  be,  who  are  found  in  the  garri- 
son, shall  be  protected  from  insult,  and  be 
allowed  to  go  where  they  pleased.  Granted; 
but  it  will  be  adviseable  for  them  to  depart 
as  privately  as  possible. 

The  articles  being  accepted,  the  general 
of  his  Britannic  Majesty's  forces  shall  be  put 
in  possession  of  a  gate  of  the  fort,  but  this 
cannot  be  done  until  to-morrow.  To-mor- 
row at  seven  o'clock  in  the  morning. 
Signed  by 

Pouchot,  captain  in  the  regiment  of  Beam, 
commanding  officer. 

Villar,  captain  in  the  regiment  of  Le  Sarre. 

Cervier,  captain  in  the  regiment  Royal 
Roussillon. 

Oliver  de  la  Roche  Verney,  captain  of  the 
marine. 

Bonnafoux,  officer  in  the  royal  artillery. 
Cournoyer,  lieutenant  of  the  marine. 

Soluignac,  officer  in  the  regiment  of  Beam. 

Le  Chevalier  de  L'Arminac,  lieutenant 
of  the  marine. 

Joncaire,  captain  of  the  marine. 
B  Morambert,  lieutenant. 

Chabert  Joncaire,  in  the  regiment  of 
Guienne. 

List  of  ordnance  and  stores  at  Niagara, 
at  the  time  of  its  surrendering  to  the  English, 
viz. : 

Iron  ordnance,  14-pounders  2  ;  12-pound- 
fcrs  19;   11-pounders  1;    8-pounders  7;  6- 


pounders  7 ;  4-pounders  2  ;  2-pounders  5; 
travelling  carriages,  14-pounders  2;  Im- 
pounders 12;  8-pounders  8;  6-pounder  5; 
garrison  carriages,  12-pounders  2  ;  8-pound- 
ers 4;  6-pounders  3;  4-pounders  2. ladles 
with  staves, 14-pounders  3  ;  12-pounders 
12;  8-pounders  9;  6-pounders  7 ;  4-pounders 
2;  spunges  with  rammer  heads,  12-pound- 
ers 16;  8-pounders  9;  6-pounders  10;  4- 
pounders  4.  wadhooks  with  saves  10; 
grudox  defieu, 12-pounders  12;  8-pounders 
6;  6-pounders  7  ;,  4  pounders  3;  round  shot 
loose,  12-pounders  150 ;  8-pounders  200; 
6-pounders  2,600;  4-pounders  100;  cohorn 
mortars  on  beds  2 ;  hand  granades  500  ; 
entrenching  tools,  axes  large  100;  hand-bills 
300;  hand-hatchets  500;  shovels  iron  300; 
mattocks  250;  pick-axes  400;  spades  50; 
whip-saws  12 ;  corned  powder  15,0001b.; 
small  lead  shot  and  balls  40,0001b.  match, 
cwt.  2. 

(Signed)  George  Wray,  clerk  of  the 
stores.  Provisions  of  all  kinds  enough. 

July  26, — Thursday;  In  the  afternoon 
the  garrison  marched  out  of  the  fort  with 
musket,  on  the  shoulder,  drums  beating, 
and  two  pieces  of  large  cannon  at  the  head 
of  the  column.  As  soon  as  the  troops 
reached  the  batteaux  they  laid  down  their 
muskets  and  immediately  pushed  off. 
On  this  occasion  a  tragical  event  occurred* 
— Cadet  Moncourt,  of  the  Colonials,  had 
formed  an  attachment  with  an  Indian  in  the 
English  army,  and  when  he  became  prisoner, 
the  latter  expressed  a  great  deal  of  sorrow 
at  his  situation,  and  said  to  him:  "Brother, 
I  am  in  despair  at  seeing  you  dead;  but  take 
heart,  I'll  prevent  their  torturing  you,"  and 
killed  him  with  a  blow  of  a  tomahawk, 
thinking  thereby  to  save  him  from  the  tor- 
tures to  which  prisoners  among  themselves 
are  subjected. 

The  English  lost  40  men  in  the  whole,  sincfc 
the  landing  of  troops  at  Niagara,  including 
Major  General  Prideaux  and  Colonel  John, 
son,  the  second  in  command.  The  Indians 
were  allowed  all  the  plunder  of  the  fort. 
Goods  on  a  neighboring  Island  were  found 
to  the  value  of  £8,000. 

The  French  and  Indians  who  escaped 
from  the  field  retired  to  Navy  Island,  where 
de  Rocheblave,  with  150  men,  had  been  left 


372 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Nov., 


to  guard  the  batteaux,  whence  they  proceed- 
ed to  Detroit,  under  the  orders  of  M.  Beles- 
tre.  It  is  thought  that  the  two  vessels  now 
lying  sunk  at  Burnt  Ship  Bay.  were  sunk 
here  at  this  time.  Brig.  General  Johnson, 
was  rewarded  by  the  King  with  a  Baron- 
etcy, and  a  sum  of  £5,000  was  voted  to  him 
by  the  House  of  Commons. 


Bishop  George  Henry  Loskiel,  tiie 
Moravian  Historian. — In  a  recent  num- 
ber of  the  Moravian,  the  Rev.  S.  Reinke 
says  of  Bishop  G.  H.  Loskiel: 

I  frequently  saw  and  conversed  with  him 
in  my  young  days.  He  was  a  man  of  me- 
dium size,  and  somewhat  corpulent,  of  a 
very  venerable  and  respect  inspiring  aspect. 
His  noble,  expansive  forehead,  surmounted 
by  a  neat  and  well  powdered  wig,  his  small 
dove-like  eyes  beaming  with  benevolence, 
his  soft,  well  rounded  cheeks,  his  handsome 
nose  and  mouth,  in  short,  his  whole  appear- 
ance and  demeanor,  showed  him  to  be  not 
only  an  intelligent  and  polite,  but  also  an 
exceedingly  kind  hearted  man.  Hence  his 
surviving  colleagues  at  Bethlehem,  descrbed 
his  character  by  saying  that  he  wept  with 
those  that  wept,  and  rejoiced  with  such  as 
did  rejoice.  It  was  his  delight  to  relieve 
the  poor  and  to  do  good  to  all ;  he  always 
felt  grieved  when  unable  to  follow  this  bent 
of  his  inclinatiou.  We  have  been  told  that 
while  in  Germany,  his  native  country,  he 
often  preached  with  great  acceptance  to 
thousands  that  flocked  to  hear  him,  many  of 
whom  became  seals  to  his  ministry.  There 
he  also  published  his  history  of  ourMissions 
among  the  North  American  Indians,  and 
his  excellent  devotional  manual,  entitled, 
"Etwas  fuers  Herz,"  which  passed  through 
a  number  of  editions  in  Germany  and 
Switzerland.  He  likewise  published  ser- 
mons on  the  Sufferings  of  our  Lord,  and 
quite  a  number  of  hymns. 

The  following  is  abridged  from  the  records 
of  the  Bethlehem   Congregation. 

He  was  born  on  the  7th  of  November,  1740, 
at  Angermuende,  in  the  Province  of  Cour- 
land,  where  his  father  labored  as  a  faithful 
Pastor  of  the  Lutheran  Church,  and  where 
himself  was,  for  the  space  of  eleven  years, 
under  the  careful  tuition  of  Brother  John 


HuefTel  (the  father  of  Bishop  C.  G.  Huef- 
fel),  in  whose  company  he  traveled  to  Barby, 
and,  at  his  urgent  request,  was  received  as  a 
member  of  the  Brethren's  Church,  on  the 
26th  of  December,  1759. 

"While  yet  in  his  father's  house,  he  ex- 
perienced, four  different  times,  hairbreadth 
escapes  of  his  life.  Once  he  fell  into  a 
large  kettle  full  of  boiling  water  ;  and  once 
into  a  stream  with  a  strong  current.  On 
another  occasion,  a  man,  in  a  great  fury, 
threw  a  sharp  pointed  table  knife  at  his 
uncle,  which  missed  the  latter  but  struck 
Loskiel,  so  that  he  nearly  lost  his  life;  and 
again,  when  thirteen  years  old,  he  was 
dragged  a  considerable  distance  by  a  vicious 
horse,  and  was  rescued  in  a  wonderful  man- 
ner from  the  very  jaws  of  death. 

At  Barby  he  studied  divinity  and  medi- 
cine; and  after  having  for  a  time  practised 
the  latter  with  great  success,  he  resolved  to 
devote  himself  wholly  to  the  gosrel  minis- 
try. After  serving  three  years  as  a  Teacher 
in  the  Psedagogium  at  Nisky,  Prussia,  he 
labored  from  1766  to  1760  at  Neuwied,  on 
the  Rhine,  Marienborn.  in  Central  Germany, 
and  A  insterdam  in  Holland.  On  June  27th, 
1771,  he  was  married  to  Mary  Magdalen 
Barlach.  Then  he  filled  various  offices  at 
Zeist,  in  Holland,  and  Kleinwelke  and  Bar- 
by,  in  Germany.  The  Synod  of  1782  ap- 
pointed him  Superintendent  in  Livonia, 
where  he  was  constantly  traveling  about, 
from  one  station  to  another.  Subsequently 
he  became  the  Agent  of  the  Brethren's 
Church  at  the  Court  of  St.  Petersburg,  and 
preached  in  the  Brethren's  Chapel  of  that 
metropolis.  In  1789  he  went  to  Gnadeh- 
freij  Prussia,  where,  in  1792,  he  witnessed 
the  great  conflagration,  that  laid  the  entire 
village  in  ashes,  and  where  he  is  said  to  have 
relieved  many  of  the  sufferers  from  his  pri- 
vate funds.  In  1794  he  was  called  to  Nisky, 
and  in  1798  to  Herrnhut,  in  Saxony. 

In  1802  he  was  sent  to  America  as  the 
Superintendent  of  the  Moravain  churches, 
and  Pastor  of  the  church  at  Bethlehem. 
He  arrived  here  on  the  23d  of  July,  after  a 
prosperous  voyage.  During  the  nine  years 
of  his  abode  in  our  country,  he  frequently 
visited  the  churches  in  the  Northern  Prov- 
ince, and,  in  1803  had  the  pleasure  of  beconi- 


18  64.] 


HISTORICAL     MAGAZINE. 


373 


ing  personally  acquainted  with  the  Indian 
Mission  at  Go?hen,  in  Ohio.  Ever  since 
writing  the  History  of  that  Mission,  he  had 
cherished  a  peculiar  affection  for  it,  and 
always  remembered  it  in  his  prayers  before 
the  Lord. 

In  1810  his  health  began  to  fail,  so  that, 
when  in  May,  1812,  he  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  Unity's  Elders'  Conference, 
in  the  place  of  Bishop  J.  Risler  deceased, 
he  found  himself  unable  to  travel  to  Europe. 
Hence  he  resigned  his  entire  charge  into 
the  hands  of  Bishop  C.  G.  Reichel,  of  Sa- 
lem, N.  C,  after  having  ordained  Rev.  John 
Herbst,  at  Litiz,  a  bishop  of  the  church. 
For  three  entire  years  he  suffered  intensely 
from  a  great  variety  of  maladies,  sue  h  as 
vertigo,  compression  of  the  brain,  and  vio- 
lent headaches.  To  add  to  his  afflictions,  he 
received  a  contusion  on  his  leg,  from  a  pro- 
jecting limb  of  a  tree  which  lay  across  the 
road,  on  which  he  was  walking.  This  con- 
tusion became  inflamed,  and  not  yielding  to 
the  remedies  applied,  proved  the  cause  of 
great  suffering,  which  was  afterward  still 
more  increased  by  an  open  sore  in  his  back. 
Amidst  all  these  trials  he  manifested  the 
most  exemplary  patience. 

On  the  23d  of  February,  1814,  the  weary 
pilgrim  fell  asleep,  in  the  seventy-fourth 
year  of  his  age. 

Loskiel  was  ordained  a  Deacon,  at  Zeist, 
on  the  22d  of  May,  1768 ;  a  Presbyter,  at 
Barby,  on  the  19th  of  March,  1775;  and 
consecrated  a  Bishop,  at  Herrnhut,  on  the 
14th  of  March,  1802. 


Iroquois  Names  of*  Places. 
Schoharie  —  from  S  the  article  and  Oquari, 

a  Bear, 
Canajoharie —  The  village    of    the  Bear; 

from  Canada,    village,  and    Oquari,  a 

Bear. 
Estaragoha.     The   Big  Rock    (somewhere 

near  Tribes  Hill,  Fulton  Co.,  about  24 

miles  west  of  Schenectady) ;  from  Os- 

tenra,  a  rock,  and  Goa,  big. 
Little   Falls,  Herkimer    Co.     Astenrogen; 

from  Ostenra,  a  rock,  and   Oge,  in  the 

river  or  water. 


Canajoharie  Creek.  Tecayonharonwe;  from 
Tc,  sign  of  the  dual  number;  Cay- 
unghaw,  creek,  aud  ongice,  men;  i.e. 
The  two  men's,  or  people's  creek.  It 
is  now  called  Bowman's  creek. 

Stone  creek,  Schoharie  Co  :  Oneyagine  ;  from 
Oneya,  a  stone. 

Rochester,  Monroe  Co.  Gasconsage ;  The 
perpendicular  Falls.     \_Bruy as. ~] 

Cumberland  Head,  Plattsburgh  ;  Squinan- 
ton,  from  Oskennonton,  a  Leer,  which 
probably  resorted  that  place. 

Cookquago,  or  west  branch  of  tbe  Delaware 
river;  from  Kekoa,  or  Okowa,  an  owl, 
and  goa,  big. 

Oghquago,  in  Broome  Co.,  is  another  form 
of  the  word,  and  seems  to  mean,  The 
country  of  the  Big  Owl. 

Caughnawaga.  At  the  Rapid  ;  from  Ona- 
wa,  Rapid,  and  Ke,  at;  custom  permit- 
ting the  changing  the  initial  0  into  Ka 
\_Dufresne.~]  E.  B.  o.  C. 


Golden  Wedding. — The  50th  Anni- 
versary of  the  marriage  of  Judge  W.  T. 
Martin  and  his  estimable  Lady  occurred  on 
the  27th  Sept.,  and  was  celebrated  in  an  ap- 
propriate manner  by  the  parties,  their  chil- 
dren, grand-children,  and  a  few  of  their  near 
neighbors. 

Judge  M.  and  lady  were  married  in  Som- 
erset, State  of  Pennsylvania,  on  the  27th 
day  of  September,  1814;  removed  to,  and 
settled  in  the  village  of  Columbus,  in  the 
Spring  of  1815,  and  have  resided  here  ever 
since.  Under  their  observation  the  little 
village  on  the  banks  of  the  Scioto  has  taken 
the  form  of,  and  grown  into  a  beautiful  city 
of  thirty  thousand  inhabitants.  What  a 
change  they  have  witnessed  during  the  past 
half  century ! 

By  a  long  and  well  ordered  life  they  have 
been  blessed  with  a  competence  of  this 
world's  goods,  from  which  they  have  always 
given  liberally,  but  without  ostentation,  to 
the  poor  and  unfortunute  of  our  city.  Upon 
this  occasion,  we  are  informed,  that  Mrs.  M. 
gave  to  the  poor  of  her  neighborhood  in  the 
aggregate,  over  one  hundred  dollars.  Such 
a  life  affords  an  example  worthy  of  imita- 
tion.—  Ohio  State  Journal,  Oct.  1. 


374 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Nor., 


Predeath  Coffins  and  Monuments. 
—(Vol.  viii.,  p.  210.)— The  New  York  cor- 
respondent of  the  Philadelphia  Press,  says  in 
his  letter  of  Oct.  4  :  "  An  eccentric  old 
gentleman  has  at  length  deceased  in  this  city, 
after  a  most  practical  preparation  for  death. 
Upwards  of  a  dozen  years  ago,  a  little  lot  in 
Greenwood  was  fenced,  and  in  its  centre  was 
planted  a  marble  shaft  bearing  aloft  the 
effigy  of  this  strange  old  gentleman.  There 
it  stood,  quadrant  in  hand,  braving  all  sorts 
of  weather,  and  almost  daily  came  to  the 
lot  this  quiet  old  gentleman,  mounted  with 
a  ladder  to  the  foot  of  the  effigy,  and  was  lost 
in  contemplation  of  the  marble  Self.  Now 
the  marble  has  outbraved  and  outlasted  the 
weather-beaten  old  gentleman,  and  he  is 
buried  under  the  shaft  which  he  took  so 
much  pride  in  rearing;  which  he  watched 
and  studied  with  so  much  reverence."  He 
Was  some  time  since  nearly  entombed  alive 
in  it,  the  door  having  fallen  while  he  was 
making  his  almost  daily  inspection.  In  fact 
he  passed  the  night  there,  not  being  dis- 
covered till  the  next  day. 


Kearsarge. — The  spelling  and  defini- 
tion of  this  word  having  been  settled, 
Galignani's  Messenger  enlightens  the  world 
as  to  the  geography  of  Kearsarge.  It  says 
"  the  name  Kearsarge  is  taken  from  a  river 
in  the  southern  part  of  North  America 
which  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Vera  Cruz." 


QUERIES. 

M.  De  St.  GaspIn.— -In  Rale's  dictionary, 
p.  493,  under  the  word  "  Noms,"  he  gives : 

"  Matsibigsadoussek,  la  riviere  ou  est  M. 
de.  S.  Gaspin."  Who  was  he,  and  where 
did  he  live  ?  e.  b. 


Pseudonyms. — Who  wrote  the  tracts 
entitled — Strictures  on  the  United  States 
Constitution.  By  Massachusettensis,  Uni- 
ted States  of  America,  1792  ? 

Thoughts  on  the  Increasing  Wealth  and 
National  Economy  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  City  of  Washington.     Printed  by 


Way  and    Groff,   1801?     The   Preface    is 
signed  Observator.  s. 


Fiat  Justitia,  ruat  Ccelum. — Can 
this  maxim,  made  famous  by  Lord  Mans- 
field's use  of  it  in  the  Somerset  case,  be 
found  in  print  or  writing  earlier  than  1647? 
In  that  year  the  Simple  Cobbler  of  Aggawam 
was  first  published  at  London,  in  which  the 
following  sentence  occurs:  "  It  is  less  to 
say,  Statuatur  Veritas,  ruat  Regnum,  than 
Fiat  justitia,  ruat  Ccelum." 

INQUIRER. 


Variorum;  Diversorum. — Editions  of 
the  classics  have  appeared,  some,  cum  notts 
variorum  ;  others,  cum  notis  diversorum. 
Will  any  of  the  readers  of  the  Hist.  Mag. 
explain  the  difference  between  their  edi- 
tions ;  who  were  their  publishers,  or  be  so 
good  as  to  mention  some  work  which  treats 
of  these  editions  and  in  which  the  required 
information  can  be  obtained? 

BIBLIOG. 


Jenne. — Persons  who  can  furnish  names 
and  data  respecting  members  of  this  family, 
and  the  direct  descendants  of  John  Jenney, 
who  came  to  Plymouth  in  the  Little  James 
in  1623,  will  oblige  by  sendiug  such  in- 
formation to  D.  Judson  Jenne,  State  Elall, 
Albany,  wjio  is  preparing  a  genealogy  of 
the  family. 


The  Henry  Plot. —  Where  can  an 
American  account  of  the  "  Henry  Plot"  in 
1811  be  found.  A  Capt.  John  Henry,  who 
went  from  the  United  States  to  Canada, 
was  subsequently  employed  as  a  secret  Eng- 
lish agent,  in  the  eastern  states,  to  watch, 
and  probably  foster  the  disunion  sentiment. 
Failing  to  obtain  sufficient  remuneration 
from  the  English  government,  he  sold  his 
papers  to  the  American  government 

M. 

Was  this  Steam? — On  the  28th  May, 
1714,  Joseph  Morgan  presented  a  petition 
to  the  assembly  of  New  York,  setting  forth 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


375 


that  he  had  invented  a  machine,  whereby  to 
row  a  ship  or  boat  with  much  swiftness 
against  wind  and  tide,  and  praying  protec- 
tion. A  bill  was  ordered  to  be  brought  in 
accordingly.  o'c. 


Sawed  Cannon. — In  1690,  some  cannon 
were  taken  from  a  ship  for  the  defence  of 
New  York,  and  are  described  as  "  four  old 
yron  guns  of  twelve  pounds  calabre  &  one 
d°  sawed  of  d°  caLabre."  What  are  "sawed" 
cannon  ?  A. 


SflrictiM  ani  tfyb  Dwmiings. 


English  Officers  and  Men  Killed 
at  Quebec. — Does  these  exist  in  manu- 
script or  print,  a  list  of  the  officers  and 
privates  who  fell  on  the  British  side  during 
Wolfe's  defeat  of  the  French  on  the  Plains 
of  Abraham  ?  p. 


REPLIES. 

Continental  Money.,  (Vol.  V,  page 
71). — This  article  first  appeard  in  the 
Pennsylvania  Magazine,  Dec,  1775. 


Origin  of  Mules  in  The  United 
States,  [Vol.  viii,  p.  342].— The  late 
John  Savage  Esq.,  of  this  city,  had  in  his 
possession  an  autograph  letter  of  General 
Washington  respecting  the  Spanish  jack 
presented  to  the  General  by  the  King  of 
Spain.  It  is  a  very  humourous  letter,  but 
would  be  considered  rather  too  broad  for 
publication  by  most  persons. 

Mr.  Savage  obtained  this  letter  in  a  sin- 
gular manner.  Whilst  hunting  in  Mary- 
land he  came  across  a  country  school-house, 
outside   of  which  some  one  was  engaged  in 


burninj 


Thrusting    his    ramrod 


.B    papers. 

into  the  burning  pile,  he  drew  out  this  letter. 
The  owner  of  the  ground  on  which  the 
school-house  was  erected  claimed  the  letter, 
on  hearing  of  Mr.  Savage's  good  fortune, 
but  Mr.  Savage  told  him  that  he  thonght 
he  had  forfeited  any  right  which  he  might 
have  had  in  the  paper,  by  allowing  the 
papers  to  be  consigned  to  the  flames  without 
examination. 
Philadelphia, 


A.  E, 


NEW  YORK. 

New  York  Historical  Society — Commemo- 
ration of  the  Conquest  of  new  Netherland, 
— New  York,  Oct.  12.  The  bicentennial  celebra- 
tion by  the  New  York  Historical  Society  of  the 
Conquest  of  New  Netherland,  was  greatly  marred 
by  the  inclemency  of  the  weather,  the  torrents 
of  rain  which  fell  during  the  whole  of  the  even- 
ing doubtless  compelling  the  absence  of  many 
who  would  otherwise  have  been  present  on  so 
interesting  an  occasion.  Notwithstanding  all 
disadvantages,  a  fair  audience  was  collected  at 
the  Cooper  Institute  to  listen  to  an  oration  on 
the  Conquest  of  New-Netherland  by  J.  R.  Brod- 
head,  LL.  D.,  and  precisely  at  a  quarter  past  7 
the  President  of  the  Society,  Fred.  De  Peyster, 
Esq.,  made  his  appearance  on  the  platform,  ac- 
companied by  a  number  of  gentlemen,  among 
whom  were  Peter  Cooper,  G.  C.  Verplanck, 
Judge  Daly,  John  Cochrane,  Gen.  Sandford,  Mr. 
Whitehead,  S.  Alofsen,  Alfred  B.  Street,  James 

N.  Beekinan,  Senor  Romero, Montgomery, 

J.  B.  Walker,  Esqs.,  and  Drs.  DeWitt,  Osgood, 
Storrs,  Askew,  Bouton,  Bishop  Lee  of  Del- 
aware, and  Dr.  Usher  Parsons,  the  last  surviving 
officer  who  was  on  the  flag  ship  Perry  of  Lake 
Erie  renown,  in  that  memorable  action.  Most 
of  the  Historical  Societies  of  the  New  England 
States,  and  what  was  once  New-Netherland, 
were  also  represented. 

The  President,  Fred.  De  Peyster,  Esq.,  called 
the  meeting  to  order,  and  said:  Ladies  and 
gentlemen,  we  have  met  to  night  to  celebrate  the 
conquest  of  the  New  Netherland,  a  tract  of  coun- 
try embracing  avast  territory,  and  this  conquest 
was  the  most  momentous  in  the  early  history  of 
New  York.  A  century  later  New  York  was  one 
of  the  first,  if  not  the  first,  among  the  foremost 
to  take  measures  to  overthrow  the  British  rule, 
and  subsequently  combined  with  the  other  col- 
onies to  take  measures  leading  to  the  national 
independence.  In  1783  that  event  took  place, 
and  thus  by  a  sort  of  retributive  justice,  was 
the  event  of  1064  consummated  by  that  memo- 
rable circumstance.  A  century  later,  reckon- 
ing from  1664,  we  find  New  York — the  great 
and  powerful  State  of  New  York — taking,  with 
a  determined  will,  gigantic  measures  to  sustain 
and  maintain  our  National  Union,  by  the  over- 
throw of  domestic  treason,  and  also,  if  necessary, 
protect  it  from  foreign  affirmations  against  that 
unity  and  its  perpetuity. 

Dr.  De  Witt  then  offered  up  a  prayer,  after 
which  the  President  introduced  the  orator  of  the 
day,  John  Romeyn  Brodijead,  Esq.,  who  said: 
Ladies  and  Gentlemen — Two  hundred  years 
ago,  an  English  squadron  came  up  our  bay  and 


376 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Not., 


anchored  near  what  is  now  the  Battery,  and 
its  presence  produced  most  momentous  results. 
In  the  summer  of  1664  the  Eastern  coast  was 
occupied  by  colonies  of  different  nations, — Eng- 
land, France,  and  Holland.  France  had  pushed 
her  colonies  along  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Missis- 
sippi. England  had  kept  closer  to  the  coast  and 
had  settled  the  New  England  States,  and  further 
south  midway  between  New  England  and  Vir- 
ginia were  the  settlements  of  the  Batavian  Re- 
public, the  New  Netherland.  He  then  gave  an 
account  of  the  early  discoveries  of  this  continent 
and  referred  to  the  establishment  of  the  princi- 
ple under  Queen  Elizabeth  that  the  rights  of 
European  powers  over  their  discoveries  of  sav- 
age lands  must  be  sustained  by  actual  occupa- 
tion or  they  were  void.  He  then  recounted  the 
early  discoveries  of  Gosnold  and  Pring,  and  of 
English  settlements  in  Virginia  prior  to  the  dis- 
covery by  Hendrick  Hudson  of  the  river  which 
now  bears  his  name,  in  1609.  In  1613,  the  first 
Dutch  trading  establishments  were  founded  at 
Manhattan,  and  the  present  city  of  Albany  and 
the  islands,  coasts  and  rivers  along  the  shore 
were  soon  explored.  In  1614  the  General  Gov- 
ernment of  the  Dutch  Republic  granted  a 
charter  to  the  owners  of  the  vessels  authorizing 
them  exclusively  to  visit  the  region  they  had 
discovered,  which  was  soon  named  "New  Netli- 
erland," and  in  1621  a  West  India  Company  was 
formed  to  govern  "the  fruitful  and  unsettled  re- 
gions" in  Africa  and  America  it  might  occupy. 
Under  this  charter  the  new  colony  grew  apace 
and  Fort  Amsterdam  was  built  on  the  southern 
point  of  New  York  Island.  In  1620  James  the 
First  of  England  sealed  a  patent  for  the  coloniz- 
ation of  "New  England  in  America,"  but  the 
terms  of  that  charter  clearly  excepted  New 
France  and  New  Netherland.  In  the  same  year, 
a  part  of  New  England  was  colonized,  but  before 
the  patent  was  sealed,  and  was  soon  succeeded 
by  other  English  in  Massachusetts  Bay,  Fres,h 
and  Connecticut  River  and  at  New  Haven  and 
Rhode  Island,  all  made  under  the  general  au- 
thority of  the  New  England  patent.  In  the 
meantime  the  Colony  of  New  Netherland  flour- 
ished, and  its  young  metropolis  was  named  New 
Amsterdam.  Its  government  was  vested  in  a 
Director  and  Council,  and  a  Fiscal  and  Attorney 
General;  and  in  1647  Peter  Stuyvesant  began 
his  service  as  Director-General  which  lasted  un- 
til the  conquest  of  the  colony,  and  under  his  ad- 
ministration the  colony  prospered  greatly,  at- 
tracting numbers  of  emigrants  from  Europe  and 
the  adjoining  colonies 

After  sketching  the  character  of  Peter  Stuyve- 
sant, Mr.  Brodhead  read  the  following  prophecy, 
contained  in  a  letter  written  to  Stuyvesant  by  the 
East  India  Company  in  1652: 

"Promote  commerce,  whereby  Manhattan 
must  prosper,  her  population  increase,  her  trade 
and  navigation  flourish.  For  when  these  once 
become  permanently    established  ;    when     the 


ships  of  New  Netherland  ride  on  every  part  of 
the  ocean,  then  numbers,  now  looking  to  that 
coast  with  eager  eyes,  will  be  allowed  to  embark 
for  your  island."     Mr.  Brodhead  continued  : 

The  prophecy  was  splendidly  fulfilled.  New 
Amsterdam  rapidly  grew  in  importance,  and 
her  foreign  commerce  soon  began  to  rival  her 
domestic  trade.  The  first  vessel  ever  built  by 
Europeans  in  North  America,  after  the  'Virginia 
of  Sagadahoc,'  in  1607,  was  Block's  significantly 
styled  'Restless  of  Manhattan,'  in  1614.  One 
of  the  largest  merchantmen  in  Christendom 
was  constructed  by  her  shipwrights  in  1631. 
Strangers  sought  burghership  in  the  rising 
metropolis,  and  the  tongues  of  many  nations  re- 
sounded through  her  ancient  winding  streets. 
Like  her  prototype,  New  Amsterdam  was  always 
a  city  of  the  world. 

The  province  of  New  Netherland  was,  indeed, 
the  most  advantageously  situated  region  in  North 
America.  Its  original  limits  included  all  the 
Atlantic  coast  between  Delaware  Bay  and  Mon- 
tauk  Point,  and  even  farther  east  and  north,  and 
all  the  inland  territory  bounded  by  the  Con- 
neticut  valley  on  the  cost,  the  St.  Lawrence  and 
Ontario  on  the  north,  and  the  affluents  of  the 
Ohio,  the  Susquehanna,  and  the  Delaware  on 
the  west  and  south.  Within  those  bounds  is  the 
only  spot  on  the  continent  whence  issue  diver- 
gent streams  which  find  their  outlets  in  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence,  the  Atlantic  ocean  and  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  Across  the  surface  of  the 
province  runs  a  chain  of  the  Alleghanies, 
through  which,  in  two  remarkable  chasms,  the 
waters  of  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  flow  south- 
ward to  the  sea.  At  the  head  of  its  tides,  the 
Hudson,  which  its  explorers  appropriately  called 
'the  Great  River  of  the  Mountains,'  receives 
the  current  of  the  Mohawk,  rushing  in  from  the 
west.  Through  the  valleys  of  these  rivers,  and 
across  the  neighboring  lakes,  the  savage  natives 
of  the  country  tracked  those  pathways  of  travel 
and  commerec  which  civilized  science  only 
adopted  and  improved.  Along  their  banks  soon 
grew  up  flourishing  villages,  contributing  to  the 
prosperity  of  the  chief  town,  which,  with  uner- 
ring judgment,  had  been  planted  on  the  ocean- 
washed  island  of  Manhattan.  In  addition  to 
those  superb  geographical  peculiarities,  every 
variety  of  soil,  abundant  mineral  wealth,  nature 
teeming  with  vegetable  and  animal  life,  and  a 
climate  as  healthful  as  it  is  delicious,  made  New 
Netherland  the  most  attractive  of  all  the  Eu- 
ropean colonies  in  America.  From  the  first  it 
was  always  the  chosen  seat  of  empire. 

"  It  was  the  wise  decree  Providence  that  of 
this  magnificent  region  should  first  be  occupied 
by  the  Batavian  race.  There  was  expanded  the 
germ  of  a  mighty  cosmopolitan  state,  destined 
to  exert  a  -roral  influence  as  happy  as  the  physi- 
cal peculiarities  of  its  temperate  territory  were 
alluring.  Yet  the  growth  and  prosperity  of  the 
Dutch  province  were  fatal  to  its  political  life. 


1861] 


HISTORICAL  MAGAZINE. 


377 


The  envy  of  its  neighbors  was  aroused.  Cove- 
tousness  produced  an  irrepressible  desire  of 
possession,  which  could  only  be  appeased  by  its 
violent  seizure  by  unscrupulous  foes. 

"If  at  this  time  Englishmen  had  any  one  na- 
tional characteristic  more  strongly  developed 
than  another,  it  was  jealousy  of  the  Dutch. 
Strangely,  too,  this  sentiment  seemed  to  have 
grown  with  the  growth  of  Puritanism.  It  was 
enough  for  the  British  islander  that  the  conti- 
nental Hollander  spoke  a  language  different 
from  his  own.  It  mattered  not  that  Costar  of 
Haarlem  invented  the  art  of  arts;  or  that 
Grotius,  Erasmus,  Gronovius  and  Plancius 
among  scholars,  and  Boerhave  and  Huygens 
among  philosophers,  and  Rembrandt  and  Cuyp 
and  Wouvermans  among  painters,  were  illustri- 
ous sons  of  the  liberal  republic.  Even  "William 
the  Silent  and  Barneveldt  wore  of  little  account 
among  insular  Britons — 'divided  from  all  the 
rest  of  the  world.'  Coarse  wit  and  flippant 
ridicule  were  continually  employed  in  educating 
the  Englishman  to  undervalue  and  dislike  the 
Hollander. 

"On  the  other  hand,  Holland,  at  the  zenith 
of  her  power,  was  not  jealous  of  England.  The 
Dutch  maxim  was  "Live  and  let  live." 

The  speaker  here  gave  a  graphic  account  of 
the  general  features  of  the  colony  and  its  pros- 
perity, and  which  drew  on  it  the  covetous  eyes 
of  England  and  of  the  jealousy  existing  in  the 
minds  of  Englishmen  of  the  Dutch.  This  jeal- 
ousy was  reproduced  and  exaggerated  in  the 
breasts  of  the  colonists  of  the  New  Englanders 
especially.  From  the  time  of  the  first  inter- 
course between  Manhattan  and  New-Plymouth, 
the  latter  always  pertinaciously  insisted  that  the 
Dutch  Colonists  were  "intruders."  Gradually 
they  crowded  on  westward  at  the  Connecticut 
river  until,  in  1650,  it  was  agreed  between 
Stuyvesant  and  the  New-England  authorities 
that  the  Eastern  boundary  of  New-Netherland 
should  be  Oyster  Bay,  on  Long  Island,  and  a 
line  running  northerly  from  Greenwich  on  the 
continent.  Cromwell  attempted  to  seize  these 
territories,  but,  by  the  treaty  of  1654,  he  recog- 
nized the  right  of  Holland  to  the  New-Nether- 
land, and  in  1656  the  States  General  ratified  the 
colonial  boundary  agreed  on  in  1650,  but  the 
British  government  evaded  all  engagement  on 
the  subject.  Mr.  Brodhead  then  recounted  the 
subjugation  of  parts  of  Long  Island  by  the  Con- 
necticut settlers,  and  the  steps  taken  by  the 
Director  to  guard  against  the  dangers  threaten- 
ing the  province  by  calling  an  assembly  of 
deputies  from  the  different  towns  at  New-Am- 
sterdam, in  the  Spring  of  1664.  Urgent  appeals 
were  adtresf-ed  to  the  West  India  Company,  but 
without  a\ail,  the  Corny  any  tl.inl ong  more  of 
their  commercial  interests  than  those  of  the 
nation.  In  1664  the  States-General,  however, 
desired  the  British  Government  to  order  the 
HIST.  MAG.      VOL.  VIII.  48 


restitution   of  the   places   seized  by  the  English 
colonists;    but   the     Ambassador,    Sir     George 
Donning,  startled  the  Grand  Pensionary  by  de- 
claring  that  the  New-Netherlanders  were  "the 
encroachers"    upon    New-England.      A    council 
for    Foreign    Plantations     was    formed    by    the 
English  Government,  stringent  navigation  laws 
passed,  and  Lord  Stirling  complained  that  the 
Dutch  had  intruded  into  i  ong  Island,  which  had 
been  granted  to  his  grandfather.     On  March  12, 
1664,  Charles  II.  granted  a  patent  to  James  the 
Duke  of  York,  giving  him   exclusive  right  over 
large  portions  of  New  Netherland,  and  authoriz- 
ing him  to  expel  all  persons  settled  there  with- 
out his  licences.   The  Duke  of  York  commissoned 
Col.   Robert  Nichols  to  act  as  his   Deputy,    and 
commissioned  four  vessels  of  war  and  embarked 
in  them  about  450  veterans  commanded  by   offi- 
cers in  the  English  army.     The  expedition  set 
sail  from  Portsmouth  in  the  middle  of  May   for 
Gardiner's  Bay,  Long  Island.     The  States-Gen- 
eral were  informed  of  these  movements,  but  re- 
plied to    Stuyvesant  that  they  were  intended  to 
instal  some  bishops  in  New-England.    The  ships 
arrived  at  Boston  and  there  the  squadron  was 
strongly  re-enforced  by  a  number  of  Massachu- 
setts and  Connecticut  settlers,  and  Indians  held 
in    reserve.     Long  Island  peaceably  submitted 
to  the    government    of  the    Duke    of  York    and 
sent  auxiliaries  to  the  English  forces.     Stuyve- 
sant was    absent    when    the    squadron    reached 
New- York,  but  hurried  back  to  find  the  harbor 
blockaded,  and  that  no  aid  could   be  got  from 
Long  Island.     The  regular  garrison  did  not  ex- 
ceed 150,  and  its  supply  of  powder  was  short. 
The  burghers  were  more  anxious  to  protect  their 
property  than  to    save  the  town;  nevertheless, 
Stuyvesant   determined  to    hold    out.     Nicholls 
summoned  the  t  own  to  surrender,  and  the  people 
of  the  town,  who  had  learned  the  liberal  offers 
he  made  of  protection  to  their  persons,    proper- 
ties, and  liberties,  became  mutinous.  The  squad- 
ron came  up  from  its  anchorage  at  Gravesend  to 
New-Amsterdam,   and  landed  five  companies  of 
regular  soldiers  at  Governor's  Island,  and  at  last 
the  entreaties  of  the  principal  inhabitants  pre- 
vailed on   Stuyvesant    to    surrender  the    town, 
which    only    had    fifteen    hundred    inhabitants. 
Six  commissioners  were  appointed  to   negotiate 
the  terms  of  surrender;    which   were,   that  the 
inhabitants  were  to  continue  free  denizens,  and 
were  guaranteed  their  property.     These  were  ex- 
plained to  the  people  on  the  following  Sunday, 
at  the  close  of  the  afternoon  service,  and  it  was 
agreed  that  the  New-England  troops   should   be 
kept  on  the  Brooklyn  side    of  East    River,    the 
burghers  being  more  apprehensive  of  them  than 
the  others.     On  the  8th  of  September,  1664,  the 
garrison  marched  off  with  flying  colors,  and  the 
English  took  possession  of  the  town,  and  occu- 
pied the  city  gates  and  the  Town  Hall,  and  the 
name  of  the  city  was  altered  to  New-York,  Soon 


378 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Not., 


after,  Fort  Orange,  now  Albany,  surrendered, 
and  the  Dutch  fort  of  Newcastle,  on  the  Dele- 
ware,  was  taken  by  the  English  thus  completing 
the  reduction  of  the  New-Netherland. 

The  speaker  then  discussed  at  considerable 
length  the  effects  of  the  conquest  of  New-Nether- 
land, which  he  denounced  as  a  most  wanton  and 
unjust  aggression  on  the  part  of  England,  and 
which,  prompted  solely  by  her  greed  and  lust  of 
power,  had  been  justly  punished  by  the  over- 
throw of  her  power  on  the  American  Continent 
in  the  succeeding  century,  and  to  which  the  con- 
quest of  New-Netherland  had  greatly  con- 
tributed. 

The  orator  proceeded  to  show  the  baseness  of 
the  conquest  of  New  Netherland,  and  continued  : 

t4Yet  unjustifiable  as  was  the  deed,  the  temp- 
tation to  commit  it  was  irresistible.  Its  actual 
execution  was  only  a  question  of  time.  It  could 
not  have  been  prevented,  unless  the  Dutch  gov- 
ernment were  prepared  to  renounce  their  previ- 
ous policy,  and  hold  New  Netherland  at  every 
hazard  against  the  might  of  all  enemies. 

*  *  *  "If  England  had  not  seized  New 
Netherland  when  she  did,  France  would  almost 
certainly  have  taken  and  held  it,  not  long  after- 
wards, in  the  Dutch  war  of  1672.  *  *  *  It 
was  for  the  true  interest  of  America  that  New 
York  was  founded  by  Holland.  It  made  her  the 
magnanimous  and  cosmopolitan  state  which  she 
now  is,  and  whose  national  influence  has  been  so 
happy  and  healthful.  Providence  never  meant 
our  great  country  to  perpetuate  the  ideas  of  only 
one  nationality  in  the  old  world,  or  of  but  one 
of  its  plantations  in  the  new.  The  arrogant 
claim — so  flattering  to  British  pride,  so  syco- 
phantic in  Americans  who  would  flatter  England 
— that  the  United  States  of  America  are  of  wholly 
Anglo-Saxon  origin,  is  as  fallacious  as  it  is  vul- 
gar. 'Time's  noblest  offspring'  was  not  the  child 
of  England  alone.  There  was  a  fatherland  as 
fruitful  as  the  motherland.  There  were  many 
parents  of  our  multigeneous  people.  The  great 
modern  republic  sprung  from  a  union  of  races 
as  various  and  contrasted  as  the  climates  to 
which  they  emigrated.  Sweden,  Holland,  Ger- 
many, Savoy,  Spain,  France,  Scotland,  and  Ire- 
land, all  co-operated,  no  less  mightily  than  Eng- 
land, in  peopling  our  territory,  moulding  our  in- 
stitutions, and  creating  our  vast  and  diversified 
country  'one  and  indivisible.'  To  its  hetero- 
geneousness,  and  not  to  its  supposed  homogene- 
ousness — to  its  collisions  and  its  comminglings  of 
races — to  its  compromises  and  its  concessions — 
does  that  country  owe  its  grandest  moral,  social 
and  political  characteristics." 

Mr.  Brodhead  then  sketched  the  character  of 
the  Dutch  emigrants,  and  of  the  other  colonists 
who  settled  in  New  Netherland,  showing  the 
changes  which  followed  the  English  conquest, 
through  which  all  the  old  Dutch  influence  sur- 
vived.    After  alluding  to  the  injustice  done  to 


New  York  in  many  American  school  books  and 
histories,  he  concluded  his  oration  as  follows: 

"The  retirement  of  Holland  from  the  unequal 
strife  left  France  and  Spain  to  contend  with  Eng- 
land for  colonial  supremacy  in  North  America. 
Mistress  of  all  the  Atlantic  coast  between  Nova 
Scotia  and  Florida,  the  power  which  had  con- 
quered New  York  soon  aspired  to  uncontrolled 
dominion  from  sea  to  sea.  The  acquisition  of 
New  Netherland,  which  had  formerly  kept  Vir- 
ginia apart  from  New  England,  gave  to  the  Brit- 
ish crown  the  mastery  of  the  most  advantageous 
positions  on  the  continent,  whence  it  could  at 
pleasure,  direct  movements  against  any  colony 
that  might  attempt  a  premature  independence 
With  short-sighted  triumph  England  rejoiced 
that  her  authority  was  dotted  on  a  new  spot  in. 
in  the  map  of  the  world.  But  her  pride  went 
before  her  destruction,  and  her  haughty  spirit 
prepared  the  way  for  her  terrible  humiliation. 
The  American  republic  was  fashioned  in  the  first 
Congress  of  1765,  which  met  at  New  York.  It 
was  a  most  significant  but  only  a  just  decree  of 
Providence,  that  the  retribution  of  England 
should  begin  with  the  very  province  which  she 
had  so  iniquitously  ravished  from  Holland,  to, 
set,  as  her  most  splendid  jewel,  in  the  diadem  of 
her  colonial  sovereignty. 

"Yet  for  a  long  time  the  plantations,  which 
had  thus  become  geographically  united,  were 
neither  homogeneous  nor  sympathetic,  and  they 
never  were  actually  consolidated.  "While  New 
England,  Maryland  and  Virginia  were  radically 
Anglo-Saxon  colonies,  the  mass  of  the  popolatioa 
of  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Delaware,  which  had  formed  the  later  territory 
of  New  Netherland,  was,  as  we  have  seen,  made 
up  of  Hollanders,  Huguenots,  Waldenses,  Ger- 
men,  Frenchmen,  Swedes,  Scotchmen  and  Irish- 
men. A  similar  want  of  homogeneousness  char- 
acterized some  of  the  more  southern  colonies. 
Among  these  manifold  nationalities,  ideas  and 
motives  of  action  were  as  various  and  discordant 
as  the  different  dialects  which  were  uttered.  In 
the  progress  of  years  a  common  allegiance  and 
common  dangers  produced  a  greater  sympathy 
among  the  English  plantations  in  America. 

"Nevertheless,  while  she  formed  a  part  of  the 
British  colonial  empire,  New  York  never  lost 
her  original  social  identity,  nor  her  peculiar  po- 
litical influence.  Her  moral  power  lasted  through- 
out the  whole  succession  of  events  which  culmi- 
nated in  the  American  Revolution.  Nor  has  her 
salutary  influence  ever  ceased.  The  history  of 
her  fatherland,  besides  the  idea  of  toleration  of 
opinion,  furnished  the  example  of  the  confeder- 
ation of  free  and  independent  states,  and  made 
familiar  the  most  instructive  lessons  of  constitu- 
tional administration.  While  that  history  taught 
the  sacred  right  of  revolt  against  the  tyrany  of 
an  hereditary  king,  it  enforced  the  no  less  sacred 
duty  of  faithfulness  to  deliberate  obligations  and 


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HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


379 


loyalty  to  the  general  government,  founded  by 
the  solemn  compact  of  sovereign  but  united 
states. 

"The  patriots  who  deposed  Philip  the  Second 
•were  the  great  originals  of  those  who  in  the  next 
century  dethroned  Charles  the  First,  and  in  the 
century  following  rejected  George  the  Third. 
From  Holland  came  William,  the  deliverer  of 
Englandfrom  the  tyrant  James.  The  declaration 
■of  the  independence  of  the  United  Provinces  of 
the  Netherlands  was  the  glorious  model  of  the 
English  declaration  of  right,  and  of  the  grander 
declaration  of  the  independence  of  United  Colo- 
nies of  North  America.  The  Union  of  Utrecht 
was  the  nobler  cxamplar  of  the  Philadelphia  arti- 
cles of  confederation.  The  Dutch  motto:  '  Een- 
dragt  macht  Magt '  —  Unity  makes  Might  —  sug- 
gested our  own  •  E  PLuribus  Unum.' 

"All  these  teachings  of  Dutch  history  are  the 
peculiar  heritage  of  our  own  Empire  state.  It 
was  the  proud  destiny  of  New  York  to  temper 
the  narrow  and  sometimes  fanatical  characterics 
of  her  English  sister  plantations  with  the  larger 
and  more  conservative  principles  which  she  had 
herself  derived  from  Holland.  It  was  her  lot  to 
Sustain  more  severe  trials  and  gain  a  more  vari- 
ed experience  than  any  other  American  colony. 

'  Midway  between  the  St,  Lawrence  and  the 
Chesapeake  she  stood  for  almost  a  century, 
guarding  her  long  frontier  against  the  enmity 
and  might  of  New  France.  And  when  at  last 
the  conquest  of  Canada  filled  the  measure  of  Brit- 
ish aggression  and  pampered  still  more  the  Brit- 
ish lust  of  power,  the  augury  of  two  hundred 
years  ago  was  fulfilled ;  and  New  York  —  worthy 
to  be  distinguished  as  the  Netherlands  of  Ameri- 
ca—  became  the  pivot  province,  on  which  hing- 
ed the  most  important  movements  of  that  sub- 
lime revolt  against  the  oppression  of  England, 
the  only  paralled  to  which  was  the  triumphant 
struggle  that  the  forefathers  of  her  first  settlers 
maintained  against  the  gigantic  despotism  of 
Spain." 

Gulian  C.  Verplanck,  Esq.,  proposed  a  vote 
of  thanks  to  Mr.  Brodhead  for  his  address,  and 
to  request  a  copy  of  it  for  publication. 

The  Hon.  Geo.  Bancroft,  in  a  few  appropri- 
ate remarks,  seconded  the  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr. 
Brodhead,  which  on  being  put  from  the  chair, 
"was  unanimously  adopted. 

The  benediction  was  then  pronounced  by  Dr. 
DeWitt,  the  proceedings  having  been  necessarily 
curtailed  owing  to  the  length  of  time  occupied 
by  the  address,  and  the  meeting  adjourned  to 
the  rooms  of  the  Historical  Society,  in  2d-av. 
Here  a  reception  was  given  by  the  members  of 
the  New  York  Historical  Society  to  their  friends, 
and  after  a  pleasant  interval  spent  in  an  inspec- 
tion of  the  pictures  and  curiosities  in  the  Soci- 
ety's Museum,  the  guests  descended  to  the  re- 
fectory in  the  basement,  where  an  elegant  repast 
was  provided,  to  which  ample  justice  was  done. 


Several  speeches  were  made  during  the  course 
of  the  evening  by  the  President,  A.  B.  Street  of 
Albany.  P  Dawson  of  Buffalo,  and  Gen.  John 
Cochrane.  Gen.  Cochrane  was  very  warmly  re- 
ceived, and  expressed  his  pleasure  at  the  meet- 
ing, which  he  hoped  would  do  something  to  pro- 
mote that  national  unity  of  race  of  which  the 
orator  of  the  day  had  spoken.  He  concluded 
by  expressing  his  devotion  to  the  National 
Union,  and  his  confidence  of  its  ultimate  pres- 
ervation. 

The  assembly  shortly  after  dispersed,  highly 
pleased  with  the  evening's  entertainment 


Long  Island  Historical  Society.  Brook* 
lyn,  Oct.  0. — An  extremely  interesting  meeting 
of  this  Society  was  held  at  their  rooms  on  the 
corner  of  Court  and  Joralemon  streets;  the 
Hon.  Judge  Greenwood  presiding.  The  atten- 
dance was  large,  and  included  some  of  the  most 
wealthy  and  influential  citizens  of  Brooklyn. 
Rev.  Dr.  Storrs  submitted  the  annual  report  of 
the  Executive  Committee,  which  showed  that 
the  Society  was  in  a  most  flourishing  condition. 
Three  new  portraits  of  Adams,  Franklin,  and 
Red  Jacket,  purchased  out  of  the  Sheldon  fund, 
were  received,  and  ordered  to  be  placed  on  exhi- 
bition. The  society  received  as  a  contribution 
from  Col.  Barton  the  battle  flag  of  the  48th  regi- 
ment, for  which  the  thanks  of  the  society  were 
tendered.  Dr.  Stiles^  the  librarian,  submitted 
an  extremely  interesting  report,  from  which  it 
appeared  that  during  the  past  four  months  the 
resources  of  the  society  have  been  augumented 
by  the  addition  of  782  bound  volumes,  1200 
pamphlets,  and  several  hundred  interesting 
curiosities,  all  of  which  are  on  exhibition.  The 
principal  contributors  were  Alex.  McCue,  Esq., 
E.  0.  Kellogg,  Esq.,  Gabriel  Harrison,  and  E.  S. 
Mills.  An  interesting  paper,  entitled  "Hints 
on  Working  the  side  mines  of  history,"  was 
read  by  Mr.  John  W.  Cannington,  and  greatly 
enjoyed  by  the  audience. 

On  the  visit  of  the  society  to  the  country  towns 
on  the  island,  the  town  of  Sutherland,  through 
the  board  of  town  officers,  presented  the  socie- 
ty with  the  original  charter  of  the  town,  which 
was  granted  by  Gov.  Andros  in  1070.  This 
interesting  relic  with  some  1,500  others,  not 
less  interesting,  are  on  exhibition  at  the  rooms 
of  the  society,  which  are  well  worth  a  visit. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

Pennsylvania  Historical  Society. — Phila- 
delphia, Oct.lOth. — The  regular  stated  meeting  of 
this  Society  was  held  at  the  Athenaeum  Building, 
Sixth  and  Adelphi  streets.  Owing  to  the  near 
approach  of  the  election,  the  attendence  was 
small.  At  the  appointed  hour  John  William 
Wallace,  Esq.,   took  the  chair.     The  minutes 


380 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Nov. 


of  the  previous  meeting  were  then  read  and 
adopted.  A  number  of  valuable  works  were  pre- 
sented to  the  Society,  among  which  were  the  fol- 
lowing: Memorial  of  John  Allan,  presented  by 
the  Bradford  Club.  History  of  West  Point  and 
Military  Academy;  Industrial  and  Financial 
Resources  of  the  United  States;  Story  of  the 
Constitution;  Elliott's  Debates  ;  Discourses  on 
the  Family  as  an  Element  of  Society  ;  Jogue's 
Novum  Belgium,  1643-4,  and  several  other  valua- 
ble works. 

After  the  transaction  of  a  few  items  of  busi- 
ness of  no  public  interest,  the  meeting  adjourned. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

Hew  England  Historic  Genealogical  So- 
ciety, Boston,  Wednesday ,  October  5  — A  quar- 
terly meeting  of  this  society  was  held  this  after- 
noon, the  President,  Winslow  Lewis,  M.  D.,  in 
the  chair. 

The  corresponding  secretary  reported  letters 
accepting  resident  membership  from  Andrew  H. 
Ward  of  Newtonville,  and  Charles  Colburn  of 
Boston. 

The  librarian  reported  as  donations  since  the 
last  meeting,  three  volumes,  twenty  pamphlets, 
and  six  manuscripts. 

Mr.  Towne  read  an  official  notice  of  the  be- 
quest to  the  society  by  the  late  Hon.  Henry  W. 
Cushman,  from  his  executor.  It  was  voted  to  ac- 
cept the  legacy  with  the  conditions  of  the  will. 

Rev.  Caleb  Davis  Bradlee  read  on  elaborate 
paper  on  the  late  Rev.  T.  Starr  King,  being  a 
truthful  and  feeling  tribute  to  that  eloquent  and 
devoted  patriot  and  divine. 

The  Historiographer  read  biographical  sketch- 
es of  the  following  members  of  the  society,  who 
have  recently  deceased,  viz  :  John  Barstow,  of 
Providence,  R.  I.,  a  life  member,  Vice  President 
of  the  society  for  Rhode  Island,  who  died  March 
31,  1864,  aged 73  years;  Hon.  Josiah  Quincy,  of 
Boston,  an  honorary  member,  who  died  at  Quin- 
cy, July  2,  1864,  aged  92  years,  5  months  ;  and 
Sebastian  Ferris  Streeter,  a  corresponding  mem- 
ber, Honorary  Vice  President  of  the  society  for 
Maryland,  who  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Aug.  23, 
aged  54. 

One  Vice  President  and  two  Honorary  Vice 
Presidents  of  the  society  have  deceased  during 
the  present  year  in  the  space  of  less  than  five 
months. 

John  W.  Dean,  Rev.  Washington  Gilbert,  Bev. 
Dorus  Clark,  D.  D.,  Rev.  John  T.  Sargent  and 
David  Pulsifer,  were  chosen  a  committee  to 
nominate  officers  for  the  next  annual  election. 


OBITUARY. 
Death   or   Sebastian    F.      Streeter,    Esq. 
of  Baltimore.    He  died  at  his  residence  on  the 


23d  inst.,  of  typhoid  fever,  undoubtedly  con- 
tracted by  his  great  exposures  and  labors  among 
the  Maryland  soldiers  in  the  army  in  front  of 
Petersburg,  Va. 

Mr.  Streeter  was  the  son  of  Rev.  Sebastian 
and  Ruth  (Richardson)  Streeter,  and  was  born  in 
Weare,  N.  H.,  7th  July,  1810.  On  the  removal 
of  his  father  to  Boston'  he  entered  the  public 
schools,  from  which  he  graduated  with  honor, 
being  fitted  tor  college  at  the  Latin  School  under 
the  late  Benj.  A.  Gould,  Esq. 

After  graduating  at  Harvard  College  in  1831, 
he  for  a  time  devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuits 
in  this  city, being  for  several  years,  from  October, 
1831,  to  September,  1836,  sub-master  of  the.Bos- 
ton  Latin  School.  He  subsequently  removed  to 
Baltimore,  where  heestablished  a  high  school  for 
young  ladies  which  proved  eminently  successful. 

When  the  present  rebellion  broke  out,  he  wag 
found  a  firm  friend  of  the  Union  cause  and  unre- 
mitting in  his  efforts  to  uphold  the  government 
in  Maryland,  and  few  men  in  civilcapacity  have 
rendered  more  efficient  service  to  their  country. 
By  his  exertions  the  Union  Relief  Association 
was  organized  earlyin  the  war,  and  proved  a 
great  blessing  to  the  Union  soldiers  passing  to 
and  from  the  field. 

To  Mr.  Streeter  and  his  helping  wife  the  coun- 
try is  also  indebted  for  the  establishment  of  vari- 
ous institutions  in  Maryland  for  the  relief  of  the 
wounded  in  the  hospitals  and  the  sustenance  of 
the  soldiers'  families.  He  did  much  as  a  member 
of  tbe  First  Branch  of  the  City  Government  of 
Baltimore,  in  shapingmeasures  for  the  vigorous 
prosecution  of  the  war  and  sustaining  the  Gov- 
ernment. 

At  the  time  of  contracting  his  last  sickness, he 
was  acting  as  a  commissioner  under  the  appoint- 
ment of  the  Governor  of  Maryland,  to  visit  the 
sick  and  wounded  soldiers  in  the  fitld  hosptials 
and  furnish  them  with  such  assistance  as  their, 
helpless  condition  required. 

On  the  7th  of  July,  1833,  Mr.  Streeter  married, 
at  Plymouth,  Elizabeth  Morton  Jackson,  daugh- 
ter of  Daniel  Jackson,  Esq.,  of  that  town  ,  by 
whom  he  had  a  daughter,  who  with  her  mother 
live  to  mourn  this  great  bereavement. 

On  the  establishment  of  the  Maryland  Histori- 
cal Society,  Mr,  Streeter  became  the  Recording 
Secretary  ,  an  office  which  he  filled  with  great  ac- 
ceptance ;  and  at  the  seventh  anniversary  celebra- 
tion of  the  society  he  delivered  a  discourse  enti- 
tled "Maryland  Two  Hundred  Years  Ago,  " 
which  was  replete  with  learning  and  highly  in- 
teresting   and    instructive. 

In  his  adopted  state  and  city  he  held  many  im- 
portant offices  in  Aarious  literary  societies,  and 
was  an  honorary  Vice  President  of  the  New  Eng- 
land Historic-Genealogical  Society  which  holds 
its  meetings  in  this  city.  As  a  teacher  he  was 
most  instructive,  as  a  historian  most  accurate, 
and  as  a  Christian  firm  and  consistent.  Irre- 
proachable in  his  private  character,  pleasing  and 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


381 


affable  in  bis  personal  relations,  and  energetic 
in  bis  devotion  to  pbilantbropic  and  public  in- 
terests, be  commanded  tbe  love  and  respect  of 
all  who  knew  or  had  dealings     withhim. 

Hisloss  will  be  deeply  felt  and  much  regretted; 
and  the  void  caused  by  his  decease  will  be  filled 
with  much    difficulty.  n.  b.    s. 


fjtotes  011  looks, 


Tha  Burning  of  Chambersburg,  Pennsylvania,  By 
Rev.  B.  S.  Schenck,  D.  D„  an  eye  witness 
and  a  sufferer,  with  corroborative  statements, 
&c.  Philadelphia:  Lindsay  &  Blakiston,  1864, 
pp.  72. 

This  little  memoir  is  a  sad  addition  to  the 
history  of  Chambersburg.  With  all  the  wars 
waged  in  this  country  since  its  settlment,  there 
has  never  been  such  wholesale  destruction  and 
pillage  as  that  of  Chambersburg.  The  property 
amounted,  it  is  clear,  to  at  least  a  million  and  a 
half  of  dollars,  and  this  was  wantonly  destroyed 
on  ten  minutes  notice.  With  the  peace  will 
doubtless  come  such  compensation  as  was  made  to 
the  Connecticut  men  who  settled  the  Fire  Lands. 

Mr.  Schneck's  account  is  full, clear  and  expli-   | 
cit.     It  gives  the  details  of  the  scene,  and  closes 
with  a  list  of  the  houses  destroyed. 


The  Annals  of  Toioa.     A  Quarterly  Publication 
by  the  State  Historical  Society  of  fowa,  Octo- 
ber, 1864.     Edited    by  Theodore    S.    Parvin, 
Corresponding  Sect  ,  Davenport,  1864. 
The  Annals  come  regularly  from  the  far  West. 
The  present  number  opens  with  a  sketch  of  Capt. 
Hosea    B.  Horn.     This  is  followed  by  the  con- 
tinuation of  his  history  of  Davis  County.     The 
conclusion    of  Hon.  Charles    Mason's  Address 
before  the   Hawkeye  Pioneer  Association  of  Des 
Moines  Co.  and  of  the  History  of  the  Congrega- 
tional Church  of  Dubuque.     The  Constitutions 
of  the  Society  of  First  Settlers  of  Muscatine  Co. 
and  of  the  Hawkeye  Pioneer  Associatiou  of  Des 
Moines  Co.  and  the  History  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Muscatine,  are  then  given. 


The  Cavalier  Dismounted,  An  Essay  on  the  origin 
of  the  founders  of  the  Thirteen  Colonies.  By 
William  II.  Whitmore,  member  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Historical  Society,  $c.  Salem,  Whip- 
ple &  Smith:  1864. 

We  are  glad  to  see  Mr.  Whitmore  thus  enlarg- 
ing bis  article  in  the  Continental.  The  subject 
is  an  interesting  one,  and  the  facts  seem  to  send 
the  boasted  higher  blood  of  the  South  to  the 
winds.   New  England  can  show  more   families 


belonging  to  the  recognized  gentry  of  England, 
that  untitled  class  so  superior  to  the  mass  of 
Continental  nobles,  than  all  the  Southern  States. 
Mr.  Whitmore  shows  the  homogeneity  of  the 
New  England  settlers,  and  by  copious  extracts 
from  Southern  Historians  the  mongrel  character 
of  the  settlers  in  the  Southern  States. 

In  the  question  of  the  number  of  present 
inhabitants  who  are  either  foreign  or  descended 
from  foreigners  who  came  after  1760,  we  are 
met  by  great  difficulties.  Different  returns  are 
so  discordant  that  after  long  and  tedious  endea- 
vors to  approximate  the  truth  we  abandoned 
the  task.  In  the  present  paper  we  find  on  page 
4,  the  whole  body  of  emigrants  after  1760  with 
their  descendants  put  down  at  6,729,663,  but 
we  are  inclined  to  believe  this  far  below  the  real 
number. 


Historical  Collections  of  the  Essex  Institute,  June 

1864. 

This  vigorous  Historical  repository  contains  an 
account  of  Houses  and  other  buildings  in  Salem 
in  1793,  by  Col,  Benjamin  Pickman  ;  Hale  Memo- 
randa; Gleanings  from  the  Church  records  at  Ips- 
wich Hamlet;  from  the  Burying  Ground  at 
Hamilton;  Ipswich  Town  Records;  Frost  Fami- 
ly ;  Letter  by  Jonathan  Archer;  Rowley  Mar- 
riages; Ship  building  in  Salem  &c. 


The  Manual  of  the  Corporation  of  the  City  of  New 
York,  D.  T.  Valentine,  12°.  856  pp 
This  noble  annual  comes  this  year  in  a  most 
attractive  form.  The  Historical  articles  are- 
Sketches  of  Principal  men  in  New  York  during 
the  Colonial  Era;  History  of  the  Fort  in  New 
York  ;  Cornelius  Steenwyck,  with  a  portrait  and 
illustrations;  Caleb  Heathcote,  with  a  portrait ; 
City  of  New  York  1730-1736,  being  a  series  of 
very  interesting  extracts  from  papers  of  that  day; 
Operations  of  the  British  Army  in  1776,  with  a 
map  copied  by  one  published  in  1777  by  J.  F.  W. 
Des  Barres,  and  an  illusti-ation  of  the  engagement 
between  the  Phenix  and  Rose  and  the  American 
Fire  Ships  and  Galleys,  Aug  16.  1776;  Trinity 
Church  Yard  by  F.  R.  Tillou  ;  Belvedere  Club 
House,  with  an  illustration;  Description  of  the 
New  York  House  of  Refuge,  illustrated ;  Compara- 
tive Wealth  of  the  Citizens  of  NewYork,  being  a 
list  of  the  chief  persons  taxedin  1815  and  1820;  a 
continuation  of  the  valuable  List  of  Baptisms  in 
the  Dutch  Church  ;  An  article  on  the  house  where 
Tom  Paine  died,  illustrated  with  diagrams  ;  a 
notice  of  New  York  north  of  Canal  Streetin  1808. 
This  valuable  matter  occupies  nearly  two  hun- 
dred pages  of  closely  printed  type. 

The  lithographic  views  embrace  a  number  of 
old  buildings  and  some  facsimiles;  the  wood  cuts 
give  a  fine  series  of  our  public  institutions,  em- 
bracing Columbia  College,  the  Free  Acadamy, 
the  Astor  and  Historical  Libraries,  the  various 


382 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Nov., 


Dispensaries,  several  Orphan  Asylums,  St.  Vin- 
cent's and  St.  Luke's  Hospitals,  Seventh  Regi- 
ment Armory,  &c. 


The  History  of  the  War  for  the  Union,  Civil,  Mili- 
tary and  Naval.     By  E.  A    Duyckinck,  illus- 
trated    by     Alonzo     Chappel.     New     York. 
Johnson,  Fry  &  Co.    Parts  49-52. 
These  numbers  are  illustrated  with  portraits  of 
Meade  and  Gillmore,  and  the  battles  of  Gettys- 
burg and  Chicamauga,    carrying   down   to    the 
close  of  1862  and  resume  the  situation  of  affairs 
at   the   beginning   of  the   ensuing  year.      Mr. 
Duyckinck  conducts  his  history  with  his   usual 
ability  ;  but  as  the  matter  grows  on   him   con- 
denses and  gives  less  room  to  documentary  evi- 
dence, which  we  deem  wise,  as  no  historian  can 
give  even  the  cream  of  the  seven  volumes  of  the 
Rebellion   Record   in   his   pages.      There   is  a 
certain  attraction  in  finding  documents  in    full, 
but  when  they  increase  too  rapidly  we  tire  and 
look  rather  for  a  narrative  embracing  results. 


The  Journal  and  Letters  of  Samuel  Cur  wen,  an 
American  in  England  from 1775  to  1783  with  an 
appendix  of  Biographical  Sketches.  By  George 
Atkinson  Ward,  Boston;  Little,  Brown  &  Co. 
1864,  8°  678  pp. 

The  Journal  of  an  Amercian  so  strong  in  his 
adherence  to  the  British  government  as  to  become 
a  voluntary  exile,  covering  the  whole  period  of 
the  war,  could  not  fail  to  be  an  interesting  and 
valuable  record.  The  appearance  of  the  work 
some  years  since  drew  attention  to  the  Americans 
Who  at  the  revolution  avowed  their  attachment 
to  the  existing  government.  The  elaborate  work 
Of  Mr.  Sabine,  which  has  just  appeared  in  anew 
and  much  enlarged  edition,  covered  the  whole 
field,  and  brought  to  the  students  of  Revolution- 
ary history  a  vast  material.  Mr.  Sabine  ac- 
knowledges the  value  of  Curwen's  Journal,  and 
all  students  will  be  thankful  to  Mr.  Ward,  for 
this  new  and  much  improved  edition  of  a  work 
of  real  value. 


Indiana's  Roll  of  Honor.  By  David  Stevenson, 
Librarian  of  Indiana.  Indianapolis,  Published 
by  the  Author,  1864:  654  pages. 

Indiana  is  here  clearly  a  pioneer.  A  creditable 
Volume  like  this  is  surely  a  good  commencement 
of  Indiana's  history  of  her  part  in  the  greai  war 
for  the  preservation  of  the  Union,  and  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  principle  that  the  party  defeated 
at  a  fair  election  shall  seek  a  reversal  of  the  re- 
sult, not  by  revolution  but  by  the  ballot  box  at 
the  next  election.  The  legislature  in  the  session 
of  1862-3  directed  the  collection  of  matter  rela- 
tive to  the  Indiana  soldiery  and  its  preservation 
in  the  State  library  under  the  title  of  "Indiana's 
Roll  of  Honor." 


The  author  from  this  has  derived  the  idea  of 
the  present  volume,  which  with  its  successors 
will  for  years  give  Indiana's  sons  a  work  worthy 
of  their  pride.  To  make  it  such  he  has  well  di- 
vided the  work  into  campaigns,  and  after  a  brief 
but  graphic  sketch  of  each  gives  a  history  of 
Indiana  regiments  concerned  in  it.  The  present 
volume,  after  a  chapter  on  the  executive  depart- 
ment and  the  organization  of  the  troops  and  the 
various  departments  connected  with  the  service, 
gives  the  history  of  the  Western  Virginia,  first 
Potomac,  Kanawha,  Cheat  Mountain  campaigns; 
the  operations  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  under 
McClellan,  Pope,  Meade,  Burnside;  the  early 
operations  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  Missouri, 
Kentucky  and  concludes  with  the  career  of  Grant 
from  Belmont  to  Shiloh. 

The  Regimental  history  embraces  the  6th,  7th, 
8th,  9th,  10th,  11th,  13th,  14th,  19th,  20th,  22d, 
33d,  35th,  and,  the  3d,  cavalry  and  16th,  battery. 

The  biographtcal  sketches  of  deceased  officers 
are  numerous  and  like  the  work  generally  well 
written.  It  is  illustrated  with  portraits  of  Gov. 
Morton  and  of  Indiana's  Fallen  Braves,  Com- 
mander Gwin,  Gen  Hackleman,  Colonels  Hen- 
dricks, Bass,  Brown,  Hathaway,  Majors  Tanner, 
Abbott  and  Adjutant  Mullen.  The  authentic  na- 
ture of  his  material  and  the  care  given  to  the  work 
make  Mr.  Stevenson's  work  one  of  complete  au- 
thority, the  more  necessai-y  amid  the  conflicting 
newspaper  accounts  of  the  day. 


General  Orders  of  the  War  Department^  embrac- 
ing the  years  1861,  1862  and  1863,  adopted  espe- 
cially for  the  use  of  the  Army  and  Navy  of  the 
United  States.  Chronologically  arranged  in  two 
volumes,  with  a  full  alphabetical  Index.  By  Thos. 
M.  0  Brien  and  Oliver  Diefendorf,  Military 
Attorneys,  Leavenworth,  Kansas.  New  York, 
Derby  &  Miller  No.  5  Spruce  St.  Vols.  I,  II, 
pp  xxiv,  472,  xxi,  711. 

No  collection  on  the  History  of  the  War  is 
complete  without  this  important  work,  which 
are  rendered  doubly  valuable. to  students  by  the 
valuable  index  prefixed  to  each  volume.  Some 
of  these  orders  are  of  course  of  a  temporary 
character  and  relate  to  individuals  who  are  per- 
sonally insignificant,  but  much  has  a  direct  bear- 
ing on  the  great  struggle,  and  furnishes  the  key 
to  great  events. 

How  suggestive  that  only  one  order  under  the 
last  administration  bears  direct  reference  to  the 
war.  This  is  the  General  Order  No.  5  (March  1, 
1861),  dismissing  Brig.-Gen.  David  E.  Twiggs 
from  the  army  of  the  United  States  "for  his 
treachery  to  the  flag  of  his  country.  "  It  is  coun- 
tersigned by  "  S.  Cooper,"  who  forthwith  imi- 
tated the  treachery.  The  order  of  Mar.  20  an- 
nounces 82  resignations,  Cooper,  Hardee,  Van 
Dorn,  McLaws,  Beauregard,  Gardner,  A.  P.  Hill, 
and  others^of  less  note  who  then,  when  things 


1664.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


383 


were  seen  in  a  kind  of  mist,  were  allowed  to  go 
forth  and  join  the  enemy. 

In  the  mere  matter  of  Departments  this  work 
is  worth  its  price,  for  if  there  is  one  thing  per- 
plexing it  is  the  constitution,  extension,  altera- 
tion, and  combination  of  departments  rendered 
necessary  from  time  to  time.  To  Staff  Officers 
of  Departments  and  Division  Head  quarters.  Pay- 
masters, Provost  Marshals,  and  in  fact  all  officers, 
these  volumes  must  be  an  incalculable  service. 
State  officers  will  find  it  no  less  useful. 


The  War  with  the  South,  A  History  of  the  Great 
American  Rebellion  By  Robert  Tomes,  M.  D., 
Illustrated  ivith  many  original  Designs,  Plans. 
Portraits,  £c.  New  York,  Virtue,  Yorston  &  Co., 
Nos.  35  &  40.  Portraits  of  Everett,  Meade, 
and  Beauregard.  Maps  of  the  Southern  and 
Southwestern  States,  Vicksburg  and  its  de- 
fences. 

This  History  has  brought  us  down  through 
McClellan's  campaign  on  the  Peninsula  and 
Pope's  disastrous  career  to  Lee's  entrance  into 
Maryland  in  Sept.  1862,  where  he  was  soon  to  be 
signally  checked  and  be  shattered  by  McClellan. 
It  is  marked  with  the  known  ability  of  the  writ- 
er, and  describes  with  skill  the  various  move- 
ments of  the  armies,  and  the  intricate  diplomat- 
ic and  political  movements  of  the  government 
and  the  revolutionary  confederacy.  Dr.  Tomes 
still  gives  documents  largely,  in  his  notes,  sup- 
porting and  explaining  his  position. 


The  Complete  Works  of  the  Most  Rev.  John  Hughes, 
D.  D.,  Archbishop   of  New   York.      Comprising 
his  Sermons,  Letters,  Lectures,  Speeches,  §c.  Care- 
fully compiled  and   edited  from  the  best  sources 
by   Jjaurence   Kehoe.      New   York :    American 
News  Co.,  1864.  Vol.  I,  8°,  674  pp. 
This  is  a  collection  of  the  works  of  the  late 
Archbishop   of  New  York,  who    in   his  day  and 
time  filled  no  small  share  of  public  attention  and 
was  the  first  of  the  Catholic  bishops  of  the  Coun- 
try   who    ever    came    prominently    before    the 
public.     He  was  the  representative  man  of  his 
Church,  a  man  of  superior  ability,  a  keen  appre- 
ciator  of  the  American  people  and    public  opin- 
ion, eloquent,  ready,  and  fearless.     His  writings 
are  almost    entirely  of  the    desultory  character 
consequent  on  his  position,  and  they  are  scat- 
tered through  newspapers,  or  in  pamphlets.     To 
give  students  of  American    history  these  in  a 
compact  form  is  a  service  which  we  are  glad  to 
see  done  as  well  as  Mr.  Kehoe  has  here  succeeded. 
His  debate  on    the  School  Question,  more  fre- 
quently alluded  to  than  read,  is  here  given  infull, 
with  his  various  addresses  and  speeches  on  tlie 
same  subject.     His  letters  to  Mayor  Harper  and 
Col.  Stone,  in  1844.  his  controversy  with  Kirwan, 
together  with  several  Sermons  and  Lectures,  are 
also  in  this  volume,  which  is,  as  our  readers  per- 
ceive, of  good  size  and  is  well  printed  and  got  up. 


National  Portrait  Gallery  of  Eminenent  Americans 
from  orginal  Paintings  by  Alonzo  Chappel,  with 
biography  by  E.  A.  Duyckinck.  Nos.  55-60. 
Johnson,  Fry  &  Co. 

This  new  American  Portrait  Gallery  is  now 
completed,  and  is  a  creditable  monument  to  the 
patriotic  zeal  of  the  publishers,  who  could  carry 
it  through  in  the  face  of  such  a  war  as  now 
desolates  the  land. 

The  Gallery  embraces  one  hundred  and  nine- 
teen portraits,  embracing  all  the  Presidents,  the 
heroes  of  the  Revolutionary  era,  the  patriot  lead- 
ers, the  great  generals:  then  the  men  of  the 
next  age,  circling  around  the  War  of  1812  and 
embracing  its  gallant  men,  Perry,  McDonough, 
Brown,  Porter,  Lawrence,  with  men  of  science 
like  Fulton,  sages  like  Story,  artists  like  Allston, 
writers  like  Irving,  Everett,  Bancroft,  Bryant. 
The  great  Politicians,  Clay,  Webster,  Calhoun, 
with  Choate,  Benton,  Chittenden,  come  next. 
Kent,  Wilkes,  and  Fremont  are  our  explorers ; 
Scott,  Worth,  Quitman,  and  Wool,  give  us  the 
War  with  Mexico;  and  Grant,  McClellan,  Foote, 
Farragut  and  others  our  modern  group  of  heroes. 
The  biographies  are  beautiful  pictures  of  the 
life  and  character  of  these  representative  men. 
It  is  no  easy  task  to  give  in  so  short  a  space  an 
outline  so  graceful  and  yet  so  full  of  detail ;  but 
Mr.  Duyckinck  has  surpassed  himself  in  this 
task. 


Uisallaitj. 


Sale  of  the  Libbaby  of  the  Rev.  J.  D.  Shane, 
at  Cincinnati,.  September  27-29. — This  sale 
excited  considerable  interest  and  drew  many 
buyers.  The  CincinnatiGazette  of  Oct  6  says,  in 
substance,   of  the  collector  and  the  sale  : 

Mr.  Shane  was  a  clergyman  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church,  and  a  bachelor  of  eccentric  habits.  His 
zeal  for  the  acquisition  of  books,  pamphlets,  and 
newspapers  was  intense.  Nothing  was  too  trifl- 
ing for  his  notice.  He  seemed  to  have  no  spe- 
cialty, or  more  strictly,  everything  was  a  spe- 
cialty with  him.  If  he  exhibited  a  preference 
for  anything,  it  was  for  books  relating  to  early 
American,  particularly  Western  history,  and 
volumes  and  more  ephemeral  publications  throw- 
ing light  upon  the  rise  and  progress  of  the  dif- 
ferent religious  denominations.  Though  settled 
over  no  church,  he  frequently  preached  for 
country  congregations,  and  seldom  returned 
without  a  bundle  or  box  of  books  or  pamphlets 
bought  or  begged  from  his  rural  friends,  He 
slppt  in  a  room  in  the  fifth  story  of  a  store  in 
Cincinnati,  surrounded  by  boxes  of  his  treasures, 
and  other  packages  were  placed  in  warehouses  in 
various  parts  of  this  city.  As  may  be  inferred, 
his  discrimination  and  taste  in  selection  were  not 


384 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Not., 


equal  to  his  ambition  of  possessing.  Hence, 
while  he  had  many  valuable  works,  he  had 
accumulated  much  mere  trash.  Few  of  the  hun- 
dreds of  bundles  of  unbound  periodicals  con- 
tained complete  sets,  and  in  three  large  boxes  of 
scraps,  cut  from  newspapers  and  tied  in  little 
rolls,  there  were  hardly  any  that  competent 
judges  thought  worth  preserving.  Still  the  clip- 
pings were  bid  off  at  $5.25.  The  assortment  of 
books  was  decidedly  miscellaneous,  and,  setting 
aside  a  few  hundred  volumes,  comparatively 
valueless.  Mr.  Shane  died  last  spring,  and  his 
administrators  put  his  collection  into  the  hands 
of  Mr.  Hubbard  for  sale.  So  great  was  its  dis- 
order that  it  seemed  almost  impossible  to  cata. 
logueit,  and  the  task  was  finally  accomplished 
only  by  numbering  a  considerable  part  in  lots. 
The  cataloguethus  arranged  comprised  1,657  ti- 
tles. The  bidding  was  often  very  spirited,  and 
the  total  amount  realized  was  $2,404  69.  The 
principal  purchasers  were  L.  C.  Draper,  for  the 
Wisconsin  Historical  Society,  Samuel  Agnew,  for 
the  Presbyterian  Historical  Society  at  Philadel- 
phia, S.  G.  Drake,  of  Boston.  andE.  T.  Carson,  of 
this  city.  We  append  a  list  of  the  prices  of  some 
of  the  more  important  works  :  Doddridge's  Notes 
on  the  Indian  War  of  West  Virginia  and  Pennsyl- 
vania, $6.75;  Drake's  Picture  of  Cincinnati  and 
the  Miami  Country,  1815,  $5.25;  Transactions  of 
the  Historical  and  Literary  Committee  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society,  Vol.  I,  contain- 
ing Heckwelder's  Indian  History,  etc.,  $7.75. 
The  American  Magazine  and  Historical  Chroni- 
cle, Vol.  II,  Boston,  1745,  sold  for  $4.  10;  Cist's 
Cincinnati  Miscellany,  2  vols.,  sold  for  $2.60; 
Littell's  Family  Record  of  the  First  Settlers  of 
the  Pasaic,  N.  J.,  Valley,  for  $3.50.  Twelve 
volumes  of  manscript historical  collections,  relat- 
ing principally  to  the  State  of  Kentucky,  brought 
$69.  Another  collection  of  letters  and  manu- 
scripts, relating  to  the  early  history  of  Cincinna- 
ti and  vicinity,  $39;  the  assessment  lists  of  the 
town  of  Lexington,  Kentucky,  for  several  suc- 
ceeding years,  $4  25,  Tanner's  Societas  Jesu 
Militans,  and  Apostolorum  Imitatrix,  realized 
$7.75  each.  A  small  quarto,  printed  in  London 
in  1648,  and  entitled  A  Survey  of  the  Sum  of 
Churah  Discipline,  wherein  the  way  of  the  Con- 
gregational Churches  in  New  England  is  war- 
ranted, brought  $15  75.  Rutherford's  Divine 
Right  of  Church  Goverment,  London,  1646, 
brought  $3.10.  A  Vindication  of  the  Covenant 
and  Church  Estate  of  Children  of  Church  Men- 
bers,  by  Thomas  Cobbet,  Teacher  of  the  Church 
of  Lynn,  in  New  England,  sold  for  $7.  Rich's 
three  volumes  of  catalogues  of  books  relating 
to  America,  sold  for  $32.40.  The  atrocious 
Democratic  caricature  representing  Gen.  Har- 
rison in  a  cage,  published  by  the  Democrats 
in  1840,  brought  50  cents.  A  Jackson  Coffin 
Handbill,  in  English,  was  sold  for  60,  and  one 
in  German   for  80   cents.     A  large  number  of 


unassorted  pamphlets,  embracing  sermons,  ad- 
dresses, school  and  college  catalogues,  lectures, 
etc.,  brought  in  the  aggregate  about  $500. 


Htjbbakd's  Indian  Wars.  We  are  glad  to 
announce  that  Mr.  Drake  will  soon  republish 
this  valuable  and  interesting  work,  which  has 
been  so  long  out  of  print.  Nothing  can  ever 
take  the  place  of  Mr.  Hubbard's  work  on  the 
early  Indian  Wars  of  New  England  ;  of  this  im- 
portant fact  no  student  in  its  history  needs  to 
be  informed,  and  as  to  the  competency  of  the 
editor  for  such  a  labor,  his  numerous  works  of 
a  kindred  character  are  the  best  and  all  the 
guaranty  which  can  be  required. 


— At  a  late  fire  in  New  York,  the  manuscript 
of  Mr.  Charles  G.  Leland's  work  on  "  The  origin 
of  American  Popular  Phrases  "  was  destroyed, 
and  unfortunately  the  author  kept  no  copy. 
The  disaster  to  Mr.  Leland  is  a  real  loss  to  our 
philological  and  humorous  literature. 


Mr.  W.  Elliot.  Woodward,  of  Roxbury,  is 
about  to  issue  in  two  volumes,  uniform  with 
Munsell's  Historical  Series,  and  from  his  press, 
the  Original  Documents  of  the  Salem  Witch 
Trials.  It  will  form  2  vols.,  the  number  limit- 
ed to  200,  price  $3,50  per  volume,  and  15  large 
paper  copies,  all  the  latter  and  many  of  the 
former  being  already  taken  up. 


At  the  recent  sale  of  the  collection  of  Mr.  W. 
E.  Woodward,  the  following  prices  were  reached: 

Cents.— 1793,  $27  ;  1793,  $22  ;  1796,  $25  ;  1796, 
$7;  1799,  $32.50;  1804,  $26;  1822,  $9;  1842, 
$9.25;   1844,  $8.75. 

Half  Cent*  — 1796,  $92.50;  1840,  $14;  1841, 
$12;  1842,  $10;  1843,  $12.50,  1844,  $12;  1845 
$1,260,  1846,  $15;  1847,  $60;  1848,  $13.50; 
1854,  $4.75. 

All  these  were  in  a  fine  state  of  preservation. 

A  small  medal  of  Jackson  sold  at  $16,  and  one 
of  Clay  $21. 

The  prices  realized  for  some  of  the  Colonial 
pieces  are  as  follows  : 

New-England  shilling,  $17  ;  Granby  copper, 
$60;  do.,  do.,  $62.50;  Virginia  penny,  $12;  Vir- 
ginia shilling,  $255;  Continental  currency  1776, 
in  brass,  $40;  Annapolis,  three  pence,  $16  ;  do. 
sixpence,  $12.50;  New -York  doubloon,  1787, 
$400;  New-York  cent,  1787,  $21  ;  New-York 
cent,  1787,  $47.50;  New-York  cent,  1787,  $73; 
Gold  Eagle,  1797,  $40;  do.  1804,  $40.50;  Half 
Eagle,  1825,  $41 ;  do.  1826,  $25;  do.  1827,  $39; 
do.  1831,  $40  ;  Quarter-Eagle,  1806,  $35;  one  of 
1826,  $29  ;  Silver  Dollar  (flying  eagle)  of  1836, 
$60  ;  one  of  1838,  $34.50  ;  one  of  1839,  $38  ;  Half 
Dollar  of  1838,  one  of  1839,  $55  ;  one  of  1861, 
$25,  Quater-Dollar  of  1838,  $26. 


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THE 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


Vol.  VIII.] 


DECEMBER,  1864. 


[No.  13. 


(general  Seprtment 


LEISLER'S  SEAL. 

The  accompanying  document  is  copied 
from  the  original,  in  the  New  York  Colo- 
nial Documents,  vol.  86,  p.  124,  in  the  of- 
fice of  the  secretary  of  state  at  Albany. 

It  has  affixed  to  it,  in  the  margin,  the 
seal  in  red  wax,  a  copy  of  which  we  now 
reproduce. 

As  this  seal  occupies  the  place  usual  with 
those  of  the  privy  seals  of  the  provincial 
governors  before  the  Revolution,  it  is  sup- 
posed to  be  that  used  by  Lieut.  Gov.  Leis- 
ler,  to  his  official  papers,  of  which  we  have 
not  till  now  seen  an  impression. 


ADDRESS  OF  COL.  J.  ROSS  SNOWDEN 
AT  THE  INAUGURAL  MEETING  OF 
THE  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY  OF  DEL- 
AWARE. 

The  high  rank  and  value  of  history  is 
obvious  to  every  reflecting  mind.  Its  main 
object  is  to  preserve  the  memorials  of  the 
past;  not  merely  to  amuse  but  to  instruct. 

My  colleagues  and  myself  have  come 
here,  on  your  invitation,  to  witness  an  event 
of  the  highest  interest  and  importance, 
namely,  the  organization  of  an  Historical 
Society  for  the  State  of  Delaware;  the  object 
of  which  is  "  to  elucidate  the  Natural,  Civil, 
and  Literary  History  of  this  State."  These 
words  I  quote  from  the  Constitution  of  the 
Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  which 
we  represent;  and  it  is  interesting  to  note 
that  this  Society,  at  an  early  meeting  after 
its  organization,  resolved  that  though  the 


History  of  Pennsylvania  be  the  principal 
object  of  the  labors  of  the  Society,  it  does 
not  exclude  other  branches  of  History. 

The  history  of  the  States  of  Pennsylvania, 
Delaware,  and  New  Jersey,  whose  shores 
are  watered  by  the  Delaware,  are  so  inti- 
mately connected,  that  they  cannot  well  be 
separately  considered.  These  States  are  all 
comparatively  of  modern  date.  It  is  only  a 
little  more  than  a  century  and  a  half  ago 
that  a  writer,  who  was  one  of  the  early  pio- 
neers in  the  settlement  of  the  Delaware, 
designated  the  city  from  whence  my  col- 
leagues and  myself  come,  as  "a  clever  little 
town."  He  was  one  of  that  race  of  honest, 
faithful,  industrious  and  pious  men  who 
first  settled  on  the  western  shores  of  the 
Delaware,  then  the  home  of  the  redman  and 
of  the  beasts  of  the  forest.  But  what  a 
change  since  the  excellent  Mr.  Rudman 
wrote  those  words !  The  clever  little  town 
has  grown  into  a  great  metropolis  with 
more  than  600,000  inhabitants;  and  the 
village  of  Christinaham  has  become  the 
beautiful  and  populous  city  of  Wilmington. 
Such  a  progress  is  perhaps  unparalleled  in 
the  history  of  any  country. 

Authors  generally  divide  History  into 
three  great  periods.  1.  Ancient  History, 
embracing  the  lapse  of  time  from  the  first 
records  of  mankind  to  the  destruction  of  the 
Roman  Empire,  A.  D.  476.  2.  The  history 
of  the  Middle  Ages,  namely,  from  the  last 
mentioned  event  to  the  discovery  of  Amer- 
ica, A.  D.  1492.  3.  Modern  History,  from 
1492  to  the  present  time.  Whilst  this  long 
line  of  investigation  and  inquiry  is  open  to 
our  historical  investigation,  our  chief  duty 
is  lo  preserve  our  own  history  from  the  time 
when  this  Continent  was  discovered  by  the 
European  Nations,  and  especially  from  the 
time  when  our  ancestors  and  predecessors 


HIST.  MAG.      VOL.  VIII. 


49 


386 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Dec. 


first  made  settlements  upon  the  banks  of 
the  Delaware. 

Our  history  as  Pennsylvanians  and  Dela- 
warians  may  with  some  propriety  be  divided 
into  three  periods. 

I.  From  the  discovery  of  America  to  the 
time  when  the  first  actual  settlements  were 
made  upon  this  river.  If  we  take  the 
Dutch  Fort  Nassau  on  the  Jersey  side  as  the 
first  settlement,  the  date  may  be  put  at  A. 
D.  1624.  It  seems  quite  as  appropriate 
for  us  to  fix  upon  the  time,  when  the  Swe- 
dish Colony  planted  itself  permanently  on 
the  banks  of  the  Christina  in  1638.  It  is 
here  interesting  to  note  that  in   1624  or 

1626,  authorities  do  not  agree  upon  the 
date,    confirmed   however   by  the   Diet   of 

1627,  Gustavus  Adolphus,  the  lion-hearted 
King  of  Sweden,  and  "bulwark  of  the 
Protestant  faith,"  adopted  measures  for  the 
settlement  of  the  west  side  of  the  Delaware. 
The  charter  granted  to  the  company  is  dated 
Jan.  14,  1626.  But  they  failed  to  be  car- 
ried into  effect  in  consequence  of  the  wars 
in  Europe,  in  which  the  King  was  engaged ; 
and  his  subsequent  death  in  the  battle  of 
Lutzen  in  1632.  The  enterprise  was,  how- 
ever, accomplished  under  the  auspices  of 
his  infant  daughter,  Queen  Christina,  a  few 
years  later,  namely,  in  1638,  as  already 
stated. 

II.  The  second  term  may  properly  include 
the  period  from  the  first  settlement  of  the 
Delaware  to  the  year  1776,  when  the  Colo- 
nies were  declared  free  and  independent 
States. 

Connected  with  this  Colonial  period  in 
our  history  there  are  some  points  involved 
in  doubt  j  one  of  which  is,  whether  at  the 
time  the  Swedes  arrived  here  the  Dutch 
had  actual  pedis  possessio  of  the  Delaware 
or  its  shores.  The  Dutch  Commander,  Cor- 
nelius Mey,  was  the  first  European  that 
sailed  up  the  Delaware ;  and  he  continued 
his  progress,  as  far  as  Gloucester  Point  on 
the  east  side  of  the  river,  a  few  miles  below 
the  site  of  Philadelphia.  He  landed  near 
the  mouth  of  Timber  Creek,  called  Sassackon 
by  the  Indians,  and  built  a  log  fort  which 
he  named  Nassau,  with  a  view  to  establish 
a  fortified  place  to  open  trade  with  the 
Indians.     The  date  of  this    transaction  is 


differently  stated  by  writers  on  the  subject. 
Mr.  Hazard,  in  his  Annals  of  Penn.  puts 
it  in  the  year  1623 ;  but  he  cites  authorities, 
some  of  whom  state  that  the  Fort  in  question 
was  built  in  1624,  and  others  that  possession 
of  the  Delaware  was  taken  in  1626,  by  the 
erection  of  two  strong-holds  on  the  river, 
the  largest  about  sixteen  miles  (Dutch)  up 
the  river  on  the  eastern  shore  called  Nassau. 
He  cites  the  testimony  of  an  Indian  Chief, 
"  that  a  skipper  named  Cornells,  with  one 
eye,  or  having  a  film  on  the  eye,  was  the 
first  who  established  himself  on  the  Dela- 
ware, or  South  River." 

How  long  this  Fort  was  occupied,  and 
when  it  was  abandoned,  does  not  appear  in 
the  authorities  I  have  consulted.  It  there- 
fore seems  to  be  a  mooted  question  whether 
the  Dutch  had  not  abandoned  the  Delaware 
or  South  River,  and  fixed  their  settlements 
upon  the  Hudson  or  North  River,  before 
the  arrival  of  the  Swedes. 

I  pass  over  the  purchase  made  at  the 
Island  of  Manhattan  by  the  Heer  Samuel 
Godyn  in  1630  from  the  natives,  of  lands 
on  the  west  side  of  the  South  River,  because 
no  possession  appears  to  have  been  taken 
under  the  alleged  grant,  except,  perhaps, 
the  expedition  of  De  Vries,  in  1631,  of 
which  it  is  said  that  before  the  next  year 
"he  found  the  house  destroyed." 

The  purchase  of  Arent  Corssen  in  1663 
of  "the  Schuylkill  and  adjoining  lands," 
had  a  convenient  vagueness  about  it,  but  it 
resulted  only  in  establishing  a  Beaver  trade 
with  the  wild  Indians.  These  Indians 
seemed  not  only  willing  to  sell  the  lands 
over  which  they  roamed,  but  would  sell  the 
same  territory  again  whenever  they  found 
purchasers.  The  Iroquois,  or  the  six  Na- 
tions, whose  council  fire  was  at  Onondaga, 
denied  the  right  of  the  Delaware  Indians, 
to  sell  any  land.  They  claimed  that  the 
latter  were  tributary  and  subordinate  to 
them.  It  is  probable  that  the  disputes  as 
to  the  title  or  right  to  sell  rendered  it  not 
difficult  to  procure  a  grant  from  the  Indians. 

The  unfortunate  settlement  already  re- 
ferred to,  appears  to  have  been  made,  by 
Captain  Dc  Vries,  under  the  authority  of 
the  Dutch  West  India  Company,  near  Cape 
Henlopen,  called    Eloornkill,  now  the  site 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


387 


of  Lewes,  in  1631.  But  it  was  subse- 
quently cut  off,  and  entirely  destroyed  by 
the  Indians.  An  event,  no  doubt,  the  re- 
sult of  unprovoked  injuries  to  them  by  the 
settlers.  On  this  subject  the  Dutch  Gov- 
ernor, Wilhelm  Kieft,  who  was  no  friend  to 
the  Indians,  admits  that,  "they  will  do  no 
harm  if  no  harm  is  done  to  them."  I  think 
the  better  opinion  is  that  no  settlements  of 
white  people  were  in  existence  on  the  banks 
of  the  Delaware  when  the  Swedish  Colony 
arrived  at  Christina  in  1688.  There  were 
certainly  none  on  the  west  side  of  tho  Dela- 
ware. If  you  will  allow  me  the  privilege, 
I  beg  to  suggest  that  your  Historical  Soci- 
ety designate  some  one  of  its  members  to 
investigate  this  subject  fully,  and  prepare  a* 
paper  in  relation  to  it  for  publication  among 
your  earliest  proceedings. 

Another  doubtful  point  in  the  history  of 
the  Swedish  Colony  already  alluded  to,  is, 
whether  during  the  reign  of  the  illustrious 
Gustavus  Adolphus  ships  were  sent  with 
colonists  from  Sweden  to  the  Delaware. 
Campanius,  a  well  known,  though  not  always 
reliable  author,  says  that  several  ships  were 
fitted  out  and  sailed  from  Sweden  towards 
Americain  the  reign  of  Gustavus  Adolphns, 
but  were  captured  by  the  Spaniards.  The 
date  for  this  transaction  is  put  about  the 
year  1627.  Professor  Reynolds,  of  Penn- 
sylvania College,  in  a  discourse  before  the 
Historical  Society  of  the  American  Luther- 
an Church,  in  1848,  referring  to  this  subject 
says,  "  before  this  disaster  could  be  reme- 
died, Gustavus  Adolphus  had^ut  himself  at 
the  head  of  the  Protestant  States  of  Ger- 
many, for  the  purpose  of  defending  the 
rights  of  conscience,  preventing  the  utter 
extermination  of  Protestantism  in  the  land 
of  its  birth,  and  setting  limits  to  the  ambi- 
tion and  tyranny  of  the  united  houses  of 
Austria  and  Spain.  Still,  he  never  lost 
sight  of  this  favorite  plan ;  and  a  few  days, 
before  the  battle  of  Lutzen,  where  his  glori- 
ous though  brief  career  was  terminated,  he 
recommended  the  enterprise  to  the  people 
of  Germany." 

However  this  may  be,  it  was  reserved  for 
his  child  aud  successor,  Queen  Christina, 
under  the  direction  of  Chancellor  Oxens- 
tierna,  the  able  and  conscientious  Minister 


of  both  these  Sovereigns,  to  carry  into  effect 
the  enterprise  in  question;  an  enterprise 
which  an  old  Swedish  writer  states,  £i  Gus- 
tavus considered  the  jewel  of  his  Kingdom." 

The  ships  conveying  the  Swedish  Colo- 
nists sailed  from  Gottcnburg  in  the  autumn 
of  1637;  and  arrived  in  the  Delaware  in  the 
Spring  of  1638.  They  first  landed  at  a 
place  they  named  "  Paradise  Point,"  now 
marked  on  the  map  of  Delaware,  Mispillion 
creek.  They  seemed  to  have  remained  there 
only  a  few  days  for  refreshment  after  their 
long  and  tedious  voyage.  Passing  up  the 
river,  they  landed  at  the  mouth  of  Mingquas 
Creek,  which  they  named  Christina,  in  hon- 
or of  their  youthful  Queen.  Here  they  im- 
mediately built  h  fort,  within  the  walls  of 
which  they  erected  a  church,  and  laid  the 
foundation  of  a  permanent  settlement. 

And  thus  at  Christina,  nearly  fifty  years 
before  William  Penn  founded  Philadelphia 
and  the  great  Commonwealth  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, was  first  planted  on  the  Delaware  a 
substantial  colony,  founded  on  the  princi- 
ples  of  civil  liberty,  and  an  enlightened 
Christianity ;  granting  also  to  settlers  of  all 
nations,  who  might  choose  to  unite  with 
them,  that  inestimable  boon,  freedom  of 
conscience. 

I  cannot  on  an  occasion  of  this  kind 
dwell  upon  the  events  which  subsequently 
occurred.  A  brief  notice  of  a  few  promi- 
nent historical  facts  must  suffice. 

In  September,  1655,  the  Dutch  conquered 
the  country  from  the  Swedes.  In  Septem- 
ber, 1664,  the  English  seized  Kew  Amster- 
dam, which  they  named  New  York,  and 
immediately  afterwards  took  forcible  posses- 
sion of  the  country  on  both  sides  of  the 
Delaware.  In  1673,  the  country  again  came 
under  the  government  of  the  Dutch,  but 
only  for  a  brief  period.  The  next  year 
(1674)  the  English  regained  possession  of 
New  Amsterdam  and  the  Delaware,  under  the 
terms  of  the  treaty  of  Westminster,  and 
retained  their  dominion  over  it  until  the 
memorable  year  1776,  when  our  fathers  for 
themselves  and  their  posterity  threw  off 
their  allegiance  to  any  foreign  power  or  au- 
thority. 

During  these  changes  of  colonial  authori- 
ty and  the  century  of  English  dominion,  the 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Dec. 


people  were  in  general  undisturbed  in  their 
pursuits  and  possessions  ;  and  they  greatly 
increased  in  population  and  wealth.  These 
results  were  induced  not  only  by  the  industry 
and  natural  increase  of  the  early  settlers — 
which  was  remarkable  and  extraordinary — 
but  by  continued  emigration  from  different 
parts  of  Europe,  among  whom  the  Welsh 
emigrants  formed  an  important  part.  Emi- 
grants from  England,  Ireland,  and  Ger- 
many were  then,  as  now,  landing  upon 
our  shores  seeking  for  freedom  and  a 
home  in  these  new  regions  of  the  world. 
During  this  period,  the  inhabitants  enjoy- 
ed liberty  of  conscience,  and  their  tenures 
were  unmolested.  The  laws  and  usages  of 
the  Swedes  and  the  Dutch  were  respected. 
The  magistrates  and  other  officers  of  the 
former  were  continued  even  when  the  latter 
were  in  the  ascendancy.  This  conciliatory 
policy  was  continued  by  the  English.  When 
11  the  laws"  prescribed  by  the  Duke  of  York, 
in  1688,  were  announced  On  the  Delaware, 
the  agents  of  his  government  were  directed 
not  to  offend  or  alienate  the  people  by  any 
sudden  change ;  and  it  is  remarkable,  says 
Mr.  Campbell,  in  his  interesting  "  Record 
of  Upland,"  quoting  from  "  Hazard's  An- 
nals," that  they  recommended  "  the  laws" 
to  be  merely  shown  to  the  law  officers,  to  the 
end  that  being  therewith  acquainted  the 
practice  of  them  may  also  in  convenient 
time  be  established. 

The  courts  of  justice  were  continued  by 
the  former  judges;  and  the  Judicial  Dis- 
tricts remained  as  before  established.  We 
learn  from  the  "Record  of  Upland,"  that 
in  1673,  when  the  Dutch  temporarily  regain- 
ed their  possession  of  Delaware,  the  depu- 
ties from  the  Swedes  and  other  inhabitants 
stipulated  not  only  for  freedom  of  conscience 
and  public  worship,  but  for  the  recognition 
and  continuance  of  three  Judicial  Districts 
then  established.  These  districts  were  as 
follows:  "One  Court  of  Justice  for  the  in- 
habitants of  the  Hoerkill,  dwelling  between 
Cape  Henlopen  and  Boomties  (Bombay) 
Hook.  One  for  New  Amstel  (New  Castle) 
for  inhabitants  between  Boomties  Hook  and 
Christina-Kill.  One  for  Upland  (Chester) 
for  inhabitants  between  Christina-Kill  and 
upward  unto  the  head  of  the  river.  "     The 


falls  at  Trenton,  called  by  the  Indians  Sank- 
hikans,  was  the  place  designated  as  "  the 
head  of  the  river, "  and  this  was  the  north- 
ern boundary  of  the  District.  The  nomina- 
tion of  the  judges  was  in  the  h£nds  of  the 
people,  who  elected  eight  judges  from  each 
District,  from  which  list  four  were  selected 
and  appointed  by  the  Governor.  The  pow- 
er of  these  magistrates  was  legislative  as 
well  as  judicial. 

The  founder  of  Pennsylvania  fully  appre- 
ciated the  industrious  and  worthy  pioneers 
who  commenced  the  cultivation  and  settle- 
ment of  his  after -acquired  possessions.  One 
especial  reason  is  given  by  several  authori- 
ties for  his  commendation  of  them,  namely, 
the  inflexible  opposition  of  the  Swedes  and 
Dutch  to  all  intruders,  particularly  to  the 
people  of  New  England,  who  at  different 
times  attempted  to  obtain  a  footing  upon 
the  soil.  Mr.  Campbell,  referring  to  Haz- 
ard's Annals  and  quoting  from  Penn's  let- 
ter to  Harrison,  says,  "  the  enterprising  spirit 
of  our  eastern  neighbors  either  had  not  been 
developed  at  that  day,  or  was  tired  out  by 
the  pertinacious  resistance  which  it  encoun- 
tered; for,  after  many  fruitless  endeavors, 
their  attempts  to  effect  a  settlement  upon 
the  western  side  of  the  river  were  abandon- 
ed. Had  success  attended  these  efforts,  it 
is  more  than  probable  that  the  territory 
would  not  have  offered  to  the  future  founder 
of  Pennsylvania  room  for  such  an  holy  ex- 
periment."—  Upland  Record,  33 

As  to  the  character  and  persuits  of  the 
Swedes — the  ^pioneers  of  the  Delaware — I 
beg  to  recall  to  your  recollection  the  testi- 
mony of  William  Penn.  In  1683,  writing 
from  Philadelphia,  then  just  founded  by 
him  "  on  deed  of  peace, "  he  says,  "  they 
apply  themselves  to  husbandry;  have  three 
churches,  one  at  Christina,  one  at  Tinicum, 
and  one  at  Wicaco,  within  a  half  a  mile  of  this 
town.  They  are  a  plain,  strong  and  indus- 
trious people.  They  received  me  well;  and 
I  commend  their  respect  for  authority  and 
their  kind  behavior  to  the  English.  As 
they  are  a  people  proper  and  strong,  so  have 
they  fine  children,  and  almost  every  house 
is  full  of  them;  it  is  rare  to  find  one  of  them 
without  three  or  four  boys,  and  as  many 
girls;  some  with  six,  seven,  or  eight  sons; 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


389 


and  I  must  do  thcin  the  justice  to  say  I  see 
few  young  men  move  sober  and  industrious." 
The  llev.  Dr.  Clay  of  the  Wicaco,  or  "  old 
Swedes'  Church,"  in  his  Annals  says:  "As 
a  religious  people,  the  Swedes  are  presented 
to  us  in  a  most  favorable  light,  and  may  well 
be  held  up  as  an  example  for  imitation  of 
their  descendants  still  occupying  the  soil  so 
long  ago  inhabited  by  their  ancestors." 

At  an  early  period,  these  pioneers  were 
happily  blended  together  by  intermarriages 
with  the  Dutch,  the  English,  the  Welsh, 
and  the  Germans,  and  subsequently  with 
the  Irish,  too,  that  universal  nation;  and 
formed  a  comparatively  homogeneous  popu- 
lation, when  the  bell  rang  at  the  old  State 
House  in  Philadelphia,  proclaiming  "liberty 
to  this  land  and  all  the  inhabitants  thereof." 
They  were  ready  not  only  to  assert  their  in- 
dependence by  words,  but  accomplish  it 
with  deeds. 

Ill*  The  third  period  in  our  history, 
namely,  from  1776  to  the  present  time,  I 
cannot  on  this  occasion  even  touch  upon. 
The  peace  of  1783  with  England  gave  us 
an  acknowledged  Independence,  and  the 
Constitution  of  1787  gave  us  a  united  and 
happy  country. 

With  freedom  thus  established,  the  study 
of  our  history  will  teach  us  to  maintain  and 
preserve  it.  History  shows  us  how  the  pre- 
sent is  connected  with  the  past,  and  what  we 
owe  to  our  ancestors  and  predecessors.  Let 
us  not  fail  to  profit  by  their  sacrifices  and 
example.  One  good  effect  in  the  study  of 
their  history,  is  to  keep  down  that  supercili- 
ous feeling  of  self-complacency  which  is  en- 
gendered by  a  contemplation  of  the  present 
merely.  If  we  are  really  superior  in  some  re- 
spects to  our  fathers,  we  should  remember 
that  they  excelled  us  in  other  things.  We  can 
improve  our  knowledge  of  the  arts  and  sci- 
ences from  the  experience  and  acquirements 
of  other  nations.  In  matters  of  civil  gov- 
ernment, too,  let  us  remember  that  the  lie- 
publics  of  Greece  and  Rome  existed  for 
centuries.  It  required  many  ages  for  our 
English  ancestors  to  establish  on  a  firm  and 
solid  basis  the  well  ordered  government 
which  that  nation  now  possesses.  We  are 
but  of  yesterday;  and  should  guard  with 
jealous  care  the  boon  of  freedom  and  unit- 


ed government,  which  has  so  recently  de- 
scended to  us  from  our  fathers.  Let  us  not 
affect  to  be  wise  above  what  is  written. 
History  should  make  us  modest. 

A  free  people,  being  left  to  govern  them- 
selves, should  be  careful  students  of  history. 
They  will  then  be  able  to  understand  the 
object  of  existing  laws  and  institutions  ;  and 
present  a  firm  barrier;to  the  ignorant  or  the 
tyrannical  who  may  be  disposed  to  tear 
down  the  edifice  which  has  required  many 
years  to  erect.  It  should  also  make  us 
watchful  and  vigilant;  remembering  that 

"  The  greatest  glory  of  a  free  people 

Is  to  transmit  that  freedom  to  their  posterity." 


THE  TORY  CONTINGENT  IN  THE  BRI- 
TISH ARMY  IN  AMERICA  IN  1781. 

(Continued  from  page  359.) 

South  Carolina  Royalists.1 
Alexander  Innis,2  Esq,  colonel 

Robertson,  lieutenant  colonel 

M'Lairn,  major 

Charles  Lindsay, :1  adjutant 
Edward  Cooper,4  quartermaster 

surgeon 

Florida  Rangers. 

Brown,5    lieutenant    colonel   com- 


mandant 


1  Sabine  mentions  John  Jenkins  as  chaplain 
of  this  regiment  in  1782. 

2 Defeated  and  wounded  on  the  Enoree,  Mus- 
grove's  Mills,  in  1780.  In  1782  inspector-gen- 
eral of  the  loyalist  forces. 

3  Was  apparently  captain. 

4Geo.  Dawkins  is  mentioned  as  a  captain  in 
this  regiment  in  1782. 

5  The  famous  Thomas  Browne  of  Augusta,  Ga., 
maltreated  shamefully  in  1775.  Raised  a  corps 
in  1776.  In  1778  marched  to  Augusta,  which, 
though  defeated  and  wounded,  he  took.  In  1780 
he  repulsed  Col.  Clarke,  and  held  Augusta  till 
June,  1781,  when  he  surrendered  to  Pickens  and 
Lee.  His  life  was  threatened,  but  as  retaliation 
was  menaced,  he  was  exchanged;  served  in  Sa- 
vannah.  Routed  in  May,  1782,  by  Wayne.  In 
October  his  corps  was  sent  to  St.  Augustine. 
Browne  retired  to  the  Bahamas,  and  in  1786 
wrote  a  reply  to  Ramsay.  Government  granted 
him  lands  in  St.  Vincent  and  £30,000.  He  died 
in  St.  Vincent  in  1825. 

Two  captains,  Johnson  and  Johnston,  were 
killed  at  the  siege  of  Augusta  in  1780. 


390 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Dec. 


Governor   Wentworth's  Volunteers. 
Daniel  Murray,1  captain 
Elijah  Williams,'3  lieutenant 

Buck's  County  Light  Dragoons. 
Thomas  Sandford  Watson,  capiat?} 
Walter  Willet,  lieutenant 
George  Gerau,  cornet 

Garrison  Battalion. 
Robert  Donkin,3  lieutenant  colonel  com- 
mandant 
William  Anstruther,  major 

Captains  James  Darcus 

John  Grant  Alexander  Chisholm 

Waldron  Kelly  David  Davies 

John  Terrell  William  Sutherland  5 

Lawrence  Delahanty  Archibald  Blundell 


Lieutenants 

Thomas  Baddely4 
Hugh  Stewart 
R  M'Ginnis 
James  Hunt 
Charles  Blundell 
Alexander  Rio 


Ensigns 
William  Clarkson 
Thomas  St.  John 

Molloy 

Dunn 

Shadwell 


Charles  Inglis,6  Chaplain 
Thomas  Baddely,  Adjutant 


1 A  Daniel  Murray,  of  Brookfield,  Mass.,  was 
major  of  the  king's  American  dragoons. 

2  Attorney  of  Deerfield,  Mass.,  joined  the  army 
after  battle  of  Lexington;  was  proscribed,  but 
died  in  Mass.  in  1793. 

3Donkin  is  known  as  the  author  of  "Military 
Collections  and  Remarks,"  published  by  Hugh 
Gaine  in  1777,  a  creditably  printed  12mo  of  264 
pp,  with  a  frontispiece  on  copper.  He  had 
served  under  the  Earl  of  Granard.  His  list,  of 
subscribers,  which  embraces  a  long  array  of  of- 
ficers, foots  up,  sterling  £290.  8.  7.,  opposite 
which  is  "Distributed  in  charity.  " 

4 Captain  in  1782. 

5Went  to  Nova  Scotia — died  in  England  in 
1813. 

6  Assistant  Rector  of  Trinity  Church,  New 
York,  from  1764  to  1777,  when  he  became  rector. 
He  resigned  in  1783.  Bishop  of  Nova  Scotia  in 
1787.  Member  of  the  council  in  1809.  He  died 
in  1816  aged  82. 


William  Sutherland,  Quartermaster 
Bell,  Surgeon 

King's  Rangers. 

Robetft  Rogers,1  lieutenant   colonel  com- 
mandant 
James  Rogers,  major 


Captains 
John  Longstreet 
Samuel  Hayden 
John  Hatfield  2 
Daniel  Bissonet 
Arthur  Maddox 
Charles  Babbington 
Patrick  Welsh 
John  Stinson^ 
Azer  Betts4        \capts, 
J  Rider  Mowatt  (lieuts. 


Lieutenants 
Thomas  Oackerson 
Christopher   Insley5 
John  Throckmorton'1 
Michael  Smith 
Joseph  Waller 
Samuel  Fletcher 
John    Dean    Whit- 
worth  7 
Richard   Lippencot8 
Roger  Wethereil 


1  Rogers  was  a  native  of  New  Hampshire,  son 
of  James  Rogers  of  Dunbarton.  During  the 
French  war  he  raised  the  celebrated  corps  known 
as  Roger's  Rangers,  of  which  he  published  an 
account.  He  was  nevertheless  in  1766  arrested 
on  a  charge  of  plotting  to  plunder  Fort  Michili- 
mackinac  and  join  the  French.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  revolution,  he  was  arrested  by  con- 
gress and  put  on  his  parole.  He  probably  wanted 
a  bid  from  congress,  and  at  last  openly  joined 
Hie  royal  army.  He  was  made  Colonel  of  the 
Queen*  Rangers,  but  soon  after  went  to  England. 
When  he  was  appointed  to  the  King's  Rangers, 
is  not  known.  He  died  in  England  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  present  century. 

2Hatfield  is  perhaps  John  Smith  Hatfield,  of 
Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  who  in  retaliation  hanged  one 
Ball.  He  returned  to  New  Jersey  m  1788,  and 
was  arrested  and  tried  in  Bergen  Co.,  but  no 
witness  appearing  he  was  released  on  bail  and 
fled.  The  matter  was  brought  up  by  Hammond 
the  British  minister  in  1792. 

3  One  of  the  name  settled  at  St.  John,  N.  B.,  in 
1783. 

4A«or  Betts,  of  New  York,  physician,  ordered 
to  close  confinement  in  Ulster  Co.  jail  in  1776 
by  the  committee  of  safety.  He  died  in  Nova 
Scotia  in  1809. 

5 Of  New  Jersey,  probably  the  one  killed  in  the 
attack  on  Tom's  River,  N.  J.,  in  1781. 

eRetired  to  St.  John's  Island,  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence, in  1782. 

7  Taken  prisoner  in  1776,  examined  and  put  in 
jail  by  order  of  state  government. 

8Born  in  New  Jersey  in  1745.  In  1782,  when 
captain,  sent  with  captain  Joshua  Huddy  and 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL   MAGAZINE. 


391 


Ensigns 

John  Robins l  Charles  Stockton 

Peter  Anderson  2         Eliezer  Taylor 
Joseph  Beers  '  John  Hutton 

NoRTn  Carolinians. 
John    Hamilton,3  lieutenant  colonel  com- 
mandant 

Georgia  Volunteers. 
Wright,1  major  commandant 


Hussars. 
Frederick  D'Diemar,  captain 
Sebastian    de   Mollitore,   George  Allftis, 

lieutenants 
Benjamin  Thompson,5  cornet 

others  to  Middletown  point  to  exchange  them, 
but  hung  Iluddy.  Washington  demanded  his 
surrender,  and  on  the  refusal  of  Sir  Henry  Clin- 
ton determined  to  retaliate  and  compelled  his 
English  prisoners  to  draw  lots.  Captain  Asgill 
of  the  guards  drew  the  lot,  but  was  saved  by  the 
intervention  of  the  French.  Lippenqott  died  at 
Toronto  in  182G  aged  81. 

1  Retired  to  St.  J  ohn's  Island,  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence, in  1782. 

2A  Peter  Anderson  died  at  Fredericton,  N. 
B.  1828  aged  95;  and  a  Joseph  Anderson,  lieut. 
in  the  King's  regt.  N.  Y.,  died  at  Cornwall,  C.  W., 
in  1853  aged  90. 

3  Of  Halifax,  N.  J.,  or  Norfolk,  Va.  "The  very 
crest  of  the  Tory  organization  in  the  South." 
Stedman  says  the  British  nation  owed  more  to 
him  than  to  any  otlier  individual  loyalist  in  the 
British  service.  He  was  engaged  in-nearly  every 
action  in  the  three  southern  colonies,  wounded 
and  taken  prisoner.  He  was  subsequently  in 
command  at  St.  Augustine.  After  the  peace 
British  consul  at  Norfolk,  died  in  England  in 
1817. 

4  Sir  James  Wright,  Bart,  of  Ga.,  son  of  the 
first  Sir  James.  The  Georgia  royalists  were 
raised  in  1779,  and  distinguished  at  Savannah, 
which  his  father  claimed  the  honor  of  saving. 
The  second  Sir  James  went  to  England ;  succeed- 
ed his  father  in  the  title  in  1786,  and  died  in  181G. 

5Evidently  the  celebrated  Count  Rumford, 
born  in  Massachusetts  in  1753.  At  first  inclined 
to  the  whigs,  but  distrusted.  Went  to  England 
in  1775,  under  secretary  to  Lord  Geo.  Germain; 
came  to  New  York  toward  close  of  war  and  fin- 
ally commanded  the  King's  American  dragoons. 
On  his  return  to  England  he  was  knighted,  and 
going  to  Bavaria  was  made  a  count.  He  died 
in  France  in  1814.  Eminent  for  his  philosoph- 
ical labors. 


Guides  and  Pioneers. 
Beverley  Robinson,  Esq.,  colonel 

Captains  Ebenczer  Brown 

John  Aldington  Angus  M' Donald* 

Charles  Blaskowitz     Jonn  Stark 
Peter  M< Thereon        Jonathan  Williams 
William  M' Alpine      Johu  ilunt'2 
Francis  Frazer 

George  Blair  Second  lieutenant^ 

John  Sobrisky  Alexander  M-  Donald3 

Andrew  Husband 
First  lieutenants     Abraham  Gloss 
Colin  Kier  Eli  Benedict1 

John  Stark,  Adjutant. 
Colin  Kier,  Quartermaster 

Seconded  Officers. 
Edward  Cole,5  colonel 
Lieutenants  colonels  Majors 

Andreas  Emmerich     Thomas  Leonard8 
Elisha  Lawrence'5       Daniel  Isaac  Brown9 
Rudolphus  Ritzma  7    Robert  Timpany  ] " 

1  Perhaps  the  one  who  died  in  New  Brunswick 
in  1842,  aged  106. 

2 Apparently  of  Philadelphia;  in  1777  sent  to 
Virginia  for  disaffection  to  the  whig  cause. 

3  Perhaps  the  one  who  died  in  New  Brunswick 
in  1835  aged  72. 

4Of  Danbury,  Conn.,  guided  British  to  it. 
Returned  to  it  after  peace,  but  on  threats  of  vi- 
olence fled.  He  seems  to  have  died  in  N.  B.  in 
1799. 

5Of  R.  I.  Commanded  a  regiment  at  Quebec 
in  1759,  and  after  in  Havanah. 

6  Sabine  says  Elisha  Lawrence,  of  Monmouth 
Co.,  N.  J.,  born  in  1740,  and  at  the  revolution 
sheriff  of  the  county,  raised  the  first  battalion 
N.  J.  volunteers.  Was  taken  prisoner  in  1777 
on  Staten  Island;  retired  to  Nova  Scotia,  but 
died  at  Cardigan,  Wales,  in  1811. 

7  Probably  the  son  of  Rev.  Joannes  Ritzema, 
of  Sleepy  Hollow,  N.  Y. 

8 Perhaps  the  Thomas  Leonard  of  Freehold, 
N.  J. 

9Perhaps  the  Scotch  settler  at  Castine;  who 
died  in  S.  Stephen's,  N.  B.,  in  1835  aged  91. 

10  Robert  Timpany  of  N.  Y.,majorinthe3dBatt. 
N.  J.  V.,  born  in  Ireland,  educated  at  Glasgow, 
emigrated  to  America  in  1760.  A  teacher  at 
Hackensack.  Was  at  the  battle  of  Long  Island, 
and  soon  after  commissioned.  He  took  the 
Parker  House,  N.  J.  Was  distinguished  at  Guil- 
ford, Cowpens,  Lutaw,  andCharleston.     Was  on 


392 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Dec. 


Richard  Stockton1 
William  Stark  ^ 
John  Lynch 
John  Vandyke3 

Captains 
David  Alstone 
John  Vought 
James  Stewart4 
James  Raymond 
Matthias  Hanley 
Nicholas  Wiergan 
Thomas  Yelverton 
John  Hopton  5 


Daniel  Bowen 
Zebedee  Terry6 
Samuel  Wilson 
William  Clarke7 
Michael  Houseal8 
William  Price 
Samuel  Lindsay9 
Thomas  Rutherford10 
Alexander  M'Leod 
Alexander  M'Don- 

ald" 
Neil  M> Arthur  13 
John  Leggett13 
Alexander  Mackey 


the  way  to  join  Ferguson  at  the  battle  of  King's 
Mountain,  but  was  ordered  back.  Died  at  Yar- 
mouth in  1844. 

I  Richard  Stockton,  major  of  N.  J.  V  known 
as  Stockton  the  famous  land  pilot.  Surprised 
Feb.  18,  1777,  by  Col.  Neilson,  and  sent  to  Phil- 
adelphia in  irons  by  Gen.  Putnam,  which  Wash- 
ington disapproved.     He  died  in  New  Brunswick. 

2 Perhaps  the  brother  of  Gen.  John  Stark,  if  so 
he  was  accidently  killed  on  Long  Island. 

3One  of  the  name  commissioned  in  1777  or  8, 
and  raised  a  corps  of  306  men  in  New  Jersey. 

4  A  loyalist  officer  of  the  name  died  at  Nash- 
waak,  N.  B.,  in  1837  aged  82. 

5 Of  Charleston,  S.  C,  banished  and  property 
confiscated  in  1782.     Died  in  1831. 

6A  Zebedee  Terree,  of  Freetown,  Mass.,  went 
to  Halifax  in  1776,  was  proscribed  in  1778.  After 
the  peace  went  to  New  Brunswick,  but  died  at 
Freetown. 

fWm.  Clarke  of  New  Jersey  was  very  active 
in  stealing  horses  for  British  army.  Lured  to 
WoodbridgeN.  J.  in  1782  and  shot. 

8In  1782  captain  of  infantry  in  the  American 
legion  under  Arnold ;  son  perhaps  of  Rev.  Ber- 
nard M.  Houseall,  Lutheran,  of  N.  Y. 

9 Of  Pennsylvania,  refused  the  commission  of 
major  in  the  continental  army.  Sir  William 
Howe  appointed  him  captain  in  De  Lancey's 
corps  and  inspector  of  the  guards.  Died  at 
Montreal  in  1818  aged  85. 

10Member  of  assembly  from  Cumberland  co,, 
N.  C.  In  1774  member  of  the  provincial  con- 
gress, and  in  1775  of  the  convention  which  sus- 
tained the  continental  congress,  and  Col.  of  the 
Cumberland  Co.  regiment;  joined  the  English 
side  in  1776.  Taken  prisoner  at  Cross  Creek,  and 
confined  in  Halifax  jail.  In  1781  he  sheltered 
the  wife  and  family  of  Hooper,  the  signer. 

II  Sabine  mentions  an  officer  of  the  name  who 
died  in  New  Brunswick  in  1835  aged  72. 

12  A  Captain  of  aN.  C.  regiment  bore  this  name. 

13Captain  in  the  loyal  militia  of  N.  C.  in  1776 
and  of  volunteers  in  1782.  Taken  prisoner  at 
Cross  Creek  in  1776  and  confined  in  Halifax  jail. 


John  M'Leod  Jonathan  Robinson 

Alexander  M'Leod  Abraham  Pistoras 

jun.  Curtis  Lewis6 

James  M'Donald1  Nathan  Vernon7 

Matthias   Sappon-  Abraham  Airdell 

field2  Jonathan  Jones  H 

Maurice  Nowland  Tupper9 

John  Murchison 

Lieutenants  Roderick  M^Kennon 

John  Munro  Normsn  M'Leod10 

Patrick  Henry  Archibald  M'Eachran 

Francis  Frazer  John  M'Leod 

John  Barclay  Donald  Stewart 

John  Peter  Eck  John  M'Leod  jun 

Luther  Hathaway3  Laughlan   McKennon 
Francis  Corey 

Levi  Chase  Ensigns 

James  Hume  Richard  Finnemore 

Edward  MfMichaell  Samuel  Stretch 

Caleb  Wheaton  >  Shadrack  Chase11 

William  Frazer  Donald  Morrison 

John  Knight  James  Munro 

John  Craige  Francis  Phinney1- 
John  Bittle 

H.  Chalmers,  Adjt. 

J.  Nowland,  J.  Cloud,  H.  Simm,  Quar- 
termasters. 

H.  Dongan,  Ab.  Bambridge,  Surgeons. 

XA  dragoon  officer  of  the  name  died  in  St. 
John,  N.  B.,  in  1804. 

2Of  N.  C,  authorized  by  Gov.  Martin  in  1776 
to  raise  loyal  troops  in  Rowan  co. 

3Of  Freetown,  Mass.,  banished  in  1778;  died 
at  Cornwallis,  N.  S.,  in  1833;  Sabine  says  a 
lieut.  in  the  loyal  N.  Englanders. 

4  A  lieutenant  of  the  name  deserted  to  the 
English  from  Fort    Schuyler  in  August,   1776. 

5Perhaps  of  Sandwich,  Mass. 

6A  loyalist  captain  named  Lewis  was  killed 
while  in  a  hand  to  hand  fight  with  Col.  Horry  of 
Marion's  corps  near  the  close  of  the  war;  but  a 
Curtis  Lewis  had  his  property  confiscated  in 
Pensylvania  in  1779. 

''Nathaniel  Vernon,  sheriff  of  Chester  co.,  Pa., 
entered  the  service  of  the  crown,  was  captain  of 
cavalry  in  the  British  Legion  in  1782. 

8 Brother  of  Jane  McCr'ea's  lover;  raised  a 
company  in  Canada. 

<JEldad  Tupper  was  a  guide  to  the  British  in 
the  invasion  of  Bristol  co.,  Mass.,  in  1778. 

10Capt.  N.  J.  Vols. 

11  Of  Mass.,  banished  1778.  Sabine  says  en- 
sign in  De  Lancey's  3d  Bat.  Died  in  N.  Bruns- 
wick in  1829. 

12Of  Sandwich,  Mass.  Joined  British  army  in 
R.  I.  in  1777. 


1804.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


393 


$to  airtr  (gomes. 


NOTES. 


The  Old  Province  House,  Boston. — 
At  half-past  five  o'clock,  on  Tuesday  even  - 
ing  last,  25th  October,  the  noted  building 
on  Washington  street,  long  known  as  the 
Province  House,  was  destroyed  by  fire, 
leaving  the  walls  standing,  but  all  else  con- 
sumed, except  a  portion  of  the  wood  work, 
which  in  its  scorched  and  smoked  condition 
is  of  little  value.  The  fire  originated  in  an 
upper  story  of  the  building,  and  is  supposed 
to  have  been  the  work  of  an  incendiary. 
For  some  time  past,  the  building  has  been 
used  as  a  place  of  entertainment  by  the 
Morris  Brothers,  Pell  and  Trowbridge,  min- 
strels. 

The  loss  of  this  old  landmark  of  the  olden 
time  will  be  much  regretted  by  the  lovers  of 
antiquity,  as  it  was  almost  the  last  link  of 
any  great  importance,  that  carried  them 
back  through  the  Revolutionary  period  of  our 
history,  and  through  the  provincial  days  of 
Massachusetts,  to  colonial  times. 

It  has  been  generally  supposed  that  this 
edifice  was  erected  in  early  times  by  the  exist- 
ing government  of  Massachusetts,  for  gov- 
ernmental purposes.  Butsuchisnotthecase. 
It  was  built  by  private  enterprise,  by  one  of 
the  most  opulent  merchants  of  good  old 
colony  times,  Peter  Sargeant,  Esq.  He  had 
purchased  the  land,  on  the  21st  of  October, 
1676,  of  Col.  Samuel  Shrimpton,  one  of  the 
largest  landholders  of  the  town,  for  the  small 
sum  of  £350.  In  the  Book  of  Possessions, 
which  dates  back  more  than  two  hundred  and 
twenty  years,  it  appears  that  Thomas  Millard, 
who  was  a  planter,  as  styled  in  those  days, 
had  for  one  portion  of  his  possession,  an 
estate  on  the  High  Street,  or  great  high- 
way to  Roxbury,  described  as  "  one  house  and 
Garden  bounded  with  Francis  Lyle  north, 
Thomas  G-rubb  south,  Arthur  Perry  west, 
and  the  Street  east.  " 

It  may  be  interesting  to  some  to  know 
of  whom  this  little  coterie,  the  immediate 
neighbors  of  Mr.  Millard,  the  planter,  con- 
sisted.   His  nearest  neighbor  on  the  north  was 


HIST.  MAG.      VOL.  VIII. 


50 


Mr.  Lyle  (<>r  Lysle),  a  noted  surgeon  barber, 
who  could  undoubtedly  "breathe  a  vein 
or  clip  the  hair  to  pure  puritanic  measure, 
as  the  case  might  be.  Lyle  separated  him 
from  Samuel  Hough,  a  disgusted  and  retired 
clergyman,  who  dwelt  at  the  corner  of  the 
street  that  led  to  the  Beacon,  and  which  is 
now  known  as  the  corner  of  School  street. 
On  the  south  side  was  the  residence  of  Mr. 
Grubb,  the  leather  dresser;  and  on  the  rear, 
in  a  house  fronting  on  the  present  School 
street,  was  Mr.  Perry,  the  tailor. 

In  the  course  of  events,  Mr.  Millard  died, 
and  his  estate,  which  was  encumbered,  pass- 
ed into  the  hands  of  Col.  Samuel  Shrimpton, 
a  noted  landholder,  in  1672,  the  title  not 
being  perfected  until  1674.  Col.  Shrimpton, 
as  said  before,  sold  the  estate  to  Mr.  Sargeant 
in  1676,  at  which  time  it  measured  86  feet 
on  the  street,  266  feet  southerly  on  Paul 
Butt,  the  village  glazier,  77  feet  westerly 
on  the  estate  of  the  heirs  of  John  Blowers, 
deceased,  and  266  feet  northerly  on  land  of 
the  heirs  of  Thomas  Robinson,  also  deceased. 

After  Mr.  Sergeant  had  acquired  his  title 
to  his  liking,  he  commenced  building  his 
house  in  the  most  substantial  manner :  and 
he  completed  it  in  the  year  1679,  and  affixed 
upon  the  famous  iron  balustrade  his  initials 
and  date,  thus  16  P  S  79.  Mr.  Sargeant 
was  a  Londoner,  and  came  to  Boston  in 
1667.  He  was  as  remarkable  in  his  marria- 
ges, as  in  his  wealth ;  for  he  had  three  wives, 
his  second  having  been  a  widow  twice  before 
her  third  venture;  and  his  third  also  a  widow, 
and  even  his  widow,  and  lastly  the  widow  of 
her  third  husband.  Mr.  Sargeant  died  on 
the  8th  of  February,  1713-14,  and  his  widow 
took  her  third  husband  on  the  12th  of  May, 

1715,  Simeon  Stoddard,  Esq. ;  and  here  was 
a  fair  race, — for  she  was  his  third  as  well  as 
he  was  her  third ;  and  although  he  lived  till 
the  15th  of  October,  1730,  and  then  died  in 
his  80th  year,  she  kept  along  until  the  23rd 
of  September,  1738,  eight  years  later,  but 
died  ten  years  younger. 

When  the  widow  married  Mr.  Stoddard, 
she  had  no  further  use  of  the  palace,  for  her 
new  husband  had  one  about  as  desirable ;  and 
therefore  the  estate  was  offered  for  sale.     In 

1716,  the  Provincial  legislature  voted  to 
purchase  it,  and    some  of  the    ornamental 


394 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Dec, 


hangings  j  and  the  heirs  of  Mr.  Sargeant, 
passed  the  deeds  on  the  11th  and  12th  of 
April.  1716,  to  Jeremiah  Allen,  the  trea- 
surer of  the  province,  to  Jeremiah  Durnmer 
the  treasurer  of  the  county  of  Suffolk,  and 
to  Joseph  Prout,  the  treasurer  of  the  town  of 
Boston. 

When  the  Mansion  House  became  public 
property  it  was  a  magnificent  building;  no 
pains  had  been  spared  to  make  it  not  only 
elegant,  but  also,  spacious  and  convenient. 
It  stood  somewhat  back  in  its  ample  lot,  and 
had  the  most  pleasant  and  agreeable  surround- 
ings of  any  mansion  house  in  the  town.  It 
was  of  brick,  three  stories  in  hight,  with  a 
high  roof  and  lofty  cupola,  the  whole  sur- 
mounted by  an  Indian  chief,  with  a  drawn 
bow  and  arrow,  the  handiwork  of  Deacon 
Shem  Drown , — he  who  made  the  grasshopper 
on  Faneuil  Hall.  The  house  was  approached 
over  a  stone  pavement  and  a  high  flight  of 
massive  stone  steps,  and  through  a  magni- 
ficent doorway,  which  might  have  rivalled 
those  of  the  palaces  of  Europe.  Trees  of 
very  large  size  and  magnificent  proportions, 
shaded  this  princely  mansion,  and  added 
much  to  its  elegance  and  imposing  appear- 
ance. 

During  the  time  of  the  provincial  gov- 
ernment it  seems  to  have  been  used  by  the 
governors :  but,  after  the  expulsion  of  Gen. 
Gage  in  1776,  it  was  converted  into  accom- 
modations for  our  own  officers,  for  the  transac- 
tion of  the  public  business.  In  1796,  after 
the  building  of  the  new  State  House  on 
Beacon  street,  the  Province  House  was  sold 
to  John  Peck  :  but  the  bargain  fell  through, 
on  account  of  inability  of  the  purchaser  to 
make  payments,  and,  in  1799,  the  whole 
estate  was  reconveyed  to  the  state;  and  sub- 
sequently, was  granted  by  the  state  to  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  whose  trus- 
tees, in  1817,  leased  it  to  David  Greenough, 
Esq.,  for  the  term  of  ninety-nine  years. 

Subsequent  to  the  last  date  (1817),  this 
aristocratic  mansion  has  been  put  to  almost 
all  sorts  of  purposes;  and  soon  after  Mr. 
Greenough's  lease,  the  stately  trees  were 
taken  down,  and  a  row  of  brick  houses  and 
stores  built  upon  the  street,  excluding  it 
from  view  until  approached  through  a  narrow 
archway,  leading  to  its  front  door  and  the 


houses  which  had  been  erected  in  the  rear 
of  the  estate. 

In  1851,  the  whole  building  was  changed 
in  appearance,  its  interior  having  been  re- 
modeled for  the  purpose  of  accommodating  a 
company  of  Eolian  vocalists  under  John  P. 
Ordway,  Esq.,inl852  ;  and  it  was  at  this  time 
that  the  outside  was  covered  with  a  coat  of 
yellowish  mastic.  The  old  Indian  chief,  the 
wonder  of  the  small  children  of  by  gone 
days,  has  been  removed  to  the  town  of  Brook- 
line,  where,  perhaps,  he  will  shoot  the  arrow, 
as  rumor  says  he  formerly  used  to  do,  on 
hearing  the  clock  strike  one. 

When  the  great  change  came  over  the 
old  building,  there  was  a  great  exertion  in 
procuring  relics  of  the  "  old  Govenor's 
house  ; "  and  parts  of  it  were  eagerly  sought 
for  and  obtained  by  savers  of  memorials  of 
the  past.  The  old  iron  fence,  which  formed 
a  balcony  over  the  principal  entrance  to  the 
mansion,  and  which  was  pronounced  by 
competent  judges — as  well  by  amateurs  sa 
by  connoisseurs — to  be  the  most  beautiful 
specimen  of  wrought  iron  work  in  the  coun- 
try, was  removed.  A  large  part  of  the 
wainscoting  was  purchased  by  B.  Perley 
Poore,  Esq.,  and  removed  to  Indian  Hill,  in 
Newbury,  where  it  will  be  used  for  the  finish 
of  one  or  more  rooms  of  the  famous  anti- 
quarian palace,  which  he  is  constructing  there 
from  the  noted  building  which  the  ruthless 
hand  of  "  improvement"  is  so  fast  removing ; 
so  that  what  the  late  eminent  scholar  Haw- 
thorne has  preserved  in  legend,  an  antiqua- 
rian with  a  fervid  interest  in  the  past,  will 
strive  to  reproduce  in  reality. 

It  is  undoubtedly  the  desire  of  very  many 
persons,  that  this  old  relic  of  the  days  of  our 
fathers  may  be  allowed  to  remain  ;  and  that 
the  walls,  with  a  rejuvenated  interior,  may 
pass  down  to  many  successive  generations, 
as  a  memorial  of  the  days  that  tried  men's 
souls.  It  is,  therefore,  with  much  pleasure 
that  it  can  be  stated,  that  the  Greenough 
family,  so  favorably  known  by  its  gifted  sons, 
who  have  given  such  good  evidence  of  their 
extraordinary  taste  in  the  fi*ne  arts,  intend  to 
preserve  what  remains  of  the  old  building, 
and  restore  what  has  been  destroyed,  and 
even  replace  the  old  Indian  chief  as  he  was. 
in  days  of  yore. 


18C4.] 


HISTORICAL     MAGAZINE 


395 


"  History  of  Gov.  Andrews's  School- 
house." — The  following  is  copied  from  the 
Portland  Transcript. 

Editor  Transcript: — A  fire  broke  out  in 
the  shoe  shop  of  James  Smith,  in  Wind- 
ham, on  Sunday  night  last,  destroying  the 
building  and  all  its  contents.  No  insurance 
— loss  1700.  The  building  was  put  up  by 
Jonathan  Andrews,  of  this  town,  for  a  study 
room,  in  which  his  two  sons,  under  the 
care  of  a  private  teacher,  were  fitted  for  the 
academy,  one  of  whom  now  holds  the  office 
of  Governor  of  Massachusetts. 

Since  that  time  the  old  school-room  has 
been  moved  to  thirteen  different  places — 
first  used  as  a  school-room,  then  a  confec- 
tionery store,  then  a  grog-shop,  then  a  place 
for  storing  apples,  then  a  store  room  for  the 
sack  business,  and  so  on,  being  used  at  each 
place  for  a  different  purpose.  Twice  it  has 
been  out  of  town  and  twice  returned. 

S.  L.  Coonley. 

Windham,  Sept.  19,  1864. 


Folk  Lore — The  Bible  and  Key. — I  find 
in  the  Dutch  records  of  the  year  1662  in 
the  state  office,  Albany,  N.  Y.,  a  case  men- 
tioned where  parties  had  recourse  to  the 
Bible  and  Key  in  order  to  discover  a  thief, 
for  which  superstitious  act  they  were  pre- 
sented by  the  Fiscal.  The  complaint  which 
I  condense  from  the  original  Dutch  MS.  sets 
forth  that  a  certain  Englishman  named  Wil- 
liam Britton  living  at  Mespath  Kill,  on  Long 
Island,  near  New  York,  had  been  robbed  of 
lOOlbs  of  tobacco,  whereupon  George  Hu- 
wel,  Doctor  James  Clarke,  and  Daniel  East 
came  together  and  resolved  to  turn  the  Bible, 
which  George  Huwrel  said  he  had  repeatedly 
done,  or  seen  done,  whereby  the  thief  would 
be  discovered.  Thereupon  Dr.  Clarke,  and 
Huwel  began,  and  East  read  the  text  and  one 
Jacob  Elderse  was  declared  to  be  the  thief. 
Jacob  immediately  complained  of  this  slander 
to  the  Fiscal,  who  denounced  the  proceeding 
"not  only  as  a  species  of  witchcraft,  but  even 
a  horrible  profanation  of  the  Holy  Script- 
ures, which  are  here  made  use  of  to  invoke 
the  aid  of  the  Devil,  thereby  perverting 
the  word  of  God  to  the  Devil's  service,  in 
direct  contravention  to  the  canon  and  civil 
laws,  as  may  be  seen  by  Leviticus  19:  31; 


20:  6;  Deut.  18:  10,11,  12  et stq;  Exod. 
22:  18,  in  which  all  learned  1  factors  agree ;  " 
and  demanded  that  the  accused  be  punished 
by  the  rope  until  death  ensue.  The  prison- 
ers Clarke  and  Huwel  said  they  had  only 
held  the  key  and  that  East  read  the  text. 

On  22  June,  1662,  judgment  was  pro- 
nounced setting  forth,  that  the  prisoners  had 
dared,  in  the  presence  of  several  bystanders, 
to  turn  theBible  on  a  key,  and  moreover  to 
read  some  verses  from  the  50th  Psalm  up  to 
the  time  the  Bible  fell  from  their  hands,  im- 
piously presuming  that  the  thief  could  be 
discovered.  These  being  Devil's  tricks  &c.„ 
the  prisoners  were  sentenced  to  be  conducted 
to  the  place  of  public  justice  in  New  Am- 
sterdam (now New  York)  and  there  fastened, 
to  the  stake  or  post,  with  a  placard  fixed  to 
their  breasts  having  inscribed  thereon  these 
words :  Bible  Turners  and  Profaners  of 
God's  Holy  Word,  and  to  pay  costs. 

e.  b.  o'c. 


The  American  Flag.  —  In  looking 
through  my  Library  I  chanced  upon  a  curi- 
ous little  book,  beautifully  illustrated  with 
portraits  of  reigning  sovereigns,  and  effigies, 
printed  at  London,  by  Benj.  Motte'm  (?)^ 
1704  (the  date  is  somewhat  indistinct  but 
concurrent  circumstances  prove  that  was 
about  the  year).  It  is  entitled  "  The  Pres- 
ent State  of  the  Universe  &c."  and  is  very 
much  on  the  principle  of  the  Almanack  of 
Gotha.  The  volume  referred  to  is  the  4th 
edition. 

In  it  the  United  Provinces  of  Holland 
are  styled  the  United  States,  the  title  our 
confederation  or  nation  has  since  assumed. 

The  close  of  the  book  is  devoted  to  effi- 
gies of  the  flags  of  different  nations,  and 
presents  two  flags  the  writer  has  never  be- 
fore seen  referred  to,  as  connected  with  our 
own  government. 

It  has  been  always  taken  for  granted  that 
the  13  stripes  were  first  suggested  by  the 
union  of  the  American  thirteen  provinces. 
But  it  appears  that  there  was  already  a  flag- 
in  existence  having  just  the  same  number, 
and  arranged  and  colored  exactly  the  same, 
13  stripes,  red  and  white,  like  our  own, 
namely,  the  flag  of  the  East  India  Company; 
and  the  stripes  are  disposed  as  our  own  are, 


396 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Dec. 


red  top    and    bottom,   and    alternate    with 
white. 

Had  the  existence  of  this  flag  any  con- 
nection with  the  idea  of  our  own  ?  Why 
had  it  thirteen  stripes,  and  those  stripes  red 
and  white  ?    This  question  is  interesting. 

In  place  of  the  union  of  our  flag  there  is 
a  red  cross,  the  red  cross  of  St.  George, 
on  a  white  ground. 

This  brings  us  to  the  next  flag  shown  in 
the  book.  The' "New  England  Ensign," 
field  red  with  the  same  red  cross  on  a 
white  ground  in  place  of  our  union,  and  in 
the  upper  square  of  white  next  the  staff 
formed  by  the  red  cross,  common  to  this 
and  the  flag  of  the  East  India  Company, 
there  is  what  appears  to  be  a  tree,  color 
green.  Was  this  the  Pine  Tree  of  Massa- 
chusetts ? 

If  there  is  anything  new  in  these  facts, 
it  is  to  be  hoped  that  some  one  having  bet- 
ter access  to  books  and  documents  will  try 
and  explain  the  coincidence  of  the  thirteen 
red  and  white  stripes  in  the  East  India 
Company's  flag,  and  our  own,  and  discover 
the  date,  origin  and  signification  (for  all  flags 
in  those  days  had  meanings,)  of  the  New 
England  flag  of  that  early  date. 

It  may  be  an  oversight,  but  there  seems 
to  be  no  mention  of,  or  allusion  to,  this  flag 
in  G-en.  Schuyler  Hamilton's  "  History  of 
the  American  Flag,"  1853,  and  the  facts 
herein  referred  to  are  claimed  as  something 
new  in  connection  with  that  glorious  ensign, 
traitors  and  rebels  and  their  sympathisers 
have  in  vain  sought  to  humiliate,  but  which 
will,  eventually,  in  the  Providence  of  God, 
float  the  emblem  of  purified  liberty  over  a 
continent,  the  signal  of  welcome  and  pro- 
tection to  the  oppressed  and  homeless  of  the 
world. 

Yes,  yet  victorious, 

"  Flag  of  the  brave  !  thy  folds  shall  fly 

The  sign  of  hope  and  triumph  nigh." 

ANCHOR. 

Tivoli,  Oct.  4, 1864. 


New  UxRECHT.-On  16  July  1692,  Jacques 
Cortelyou,  J.  P.,  and  Rev.  Rudolphus  Varick, 
of  Kings  Co.  presented  a  petition  to  the  com- 
mander in  chief  of  the  Province  of  New  York , 
praying  that  Joost  de  Baane  be  restored  to 


the  office  of  reader  and  schoolmaster  to 
the  town  of  New  Utrecht,  he  having  been 
turned  out  of  the  place  by  the  followers  of 
Jacob  Leisler,  whom  he  refused  to  join, 
"although  the  land  out  of  which  the  school- 
master and  Reader  of  ye  Towne  is  maintain- 
ed, was  given  to  the  Town,  by  the  said 
Justice  (Cortelyou)  out  of  his  proper  Estate. '' 
It  appears  by  N.  Y.  Counc.  Mm.  6 :  111, 
that  De  Baane  was  licensed  accordingly 
and  it  was  ordered  that  he  receive  the 
Salary  of  Schoolmaster  and  Reader  of  said 
Town,  and  that  none  other  officiate  in  the 
quality  of  a  schoolmaster  in  the  sd  Town 
without  a  lycense  from  the  Gouvernment, 
nor  in  the  quality  of  Reader  but  by  the 
appoinment  of  the  Minister.  Is  the  land 
thus  given  in  trust  for  educational  purposes, 
still  devoted  to  that  object,  or  what  has  the 
Town  done  with  it?  e.  b.  o'c. 


The  John  St.  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  New  York. —  This  church  ap- 
proaches the  term  of  its  first  century  of 
existence.  On  Sunday  Oct.  30,  1864,  it  cel- 
ebrated its  ninety-sixth  anniversary  with 
interesting  services.  The  original  deed 
which  gave  to  Methodism  the  ground  on 
which  they  were  worshiping  was  produced 
by  Mr.  Wakeley.  It  was  picked  up  by  Wil- 
liam Norris  in  a  garret  in  that  city.  The 
paper  stated  that  the  ground  was  bought 
from  Mary  Barclay,  the  widow  of  Henry 
Barclay,  who  was  pastor  of  Trinity  Church, 
and  bore  the  names  of  Philip  Embury, 
Charles  White,  and  others. 

The  minds  of  the  audience  naturally  went 
back  to  the  founders  of  John  street  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  and  they  seemed  to  see 
Philip  Embury  wending  his  way  up  the  hill 
on  that  very  day,  (the  31st  of  October,  1768,) 
and  dedicating  the  chureh  that  he  had  erect- 
ed, with  his  own  hand.  It  was  a  singular  fact 
that  three  British  officers  who  were  in  New 
York  at  that  time  were  the  three  main  finan- 
cial and  spiritual  pillars  upon  which  the 
John  street  church  was  built.  Their  names 
were  Capt.  Thomas  Webb,  Philip  Lobdiel, 
and  John  Shay. 


Captain  Isaac  Davis. —  As  many  in- 
quiries have  been  made,  and  hitherto  unsuc- 


18G4.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


397 


cessfully,  to  ascertain  the  lineage  of  Capt- 
Isaac  Davis,  who  fell  at  Concord  Bridge  in 
1775,  the  writer,  one  of  the  descendants, 
would  copy  from  a  family  record  just  com- 
pleted an  authentic  account.  He  was  the 
son  of  Ezekiel,  sou  of  Dr.  John  Davis  of 
Acton,- sou  of  Dr.  Simon  Davis  of  Carlisle, 
son  of  Lieut.  Simon  Davis,  so  called,  a  rep- 
resentative, and  otherwise  distinguished  in 
Concord  in  1060,  son  of  Dolon,  or  Dollar 
Davis  of  Cambridge,  Groton,  Concord  and 
Barnstable.     In  the  latter  place  he  died. 

c.  w. 


Punishment  for  Blasphemy. — By  the 
Rules  and  Articles  of  War  "  for  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  Militia  and  other  Forces  in  the 
Province  of  New  York"  in  1691,  it  was 
enacted  as  follows: 

"  §  2.  If  any  Officer  or  Souldier  shall 
presume  to  Blaspheme  the  Holy  and  undi- 
vided Trinity  or  the  Person  of  God  the 
Father,  God  the  Son,  or  God  the  Holy  Ghost 
or  shall  presume  to  speak  against  any  known 
Article  of  the  Christian  faith,  he  shall  have 
his  Tongue  bored  thro'  with  a  Red  hot 
Iron." 


John  Singleton  Copley  and  his 
Step-Father  Peter  Pelham.  It  is  en- 
tirely improbable  that  Smibert,  who  died  in 
1751,  could  have  been  the  instructor  of  Cop- 
ley, who  was  at  that  date  only  a  trifle  over 
twelve  years  old.  But  it  is  highly  probable 
that  Copley's  stepfather,  Peter  Pelham,  was 
fully  competent  to  give  him  all. necessary  in- 
struction in  the  rudiments  of  the  art.  Pel- 
ham was  an  engraver,  and  at  the  Boston 
Athena3um  will  be  found  ranged  round  the 
wall,  near  the  entrance,  some  six  or  more 
engravings  by  him  of  the  prominent  clergy- 
men of  the  day.  More  than  this,  there  will 
be  found  one  engraving  dated  1753,  made 
by  Copley  himself,  then  only  fifteen  years 
old,  showing  clearly  that  he  was  brought  up 
to  exercise  the  'same  art  as  his  stepfather. 
Pelham  engraved  one  or  two  plates  from 
Smibert's  pictures  ;  hence,  presumably,  he 
was  a  friend  of  the  latter,  and  this  intima- 
cy may  account  for  the  story  that  Copley 
was  the  pupil  of  Smibert. 

The  only  point  now  to  consider  is  this  : 


was  Pelham  a  painter  as  well  as  an  engrav- 
er ?  I  think  he  was,  and  that  the  proof  is  at 
the  Athenaeum.  The  visitor  will  find  there 
an  old  engraving  of  Cotton  Mather  thus  in- 
scribed :  P.  Pelham  <id  vivum  pinxit  ah  or- 
igin fecit  et  excud.  Over  the  entrance  door 
will  be  seen  a  portrait  in  oil,  kindly  loaned 
by  the  American  Antiquarian  Society,  which 
came  from  the  Mather  family.  It  is  pre- 
cisely the  same  portrait,  except  that  every- 
thing is  reversed ;  as  if  the  artist  having 
painted  the  sketch  had  copied  it  exactly  as  it 
stood.  Now  since  we  have  Pelham's  state- 
ment that  he  painted  just  such  a  picture, 
and  there  is  no  other  artist  suggested  for 
this,  is  it  not  fair  to  claim  this  for  Pelham 
as  his  original?  I  believe  I  am  right  in  add- 
ing, that  this  portrait  is  the  work  of  a  bet- 
ter artist  than  Smibert. 

As  to  the  time  of  Pelham's  decease  noth- 
ing is  known,  though  it  seems  probable  that 
it  was  in  1752.  This  would  account  for 
Copley's  name  being  placed  on  the  engrav- 
ing before  cited.  It  seems  incredible  that 
he  should  have  done  the  work  at  so  youthful 
an  age  One  of  his  earliest  pictures,  no 
doubt,  is  the  portrait  of  Rev.  Arthur  Browne, 
of  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  dated  1757,  and  now, 
by  the  kindness  of  Rev.  Charles  Burroughs, 
D.  D.,  in  the  exhibition  at  the  Athenaeum. 
Though  the  widow  Copley  before  and  after 
her  second  marriage,  undoudtedly  was  a  to- 
bacconist, Pelham  did  not  interfere  in  the 
business.  Pelham  kept  school,  but  left  the 
other  matters  to  his  wife  at  home.  Instead 
of  "spining  pigtail,"  John  Singleton  Copley 
no  doubt,  was  very  soon  found  serviceable  at 
his  stepfather's  studio,  and  there  passed 
busy  and  useful  hours  in  learning  the  rudi- 
ments of  painting  and  engraving. 


Washington  Cents. — The  following 
extract  in  relation  to  the  Coins  which  have 
brought  such  enormous  prices,  at  the  late 
sales  in  this  city  will  he  read  with  inter- 
est at  this  time.  The  prices  at  which  these 
pieces  were  sold  when  they  were  first  coined 
in  England  was  from  a  six  pence  to  a  shil- 
ling. One  of  English  origin  was  lately  sold 
here  for  $450 ! 

"I  have  in  my  possession  fifty-five  differ- 
ent American    pieces,  some  minted  there, 


398 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Dec. 


and  others  in  Great  Britain;  several  of 
which,  circulated  in  this  country,  were  im- 
properly included  in  the  lists  that  have  been 
published ;  as  the  Medalet  of 'Washington," 
"United  States,"  "New  York  Tokens." 
They  may  be  collected  as  American  pieces, 
but  can  never  be  regarded  as  British. 

James  Condor. 

Ipswich,  August  1,  1778. 

Arrangement   of    Provincial    Coins    &c. 
Ipswich,  1798. 


Venerable   Voters.     The  number  of 
aged  citizens  on  the   island   of  Nantucket 
who  voted  the  Union  ticket  at  the  Presiden- 
tial election  is  somewhat  remarkable.     Not 
less  than  fifty-five  men,  the  age  of  each  one 
of  whom  was  more  than  three  score  years 
and  ten,  went  to  the  polls  and  cast  their  bal- 
lots for  Abraham    Lincoln.     Among   them 
was  the  venerable  Capt.  Peter  Bussell,  who 
has  not  walked  a  step  for  many  years,  but 
who  in  spite  of  the   inclement  weather,  in- 
sisted upon  being  carried  to  the  ballot-box. 
Their  ages  are  as  follows: — - 
Fourteen-     -     -     -    aged     75     years. 
Seven      -     -     -     -       «       76 
Six  -    -    -    -      "       77 

Two  -  -  -  -  "  78  " 
Thirteen  -  -  -  -  "  79  " 
Eight  -  -  -  -  "  80  " 
One  -     -     -     -       "       81        " 

Two  -  -  -  -  "  83  " 
One  -     -     -     -       «       85 

One  -■---«       89 


An  Ancient  New-England  Nom  de 
Plume. — The  reverend  and  very  eccentric 
Nathaniel  Ward,  of  Ipswich,  in  an  amusing 
tract  printed  in  1647,  and  styled  the  "Sim- 
ple Cobler  of  Aggawam,"  converts  his  own 
name  into  "  Theodore  de  la  Garde."  Na- 
thaniel and  Theodore  anciently  had  the  same 
interpretation,  "the  gift  of  God  ;"and  Ward 
and  de  la  garde  have  the  same  signification 
in  the  English  and  French. 


Old  Sheep  Pastures. — In  some  parts 
of  Britain,  particularly  Wales  and  Scotland , 
land  has  been  constantly  grazed  by  sheep 


for  more  than  a  thousand  years,  with  no  di- 
minution of  fertility  or  production,  as  is 
known  from  the  number  of  sheep  kept  from 
year  to  year.  Of  course,  the  newness  of  our 
country  does  not  admit  of  its  furnishing  any 
such  example  as  this  ;  but  we  have  lands  on 
which  sheep  have  been  pastured  ever  since 
the  forest  was  cut  off,  embracing  in  some 
instances  a  period  of  nearly  two  hundred 
years. 


The  Irrepressible  Negro. — Sweer 
Teunissen's  negro  Jacob,  of  Schenectady,  ran 
away  in  1679,  and  a  hue  and  cry  was  sent 
forth  for  his  arrest.  He  is  described  as  of  a 
very  dark  complexion,  wearing  a  half  worn 
gray  hat,  "  buttoned  of  on  one  side."  "  He 
speakes  good  English  and  Dutch,  and  can 
readDutch ;  he  speakes  good  Maguase  and 
Mahikanders,  Indian  Langadge." 


QUERIES. 

Funeral  Sermons  of  Gov.  Burnet, 
and  his  Wife. — I  have  before  me  an  old 
MS.  copy  of  two  sermons,  namely  "  A  Ser- 
mon Preached  at  the  Interment  of  Mrs  Anna 
Maria  Burnet,  Wife  to  his  Ex<-t  William 
Burnet,  Esqr  in  the  Chappie  in  his  Majes- 
tie's  Fort  in  New  York  the         day  of 

in  the  year  by  the  Bevd  Mr  Orum," 
and  "A  Sermon  Preached  at  the  Interment 
of  his  Excy  William  Burnet,  Esq1  in  the 
King's  Chappie  in  Boston  in  New  England 
the  12th  day  of  September,  in  the  year  1729, 
by  the  Bevd  Mr  Price." 

I  should  be  pleased  to  have,  1,  the  date 
of  the  first  sermon  j  2,  what  was  Mrs  Bur- 
net's aneestry  j3,  did  Governor  Burnet  leave 
any  children ;  and  4,  are  these  sermons  in 
print.  t.  H.  m. 


Cotton  Mill. — Mr.  Beck,  vice-director 
of  Curacao,  writing  in  1657,-  to  the  chamber 
at  Amsterdam,  advises  them  of  his  efforts  to 
encourage  the  cultivation  in  that  island  of  the 
Cotton  plant,  having  sent  to  the  island  for 
good  and  fresh  seed.  When  the  crop  is 
ready,  we  shall,  he  goes  on  to  say,  "  exert 
our  best  knowledge  and  ability  to  clean  it, 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


399 


having  brought  with  me  here  from  Burba- 
does,  one  of  the  same  sort  of  little  Mill 
(meulentie)  as  is  made  use  of  in  Siara,  and 
by  that  can  have  made  as  many  as  will  be 
needed."  Mr.  Beck  had  served  previously 
in  Brazil,  where,  it  is  supposed,  he  had  seen 
the  above  cotton  mill  in  operation.  It  will 
be  observed  that  one  of  the  properties  of  this 
mill  was  to  clean  the  cotton,  it  is  supposed, 
of  the  seed.  The  question  then  naturally 
suggests  itself,  whether  it  had  any  affinity 
to  Whitney's  celebrated  Cotton   Grin. 

o'c. 


Who  was  John  Carey,  the  Editor 
op  Washington's  Letters  in  1795? — 
Mr  Sparks,  while  giving  his  name,  makes 
no  allusion  to  his  history.  In  his  preface 
the  editor  says  the  letters  were  copied  from 
the  originals  in  the  state  department, 
Philadelphia,  and  that  their  authenticity 
would  be  vouched  for  by  the  then  minister 
to  Great  Britain,  Thomas  Pinckney.  I  have 
searched  vainly  in  works  on  Washington 
to  ascertain  who  this  John  Carey  was; 
none  of  the  biographers  of  Washington 
seem  to  know  who  he  was.  Any  particulars 
as  to  him  will  be  interesting,  not  only  to 
the  inquirer,  but  to  many  others.  The 
edition  is  highly  prized,  and  now  so  scarce 
that  it  readily  commands  from  seven  to  ten 
dollars.  Inquirer. 


New  York  Paper  Money. — Was  any 
paper  money  issued  by  the  city  of  New 
York,  between  the  years  1784  and  1810  ? 

p. 


What  was  this  Book? — A  gentleman 
residing  in  Paris  in  1791  writes  in  his  jour- 
nal "  I  am  informed  by  Mr.  Short,  American 
charge  des  affaires  that  there  is  a  book  now  in 
Paris  that  one  may  with  propriety  assert  was 
manufactured  wholly  in  America  —  that  is 
to  say,  the  types  were  founded  there,  the 
paper  made,  the  treatise  composed  and  print- 
ed, and  the  material  of  the  binding  produced 
and  fabricated  there — and  the  nobleman 
who  now  has  it  in  possession  says  the  impres- 
sion is  equal  to  that  of  the  types  made  by  the 
famous    Baskerville." 


Can  any  of  your  readers  inform  us  of  the 
title  of  this  then  celebrated  book  ?         b. 
Boston,  Oct,  1864. 


In  what  year  was  Mendham,  Morris  co., 
New  Jersey,  founded,  and  in  what  year  was 
the  first  church  built  there  ?  p.  w.  B. 

REPLIES. 

Revolutionary  Pensioners,  Vol. 
Viii,  p.  148.- — Of  the  twelve  Revolutionary 
Pensioners  mentioned  in  vol.  viii,  p.  148, 
as  then  living,  Amaziah  Goodwin,  born  Feb. 
1G,  1763,  not  1759,  and  William  Hutch- 
ings,  born  in  York,  Me.  1764,  were  both  on 
the  pension  roll  of  Maine.  Goodwin  re- 
ceived his  last  pension  in  March  1863,  and 
died  in  June,  of  that  year,  which  would  make 
his  age  100  at  the  time  of  his  death.  Hutch- 
ings  is  still  alive  at  the  age  of  100  years, 
residing  in  the  town  of  Penobscot,  Maine. 

The  great  age  attained  by  some  of  the 
Revolutionary  pensioners  may  be  seen  by  the 
following  list  of  those  living  in  Maine,  in 
1859,  viz : 

Job  Allen,  Cumberland  County,  aged  in 
1859,  96,  dead.  Nathan  Doughty,  Cum- 
berland county,  aged  in  1859,  95,  deed. 
Wm.  Tukey,  Cumberland  County,  died 
in  1858,  aged  93.  Isaac  Abbott,  Oxford 
County,  aged  in  1859,  97,  died  1861.  Sam- 
uel Ackley,  Oxford  County,  aged  in  1859, 

94,  died  1861.  Benjamin  Berry,  Somerset 
County,  aged  in  1859,  97,  dead.  Josiah 
Parker,  Somerset  County,  aged  in  1859,  95, 
dead.  Ralph  Farnham,  York  County,  aged 
in  1859,  103,  died  1860.  Amaziah  Good- 
win, York  County,  aged  in  1859,  96,  died 
1863.  John  Hamilton,  York  County,  aged 
in  1859,  99,  deed.  Jacob  Rhodes,  York 
County,  aged  in  1859,  95,  deed.  Wm. 
Hutchings,  Hancock  County,  aged  in  1859, 

95,  living.  James  W.  Head,  Lincoln  Coun- 
ty, aged  in  1859,  93,  died  Aug.  1861. 
John  C.  Mink,  Lincoln  County,  aged  in  1859, 

96,  dead.  Foster  Wentworth,  Lincoln  Co., 
aged  in  1859,  95,  deed.  Wm.  Wyman, 
Lincoln  County,  aged  in  1859,  97,  deed. 

The  Rev.  John  Sawyer,  a  clergyman  of 
the  congregational  order,  of  great  worth, 
died  in  Bangor,  Oct.  14,  1858,  at  the  age  of 


400 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Dec, 


103  years.  He  was  born  in  Hebron,  Conn. 
Oct.  4,  1755,  graduated  at  Dartmouth  Col- 
lege in  1785,  after  having  served  in  the 
army  of  the  revolution.  He  was  settled 
in  the  ministry  first  in  Oxford  N.  H,  next 
in  Garland,  Me.  He  was  many  years  a  re- 
volutionary pensioner,  and  retained  his  facul- 
ties to  his  last  days.  So  also  did  Ralph 
Farnham,  who  was  born  in  Lebanon,  Me., 
July,  7,  1756,  was  at  the  battle  of  Bunker 
Hill,  and  having  served  with  honor  through 
the  war,  he  returned  to  his  peaceful  agri- 
cultural pursuits.  At  the  age  of  104,  he 
was  able  to  make  a  journey  to  Boston,  and 
was  there  received  with  much  honor  as  the 
last  survivor  of  that  brilliant  battle.  The 
excitement  was  too  much  for  him,  and  lost 
him  his  life,  which  closed  in  December, 
1860.  He  retained  his  intellect  and  memo- 
ry to  his  latest  day. 
Portland,  Nov.,  1864. 


W.  W. 


Descendants  of  John  Fenwick  (Vol, 
Vlii.  p.  210). —  Your  correspondent  (who, 
by  the  way,  does  not  answer  my  query)  says 
that  there  appears  to  be  a  close  connexion 
between  the  families  of  Lorraine  of  North- 
umberland, and  Fenwick.  I  can  state  ex- 
actly   what  that    connexion    was.      Grace, 

daughter   of Lorrain,    Esq.,   was   the 

second  wife  of  Sir  John  Fenwick,  Bart. 
He  was  born  in  1579,  made  baronet  9th  of 
June  1628.  Their  children  were  William, 
Alan,  and  Grace.  p. 


Thomas  Maria  Wingfield. — Camden 
mentions  Wingfield,  known  in  early  Vir- 
ginian history  as  one  of  the  two  private 
men  in  England  who  in  his  time  had  two 
Christian  names.  The  other  instance  was 
Sir  Thomas  Posthumous  Hobby,  (see  Re- 
maines  concerning  Britaine,  p.  44).  King- 
Charles  and  his  son  Henry  are  the  royal 
examples  given. 


i^tr0spti0nstfitoarpi^|lKtipwiaii. 


Negro  Slavery  in  New  England. — 
That  Negro    Slavery  was    never    of  much 


account  in  the  New  England  colonies  is 
very  manifest  from  various  sources.  To 
one  of  these  sources  it  is  the  business  of 
this  paper  to  call  attention,  viz.:  to  "An 
Abridgement  of  the  Laws  in  Force  and  Use 
in  Her  Majesty's  Plantations;  namely  of 
Virginia,  Jamaica,  Barbadoes,  Mary- 
land, New  England,  New  York,  Caro- 
lina, &c,  digested  under  proper  heads  in 
the  method  of  Mr.  Wingate,  and  Mr. 
Washington's  Abridgements." — This  vol- 
ume is  an  octavo  about  500  pages,  printed 
in  London,  1704.  The  name  of  the  Com- 
piler does  not  appear  in  it.  His  preface  is 
dated,  "London,  March  1,1701."  Who- 
ever he  was,  he  tells  the  reader  "he  had 
been  considerable  time  in  preparing  and 
perfecting  it,"  which  gave  opportunity  for 


procuring  from  the  colonies, 


reral  laws 


in  manuscript,  and  some  very  lately  made." 
Of  this  curious  collection  of  colonial 
laws,  Virginia  occupied  ninety-two  pages; 
Jamaica,  eighty- eight;  Barbadoes,  ninety- 
seven;  Maryland,  eighty-eight;  New  Eng- 
land, one-hundred;  New  York  and  South 
Carolina  are  thrown  into  an  appendix  of 
nineteen  pages. 

In  the  collection  of  laws  here  brought 
together,  slavery  is  specially  noticed,  with 
the  remarkable  exception  of  New  England. 
That  there  should  be  no  notice  of  any  law 
or  laws  regulating  the  institution  in  the 
New  England  colonies,  is  evidence  quite 
conclusive  that  "Negro  slavery  was  never 
of  much  account"  in  them.  But  as  slavery 
was  not  illegal  anywhere,  and  as  the  coun- 
try grew  populous,  slaves  were  from  time 
to  time  brought  in.  Yet  there  was  always 
a  part  of  the  community  who  took  a  very 
decided  stand  against  it.  In  1701  the 
representatives  to  the  general  court  of 
Massachusetts  from  Boston,  were  instructed 
"to  promote  the  encouraging  the  bringing 
in  of  white  servants,  and  to  put  a  period 
to  negroes  being  slaves."  Slavery,  how- 
ever, continued  in  Massachusetts  to  the  time 
of  the  Be  volution  of  1775;  about  which 
period  it  virtually  ceased. 

In  Virginia  there  was  a  law  made  in 
1669  providing  that,  "if  any  slave  resist 
his  master,  or  others  by  his  master's  order 
correcting  him,   and    by  the    extremity   of 


18G4.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


401 


correction  should  chance  to  die,  it  shall  not 
be  accounted  felony,  but  the  master  and 
other  person  appointed  by  him  shall  be 
acquitted  from  molestation." 

The  next  year  the  following  curious  en- 
actment relative  to  slaves  appears: — "All 
Servants,  not  being'  Christians,  imported 
into  this  Country  [Virginia]  by  shipping, 
shall  be  slaves  for  their  life  time,  but  such 
as  come  by  land  shall  serve,  if  boys  and 
girls  till  30  years  of  age,  if  men  and 
women,  twelve  years  and  no  longer." 
There  is  nothing  further  in  this  volume  of 
laws  bearing  upon  the  subject  of  slavery  in 
Virginia,  while  it  contains  several  pages  on 
the  subject  in  Maryland;  but  as  my  object 
in  this  paper  was  merely  to  revert  to  slavery 
in  New  England,  and  to  show  from  an 
authentic  source,  that  it  was  not  regarded 
at  the  beginning  of  the  last  century  as  hav- 
ing anything  like  permanency  here,  the 
subject  will  now  be  dismissed.  G. 


Samtm  itnir  tljw  f  nrmitep. 


NEW  YORK. 

Long  Island  Historical  Society.  —  Brooklyn 
Nov.  3,  1864.  A  regular  meeting  of  the  Society 
was  held  at  their  rooms,  in  the  evening  of  Novem- 
ber the  3rd,  which  was  attended  by  a  large  and 
fashionable  audience.  Judge  Greenwood  pre- 
sided. Dr.  II.  R.  Stiles,  Librarian,  announced 
that  during  tbe  past  month  there  had  been  re- 
ceived by  donation  55  bound  and  77  unbound 
volumes,  and  by  purchase  and  exchange  20  bound 
and  9  unbound  volumes ;  total,  81  bound  and  8G 
unbound  works.  Also  130  Mss.  and  97  articles 
of  a  miscellaneous  nature,  such  as  coins,  pict- 
ures, &c. 

Special  mention  was  made  of  a  valuable  dona- 
tion of  autograph  letters  of  distinguished  men, 
presented  by  Mr.  Gabriel  Harrison ;  and,  also, 
of  an  exceedingly  curious  and  interesting  col- 
lection of  10  Ms.  volumes,  in  the  handwriting  of 
Rev.  N.  Huntting,  of  Easthampton,  L.  I.,  cover- 
ing the  period  from  1700~to  1748;  also,  a  pack- 
age of  78  autograph  letters,  of  nearly  all  the  pas- 
tors of  Easthampton,  the  gift — together  with 
many  rare  and  valuable  Long  Island  pamphlets, 
of  the  sons  of  Jonathan  Huntting,  of  Southold, 
L.  I.  Also,  an  original  copy  (in  form)  of  the 
"Boston  Ncivs  Letter"  of  July  3.  1710,  printed 
sixty-six  years  before  the  DeclaratiDn  of  Inde- 
pendence, presented  by  T.W.  Valentine,  Princi- 
pal of  Public  School  No.  19;  a  fine  water-color 

HIST.  MAG.      VOL.  VIII.  51 


sketch  of  the  house  in  Philadelphia,  in  which 
Jefferson  wrote  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 
printed  and  presented  by  Mr.  Gabriel  Harrison; 
a  rebel  soldier's  cap,  with  the  Pelican  buttons 
and  a  piece  of  Perry's  flag  ship,  the  Laurence, 
presented  by  the  Rev.  J.  E.  Rockwell,  D.  D. 

The  second  set  of  colors  of  the  First  Long 
Island  Regiment,  have  been  deposited  with  the 
society,  and  are  now  festooned  over  the  folding 
doors  which  open  into  the  lecture  room.  The 
national  flag,  perforated  with  bullets,  bears  the 
scar  of  the  ball  which  killed  its  gallant  bearer 
in  the  battle  of  Spotsylvania,  in  May  last.  His 
portrait  hangs  in  the  Society's  Trophy  and  Relic 
Room,  under  the  first  set  of  colors,  which  after 
having  been  carried  throngh  17  battles,  were 
given  last  year  to  the  keeping  of  this  Society. 

The  Committee  on  the  Natural  History  of  Long 
Island  reported,  that  considerable  progress  had 
been  made  with  the  collections,  during  the  past 
month.  Several  jars  of  Crustacea  and  reptiles, 
with  a  few  species  of  shells,  have  been  received 
from  Mr.  W.  S.  Pelletrean  of  Southampton.  A 
fine  bald  eagle,  shot  near  Flatbush,  has  been  se- 
cured, and  several  other  birds  are  promised  and 
are  nearly  ready  for  the  cases.  A  large  wood- 
chuck,  (a  species  of  marmot),  has  been  received 
from  Elias  Hopkins,  of  Westbury,  L.  I. ;  the  skin 
of  a  raccoon  had  also  been  procured  and  would 
be  prepared.  Henry  G.  Reeve,  Esq.,  of  Brook- 
lyn, has  kindly  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the 
committee  $100  towards  a  collection  of  the  aqua- 
tic or  swimming  birds  of  Long  Island,  The  com- 
mittee take  great  pleasure  in  announcing  this 
liberal  donation,  and  trust  they  may  be  aided 
and  encouraged  by  similar  contributions  to  oth- 
er branches  of  this  department.  A  like  sum 
would  secure  a  good  collection  of  the  larger 
land-birds,  and  another  hundred  dollars  would 
go  far  towards  procuring  specimens  of  the  warb- 
lers, thrushes  and  finckes.  As  the  Committee 
have  reason  to  anticipate  contributions  of  birds 
already  prepared  for  exhibition,  it  is  probable 
that  the  sums  named  would  nearly  complete  the 
collection  of  Long  Island  birds.  In  addition  to 
Mr.  Reeve's  gift,  five  life-memberships  to  the 
Society  have  been  taken  on  account  of  the  or- 
ganization of  this  department,  showing  the  inter- 
est felt  in  its  success.  The  Committee,  with  its 
sub-committees  have  arranged  to  meet  at  the 
Library  on  the  last  Thursday  evening  of  each 
month,  for  the  exhibition  of  interesting  speci- 
mens, and  the  discussion  of  matters  connected 
with  their  work.  A  paper  will  be  read  at  the 
next  meeting  by  Mr.  John  Hooper,  on  "  The 
Algoe  of  Long  Island."  As  soon  as  the  collections 
are  sufficiently  advaned,  cases  will  be  prepared 
and  specimens  placed  on  exhibition. 

Fifteen  new  members  were  elected.  The  So- 
ciety then  listened  to  a  very  interesting  paper 
by  A.  J.  Spooner,  Esq.,  on  "  Moutauk  Point,  its 
Indian  History  and  Traditions."  As  the  essen- 
tial portion  of  this  paper  will  be  published  in. 


402 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[D« 


this  magazine,  we  need  attempt  no  critioism  of  it- 
At  its  close,  the  usual  vote  of  thanks  was 
and  the  meeting  adjourned. 


DELAWARE 

Delaware  Historical  Society. —  Wilmington, 
May  31.  At  a  meeting  of  the  citizens  of  Dela- 
ware held  at  the  Institute  Hall,  Wilmington,  Tues- 
day, May  31st,  1864,  for  the  purpose  of  organiz- 
ing an  Historical  Society  for  the  State,  pursuant 
to  a  public  call  made  by  Wm.  D.  Bowe,  Esq., 
Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  the  Historical  De- 
partment of  the  Wilmington  Institute. 

On  motion  of  Rev.  George  Foote,  the  Hon.  Wil- 
lard  Hall  was  chosen  Chairman  of  the  meeting, 
and  Willard  D.  Dowe  was  chosen  Secretary. 

The  Chairman  declared  the  meeting  fully  or- 
ganized, andready  for  the  transaction  of  business. 

Henry  F.  Askew,  M.  D.,  then  offered  the  fol- 
lowing resolution  viz : 

Resolved,  That  this  meeting  deem  it  expedient 
to  organize  an  Historical  Society  for  the  State  of 
Delaware. 

The  resolution  was  seconded  by  Rev.  George 
Foot,  and  unanimously  adopted. 

On  motion  of  Wm.  R.  Bullock,  M.  D.,  it  was 
resolved  that  a  committee  of  three,  consisting  of 
Wm.  D.  Dowe,  Esq.,  Dr.  H.  F.  Askew,  and  Wm. 
T.  Read,  Esq.,  be  appointed  to  draft  a  Constitu- 
tion for  an  Historical  Society. 

Mr.  Dowe  then  stated  that  information  had 
previously  been  given  to  the  Historical  Society 
of  Pennsylvania,  by  the  Committee  on  Historical 
Department  in  the  Wilmington  Institute,  of  an 
effort  being  made  to  organize  an  Historical  So- 
ciety of  Delaware,  and  that  it  was  our  desire 
that  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania  should 
send  to  us  a  delegation  to  assist  at  the  organiza- 
tion of  an  Historical  Society  in  Delaware.  The 
Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania  had  responded 
by  appointing  the  Hon.  John  M.  Read,  LL.  D., 
Hon.  Oswald  Thompson,  LL.  D.,  Col.  J.  Ross 
Snowden,  and  Horatio  Gates  Jones,  Esq.,  a  dele- 
gation to  visit  and  aid  us  upon  this  occasion. 
All  the  members  of  the  delegation  were  present 
except  the  Hon.  Oswald  Thompson,  whose  health 
prevented  his  being  with  us. 

On  motion  of  Daniel  M.  Ba.tes,  Esq.,  it  was 

Resolved,  That  this  meeting  acknowledges  with 
great  satisfaction  the  interest  manifested  by  the 
Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania  in  the  forma- 
tion of  a  similar  Society  in  Delaware,  and  the  aid 
afforded  towards  such  an  organization  by  the  ap- 
pointment of  delegates  to  attend  this  meeting. 

Resolved,  That  we  cordially  welcome  the  gen- 
tlemen who  are  present  representing  the  His- 
torical Society  of  Pennsylvania,  and  invite  them 
to  share  in  the  deliberations  of  this  meeting. 

Resolved,  That  a  copy  of  these  resolutions  be 
transmitted  to  the  Historical  Society  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 


The  Hon.  Judge  Read,  Chairman  of  the  delega- 
tion, spoke  of  his  pleasure  and  gratification  in 
being  present  to  take  part  in  the  deliberations. 
He  had  always  had  a  strong  affection  for  Dela- 
ware— it  was  tbe  home  of  his  grandfather.  He 
wished  for  the  Society  success  and  prosperity. 

Col.  Snowden  then  delivered  the  inaugural 
address. 

At  the  close  of  Col.  Snowden's  address,  on  mo- 
tion of  Rev.  Charles  Breck,  it  was 

Resolved,  That  Col.  Snowden  be  requested  to 
place  at  tbe  disposal  of  the  Society,  the  able  and 
interesting  paper  read  by  him  at  this  meeting. 

The  Committee  on  drafting  a  Constitution 
stated  that  they  were  prepared  to  report,  a  con- 
stitution for  the  Society.  The  report  was  re- 
ceived, and  the  Constitution  adopted,  with  the 
accompanying  By-Laws. 

Horatio  G.  Jones,  Esq.,  then  addressed  the 
meeting,  expressing  his  great  satisfaction  at  the 
successful  organization  of  the  Historical  Society 
of  Delaware,  which  he  had  just  witnessed.  His 
only  regret  was,  that  the  Society  had  not  been 
established  many  years  ago.  He  felt,  in  common 
with  those  present,  a  lively  interest  in  all  which 
belongs  to  Delaware.  He  himself  was  descended 
from  a  Delaware  family.  He  felt  himself  almost 
a  Delawarian.  He  was  glad  to  see  the  day  when 
the  Historical  Society  of  Delaware  and  the  His- 
torical Society  of  Pennsylvania  strike  hands  in 
a  noble  effort  of  social,  civil,  and  moral  improve- 
ment. Delaware  is  a  rich  field  for  historic  in- 
quiry and  research.  Here  Penn  effected  his  first 
landing  on  the  American  shore;  and  here,  too, 
was  the  first  permanent  settlement  on  the  Dela- 
ware River. 

On  motion  of  Rev.  William  Aikman,  it  was 
unanimously 

Resolved,  That  the  thanks  of  this  meeting  be 
given  to  the  gentlemen  composing  the  delegation 
from  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  for 
their  able  and  interesting  addresses  delivered 
this  day;  and  that  the  Hon  Judge  Read  and  Ho- 
ratio Gates  Jones,  Esq.,  be  requested  to  reduce 
their  remarks  to  writing,  and,  with  the  address 
of  Col.  J.  Ross  Snowden,  to  deposit  them  for  pre- 
servation in  the  archives  of  this  Society. 

On  motion  of  Rev.  Mr.  Foot,  a  committee  of 
three  was  appointed  by  the  chair,  consisting  of 
Daniel  M.  Bates,  Esq.,  Rev.  George  Foot,  and 
Wm.  R.  Bullock,  M.  D.,  to  nominate  officers  for 
the  Society,  under  their  Constitution,  to  serve 
until  the  next  annual  meeting,  on  the  second 
Thursday  of  next  October. 

Major  John  Jones,  through  Dr.  Askew,  pro- 
posed certain  queries  of  interest  in  reference  to 
money  sent,  from  New  Castle  County  by  Nicholas 
Vandyke  and  George  Read,  Esq.,  to  alleviate  the 
wants  of  the  citizens  of  Boston,  while  suffering 
under  the  Port  Bill,  and  the  return  of  the  same 
by  the  Council  of  Boston,  with  interest,  at  the 
time  of  the  great  fire  at,  New  Castle. 

Qx\  motion  of  the  Rev.  Charles  Breck,  they  were. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


403 


referred  to  Win.  T.  Read,  Esq.,  of   Now  Castle, 

for  consideration,  and  to  report  to  the  Society. 

The  committee  on  the  nomination  of  officers 
for  the  Society,  having  prepared  their  report 
presented  the  same. 

Wilmington,  Oct.  IS.  The  First  Annual  Meet- 
ing of  the  Historical  Society  of  Delaware,  was 
held  at  the  Wilmington  Institute.  There  was  a 
large  attendance  present. 

At  11  o'clock,  the  Society  was  called  to  order, 
the  President,  Hon.  Willard  Hall,  in  the  chair. 
After  roll  call,  and  reading  of  the  minutes,  the 
various  committees  reported. 

Mr.  Wm.  T.  Read,  from  the  committee  ap- 
pointed at  the  Inaugural  meeting  on  the  subject 
of  the  fire  in  New  Castle,  April  26th,  1824,  and 
the  correspondence  between  the  citizens  of  that 
town  and  Boston,  Mass.,  presented  a  complete 
report  with  accompanying  documents.  Report 
accepted,  ordered  to  be  filed,  and  the  thanks  of 
the  Society  tendered  Mr.  Read 

From  this  report  it  seems  that  there  were 
twenty-three  houses  destroyed  by  the  fire,  and 
some  twenty-three  families  left  entirely  desti- 
tute, and  the  loss  estimated  at  $10000.  The  fire 
was  arrested  by  the  aid  of  citizens  of  Wilmington. 
That  measures  were  adopted  to  make  the  calamity 
known,  and  solicit  relief,  and  that  Hon.  Nicholas 
Van  Dyke  wrote  to  the  Mayor  of  Boston  relating 
to  the  relief  afforded  by  New  Castle  County, 
Delaware,  to  the  sufferers,  from  the  Boston  Port- 
Bill,  with  the  expectation  that  gratitude  for  this 
act  of  benevolence  to  their  forefathers  might 
move  the  people  of  Boston  to  return  it  by  aid  to 
the  then  afflicted  citizens  of  New  Castle.  That 
the  councils  of  Boston  recommended  that  collec- 
tions should  be  taken  up  in  the  churches  of  that 
city  for  the  relief  of  the  destitute  people  in  New 
Castle.  The  public  meetings  were  held  in  Phil- 
adelphia and  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  and  com- 
mittees appointed  to  solicit  donations  for  the 
sufferers  by  the  fire  in  New  Castle,  April  26, 
1824.  That  the  whole  amount  received  and  dis- 
tributed was  seven  thousand  six  hundred  and 
thirty  dollars  and  nine  cents,  of  which  eleven 
hundred  and  fifty  dollars  and  seventy- three  cents 
was  from  Boston.  That  the  city  of  Boston  was 
not  destroyed  by  fire  when  it  was  evacuated  by 
the  British  army,  March  27,  1776,  nor  at  any 
time  during  the  revolution,  and  therefore  there 
could  have  been  no  sufferers  from  such  calamity, 
nor  money  ever  raised  in  New  Castle  county  for 
their  relief. 

That  the  citizens  of  New  Castle  county  in  1774 
subscribed  and  remitted,  by  their  committee, 
George  Read  and  Nicholas  Van  Dyke,  in  1775, 
one  thousand  dollars,  estimating  the  dollar  at 
seven  shillings  and  sixpence,  Pennsylvania  cur- 
rency, for  the  relief  of  the  sufferers  from  the 
Boston  Port-Bill.  Attached  to  this  report  is  an 
interesting  correspondence  between  George  Read 
and  Samuel  Adams  in  1775. 


Other  committees  reported. 

.Major  John  Jones  presented  to  the  Society  a 
copy  of  the  history  of  Drawyer's  Presbyterian 
church. 

II.  Robert  Penington,  Esq.,  in  behalf  of  Mr. 
Albert  O.  Newton,  presented  to  the  Society  with 
the  original  muster  roll  of  a  company  of  Infantry 
under  the  command  of  Capt.  Henry  Grindage  of 
St.  Georges,  in  the  14th  Regiment  U.  S.  A.,  in 
the  year  1812. 

Also  a  letter  from  Brig.  Gen.  Joseph  Bloom- 
field  to  Capt.  Grindage,  dated  Headquarters 
Trenton,  April  29,  1812,  containing  a  list  of  of- 
ficers appointed  in  the  4th  Department,  from  the 
State  of  Delaware. 

The  thanks  of  the  Society  were  tendered  Mr. 
Newton  for  his  valuable  gifts. 

The  Committee  on  Room  and  Cabinet,  reported 
favorably,  and  were  continued  to  make  suitable 
arrangements. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Breck  called  up  various  amend- 
ments, already  proposed  to  the  Constitution,  and 
on  his  motion  were  severally  adopted,  viz: 

In  article  II,  insert  after  the  word  "ballot," 
"or  otherwise  as  the   Society  may  determine." 

In  article  V,  strike  out  the  words  "from  the 
members  of  the  Executive  Committee." 

In  article  VII,  strike  out  the  words  "11  o'clock, 
A.  M.,  and  10  o'clock,  A.  M." 

Also  adding  an  article  that  every  active  mem- 
ber shall  be  required  to  sign  the  Constitution, 
upon  the  first  convenient  opportunity  after  his 
election. 

A  resolution  referred  to  the  annual  meeting 
relating  to  the  appointment  of  committees  to  visit 
various  portions  of  the  State,  was  called  up, 
and  passed, 

On  motion  of  Mr.  H.  Robt.  Penington,  it  was 

Resolved,  That  the  Corresponding  Secretary 
be  instructed  to  write  to  Mr.  J.  T.  Headly,  re- 
questing whatever  information  he  may  be  dis- 
posed to  give  concerning  the  Rev.  Messrs.  Ma- 
goon,  Alexander  McWhorter,  and  such  other 
persons  connected  with  the  state  to  whom  he  re- 
fers in  his  recent  work  entitled  "The  Chaplains 
of  the  Revolution." 

On  motion  it  was  resolved,  that  the  Society 
proceed  to  the  election  of  officers.  Wm.  T.  Read, 
Esq,,  Rev.  Charles  Breck,  Major  John  Jones, 
Dr.  L.  P.  Bush,  and  Dr.  William  Cummins  were 
appointed  a  committee  to  nominate  officers.  The 
committee  reported  the  following  as  the  nomina- 
tion for  officers,  which  was  accepted,  and  the 
gentlemen  declared  elected  for  the  ensuing  year. 

President — Hon.  Willard  Hall,  Wilmington. 

Vice-Presidents — Wm.  T.  Read,  Esq.,  New  Cas- 
tle; Hon.  S.  M.  Harrington,  Dover;  Gov.  Wm. 
Cannon,  Bridgeville. 

Corresponding  Secretary — Rev.  Leighton  Cole- 
man, Wilmington. 

Recording  Secretary — William  D.  Dowe,  Esq., 
Wilmington. 


404 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE 


[Dec, 


Librarian — Dr.  J.  Frank  Vaughan,  Wilmington. 

Treasurer — Wm.   S.  Hilles,    Esq.,  Wilmington. 

Directors — Dr.  Henry  F.  Askew,  Wilmington; 

Rev.  George  Foot,  Glasgow. 

Major  John  Jones,  Middletown. 

Dr.  William  Cummins,  Smyrna. 

Mr.  James  Ponder,  Milton. 

A  number  of  gentlemen  were  nominated  and 
elected  members  of  the  Society. 

General  Wm.  H.  French  offered  the  following, 
which  was  adopted: 

Resolved,  That  a  committee  of  two  be  appointed 
by  the  President  to  investigate,  and  furnish  for 
the  archives  of  this  Society,  the  Constitution  and 
laws  furnished  for  the  governance  of  the  colo- 
nists of  Delaware,  and  who  was  the  author  of 
said  Constitution. 

General  French  and  Mr.  Read,  appointed  the 
committee. 

On  motion  of  Dr.  Bush  it  was 

Resolved,  That  Jacob  B.  Vandever,  Esq.,  be 
requested  to  prepare  a  geographical  map  of  the 
east  front  of  Wilmington  as  it  existed  at  the  time 
of  the  original  occupation  by  the  Swedes,  to- 
gether with  the  names  of  the  original  settlers. 

The  Rev.  Chas.  Breck  moved  the  following : 

Resolved,  That  for  the  present  the  stated  meet- 
ings of  the  Society  be  held  on  the  second  Thurs- 
day in  each  month,  at  7 J  o'clock,  P.  M.,'  except- 
ing February  and  June,  when  the  Society  shall 
meet  at  10  o'clock,  A.  M.     Adopted. 

On  motion  of  the  Rev.  Leighton  Coleman  it  was 

Resolved,  That  the  question  by  whom,  where, 
and  when  was  the  first  settlement  of  Europeans 
made  on  the  Delaware  River  be  left  to  a  commit- 
tee of  one  to  be  appointed  at  this  meeting;  and 
that  such  committee  be  requested  to  prepare  a 
discourse  upon  this  subject  to  be  read  at  the 
next  annual  meeting.  Rev.  George  Foot  was 
appointed. 

On  motion  Rev.  Chas.  Breck,  William  T.  Read. 
Esq.,  was  elected  Historiographer  of  the  So- 
ciety, 

Major  John  Jones  having  stated  some  interest- 
ing facts  in  regard  to  the  conduct  of  the  Dela- 
ware troops  at  the  battle  of  Long  Island,  Major 
Jones  was  requested  to  prepare  a  written  state- 
ment of  the  same  for  the  use  of  the  Society. 

On  motion  the  Society  adjourned  until  1\ 
o'clock  in  the  evening. 

EVENING  MEETING. 

At  7£o'clock  the  Society  was  called  to  order, 
Hon.  Willard  Hall  in  the  chair.  The  minutes  of 
the  morning  session  were  read  and  adopted. 

The  report  of  the  Treasurer  was  read  and  ac- 
cepted. 

On  motion  of  Rev.  Chas.  Breck  it- was 

Resolved,  That  the  financial  year  shall  begin 
and  end  in  May. 

The  members  of  the  Society  then  in  a  body 
went  unto  the  large  Hall  of  the  Wilmington  In- 


stitute, when  before  a  large  audience  and  the 
Society,  Gen.  John  M.  Read,  Jr.,  of  Albany,  New 
York,  being  introduced  by  Hon.  Willard  Hall, 
delivered  an  oration  on  "The  Life  and  Services 
of  Sir  Henry  Hudson."  Immediately  after  the 
oration, 

Dr.  H.  F.  Askew  moved  the  following: 

Resolved,  That  the  thanks  of  the  Delaware 
Historical  Society  are  eminently  due,  and  are 
hereby  presented  to  Gen.  John  M.  Read,  Jr.,  for 
the  eloquent  and  highly  interesting  oration  be- 
fore the  Society  this  evening. 

Resolved,  That  Gen.  Read  be  requested  to 
furnish  a  copy  of  his  address,  to  be  preserved  in 
our  archives,  and  that  the  same  be  published  by 
the  Society. 

Wm.  D.  Do  we,  Esq.,  then  read  the  following 
letter: 

Newport,  R.  I.,  Sept.  25,  1864. 
My  Dear  Sir: 

I  have  but  just  received  your  favor 
of  the  19th,  which  has  been  forwarded  to  me  at 
this  place.  The  purpose  of  bringing  more  into 
light  the  too  much  neglected  history  of  Delaware 
is  a  noble  one,  and  a  hearty  co-operation  of  your 
wise  and  intelligent  citizens,  united  in  a  society, 
seems  the  fittest  mode  of  promoting  that  end. — 
I  should  be  very  glad  to  join  with  you  in  the 
meeting  you  propose,  but  I  am  so  much  occu- 
pied that  it  will  not  be  in  my  power  to  do  so. 

Wishing  you  the  most  perfect  success, 
I  am,  my  dear  sir, 

Very  faithfully  yours, 

Geo.  Bancroft. 

The  public  exercises  being  over,  the  members 
of  the  Society  returned  to  their  meeting  room, 
when,  upon  the  Society  being  called  to  order, 

Mr.  Dowe  and  Dr.  Askew  made  an  informal 
report  of  the  delegation  to  attend  the  exercises 
upon  the  occasion  of  the  commemoration  of  the 
two  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  conquest  of 
New  Netherland,  held  in  the  Cooper  Institute, 
New  York,  Wednesday  evening,  October  12th, 
1864.  The  Chairman  of  the  delegation,  Right 
Rev.  A.  Lee,  being  absent,  no  formal  report  was 
made  at  this  meeting,  but  will  be  made  at  the 
stated  meeting  in  November  next. 

On  motion  of  Rev.  Mr.  Coleman,  a  committee, 
was  appointed  to  take  into  consideration  the 
propriety  of  giving  a  course  of  historical  lectures 
during  the  coming  winter. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

Boston  Numismatic  Society. — Boston,  Oct.  5. 
The  regular  monthly  meeting  was  held  on  Thurs- 
day, Oct.  5,  at  4  p.  m. 

After  the  transaction  of  various  matters  of 
private  business,  Mr.  Davenport  read  two  letters 
from  J.  J.  Mickley,  of  Philadelphia,  concerning 


18G4.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


405 


a  curious  medal  of  which  a  rubbing  was  enclosed. 
The  obverse  bears  a  head  of  Washington,  and 
the  reverse  resembles  one  of  the  types  of  the 
well-known  "  Confederate  "  pieces.  Various 
opinions  have  been  expressed  as  to  its  genu- 
ineness, and  the  letters  were  on  that  subject. 
Mr.  Fowle  presented  a  parcel  of  the  New  York 
coppers  of  18G3,  and  exhibited  some  antique 
cameos  and  Greek  and  Roman  coins.  Among 
them  were  some  good  specimens  of  gold  of  the 
Lower  Empire.  Mr.  Seavey  exhibited  a  few 
American  coins,  including  some  beautiful  cents 
of  early  dates  and  a  remarkable  half-dime  of 
1805.  The  Secretary  showed  a  number  of  fine 
and  very  perfect  silver  medals,  among  which 
were  seventeen  of  the  Emperor  Napoleon,  famil- 
iar in  bronze,  but  not  so  often  seen  in  the  more 
costly  metal.  He  also  showed  the  large  bronze 
prize-medal  of  the  International  Exhibition  of 
18G2,  with  the  elaborate  design  by  Maclise  of 
the  Royal  Academy.  It  was  much  admired. 
The  Society  adjourned  at  about  a  quarter  past  5. 


American  Antiquarian  Society, —  Worcester, 
Oct.  2\st.  The  annual  meeting  of  the  American 
Antiquarian  Society  was  held  on  the  21st  inst., 
being  the  anniversary  of  the  discovery  of  Amer- 
ica by  Columbus.  In  the  absence  of  the  President. 
Hon.  Stephen  Salisbury,  the  chair  was  occupied 
by  Hon.  Levi  Lincoln,  one  of  the  Vice  Presid- 
ents. The  attendance  was  quite  large,  and  among 
those  present  were  noticed,  Gov  Lincoln,  Judge 
Barton,  Judge  Mellen,  Judge  Bacon,  Rev.  Dr. 
Hill,  Rev.  Dr.  Sweetser,  Hon.  Rejoice  Newton, 
Hon.  Dwight  Foster,  Samuel  F. Haven,  Esq., Hon. 
George  F.  Hoar,  Frederic  W.  Paine,  Esq.,  and 
Nathaniel  Paine,  Esq.,  of  Worcester,  Rev.  Dr. 
Ellis,  of  Charlestown,  Charles  Deane,  Esq. 
George  Livermore,  Esq.,  and  Charles  Folsom, 
Esq.,  of  Cambridge,  and  Dr.  Shurtleff  and  Rev. 
Mr.  Hale,  of  Boston.  The  report  of  the  council 
was  read  by  George  Livermore,  Esq.,  and  was 
exceedingly  interesting.  It  treated  of  the  duties 
of  antiquaries  in  the  present  crisis  of  the  country, 
and  paid  deserved  tributes  to  the  memory  of 
Isaiah  Thomas  and  Josiah  Quincy,  two  deceased 
members,  who  had  been  distinguished  as  anti- 
quarians and  patriots.  The  Librarian,  Samuel 
F.  Haven,  Esq.,  presented  his  report,represent- 
ing  the  library  in  good  condition.  Nathaniel  Paine, 
Esq.,  Treasurer,  submitted  his  report,  exhibiting 
a  fund  of  $45,304,44  on  hand.  These  reports, on 
motion  of  Charles  Deane,  Esq.,  were  accepted 
and  referred  to  the  publishing  committee. 

Gov.  Lincoln  (Dr,  Shurtleff  in  chair,)  then 
made  extended  remarks  on  the  life  and  char- 
acter of  the  late  Josiah  Quincy,  and  offered  a 
series  of  resolutions,  which  were  adopted,  and 
ordered  to  be  entered  upon  the  records. 

The  society  then  proceeded  to  elect  officers  for 
the  ensuing  year,  which  resulted  as  follows: 

President,  Hon.  Stephen  Salisbury,  of  Worces- 


ter. Vice  Pretidetttt ,  Rev.  William  Jenks,  D.D., 
LL.D.,  of  Boston;  Hon.  Levi  Lincoln,  LL.D.,  of 
Worcester.  Council,  Hon.  Isaac  Davis,  LL.D., 
of  Worcester;  George  Livermore,  Esq.,  of  Cam- 
brdgc;  Nathaniel  B.  Shurtleff,  M.D.,  of  Boston; 
Charles  Folsom,  Esq.,  of  Cambridge;  Hon.  Ira 
M.  Barton,  of  Worcester;  Hon.  W.  Ilerrick, 
LL.D.,  of  Boston;  Hon.  John  P.  Bigelow,  of  Bos. 
ton,  Samuel  F.  Haven,  Esq.,  of  Worcester;  Rev. 
Edward  E.  Hale,  of  Boston;  Joseph  Sargent, 
M.D.,  of  Worcester.  Secretary  of  Foreign  Corres- 
pondence, Jared  Sparks,  LL.D.,  of  Cambridge. 
Secretary  of  Domestic  Correspondence,  Hon.  Ben- 
jamin F.  Thomas,  LL.D.,  of  Boston.  Recording 
Secretary,  Hon.  Edward  Mellen,  LL.D.,  of  Wor- 
cester. Treasurer,  Nathaniel  Paine,  Esq.,  of 
Worcester.  Committee  of  Publication,  Samuel  F. 
Haven,  Esq.,  ofWorcester;Rev.  Edward  E.  Hale, 
of  Boston;  Charles  Deane,  Esq.,  of  Cambridge. 

A  committee,  consisting  of  Charles  Deane,  Esq., 
Hon.  George  F.  Hoar,  and  Judge  Barton,  was  ap- 
pointed to  prepare  a  list  of  members. 

interesting  remarks  were  made  by  Messrs. 
Deane,  Hill,  Ellis,  Hale,  Folsom,  and  others. 


ILLINOIS. 

Chicago  Historical  Society — October  18, 
1804.  The  regular  monthly  meeting  was  held. 
W.  H.Brown,  Esq.,  in  the  chair,  in  the  absence 
of  the  President. 

The  Secretary  reported  the  total  contributions 
to  the  library  for  the  month  to  be  3,409,  of  which 
2,011  were  manuscripts  deposited  with  the  Soci- 
ety by  the  family  of  the  late  John  Russell,  LL.  D. , 
forming  a  body  of  interesting  material  relative 
to  the  history  of  Illinois,  for  over  thirty  years. 
Col.  J.  G.  Wilson,  of  the  staff  of  Major  General 
Banks,  contributed  extensive  files  of  newspapers 
of  Louisiana,  with  documents  and  publications 
relating  to  the  war,  including  the  State  Conven- 
tion journals  of  1802  and  1804.  Mr.  George  P. 
Upton  presented  a  numerous  collection  of  speci- 
mens of  army  newspapers,  printed  by  our  soldiers 
in  the  field,  carefully  preserved  by  him  from  the 
commencement  of  the  war. 

Col.  J.  W.  Shaffer,  U.  S.  A.,  forwarded  a  copy 
of  the  "Book  of  Common  Prayer,"  printed  and 
revised  under  the  authority  of  the  Confederate 
States. 

Mr.  F.  Munson,  of  Chicago,  contributed  to  the 
cabinet  a  bottle  of  medicine  taken  from  the  Arc- 
tic ship  Resolute,  and  an  ancient  mining  tool  ex- 
humed near  Lake  Superior. 

Perhaps  the  most  valuable  individual  contri- 
bution for  the  month,  was  a  bound  manuscript 
volume,  containing  records  of  deeds  and  grants 
of  land  at  Mackinaw  and  the  surrounding  country 
— some  more  than  a  century  ago — together  with 
various  notarial  registries,  presented  to  the  so- 
ciety by  Mr.  Ronald  McLeod,  of  Mackinaw. 


406 


HISTORICAL   MAGAZINE 


[Dec. 


The  correspondence  for  the  month  as  repor!  ed, 
comprised  twenty-seven  letters  received,  and 
forty-nine  letters  written.  Letters  accepting 
membership  were  read  from  Prof.  Goldwin  Smith, 
of  England.  Col.  J.  W.  Shaffer,  U.  S.  A.,  Charles 
L.  Wilson,  Esq.,  and  Mr.  Geo.  P.  Upton  of  Chi- 
cago. 

A  communication  was  received  from  Col.  J.  G. 
Wilson,  U.  S.  A.,  presenting  interesting  historical 
memoranda,  collected  by  him  at  Brownsville, 
Texas,  in  1863,  relative  to  the  first  bridge  on 
the  Chicago  River  (South  Branch),  and  the  Tay- 
lor family  of  Chicago. 

Letters  were  read  from  Rev.  R.  Babcock,  D.  D. , 
Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  on  the  subject  of  the  "Peck 
MSS;"  from  J.  B.Caldwell,  Esq.,  of  Cincinnati, 
respecting  an  early  editor  at  Chicago,  yet  living; 
also  from  Messrs.  R.  McLeod,  G.  P.  Upton  and 
Col.  J.  W.  Shaffer,  accompanying  donations. 

The  Secretary  produced  a  recent  correspond- 
ence between  himself  and  various  individuals, 
relating  to  a  loan,  for  removal  out  of  the  city, 
of  the  regimental  flags  placed  in  the  Society's 
custody.  He  stated  that  on  advising  with  mem- 
bers of  the  Society,  it  was  judged  improper  to 
allow  them  to  be  removed,  unless  by  the  express 
authorization  of  the  Society,  regularly  given. 
The  Society  then  voted  their  approval  of  the  ac- 
tion of  the  Secretary,  and  also  the  following: 

Resolved,  That  the  regimental  flags  deposited 
with  this  Society,  being  regarded  by  them  as  de- 
posited for  the  benefit  of  future  generations,  are 
in  no  case  to  be  removed  out  of  the  Society's 
custody,  except  such  removal  be  authorized  by 
a  vote  of  the  Society  in  the  particular  case. 


Chicago  Historical  Society.  — November  15, 
1864.  The  annual  meeting  for  the  choice  of 
officers  was  held  in  the  evening,  at  the  office  of 
Messrs.  Scammon,  McCagg  and  Fuller.  In  the 
absence  of  the  President,  (on  a  voyage  to  Europe) 
J.  Y.  Scammon  Esq.,  Vice  President,  took  the 
chair. 

The  Librarian  reported  the  following,  show- 
ing the  contributions  to  the  Library  for  the  past 
month  and  the  past  year,  as  also,  the  grand  total 
received  since  the  foundation  of  the  Society  in 
April,  1856. 
Class.  Mo.       Year.  Total. 

Books 2         555       13,379 

Books  unbound  &  pamp'ts.  266     5,932       57,874 
Newspapers,  old  and  rare...     2  36  356 

Newspaper  files 3         149         1,169 

Files  of  Serials 2         271         1,844 

Maps  and  Charts 25         1,122 

Manuscripts 4      3,485         4,729 

Prints,  &c 4  22  181 

Cabinet  receipts 24  97 

Miscellaneous 38  120 

Totals 283     10,505     80,871 

The   receipts   of  the  month   have  been   fur- 


nished by  34  contributors  ;  those  of  the  year  by 
550. 

Letters  received  during  the  month,  16  ;  writ- 
ten, 33  ;  received  during  the  year,  254;  written 
584. 

The  contributions  for  the  month  included  of- 
ficial publications  from  the  Governor  of  Arizona 
Territory ;  extensive  publications  on  the  war, 
including  political  documents  of  the  late  Presi- 
dential campaign,  from  Boston,  New  York,  Wash- 
ington, Cincinnati,  etc. ;  publications  from  the 
astronomical  observatory  of  Harvard  College; 
numerous  public  documents  from  the  state  of 
Rhode  Island,  and  British  publications  relating 
to  the  American  rebellion,  from  C  .L.  Wilson,  Esq. 

The  correspondence  of  the  month  embraced 
fifteen  letters  received,  and  thirty-three  written. 
Letters  of  acknowledgement  were  received  from 
the  Maine  Historical  Society;  accompamying 
donations  from  Hon.  I.  N.  Arnold  ;  Prof.  A.  S. 
Packard,  Maine ;  Francis  Burnass,  Rockford, 
111.;  James  Barnet,  Chicago,  and  Hon.  J.  R. 
Bartlett,  R.  I.  A  communication  was  received 
from  the  Librarian  of  the  Pennsylvania  Histori- 
cal Society  asking  information  respecting  the  fi- 
nances of  the  Society ;  a  letter  was  read,  writ- 
ten in  behalf  of  Hon.  James  Hall,  formerly  of 
Illinois,  now  of  Cincinnati,  obligingly  offering 
helpful  service  to  the  objects  of  the  Society ;  a 
letter  was  received  from  Z.  Eastman,  Esq.,  U.  S. 
Consul  at  Bristol,  England,  communicating  some 
reminiscences  of  the  late  Mr.  Hooper  Warren  ; 
also,  naming  the  late  Benjamin  Lundy  as  one,  in 
his  judgement,  worthy  of  particular  honor  in 
Illinois,  not  having  yet  received  due  and  com- 
plete justice  in  the  compilation  of  his  journal 
and  writings,  published  some  twenty  years  ago. 

The  Treasurer's  report  was  read  and  accepted. 

The  officers  and  committees  of  the  preceeding 
year  were  reelected,  with  slight  variation,  as 
follows,  viz: 

EXECUTIVE. 

President — Walter  L.  Newbury. 
Vice    Presidents — W.  B.    Ogden,  J.  Y.  Scam- 
mon. 

Treasurer — George  F.  Rumsey. 

Rec.   Secretary  and  Librarian — W.  Barry. 

Corresponding  Secretary — E.  B.  McCagg. 

COMMITTEES    OF    BUSINESS. 

Constitution  and  Bye-Laws — I.  N.  Arnold, 
Van  H.  Higgins,  J.  Y.  Scammon,  Thomas  Hoyne. 

Publication— S:  W.  Fuller,  W.  Barry,  E.  B. 
McCagg. 

Finance — W.  L.  Newberry,  W.  H.  Brown,  C. 
H.  McCormick. 

Library — E.  B.  McCagg,  S.  C.  Griggs,  E.  W. 
Jones. 

Nominations — H.  G.  Loomis,  Wm.  Blair,  B.  W. 
Raymond. 

Investments — J.  Y.  Scammon,  H.  T.  Dickey 
E.  B.  McCagg. 


1864.] 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


407 


COMMITTEES  OF  RESEARCH  AND  CORRESPONDENCE. 

Aboriginal  History,  &c—  W.  B.  Ogden,  H.  T. 
Dickey,  E.  B.  McCagg,  J.  H.  Kinzie. 

European  Discovei-y — W.  Barry,  M.  D.  Og- 
den, S.  W.  Fuller,  B.  P.  Culver. 

Civil  History — W.  H.  Brown,  J.  Y.  Scammon, 
J.  L.  Stark,  II.  H.  Magie,  W.  H.  Osborn. 

Ecclesiastical  History — W.  Barry,  lit.  Rev. 
James  Duggan,  D.  D.,  Rev.  R.  H.  Clarkson,  D.  D. 

Science,  Art  and  Industry — H.  A.  Johnson, 
M.  D.,  J.  H.  Foster,  James  Carter. 

Literature — Cyrus  Bentley,  E.  B.  Talcott,  H. 
G.  Miller,  William  Bross. 

City  of  Chicago — Henry  Farnam,  G.  F.  Rum- 
sey,  William  Blair,  J.  H.  Dunham,  John  H. 
Kinzie. 

Fine  Arts— E.  B.  McCagg,  Mark  Skinner,  W. 
Barry,  I.  N.  Arnold,  G.  F.  Rumsey.  E.  H.  Sheldon, 
W.  S.  Gurnee,  AV.  L.  Newberry,  D.  J.  Ely. 

The  Society's  thanks  Avere  directed  to  be  re- 
turned to  the  editors  or  publishers  of  numerous 
serials  obligingly  forwarded  for  its  collections  for 
the  past  year. 

A  committee  was  appointed,  in  pursuance  of 
the  by-laws,  to  revise  the  list  of  members. 

W.  H.  Brown,  Esq.,  ex-President  of  the  Soci- 
ety, accepted  an  invitation  to  address  the  Soci- 
ety at  its  adjournment,  on  the  history  of  the 
Anti-Slavery  movement  in  the  State  of  Illinois. 
Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  Whipple,  of  Minnesota,  was  ad- 
mitted a  corresponding  member  of  the  Society  ; 
the  Hon.  Richard  J.  Oglesby,  Governor-elect  of 
Illinois,  an  Honorary  member,  andE.  S.  Isham, 
Esq.,  and  Col.  F.  A.  Eastman,  resident  Mem- 
bers. 

At  the  close  of  the  meeting,  the  Society  ac- 
cepted a  proposed  plan  for  a  lot  and  building 
for  the  uses  of  the  Association;  and  appointed 
a  committee  to  complete  the  subscription  to 
secure  the  same. 

The  meeting  was  then  adjourned  to  such  time 
as  might  be  found  convenient  for  hearing  the 
annual  addresses. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

Numismatic  Society  of  Philadelphia  — PhiV 
adelphia,  Oct.  22d,  1861.  At  a  meeting  of  the 
Numismatic  Society  of  Philadelphia,  held  on 
Thursday  Evening,  September  1st,  it  having  been 
anounced  that  Frederic  Graff  Vaux,  the  youngest 
member  of  the  Society,  had  deceased  on  the  4th 
of  August  last.  A  feeling  of  deep  regret  pervaded 
the  Society,  and  on  motion  of  A.  B.  Taylor,  the 
following  Resolutions  were  unanimonsly  adopted . 

Resolved,  That  this  Society  has  heard  with 
deep  pain  the  intelligence  of  the  loss  which  it 
has  experienced  in  the  demise  of  our  late  junior 
member. 

That  while  yielding  a  dutiful  submision  to 
t-he  Divine  decree  which  has  thus  early  snatched 


from  our  midst  one  who,  by  his  rare  social 
and  intellectual  qualities,  extraordinary  amenity 
of  disposition  and  refined  taste:  by  the  warm 
zeal  and  untiring  perseverance  with  which  he 
entered  upon  the  investigation  of  subjects  con- 
nected with  Numismatic  Science,  as  well  as  most 
other  scientific  and  literary  pursuits,  and  which 
so  wellfited  him  to  adorn  a  career  of  usefulness 
and  success; — we  cannot  refrain  from  giving 
expression  to  the  feelings  of  unfeigned  regret 
occasioned  by  the  sad  event,  and  offering  this 
poor  testimonial  to  the  memory  of  one  so  greatly 
endeared  to  all  his  friends  and  associates. 

Resolved,  that  we  deeply  sympathize  with  his 
bereaved  parents,  in  this  their  deep  affliction, 
and  that  the  corresponding  Secretary  be  hereby 
directed  to  furnish  them  with  a  copy  of  these 
proceedings,  and  cause  the  same  to  be  published 
in  the  Historical  Magazine. — Extracted  from  the 
Minutes  of  the  Society. 

Emil  Cauffman, 
Corresponding  Secretary. 


Ito  0tt  §Mk 


History  of  the  Anti  Slavery  Measures  of  the  Thirty 
Seventh  and  Thirty-Eighth  United  States   Con- 
gresses.   1801-4.  By  Henry  Wilson.    Boston, 
Walker  Wise  &  Co.  12°,  384  pp. 
This  work  is  a  marvel  of  condensation,    and 
done  by  one  to  whom   the  whole   subject   was 
thoroughly  familiar.      The  great  revolution  in 
legislation   is   here    depicted.      The    Congress, 
from  which  the  South  unwisely  withdrew,  step 
by  step  sweeps  away  the  great  Southern  con- 
stitution. 

The  measures  whose  history  the  book  records 
are  indicated  in  the  titles  of  the  chapters,  name- 
ly: "Slaves  used  for  Insurrectionary  Purposes 
Made  Free;"  "Fugitive  Slaves  not  to  be  Return- 
ed by  Persons  in  the  Army;"  "The  Abolition  of 
Slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia;"  "The 
President's  Proposition  to  Aid  States  in  the  Abo- 
lition of  Slavery;"  "The  Prohibition  of  Slavery 
in  the  Territories;"  "Certain  Slaves  to  be  Made 
Free;"  "Hayti  and  Liberia;"  "Education  of 
Colored  Youth  in  the  District  of  Columbia;" 
"The  African  Slave  Trade;"  "Additional  Act  to 
Abolish  Slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia;" 
"Colored  Soldiers;"  "Aid  to  the  States  to 
Emancipate  their  Slaves;"  "Amendment  of  the 
Constitution;"  "Repeal  ofFugitiveSlaveLaws;" 
"Pay  of  Colored  Soldiers;"  "To  Make  Free  the 
Wives  and  Children  of  Colored  Soldiers;"  "A 
Bureau  of  Freemen;"  "Reconstruction  of  Rebel 
States"  "Confinement  of  Colored  Persons  in  the 
Washington  Jail;"  "Negro  Testimony;"  and 
"Coastwise  Slave  Trade." 


408 


HISTORICAL    MAGAZINE. 


[Dec. 


Itwltag- 


Messrs.  Ticknor  &  Fields,  who  so  well  con- 
tinue the  Atlantic  Monthly,  have  been  allured 
into  another  and  much  needed  periodical — a 
monthly  illustrated  magazine  for  young  folks. 
Our  Young  Folks,  an  illustrated  monthly  ma- 
gazine for  boys  and  girls,  edited  by  J.  T.  Trow- 
bridge, Gail  Hamilton,  and  Lucy  Larcom,  will 
include  in  the  skiff  of  coniributors  many  of  the 
most  popular  writers  of  juvenile  works  in  Amer- 
ica and  in  England:  Capt.  Mayne  Reid;  J.  T. 
Trowbridge,  the  author  of  "Father  Bright- 
hopes;"  Gail  Hamilton  and  Lucy  Larcom,  the 
associate  editors,  will  preside  over  that  portion 
of  the  magazine  especially  designed  for  girls ; 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Agassiz;  Mrs.  Harriet  Beecher 
Stowe;  "Carleton,"  author  of  "My  Days  and 
Nights  on  the  Battle-field;"  Dr.  Dio  Lewis,  au- 
thor of  "The  New  Gymnastics  ;  Edmund  Morris, 
author  of  "Ten  Acres  Enough,"  will  write 
several  articles  on  farming  for  boys;  Edmund 
Kirke;  "Aunt  Fanny;"  Mr.  Longfellow,  Mr. 
Whittier,  and  Prof.  Holmes.  In  addition  to  the 
writers  named  above,  regular  contributions  will 
be  furnished  by  Richard  H.  Stoddard,  Horace 
E.  Scudder,  Grace  Greenwood,  the  author  of 
the  "Little  Susy"  Books,  Mrs.  A.  D.  T.  Whitney, 
Miss  Maria  S.  Cummins,  Mrs.  Lydia  Maria 
Child,  Miss  Louisa  M.  Alcott,  and  others. 

Every  number  of  Our  Young  Folks  will  con- 
tain capital  pictures,  drawn  and  engraved  by 
our  best  artists.  A  finely  engraved  steel  por- 
trait of  some  popular  author  will  be  given  in 
the  first  number  of  each  volume. 

The  publishers  of  Our  Young  Folks  will  en- 
deavor to  furnish  to  their  young  readers  a  maga- 
zine whose  monthly  visits  shall  be  always  wel- 
come, and  shall  be  expected'  with  pleasure. 
They  will  cooperate  with  the  editors  in  pro- 
curing for  Our  Young  Folks  whatever  is  excellent 
and  original  in  stories  and  sketches,  biography, 
history,  and  poetry,  travel  and  adventure,  out- 
door and  in-door  sports,  games  and  puzzles,  and 
every  variety  of  miscellany,  entertaining  and 
instructive,  serious  and  comic. 

The  size  of  Our  Young  Folks  will  be  more 
than  two-thirds  the  size  of  the  Atlantic  Monthly. 
Each  number  will  contain  not  less  than  sixty- 
fonr  pages.  The  magazine  will  be  electrofyped 
from  new  and  beautiful  type,  and  handsomely 
printed  at  the  University  Press,  Cambridge. 

Single  subscriptions,  $2  a  year;  single  Nos., 
25  cents. 


An  Affecting  Election  Incident  took  place 
in  Sturbridge,  Mass.,  on  Tuesday.  Dea.  John 
Phillips,  who  was  one  hundred  and  four  years, 
four  months  and  nine  days  old  on  that  day, 
appeared  at  the  town  hall  and  deposited  his  bal- 


lot for  presidential  electors  and  State  officers. 
He  was  brought  in  a  carriage  and  then  conveyed 
into  the  hall  in  a  chair,  supported  by  a  platoon 
of  returned  soldiers,  and  received  by  the  citi- 
zens of  the  town,  rising  from  their  seats  with 
uncovered  heads.  Mr.  Phillips  then  expressed  a 
desire  to  shake  hands  with  all  the  returned  sol- 
diers; after  which  a  Democratic  and  Union- 
Republican  ballot  being  presented  to  him,  he 
chose  the  latter,  stating  his  choice  to  all  present. 

The  town  then  voted  that  the  chairman  of  the 
selectmen  present  the  ballot  box  to  the  old  gen- 
tleman, who  took  his  ballot  with  both  hands 
and  deposited  it  in  the  box,  stating  that  he  had 
voted  for  Washington  for  President,  and  atten- 
ded all  the  Presidential  elections  since,  except- 
ing that  four  years  ago,  when  he  was  sick  and 
unable  to  attend. 

Resolutions  embodying  the  above  incidents 
were  passed  and  entered  upon  the  records  of 
the  town.  Edward  Phillips,  a  son  of  the  venera- 
ble patriot,  was  present,  and  made  some  remarks 
in  which  he  stated  that  he  was  the  oldest  citizen 
of  the  town  born  within  its  limits.  His  age  is 
eighty  years. 


Walker,  Wise  &  Co,  have  in  press  two  works 
which  cannot  fail  to  interest  historical  readers. 
The  History  of  France  by  Martin,  a  work  which 
has  been  recognized  by  the  Academy  of  Inscrip- 
tions as  the  most  learned  and  by  the  Academy  of 
France  as  the  most  eloquent  work  on  the  history 
of  France.  The  American  publishers  will  pre- 
sent as  a  seperate  work  the  Age  of  Louis  XIV 
in  2  vols,  and  no  part  has  more  connection  with 
American  history. 

The  other  work  is  Miss  Martineau's  History  of 
the  Peace;  which  with  its  introduction  and  con- 
clusion is  really  a  thorough  history  of  England 
from  the  commencement  of  the  present  century 
to  the  present  day. 

They  are  both  to  be  supplied  to  subscribers 
only,  the  former  at  $3.50  the  latter  at  $2.25  a 
volume. 

Seventy-five  large  paper  copies  of  each  will 
be  printed. 


A  new  Printing  Club,  "The  Franklin  Club" 
has  been  formed  in  Philadelphia  and  has  we  think 
most  unwisely  began  its  issues  with  Melvin's 
Journal  of  Arnold's  Expedition  in  1775,  a  work 
already  printed  here  by  the  gentlemen  some  of 
whom  subsequently  formed  the  Bradford  Club, 
and  not  of  sufficent  importance  to  justify  so 
speedy  a  reprint. 

The  price  of  the  Franklin  Club  Edition  is  $5 ; 
large  paper  copies  $10. 


The  sale  of  Autographs  in  St.  Louis  lias  been 
deferred  in  consequence  of  the  condition  of  the 
state. 


6?     /o<^ •  .->  &t 


Vol.  VIII. 


No.  i 


THE 


HISTORICAL     MAGAZINE, 


AND 


Notes    and    Qjjeries, 


tONCERNING 


The  Antiquities,    History  and   Biography 


OF 


AMERICA 


January  >  1864., 


New   York  : 

CHARLES    B.    RICHARDSON, 

594  and  596  Broadway* 

London  :  Trubner  &  Co. 


<? 


'rS^e- 


Monthly,  $3  per  annum.    Postage,  6  cents  a  year,    Complete  Sets  S- 


NOTICE. 

The  Publisher  is  happy  to  announce  that  the  size  of  the  Historical  Magazine  will 
in  future  be  increased,  and  far  more  interesting  matter  given,  together  with 
occasional  illustrations.  To  sustain  him  he  appeals  to  the  various  Historical 
Societies,  and  all  interested  in  history,  to  do  what  lies  in  their  power  to  increase 
the  list  of  subscribers,  and  make  the  work  known. 


REMOVED. 


The  Publisher  has  remored  to  596  Broadway,  to  Rooms  formerly  occupied  by  C.  B.  Norton,  where 
he  offers  at  reasonable  prices  one  of  the  best  collections  of  works  on  American  History,  Biography, 
Bibliography,  and  Genealogy,  in  the  country. 

All  letters  should  be  carefully  directed,  as  there  is  another  party  of  the  same  name  in  the  city. 

C.  B.  RICHARDSON, 

590  BROADWAY,   New  York. 


c 


TENTS 


< 

General  Department. -—Caricature  of  an  early  Fr 

Congress 

An  EDglish  Journal  of  the  Siege  of  Savannah 
Letters  of  General  John  Armstrong  to  Gen. 

Irvine I 

Historical  Notes  on  Slavery  in  the  Northern  s 

and  States [1 . 

John  Campbell,  the  Publisher  of  the  fir  Bar 

American   Newspaper , I . 

Early  Congressional  Customs. .  t , 

Notes  and  Queries. — Notes. — Phillis  Wheat1 

gro  SiaVe  Poet,  82 ;  Curious  Letter  of  ter, 
from  the  Irvine  Papers,  84;  Indent  ohn 
Peter  Zenger,  35 ;  The  Last  Survivor  jing- 
ton's  Life  Guard,  36;  Americanisms  hnan 
English  Dictionaries,  37;  The  Jurisdi  )f  the 
Bishop  of  London  in  America,  37 ;  1  1  Sta- 
tutes, 37 ;  Kesolvcd  Waldron,  38 ;  Cloc"  Madi- 
son Co.,  N.  Y.,  38 ;  "  During  Men,"  38  ^'ntient  , 
Landmark,  88 ;  Throg's  Neck,  88 ;  Ear'  baont— 
Joe  Daveiss,  88;  Dying  in  the  Last  ,38;  A 
Bibliographical  Anecdote,  38;  Des  pn  of  a 
Fashionable  Lady  107  Years  Ago . . , . .          \ I 


Q6 


12 


16 


21 


31 


Pag* 
Querist. — Negro  Burying  Ground,  40 ;  Episnemo.  40 ; 
O'Reilly  at  Algiers,  40 ;  Letters  of  Patrick  Henry, 
40 ;  Norris's  Journal  of  Sullivan's  Expedition,  40 ; 
John  Paul  Jones 40 

Replies. — Copperhead,  40 ;  Cease,  Rude  Boreas,  41 ; 
John  Simcock,  41;  The  Redeemed  Captive,  41; 
Alden  Family,  42 ;  New  York  Names. 42 

Retrospective,  Literary  and  Antiquarian. — The  Life 

of  Father  Antonio  Margil 42 

Societies     and     their   Proceedings. —  Connecticut. — 

New  Haven  Historical  Society 48 

Illinois. — Chicago  Historical  Society 48 

Massachusetts.— New  England  Historic-Genealogical 

Society 44 

N«w  York.— New  York  Historical  Society,  44 ;  Onon- 
daga Historical  Association. 44 

Ohio. — Fire  Lands  Historical  Society 45 

Pennsylvania.— The  American  and  Baptist  Histori- 
cal Society , 46 

Vermont.— The  Vermont  Historical  Society 46 

Notes  on  Books 47 

MlSOKLLANT 48 


TO     COLLECTORS. 

The  advertiser  has  duplicates  of  AUTOGRAPHS,  BALLADS,  PLACARDS,  HAND-BILLS,  Ac.,  Ac.,  issued 
since  the  commencement  of  the  Rebellion,  which  he  will  exchange  with  other  Collectors. 

Address,  Box  1862,  P.  O.,  Philadelphia. 

J»-  READ  THE  NEXT  PAGE  OF  THE  COVER. 


IMPORTANT    ANNOUNCEMENT. 


The  Undersigned  proposes  to  issue  (commencing  in  January,  1864)  a  Monthly 
Periodical,  to  be  en-titled 

THE 

UNITED  STATES  SERVICE  MAGAZINE. 

Devoted  to  the  Interests,  Descriptive  of  the  Progress,  and  Illustrative  of  the 

Honorable  Services,  of  the  United  States  Army  and  Navy,  Regular 

and  Volunteer. 


This  enterprise  has  been  undertaken,  at  the  solicitation  of  many  prominent  offi- 
cers, to  supply  an  acknowledged  want  of  the  Service,  due  to  the  immense  develop- 
ment of  the  science  and  art  of  war  in  our  country. 

It  has  been  placed  under  the  Editorial  care  of  HENRY  COPPEE.  Esq.,  Professor 
of  English  Literature  and  Histoiy  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  whose  mili- 
tary experience  and  literary  attainments  are  sufficient  warrant  that  the  Magazine 
will  be  rendered  worthy  the  patronage  of  all,  in  and  out  of  the  Service,  who  are 
interested  in  military  and  naval  affairs. 

V*  Its  Principal  Articles  will  cover  the  entire  scope  of  "War  Topics,  including 
Modifications  and  Inventions  of  arms  of  all  kind ;  Notes  on  the  Organization  of 
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The  Publisher  has  the  pleasure  of  announcing  that,  in  this  Department,  contributions 
are  promised  by  many  of  our  most  distinguished  Officers,  of  both  Services,  and 
other  scholars  of  the  highest  authority. 

The  columns  of  Official  Intelligence  will  be  always  full  and  accurate,  and  be 
brought  up  to  the  very  day  of  going  to  press.  The  Departments  at  Washington 
have  offered  every  facility  for  the  fulfilment  of  this  promise. 

The  Editor's  "Special  Department"  will  present,  from  month  to  month,  a 
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Hook  Notices  and  Literary  Intelligence  will  constitute  a  prominent  feature  of  the 
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In  all  purely  Military  Criticism,  it  shall  be  the  aim  of  this  Journal,  while  doing 
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The  size  of  the  Magazine  will  be  octavo — each  number  containing  100  pages — 
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C,  B.  RICHARDSON,  Publisher, 

596  Broadway,  New  York. 


1864. 


<U 


»«,        *  ♦ 


BEAUTIFUL  POETKAIT  EMBELLISHMENTS: 


1864 


THE    GREAT    CONGRESS   OF  VIENNA, 

TWENTY-THREE    PORTRAITS    OF    EMINENT    MEN. 


New- York,  December  1,  1863. 

Dear  Sir:    We  beg  your  attention  to  the  contents  of  this  Circular. 

1.  The  January  No.,  1864,  will  be  embellished  with  a  remarkable  plate 
containing  23  fine  portraits,  Tde  Congress  of  Vienna  ;  and  an  extra  plate  with  a  portrait 
of  the  greatest  Naturalist  of  the  age,  Prof.  Louis  Agassiz,  of  Cambridge. 

2.  The  February,  March,  and  other  future  numbers  will  be  embellished  with  splen- 
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3.  The  Eclectic  as  a  Monthly  Magazine  has  no  superior  in  literary  merit  or  artistic 
embellishment. 

4.  Its  letter-press  is  made  up  of  the  choicest  articles,  selected  from  the  entire 
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$5,  while  the  portrait  engravings  in  the  Eclectic  add  much  to  its  artistic  value. 

6.  The  variety,  richness,  ana  affluence  of  the  Eclectic  articles,  in  all  the  depart- 
ments of  literature  and  popular  science,  both  useful  and  entertaining,  stamp  it  as  the 
most  instructive  Magazine  published.  So  the  Press  and  eminent  men  say,  in  all  parts 
of  the  land. 

7.  Every  number  of  the  Eclectic  is  splendidly  embellished  with  one  or  more  fine 
steel  engravings. 

8.  The  Eclectic  has  acquired  an  established  character  as  a  standard  work  among 
literary  men.     It  finds  a  place  in  many  libraries. 

9.  Every  new  subscriber  to  the  Eclectic  for  one  year  is  entitled  to  two  splendid 
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11.  The  12  monthly  numbers  of  the  Eclectic  make  three  large  volumes  in  a  year, 
with  title-pages  and  indexes  for  binding. 

12.  The  Eclectic  is  eminently  instructive  and  entertaining,  and  ought  to  be  in  the 
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13.  The  January  No.,  1864,  will  "be  issued  early.  Now  is  the  time  to  subscribe,  and 
the  premiums  will  be  immediately  sent. 

"FIB  X=9L  IVES. 

The  Eclectic  is  issued  on  or  before  the  first  of  every  month,  on  fine  paper,  neatly 
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ENRICH       YOUR       LIBRARY. 

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W.  H.  BIDWELL,  No.  5  Beekman  Street,  New- York 

P.  S. — Ple.ise  show  this  Circular  to  your  friends  and  neighbors. 


The  Photographic  Magnifier 

Is  a  source  of  never-failing  satisfaction  aid  a  pure  delight  as  often  as  the  pho 
tographs  of 

THE  LOVED,  THE  ABSENT,  OR  THE  LOST  ! 

are  examined  by  it.  It  so  enlarges  the  picture  and  brings  out  the  distinctive  * 
features  of  the  original,  that  we  love  or  smile  or  weep  whenever  the  portrait  is  ' 
taken   up   for  examination.     Sent  free  by  mail  for  $1,  $1.50,  and  $3. 


GAS     IN     EVERY     HOUSE. 

THE  ATMOSPHERIC-PRESSURE  LAMP; 

OR    THE 

NO -CHIMNEY    LAMP! 

Adapted  especially  for  Kerosene  and  Petroleum,  or  any  other  burning-fluid,  is 
one   of  the    most    important    inventions    of  the    times    of   a   domestic   nature. 

NO  WICK,  NO   SMOKE,   NO  MACHINERY. 

The  oil  is  converted  into  a  pure  gas,  which  burns  with  a  beautiful  flame,  as 
white  and  as  brilliant,  as  that  given  out  by  any  gas-works  in  the  land.  This 
Lamp  will  burn  for  five,  ten,  or  twenty-four  hours,  according  to  the  size,  without 
any  adjustment  whatever.     For  lighting 

Parlors,  Factories,  Public  Buildings,  Rail-Cars, 
Steam-Vessels,  and  all  Mines 

where  there  is  no  fire-damp,  it  is  the  cheapest,  most  convenient,  and  most  per- 
fect light  ever  invented.  No  ordinary  wind  can  blow  it  out.  It  can  be  carried 
in  the  hand  unprotected,  by  the  hour,  through  rain  and  wind  and  storm,  with- 
out being  extinguished.  It  is  not  easily  put  out  of  order,  and  is  readily  re- 
paired.    Price,  $4  and  upward. 

HULL'S  BUCKEYE  BURNER, 

Patented  in  August,  1863,  has  a  chimney  three  inches  long ;  it  burns  a  broad 
wick,  and  affords  as  clear  and  beautiful  and  abundant  light  as  any  other  lamp 
of  its  size,  or  as  a  common  gas-burner.  It  will  supersede  all  others,  because 
it  is  sold  at  the  same  price,  while  the  chimney,  by  being  so  short,  is  so  much 
less  liable  to  breakage,  that  it  will  in  a  short  time  save  its  cost  in  this  item  alone. 


VERMIN    EXTERMINATOR. 

By  simply  wetting  the  hair  thoroughly  with  this  liquid,  the  comb  will  in  a 
few  minutes  afterward  bring  away  every  living  parasite  without  any  more 
injury  to  the  head  than  if  so  much  water  had  been  applied.  It  is  a  purely 
vegetable,  liquid  preparation,  containing  neither  oil,  grease,  larkspur,  opium,  mer- 
cury or  any  other  mineral,  and  is,  under  all  circumstances,  a  safe,  cleanly,  and 
agreeable  preparation.  It  is  used  exclusively  by  the  Commission  of  Public  Chari- 
ties of  New- York  in  all  the  institutions  under  its  control.  It  is  as  efficient  for 
the  relief  of  all  domestic  animals,  and  is 

AN    INFALLIBLE    BED-BUG    RIDDANCE. 

It  will  destroy  the  vermin  (called  body-lice)  which  infest  the  clothing,  without 
the  slightest  injury  to  the  garment.  As  all  travelers,  school-children,  sailors, 
and  soldiers  are  liable  to  become  infested  accidentally,  Dodge's  Infallible  Ex- 
terminator should  be  found  in  every  family,  in  every  barrack,  in  every  asylum, 
in  every  ship,  in  every  camp,  and  in  every  traveler's  trunk.  Twenty-five  cents 
a  Bottle.     Quart  Cans  for  fiomestic  animals  and  public  institutions,  $2 

For  any   article   named    on   this  page,  call  on,  or  address,  P.  C.  GODFREY, 
Agent,  831  Broadway.  New- York. 


SOUTHERN  HISTORY  OF  THE  WAR. 


COMPANION  TO  POLLARD'S  "FIRST  YEAR  OF  THE  WAR." 


"OFFICIAL  REPORTS 


OF 


BATTLES, 


PUBLISHED    BY    ORDER    OF    CONGRESS" 
RICHMOND,  VA. 

1  vol.  8vo.    600  pp.    Cloth,  $2.50. 

An  exact  reprint  of  the  Official  Confederate  Reports  of  Battles,  Rawr,, 
and  Sieges,  which  are  of  the  greatest  interest  and  importance  They 
will  command  the  attention  of  multitudes  of  readers  in  all  parts  who 
are  desirous  of  reading 

HISTORY  ON  BOTH  SIDES. 


Agents  -wanted. 


C.  B.  RICHARDSON, 

Historical  Bookseller  and  Publisher, 

594  &  596  BROADWAY,  N.  Y. 


flgT  Copies  sent  by  mall,  post  paid,  on  receipt  of  price 


A  BOOK  FOR  ALL  CHURCHES. 


A  New  Collection  of  Sacred  Music,  entitled 

THE   CHURCH   SINGER. 

BY  KARL  REDEN  &  S.  J.  G00DEN0UGH. 

Published  by  CARLTON  &  PORTER,  200  Mulberry-street,  N.  Y. 


THIS  WORK  EMBRACES: 

1.  A  great  variety  of  tunes  for  the  regular  and  irregular  meters  in  use  by  all  denomi- 
nations. The  Music  is  selected  and  arranged  from  the  greatest  of  German,  English, 
Scotch,  and  American  authors,  together  with  many  beautiful  original  compositions. 

2.  A  large  supply  of  ANTHEMS  and  SET  PIECES  for  special  occa- 
sions, such  as  Missionary  Anniversaries,  Sunday-School  Meetings,  Dedication 
Service,  Baptism  Service,  Ordination  Service,  Opening  Worship,  Closing  Wor- 
ship, To  be  Sung  during  Collections,  etc. 

3.  A  full  set  of  CHANTS,  new  and  fresh.  This  department  of  the  book  will 
be  received  with  great  favor  by  all  who  are  desirous  of  cultivating  this  style  of  music 
in  their  Churches ;  and  as  so  much  interest  has  been  felt  of  late  in  the  matter  of 
chanting  during  worship,  we  hope  that  all  interested  will  examine  the  work. 

4.  The  EEEMEHPFS,  as  presented,  give  a  comprehensive  view  of  the  subject 
without  occupying  one  third  of  the  book,  or  requiring  a  long  time  to  gain  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  rudiments  of  the  science. 

The  Publishers  are  confident  that  this  book  will  be  found  superior  to  anything  of 
the  kind  which  has  yet  appeared ;  and  that,  as  it  contains  the  best  tunes  in  use 
throughout  the  country,  as  well  as  so  much  of  the  very  choicest  new  matter, 
Churches,  Choirs,  Singing  Schools,  Families,  Associations,  and  Individuals 
will  find  it  well  adapted  to  their  wants.  Commendations  of  the  work  are  already 
numerous. 

Price,  single  copy $1  25.  Per  dozen $10  00. 

FOR   SALE  BY  THE   TRADE   GENERALLY. 

A  sample  copy  will   be   sent  by   mail,  postage   paid,   on   receipt  of  £1   25. 


THE  SWEET  SINGER. 

A  New  Sunday-School  Hymn  and  Tune  Book. 
BY  KARL  REDEN  &  S.  J.  GOODENOTJGH. 

Published  by  CARLTON  &  PORTER,  200  Mulberry-street,  N,  Y. 


Although  this  book  has  been  before  the  public  but  a  few  weeks,  10,000  copies 
have  been  issued.  It  is  pronounced  by  ministers,  Sunday-school  superintendents, 
editors,  and  others  who  have  examined  it,  to  be  superior  to  any  collection  of  school 
music  ever  published,  on  account  of  the  excellence  of  the  hymns,  and  the  freshness 
and  beauty  of  the  melodies. 

Price,  single  copy,  20  cents;  per  dozen,  $1  80;  ditto,  half  bound,  $2  40. 


-SS£~Sle| 


i\ 


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STATE  AND  COUNTY  FAHiS  OF  1863, 


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-The  above  comprises  all  the  Fairs  at  which  the  Gkover  &  Baker  Machines  were  exhibited  this  year.-®* 


GROVE R   Sr  BAKER  S.  M.  CO. 


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5  MASONIC  TEMPLE LOUISVILLE. 


BSJ*S* 


Vol.  VIII 


^eW( 


No.  2 


THE 


HISTORICAL     MAGAZINE, 


AND 


Notes    and    Qjjeries 


CONCERNING 


The  Antiquities,    History  and  Biography 


OF 


AMERICA. 


February,  1864. 


New    York  : 

CHARLES    B.    RICHARDSON, 

594  and  596  Broadway. 
London  :  Trubner  &  Co. 


a 


— oa§\© 


Monthly,  $3  per  annum.    Postage,  6  cents  a  year,     Complete  Sets  Supplied. 


REMOVED. 


The  Publisher  has  removed  to  596  Broadway,  to  Rooms  formerly  occupied  by  C.  B.  Norton,  where 
he  offers  at  reasonable  prices  one  of  the  best  collections  of  works  on  American  History,  Biograph}T, 
Bibliography,  and  Genealogy,  in  the  country. 

All  letters  should  be  carefully  directed,  as  there  is  another  party  of  the  same  name  in  the  city. 

C.  B   RICHARDSON, 

59«  BROADWAY,  New  York. 


CONTENTS. 


Page 
General   Department.— Notes   on   Some  Portraits   of 

Washington.    By  George  Gibbs 49 

Operations  in  Maine  in  1779.    Journal  found  on  board 

the  Hunter,  Continental  Ship  of  18  Guns 51 

The  Hessians  in  the  Eevolution 54 

The  Dark  Days  and  Earthquakes  in  Canada 60 

Letter  of  Gen.  Washington,  accepting  the  Freedom  of 

the  City  of  New  York 65 

Notes  and  Queries.— Notes.— The  Temple,  the  Has- 
brouck  House,  etc.,  66;  Indian  Deed  for  Canarise,  L. 
I.,  67:  Southern  Currency,  67;  Carondelet,  68; 
Dialects  of  the  Mutsun  Language  of  California,  68; 
Historical  Reminiscence  of  Buffalo,  69;  The  Last 
Wild  Buffalo  in  Ohio,  71 ;  Poughkeepsie,  71 ;  Cari- 
ous Origin  of  a  Christian  Name,  71 ;  The  American 
Editions  of  the  Eedeemed  Captive,  71 ;  Borrowing 
Names  of  Places,  72;  Immigration  from  New  Eng 
land  to  New  York,  73 ;  Syracuse,  73 ;  Eesolved  Wal- 
dron,  73  ;  John  Brown's  Tract,  73  ;  Letter  of  Lafay- 
ette to  Gen.  Knox*  73  ;  Quebec  in  1701,  74 ;  Ac- 
counts of  the  Yellow  Fever  in  ISlew  York,  75;  Sir 
Christopher  Gardiner,  Knight  of  the  Golden  Melice, 
75;  Semmes  on  Privateering,  76;  Early  Spanish 
Missionaries  in  Texas,  77;  Slavery  in  New  York, 
77;  Michael  Gauvin 77 


Page 

Queries. — Brothers-German,  78;  Pater  Vaer,  78; 
Webster  and  Smith's  Journal  of  the  Voyage  of  th« 
Hankey,  78;  Horseheads,  78;  Thariolin,  78;  Bar- 
bastro's  Account  of  Sonora,  78;  Killick-Kellock,  78 ; 
Henry  Francisco,  78 ;  Introduction  of  the  Honey 
Bee,  78 ;  Doctor  Cowdry's  Journal,  78  ;  Authors 
of  Whim- Whams,  79  ;  Madrigals  of  Ancient  Min- 
strelsie,  79 ;  File  of  the  Northern  Whig,  79 ;  The 
Wonderful  History  of  the  Morristown  Ghost 79 

Replies. — Curious  Hexameters,  79 ;  Peck  on  Univer- 
salism,  79;  Kentaienton,  79;  Butternuts,  76;  Jo 
Daviess,80;  Old  Hoss 80 

Retrospective,  Literary  and  Antiquarian 80 

Societies  and  their  Proceedings.— Illinois.— Chicago 

Historical  Society 82 

Massachusetts.—  Boston  Numismatic  Society,  83; 
Dorchester  Antiquarian  Society,  83  ;  New  England 
Historic-Genealogical  Society,  83 ;  American  Statis- 
tical Society,  85 ;  Old  Colony  Historical  Society 85 

New  Forfc.— Buffalo  Historical  Society,  85;  Long 
Island  Historical  Society,  87  ;  New  York  Historical 
Society 87 

Rhode  Mand.— Rhode  Island  Historical  Society. ...    81 

Notes  on  Books — 83 

Miscellany 88 


*0     COLLECTORS. 

The  advertiser  has  duplicates  of  AUTOGRAPHS,  BALLADS,  PLACARDS,  HAND-BILLS,  &c,  <fcc,  issued 
aince  the  commencement  of  the  Rebellion,  which  he  will  exchange  with  other  Collectors. 

Address,  Box  1862,  P.  O.,  Philadelphia. 


ORE1T     SALE     OF    AUTOGRAPHS,     COINS,    &c, 

AT    CINCINNATI,    MARCH    15,    18G4, 

FOR   THE   BENEFIT    OF    THE 

UNITED     STATES    SANITARY    COMMISSION. 


The  Committee  on  Autographs,  etc.,  of  the  GREAT  WESTERN  SANITARY  FAIR,  will  sell  at  auction  the  large  collec- 
tion of  Autographs,  Coins,  Medals,  and  some  Miscellaneous  Curiosities,  many  of  them  rare  and  valuable  \\hich  were  donatea 
to  the  Fair;  including  the  Original  MS.  of  PRESIDENT  LINCOLN'S  AMNESTY  PROCLAMATION,  MS.  Poems  (some 
unpublished)  by  Whittier,  Read,  Bryant.  "  Florence  Percy,"  French,  and  others ;  Letters  from  many  of  our  Generals  ana 
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It  has  been  placed  under  the  Editorial  care  of  HENRY  COPPEE.  Esq.,  Professor 
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C.  B.  RICHARDSON,  Publisher, 

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Vol.  VIII 


£ 


•^rWc 


No.  3 


THE 


HISTORICAL     MAGAZINE, 


AND 


Notes    and    Qjjer.ies, 


tONCERNINC 


The  Antiquities,    History  and  Biography 


OF 


AMERICA. 


March,    1864, 


New    York  : 

CHARLES    B.    RICHARDSO 
594  and  596  Broadway. 
London:  Trubnek  &  v.*. 


a 


■^Xl/B. 


Monthly ,f  $3  per  annum.    Postage,  6  cents  a  year.    .Complete  gen  £  (-plied. 


EEMOVED. 


The  Publisher  has  removed  to  596  Broadway,  to  Rooms  formerly  occupied  by  C.  B.  Norton,  where 
he  offers  at  reasonable  prices  one  of  the  best  collections  of  works  an  American  History,  Biography, 
Bibliography,  and  Genealogy,  in  the  cduntry. 

flOF"  All  letters  should  be  carefully  directed,  as  there  is  another  party  of  the  same  name  in  the  city. 

C.  B.  RICHARDSON, 

390  BROADWAY,  New  York. 

CONTENTS. 


Page 
General   Department.— Long  Island.     By  "W.  Alfred 

Jones, 89 

General  and  Mrs.  Washington 93 

The  Adams  and  Cunningham  Correspondence 101 

Oi.  General  Richard  LBu tier's  Journal]  of  ^the^Siege  of 
' "";,  Yorktown] 102 

Notes  and  Queries.— Notes.— Singular  Advertisement, 
112 ;  Facts  which  are  not  Facts,  112 ;  The  celebrated 
Latin  Line  on  Franklin,  112;;  The  ..Price  of  Substi- 
tutes in  1he  Olden  Time,  113;  Reminiscences  of 
Burr's  Later  Days,  113 ;  Plymouth  Anniversary  Dis- 
courses, 114;  Fort  Stevens,  114;  Strange  Supersti- 
tion, 114;  An  early  Canal,  114 ;  Proclamation  against 
Bebels  by  Gen.  Lee's  Father 115 

Queries.— "Woollen  Snow,  116;  The  Duke's  Laws, 
116 ;  A  Confederacy,  116 ;  Cosart  and  Horghland 
Families,  116;  The  Father  of  English  Lexicography, 
116;  Authenticity  of  Autographs,.!^;  Indian  Burial 


Page 
Places,  116 ;  Kewley  on   Methodism,    116 ;   John 
Quincy  Adams,  117 ;  Tracts  on  the  New  Hampshire 
Grants,  117 ;  New  England  Society  Addresses 117 

Replies. — The  "Wonderful  History  of  the  Morristown 
Ghost,  117 ;  Greenbacks,  119  ;  Copperheads 119 

Societies  and   their   Proceedings. — Maine. — Maine 

Historical  Society 119 

Massachusetts.—  Massachusetts     Historical     Society, 
119 ;  New  England  Historic  Genealogical  Society. . .  120 

New  Jersey. — New  Jersey  Historical  Society 120 

New  For*.— Albany  Institute,  122 ;  Buffalo   Histori- 
cal Society,  122 ;  New  York  Historical  Society 123 

Pennsylvania. — Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania.  124 
Vermont.— Vermont  Historical  Society 125 

Notes  on  Books 126 

Miscellany 127 


TO     COLLEOTORS. 

The  advertiser  has  duplicates  of  AUTOGRAPHS,  BALLADS,  PLACARDS,  HAND-BILLS,  &c,  &c,  issued 
since  the  commencement  of  the  Rebellion,  which  he  will  exchange  with  other  Collectors. 

Address,  Box  1862,  P.  O.,  Philadelphia. 


GREAT     SALE     OF    AUTOGRAPHS,    COINS,    &c, 

AT    CINCINNATI,    MAPvCH    15,    1864, 


FOR    THE    BENEFIT    OF    THE 


UNITED     STATES    SANITARY    COMMISSION 


The  Committee  on  Autographs,  etc.,  of  the  GREAT  WESTERN  SANITARY  FAIR,  will  sell  at  auction  the  large  collec- 
tion of  Autographs,  Coins,  Medals,  and  some  Miscellaneous  Curiosities,  many  of  them  rare  and valuable,\vhich  were  donated 
to  the  Fair,  including  the  Original  MS.  of  PRESIDENT  LINCOLN'S  AMNESTY  PROCLAMATION  MS.  Poems  (some 
unpublished)  by  Whittier,  Read,  Bryant,  "Florence  Percy,"  French,  and  others;  Letters  from  many  of  our  Generals  and 
Leading  Public  Men;  Documents,  etc.,  captured  from  the  Rebels,  etc.,  etc.,  etc.  „.     .  ,        .„    ,,,     * 

Catalogues,  now  ready,  can  be  had  on  application  to  ROBERT  CLARK  &  CO.,  Booksellers,  Cincinnati,  who  will  attend 
to  purchasing  without  charge  for  persons  who  oannot  attend  the  sale.  > . 


1864.     .    .1,    mumnue   mt.....    1864. 


BEAUTJi'UL  POBTRAIT  EMBELLISHMENTS  i 

THE    GREAT   CONGRESS   OF  VIENNA, 

TWENTY-THREE    PORTRAITS    OF    EMINENT    MEN. 


M/-,  New-York,  December  1,  1863. 

Dear  Sir  :    We  beg  your  attention  to  the  contents  of  this  Circular. 

1.  The  January  No.,  1864,  will  be  embellished  with  a  remarkable  plate 
containing  23  fine  portraits,  Tqe  Congress  of  Vienna  ;  and  an  extra  plate  with  a  portrait 
of  the  greatest  Naturalist  of  the  age,   Prof.   Louis  Agassiz,  of  Cambridge. 

2.  The  February,  March,  and  other  future  numbers  will  be  embellished  with  splen- 
did plates,  of  an  interesting  and  attractive  character. 

3.  The  Eclectic  as  a  Monthly  Magazine  has  no  superior  in  literary  merit  or  artistic 
embellishment. 

4.  Its  letter-press  is  made  up  of  the  choicest  articles,  selected  from  the  entire 
range  of  British  Quarterlies  and  British  Monthlies.     It  aims  to  give  the  cream  of  all. 

5.  The  Eclectic,  in  one  year,  equals  in  printed  matter  any  three  entire  British 
Quarterlies.  The  price  of  them  is  $7.  The  price  of  the  Eclectic,  for  the  same  is  only 
$5,  while  the  portrait  engravings  in  the  Eclectic  add  much  to  its  artistic  value. 

6.  The  variety,  richness,  ana  affluence  of  the  Eclectic  articles,  in  all  the  depart- 
ments of  literature  and  popular  science,  both  useful  and  entertaining,  stamp  it  as  the 
most  instructive  Magazine  published.  So  the  Press  and  eminent  men  say,  in  all  parts 
of  the  land. 

7.  Every  number  of  the  Eclectic  is  splendidly  embellished  with  one  or  more  fine 
steel  engravings. 

8.  The  Eclectic  has  acquired  an  established  character  as  a  standard  work  among 
literary  men.     It  finds  a  place  in  many  libraries. 

9.  Every  new  subscriber  to  the  Eclectic  for  one  year  is  entitled  to  two  splendid 
premium  prints,  which  are  alone  worth  the  price  of  subscription.  The  titles  are,  Return 
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with  title-pages  and  indexes  for  binding. 

12.  The  Eclectic  is  eminently  instructive  and  entertaining,  and  ought  to  be  in  the 
hands  of  every  intelligent  family  and  individual— young  lady  and  young  gentleman. 

13.  The  January  No.,  1864,  will  be  issued  early.  Now  is  the  time  to  subscribe,  and 
the  premiums  will  be  immediately  sent. 

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W.  E.  BIDWELL,  No.  6  Beekman  Street,  New- York 
P.  S. — Please  show  this  Circular  to  your  friends  and  neighbors. 


At  the  Fair*  of  the 

U.  S.  Agricultural  Society-. 
American  Inst.,  New  York. 
Mechanics'  Associat'n,  Boston. 
Franklin  Inst.,  Philadelphia. 
Maryland  Institute,  Baltimore. 
Mechanics'  Asso'n,  Cincinnati. 
Kentucky  Institute,  Louisville. 
Mechanics'  Asso'n,  St.  Louis. 
Mechan's'  Inst.,  San  Francisco. 
Metropolitan  Mechanics'  Inst, 
Washington,  / 


At  the  State  Fain  of 

Maine,  Ohio, 

Vermont,  Indiana, 

Connecticut,        Iowa, 
New  York,  Tennessee, 

New  Jersey,         Illinois, 
Pennsylvania,      Kentucky, 
Virginia,  Michigan, 

Mississippi,  Wisconsin, 

Missouri,  California 

And  at  hundreds  of  County 
>•  Fairs, 


"»«/  Expo* 


1863. 


'ffsberg' 


SEWING 


M^OHITVIi: 

With  Glass  Cloth  Preiser,  Improved  Loop-Check,  New  Style  Hemmer,  Binder, 
Corder,  Braider,  Trimmer,  etc. 

Office,  505  BROADWAY,  New  York. 


and  ranks  highest  on  ac- 
count  of  the  elasticity, 
permanence,  heauty,  an 
general  desirableness  of 


This  Machine  mares  the 


the  stitching  when  done, 
and  the  wide  range  of  its 
application. — Report  of 
American  Inst.,  JV.  F, 


The  qualities  which  recommend  the  Wheeler  k  Wilson  Machine  are, — 1.  Beauty  and  ex- 
cellence of  stitch  alike  npon  both  sides  of  the  fabric  sewed ;  2.  Strength,  firmness,  and  durability 
of  seam,  that  will  not  rip  nor  ravel,  and  made  with — 3.  Economy  of  thread ;  4.  Its  attachments 
and  wide  range  of  application  to  purposes  and  materials ;  5.  Compactness  and  elegance  of  model 
and  finish ;  6.  Simplicity  and  thoroughness  of  construction ;  7.  Speed,  ease  of  operation  and 
management,  and  quietness  of  movement. 


THE  SAMPLES  OF  SEWING  inclosed  illustrate  the  adaptability  and  excellence 
of  the  Wheeler  &  Wilson  Sewing  Machine  for  all  kinds  of  FAMILY  SEWING,  and 
for  the  use  of  Seamstresses,  Dress  Makers,  Tailors;  Manufacturers  of  Shirts, 
Collars,  Skirts,  Cloaks,  Mantillas,  Clothing,  Hats,  Caps,  Cossets,  Ladies'  Gai- 
ters, Linen  Goods,  Umbrellas,  Parasols,  and  Silk  Goods. 

An  Important  Feature  in  the  Use  of  this  Machine 

resulting  from  the  wide  range  of  its  application  is,  the  varying  branches  of  business 
to  which  it  is  applied  as  fashion  changes.  Thus  a  house  or  a  person  furnished  with 
these  Machines  may,  at  different  seasons,  employ  them  in  making  Skirts,  or  Mantillas. 
or  Ruffling,  or  Shirts,  or  Stitching  Hats,  Caps,  etc.  It  is  not  as  if  they  were  limited 
and  must  remain  unused  unless  that  particular  article  be  in  demand.  So  long  as  Sew- 
ing is  to  be  done,  these  Machines  are  sure  of  something  to  do. 


Vol.  VIII. 


THE 


HISTORICAL     MAGAZINE, 


AND 


Notes    and    Qjjer.ies, 


CONCERNING 


The  Antiquities,    History  and  Biography 


or 


AMERICA. 


April,    1864.. 


New    York  : 

CHARLES    B.    RICHARDS^ 
594  and  596  Broadway. 
London-  :  Trubner  &  Co. 


'. ■ — ^*ya<S\gi 

Monthly,  $3  per  annum.    Postage,  6  cents  a  year.    .Complete  Sets  Supplied. 


REMOVED. 


The  Publisher  has  removed  to  596  Broadway,  to  Eooms  formerly  occupied  by  C.  B.  Norton,  where 
he  offers  at  reasonable  prices  one  of  the  best  collections  of  works  on  American  History,  Biography, 
Bibliography,  and  Genealogy,  in  the  country. 

All  letters  should  be  carefully  directed,  as  there  is  another  party  of  the  same  name  in  the  city. 

C.  B.  RICHARDSON, 

59ti  BROADWAY,  New  York. 


CONTENTS 


Page 
General  Department. — Letters  of  Gen.  Joseph  Eeed  to 

Gen.  Irvine 129 

The  Washingtons  of  England 188 

The  Count  Revilla-Gig6do,  Viceroy  of  Mexico 140 

Notes  and  Queries.— Notes.— Old  Portrait  of  Franklin, 
147;  Intellectual  capacity  of  Negroes  in  Boston, 
147 ;  Draw  a  Prize,  147 ;  Phillips  and  Davis,  147 ; 
Revolutionary  Pensioners,  148;  Daniel  Taylor  the 
Spy,  148;  Names  and  Location  of  Tribes  on  the 
Androscoggin,  150 ;  Cartridge  Paper  in  1778, 151 ; 
Indians  in  Orange  County,  152  ;  The  Anniversary  of 
Shakspeare's  death,  153 ;  Latin  Ode  on  Washington.  154 

Queries.—  Descendants  of  John  Fenwicke,  154 ;  Rich- 
ard Cox,  154;  Prison  Walls  in  Boston,  154;  Apoliti- 
cal Lesson,  154;    A  Statue  on  the  Battery,  New 


Page 
York,  154 ;  The  Arms  of  Harberdinck,  154 ;  Thomas 
Odeorne 155 

Replies. — "Whim- whams 155 

Societies  and  their  Proceedings. — Illinois. — Chicago 

Historical  Society 165 

Maine. — Maine  Historical  Society 156 

Massachusetts.  —Massachusetts     Historical     Society, 

156 ;  New  England  Historic  Genealogical  Society. . .  157 
New    York. — American    Numismatic    Society,  158; 

Buffalo  Historical  Society 153 

Pennsylvania. — Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania.  158 
Rhode  Island.— Rhode  Island  Numismatic  Associa- 
tion  160 

Miscellany 160 


GREAT     SALE     OF    AUTOGRAPHS,    COIIVS,    &c, 

AT    CINCINNATI,    MARCH    15,    1864, 

FOR   THE   BENEFIT    OF    THE 

UNITED     STATES    SANITARY    COMMISSION 


The  Committee  on  Autographs,  etc.,  of  the  GREAT  WESTERN  SANITARY  FAIR,  will  sell  at  auction  the  large  collec- 
tion of  Autographs,  Coins,  Medals,  and  some  Miscellaneous  Curiosities,  many  of  them  rare  and  valuable,  which  were  donated 
to  the  Fair,  including  the  Original  MS.  of  PRKS1DENT  LINCOLN'S  AMNESTY  PROCLAMATION,  MS.  Poems  (some 
unpublished)  by  Whittier,  Read,  Bryant,  "Florence  Percy,"  French,  and  others;  Letters  from  many  of  our  Generals  and 
Leading  Public  Men;  Documents,  etc.,  captured  from  the  Rebels,  etc.,  etc.,  etc. 

Catalogues,  noxo  ready,  can  be  had  on  application  to  ROBERT  CLARK  &  CO.,  Booksellers,  Cincinnati,  who  toill  attend 
o  purchasing  without  charge  for  persons  who  cannot  attend  the  sale. 

tT.  DAY,  Chairman. 


American  School  Institute 


Ar.TIOLES 


That    every 


[  ;«t  abli^lied     1855, 

In   a    reliable    and    etficieii 
Educational  Exchange 

For  all  who  are  interested  in  finding  well-qnalified| 

Teachers. 

For  Teachers  who  seak  suitable  positions. 

For  Parents  and  guardians  who  desire  good  Schools 

for  their  Children  and  Wards. 
For  Selling,    Renting,   and    Exchanging  School 
Properties. 

G.    S.  WOODMAN,    A.  M.,  Pres, 

J.  W',  SCHERME.RH@RW,A.Mh>  Aet. 

130  GRAND-ST.,  near  Broadway,  N.  Y.  City. 

Branch  Offices,  25  North  Fourth-street,  Philadel- 
phia ;  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

"The  Right  Teacher  for  the  Right  Place." 

The  admirable  system  of  the  "  American  School  Insti 
tctb,"  with  the  thorough  and  extensive  acquaintance  of 
its  managers  with  teachers  in  every  depanment  of  in- 
struction, renders  it  an  invaluable  aid  to  all  who  seek  re 
liable  and  well  qualified  teachers. 

At  any  time  information  of  candidates  will  be  furnished, 
•which  r,hall  embrace  the  following  particulars  ;  the  can 
didate's  opportunities  for  education  ;  special  qualifications 
for  teaching  ;  experience,  where,  and  in  what  grade  of 
nchools  ;  references  and  copies  of  testimonials  ;  age  ;  re 
Hgioua  preferences  ;  salary  expected  ;  specimen  of  candi- 
date'bletter,  and  sometimes  a  photograph  likeness.  When 
required,  we  can  introduce  several  candidates,  so  that  good 
choice  may  be  made  Irom  among  them.  Persons  who 
appiy  to  us  for  teachers  are  not  expected  to  engage  any 
one  of  our  candidates  unless  it  may  seem  for  their  advan- 
tage to  do  so.  We  know  that  our  facilities  are  unparal- 
leled hence  are  willing  to  compete  with  any  other  candi- 
dates. 

Those  who  seek  teachers  through  our  negotiations 
should  slate  particularly  what  they  will  require  of  the 
teacher,  what  salary  they  will  pay  when  the  teacher 
must  be  ready  to  begin,  &c.,  &c. 

tj-%,  All  who  may  know  of  vacancies  for  teachers, 
requested  to  give  us  information  of  the  same. 


:  HOUSEKEEPER  SHOULD  USE, 


And  every 


Good.  Grocer 


SHOXTLX)    SELL. 


Pyle's  Saleratus 


PYLE'S  BAKING  CREAM  TARTAR, 

Pyle's  Purified  Soda. 

Designed  f<  »r  the  best  Family  Trade.  Housekeep- 
ers can  always  depend  upon  the  quality,  and 
upou  getting  sixteen  ounces  to  the  pound. 


.«*•< 


TESTIMONY  FOR  THE   "AMERICAN  SCHOOL 
INSTITUTE." 

FrcmRev.C.  V.  Spear.  Principal,  Maplewood  Young  Ladies 
Institute,  PitUfield,  Mats.,  JVov.,  1862.     ' 

A  good  School  Acency,  affords  a  very  desirable  medi  um  o 
communication  between  Dersons  seeking  teachers  and 
those  seeking  places  to  teach.  I  know  your  "American 
school  Institute  "  to  be  possessed  of  the  most  reliable 
and  extended  facilities,  and  I  have  found  it  of  great  aid  h 
furnishing  '  <  Maplewood  "  with  thorough  and  valuable  in 
structors.  I  think  you  have  also  rare  advantages  for 
giving  to  parents  information  of  good  schools  for  their 
ch,ldren-  C.  V.  SPEAR. 

Albany  (N.  y.)  Female  Academy,  Feb.  6th,  1863. 

Having  bad  occasion  to  make  application  to  the"  Am 
EmcANfccnooLlNsTiTDTB"  for  teachers,  it  gives  me  great 
pleasure  in  stating  that  I  regard  the  "Institute"  as  a 
most  desirable  medium  for  supplying  our  schools  and 
seminaries  with  the  best  teachers,  and  for  representing 
well  qualified  teachers  who  wish  employment.  All  who 
are  seeking  teachers  will  find  a  wide  range  from  which  to 
select,  with  an  assurance  thai  in  stating  character  and 
qualifications  there  is  no  «  humbug,"  and  there  can  be  no 
niMa/ce .  leachers  will  find  situations  open  to  them,  for 
wnicu  tney  may  seek  in  vain  in  any  other  way.  The 
~iie  I  respectable  character  of  the  gentlemen  who  con 
auct  tne  ''American  School  Institdie"  affords  a  su  tlio'ent 
guaranty  Dot  only  of  fair  dealing,  but  also  of  k  ..1  and 
polite  treatmeot  t0  all         RRV   EBEN  s  stEARNo, 

Principal  of  Albany  Female  Academy,  N.  Y 


Pyle's  O.  K.  SOAP. 

Pane's  BMrtg  Pawdj^p. 

These  articles  are  designed  for  the  Washing 
Department,  and  have  gained  a  reputation  which 
bids  fair  to  p^ace  them  in  every  house  through- 
out the  country.  For  the  saving  of  Labor  and 
Expense  we  acknowledge  no  rival,  and  simply 
a9k  one  trial  to  prove  their  superiority.  All  the 
best  class  Grocers  have,  or  can  readily  get  these 
articles.  Some,  however,  endeavor  to  persuade 
customers  that  they  can  supply  something  as 
good,  or  better,  for  the  reason  that  they  make  a 
larger  profit;  but  it  is  the  Housekeeper's  right 
to  have  preference,  and  the  Grocer's  business  to 
furnish  goods  bearing  the  best  reputation. 

All  articles  bearing  the  name  of  JAMES  PYLE 
can  be  relied  upon  for  purity  and  just  weight. 

JAMES   PYLE, 

Manufacturer, 
350,  352,  354  &  356  WASHLNGTON-ST., 

AND 

204  FRANKLIN  STREET. 


GROVER    &    BAILER'S 


WERE    AWARDED    THE   HIGHEST  PREMIUMS,  OVER  ALL  COMPETITORS,  AT  THE   FOLLOWING 
STATE  AND   COUNTY  FAIRS  OF  1863, 


NEW  YORK  STATE  FAIR. 

First  Premium  for  Family  Machine. 

First  Premium  for  Manufacturing  Machine. 

First  Premium  for  Machine  Work. 

INDIANA  STATE  FAIR. 

First  Premium  for  Machine  for  all  purposes. 
First  Premium  for  Machine  Work. 

VERMONT  STATE  FAIR. 

First  Premium  for  Family  Machine. 

First  Premium  for  Manufacturing  Machine. 

First  Premium  for  Machine  Work. 

OHIO  STATE  FAIR. 

First  Premium  for  Machine  Work. 

IOWA  STATE  FAIR. 

First  Premium  for  Family  Machine. 

First  Premium  for  Manufacturing  Machine. 

First  Premium  for  Machine  Work. 

ILLINOIS  STATE  FAIR. 


First  Premium  for  Machine  for  all  purposes. 
First  Premium  for  Machine  Work. 

KENTUCKY  STATE  FAIR. 

First  Premium  for  Machine  for  all  purposes'. 
•"J—*  premium  for  Machine  Work. 

MICHIGAN  STATE  FAEEC. 

First  Premium  for  Family  Machine. 

First  Premium  for  Manufacturing  Machine. 

First  Premium  for  Machine  Work. 

PENNSYLVANIA  STATE  FAIR. 

First  Premium  for  Manufacturing  Machine. 
First  Premium  for  Machine  Work. 

OREGON  STATE  FAIR. 

First  Premium  for  Family  Machine. 
First  Premium  for  Machine  Work. 


Chittenden  Co.  (Vt.)  Agr'l  Soc. 
rirtst  Premium  for  Famuy  Machine. 
First  Premium  f<>r  Manufacturing  Machine. 
First  Premium  for  Machine  Work. 

Franklin  Co.  (N.  YO  Fair. 

Fir.st  Premium  for  Family  Machine. 

First  Premium  for  Manufacturing  Macnine. 
Champlain  Valley  (Vt.)  Agr'l  Soc. 

Flint  Premium  for  Family  Machine. 

First  Premium  for  Manufacturing  Machine. 

First  Premium  for  Machine  Work. 

Hampden  Co.  (Mass.)  Agr'l  Soo. 

Diploma  for  Family  Machine. 

Diploma  for  Machine  Work. 

Y.)  Fair. 

Fain,  y  Machine. 

Queens  Co.  (N.  Y.)  Agr'l  Soc. 

First  Premium  for  Fanii.y  Machine. 

First  Premium  for  Manufacturing  Machine. 

First  Premium  for  Machine  \\  ork. 


Washington  Co.  (J. 
First  Premium  for  1 


Saratoga  Co.  (N.  Y.)  Fair. 

First  Premium  for  Family  Machin* 

Mechanics'  Institute  (Pa.'1  "^air. 

First  J'rem  mn  f.  r  Machine  t«>r  all  purposes.. 
First  Premium  for  Machine  Work. 

Greenfield  (0.)  Union  Fair. 

iirst  Premium  for  Family  Machine  and  Work 

Clinton  Co.  (O.)  Fair. 

First  Premium  for  Family  Machine  and  Work. 

Montgomery  Co,  (?a.)  Fair. 

First  I  i«  naiuni  f<>r  Macliinefor  all  purposes. 
First  Pretui  urn  f     Ma^n.9  Work. 

San  Joaquin  Co.  (<    L",  "*S.r. 

First  Premium  for  t*ir.:iy  "ii&^ViIne. 
First  Premium  for  Maeuuie  Work. 

San  Jose  District  (Cal.)  .b  air. 

First  Premium  for  Family  Machine  &&t  Work. 

jbjrThe  above  comprises  all  the  Fairs  at  which  the  Grover  &  Raker  Machines  were  exhibited  this  yaai  .-^-J 


GROVER   Sr  BAKER  S.  M.  CO. 


406  BROADWAY NFW  YORK. 

730  CHESTNUT  STREET PHILADELPHIA. 

68  WEST  FOURTH  STREET CINCINNATI. 

USHER'S  BLOCK,  WOODWARD  AV DETROIT. 

171  superior  sT:i::::r Cleveland. 


18  SUMMER  STREET BOSTON. 

181  BALTIMORE  STREET BALTIMORE. 

116  LAKE  STREET CHICAGO. 

124  NORTH  FOURTH  STREPT.'. ST.  LOUIS. 

5   MASONIC  TEMPI* L0U1PVTI  LB. 


)Q\&es*^ — — —^rW&$ 

Vol.  K.Y/f/  No.  5. 

THE 


HISTORICAL     MAGAZINE, 


AND 


Notes    and    Qjjeries, 


IONCERNING 


The  Antiquities,    History  and  Biography 


OF 


AMERICA. 


May,    1864, 


New    York  : 

CHARLES    B.    RICHARDSON, 

594  and  596  Broadway.  ^ 


London  :  Trubner  &  Co. 


# — ~ «^§® 

Monthly,  $3  per  annum.    Postage,  6  cents  a  year,     Complete  Sets  Supplied. 


EEMOVED. 


The  Publisher  has  removed  to  596  Broadway,  to  Rooms  formerlj'occupied  by  C.  B.  Norton,  where 
he  offers  at  reasonable  prices  one  of  the  best  collections  of  works  on  American  History,  Biography, 
Bibliography,  and  Genealogy,  in  the  country. 

[3§r  All  letters  should  be  carefully  directed,  as  there  is  another  party  of  the  same  name  in  the  city. 

C.  B.  RICHARDSON, 

590  BROADWAY,   Wew  York. 

CONTENTS. 


Page 

General  Department.— The  late  Wm.  J.  Davis 161 

Lord  George  Germain 162 

The  Loucheux  and  Esquimaux,  by  W.  W.  Kirkby 165 

Additional  Notes  on  the  Massachusetts  Laws  concern- 
ing Slavery  in  Massachusetts 169 

Notes  and  Queries. — Notes. — The  Book  of  Common 
Prayer  for  the  Confederate  States,  174;  the  Place 
of  the  Death  of  father  Eene  Menard,  175  ;  Frank- 
lin's House  at  Passy,  176;  A  Centenarian  in 
Maine,  176;   The  Capucin  Missions  in  Maine,  176  y 


Page 
vania,  180 ;  Thaddeus  Morrice.  the  Speaker's  Page, 
181 ;    Old  House  in  Boston,  182  ;  How  Tecumseh 
was  Killed,  183  ;  An  Early  Canal,  183. 

Queries. — House  where  Hamilton  died,  184;  Alsop, 
Boerum,  Haring,  Low,  185  ;  Mayor  John  Whistler, 
185. 

Replies.— Henry  Francisco,  185 ;  A  Statue  on  the  Bat- 
tery, 185. 


Societies  and    their    Proceedings. — Massachusetts.— 

The  Massachusetts  Historical  Society 185 

Lieut.    Benj.    Jacques,    177;    Eevolutionary   Pen-  jst6W  York.— Long  Island  Historical  Society 187 

sioners,   178;   Indian  Tribes,  Chiefs,  and  Treaties,  Pennsylvania.— Pennsylvania  Historical  Society....  191 

178;    Mr.   Crawford,  the   last  N.  S.  Loyalist,  179;  I 

Beltrami,  the  Discoverer  of  the  Northern  Source  of  |    NoTES  0N  Books 191 


U 


the  Mississippi,  179;  Origin  of  the  name  Pennsyl-  Miscellany 192 

TEADE  SALE"  EOOMS 

498  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK. 

GEO.    A.    LEAVITT,    Auctioneer. 


BIBLIOTHECA  AMERICANA. 


JAMES  E.  COOLEY  will  sell  at  auction,  May  31st,  1864,  and  following  days,  an  exten- 
sive and  valuable  collection  of  books  in  many  departments  of  literature,  but  especially 
rich  in  rare  books  relating  to  America,  including  many  privately  printed  books,  large 
paper  and  uncut  copies,  generally  in  the  finest  possible  condition  ;  among  them  over 
one  hundred  books  printed  by  Benjamin  Franklin  and  other  early  American  printers. 
Also  a  very  select  and  beautiful  collection  of  books  in  general  literature. 

The  Catalogue  will  form  about  150  pages,  and  will  be  carefully  prepared  by  Mr. 
Joseph  Sabin ;  gentlemen  wishing  to  receive  it  will  please  forward  their  address.  Some 
copies  will  be  printed  on  large  paper,  for  which  subscriptions  will  be  received. 

T.  E.  COOLEY, 
498  Broadway,  New  York. 


THE 

BOARDHAN,  GRAY&CO.  PIANOFORTES 

»>-»♦»   <4 

The  subscriber,  late  a  member  of  this  well  known  firm,  has  established  a 

WHOLESALE  AGENC7,  748  BROAD WY,  NEW  YORK, 

where  he  will  be  pleased  to  receive  the  orders  of  his  friends  and  the  public,  and  especially 
to  hear  from  those  who  have  so  liberally  bestowed  their  patronage  on  the  firm  heretofore. 
He  *  ill  supply  these  superior  instruments  to  the  trade. 

Wholesale  and  Retail,  at  the  very  Lowest  Prices. 

Made  with  the  Insulated  Iron  Rim  and  Frame  (cast  in  one  solid  plate).     They  excel  all 
others  in  durability,  superiority  of  tone,  and  elegance  of  external  appearance. 

Warranted  to  prove  Satisfactory,  or  Money  Returned. 
Address  all  orders,  SIBERIA  OTT,  748  Broadway,  New  York. 


S.  D.  &  H.  W.  SMITH'S 

AMERICAN  ORGANS  &  MELODEOXS. 

The  subscriber  takes  pleasure  in  bringing  before  the  public  these  beautiful  American 
Organs  and  Parlor  Harmoniums,  with  the  most  perfect  assurance  of  their  superiority 
in  fullness  and  perfectness  of  tone,  and  possessing  all  the  power,  sweetness  and  advantages 
if  a  Large  Church  Organ,  combined  in  a  small  and  elegant  piece  Of  furniture  for  the 
Parlor,  Church,  Lecture  or  Lodge  Room,  &c.  They  are  the  best  made,  and  fast  taking 
precedence,  as  they  become  known,  over  all  others. 

Also  Melodeons,  all  Styles,  &c. 

>  WHOLESALE  AND  RETAIL,  at  very  lowest  prices,  with   full  arrangements   to   give 
Dealers  exclusive  territory,  &c.     Send  for  circulars,  and 

Address  all  orders,  SIBERIA  OTT,  748  Broadway,  New  York. 


Piano  Stools  and  Covers, 


ABBOTT'S  IRON  COLUMN  AND  FEET  STOOL.— The  best,  nearest,  and  cheapest  Stool 
made  Also  ROSEWOOD  STOOLS,  PIANO  AND  MELODEON  COVERS— Rubber,  Fancy 
and  Flock.     Also  Cloth,  all  kinds. 

Address  orders,  SIBERIA  OTT,  748  Broadway,  New  York. 


Piano  Forte  Timing-  Scales. 


BOOTMAN'S  TUNING-  SCALES,  enables  persons  to  tuue  Pianos  correctly  ;  is  simple  in 
construction  and  operation.  Recommended  by  Gottscha'k,  Wm  Mason,  S.  B.  Mills.  Wm. 
B.  Bradbury,  &c.     Send  for  descriptive  circulars.     Sole  agency  and  depot. 

Address  orders,  SIBERIA  OTT,  748  Broadway,  New  York. 


Chronometer  Watches. 


-FASOLDT'S  AMERICAN  PATENT  POCKET  CHRONOMETERS.— Thp  best  time-keep- 
ers in  the  world.     Will  not  vary  a  minute  in  a  year.     Sole  agent.     Send  for  circulars,  and 
Address  orders,  SIBERIA  OTT,  748  Broadway,  New  York. 


Purchasing  and  Information  Agency 

Articles  of  every  description  purchased.     Information  given  on  any  Business  matter. 
All  communications  confidential. 

Circulars  sent  on  application,  giving  full  information  relative  to  the  Agency.     Re/'ercrces 
of  the  highest  order  given. 

Send  for  Circulars,  and  address, 

SIBERIA  OTT,  748  Broadway,  New  York. 


Bi. 

2  5 


CD 

o  .» 
05  ® 


If  9 1|  || 

|   S    »     3=    fl    J.  C 


X       ' 


g\§Ser^^ 


Vol.  ^^Yitt 


THE 


HISTORICAL     MAGAZINE, 


AND 


Notes    and    Qjjeries, 


CONCERNING 


The  Antiquities,    History  and   Biography 


OF 


AMERICA. 


June,    1864. 


New    York  : 

CHARLES    B.    RICHARDSON, 

$94  and  596  Broadway. 

London  :  Trubner  &  Co. 


_ . —~ft/ai§\g, 

Monthly,  $3  per  annum.    Postage,  6  cents  a  year,     C  mpbte  Sets  Suppliec!. 


CONTENTS 


Page 
General  Department. — Historical  Notes  on  Slavery  in 

the  Northern  Colonies  and  States 193 

"The    Selling   of   Joseph,  a   Memorial,"   by  Judge 

Sewall  .> 195 

Report  of  Major  Andre  and  Col.  Hyde,  Commissioners 
for  the  Exchange  of  Prisoners  to  Sir  Henry  Clinton, 
1779 200 

Notes  and  Queries.— Notes.— Josiah  Quincy,  Jr,,  207; 
Capt  Thos.  Machen,  208 ;  Indians  in  Orange  Coun- 
ty, ib.;  An  Acrostic  on  Washington,  ib. ;  Colonel 
Pickering's  Death-place,  ib. ;  Lineage  of  the  Signers, 
ib. ;  Ruled  Paper,  209  ;  Autograph  Letter  of  General 
Jackson,  ib. ;  Latin  Ode  on  Washington,  ib. 

Queries.— Gilmartin,  210 ;  Trial  of  Tortoises  in  Ca- 
nada, 210. 


Page 
Replies.— The  Arms  of  Herbendinck,  210;  Descen- 
dants of  John  Fen-vvick,  ib. ;  The  Duke  of  York's 
Laws,  ib. 

Societies  and   their    Proceedings. — Illinois.— Chicago 

Historical  Society 211 

Massachusetts.—  American  Antiquarian  Society,  212; 

New  England  Historic  Genealogical  Society 212 

New  Jersey.— New  Jersey  Historical  Society 222 

New  York.— Long  Island  Historical  Society,  214;  New 

York  Historical  Society,  215 ;    Buffalo  Historical 

Society,  ib. 

Pennsylvania.— Pennsylvania  Historical  Society 217 

Wisconsin.— State  Historical  Society 218 

Miscellany.— The  Allan  Library 223 


NOTICE     TO     SUBSCRIBERS. 


The  Historical  Magazine,  to  the  great  annoyance  of  the  Publisher  and  Editor, 
has  recently  by  accidents  been  greatly  retarded ;  and  after  some  planning  for  its 
future  usefulness,  Mr.  Richardson,  who  has  the  merit  of  having  been  the  first  to  give 
historical  scholars  an  organ  and  medium  of  intercommunication,  concluded  reluctantly 
in  view  of  his  own  increasing  business  engagements,  to  withdraw  from  its  direction, 
and  leave  it  entirely  to  the  undersigned,  who  has  been  its  editor  for  the  last  fVw-v^7 
years.  f 

In  thus  suddenly  assuming  the  direction  of  the  business  department  also,  which  I 
do  simply  from  a  desire  to  see  the  Magazine  sustained  in  a  way  to  meet  the  wants  of 
scholars,  I  beg  for  this  month  and  the  next  the  indulgence  of  its  patrons.  The  July 
number  will  appear  early  in  the  monthj  the  future  numbers  punctually  on  the  first  of 
each  month. 

The  friends  who  have  hitherto  sustained  it  will,  it  is  hoped,  continue  to  give  it 
their  favor,  and  endeavor  to  extend  its  circulation. 

The  Historical  Societies,  especially,  are  invited  to  become  its  patrons  by  active 

exertion. 

JOHN   G.   SHEA. 

New  York,  June,    1864. 


SHEA'S    CRAMOISY    SERIES 


memoirs,  :REL^Tio:rsrs,  ETC. 

RELATING  TO  THE  FRENCH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Edition  limited  to  100  copies. 


*1.  Gravier,  Relation  de  la  Mission  Illinoise,  .i*^jg 
1693 $1  50 

*2.  Bigot,  Relation  de  la  Mission  Abnaquise, 

1684 1  50 

*3.  Bigot,  Relation  de  la  Mission  Abnaquise, 

1685 1  00 

4.  Bigot,  Relation  de  la]Mission  Abnaquise, 

1701 1  50 

5.  Cavelier,   Dernier  Voyage  de  M.  de  la 
Salle,  1685 2  00 

6.  Chaumoxot,  Autobiographic 2  50 

*7.  "  Suite 1  50 

8.  Tranchepain,  Voyage  des  Ursulines  a  la 
Nouvelle  Orleans  ] 2  00 

9.  Registre  du  Fort  Du  Quesne 2  00 

10.  Journal  de  la  Guerre  du  Micisipi  contre 

les  Chicachas 2  50 


11.  Gravier,    Voyage    a    l'embouchure    du 

Missisipi 2  50 

12.  Dablon,  Relation  de  la  Nouvelle  France, 

1673-9 5  00 

13.  Dablon,  Relation  de  la  Nouvelle  France, 

1672-3 4  00 

14.  Relations  di verses  sur  la  bataille  du  Ma- 
lenguele 2  00 

15.  Relation  des   Missions   du   Seminaire  de 
Quebec 1  50 

16.  Jogues,  Novum  Belgium — Rene  Goupil. .     1  50 

17.  Sage  an,  Extrait  des  Voyages  de  Mathieu 

Sagean 1  50 

18.  Milet,  Relation  d'une  captivite  parmi  les 

Onneiouts 2  00 

*  A  single  set  of  the  above  can  be  furnished 
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remain. 


SHEA'S 
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French  Onpndaga  Dictionary $4  00 

2.  Mengarini,  Grammatica  Selica — Flathead 

Grammar 4  00 

3.  A  Grammar  of  the  Heve  Language ,     1  00 

4.  Arroyo,  Gramatica  de  la  Lengua  Mutsun.     2  50 

5.  Gramatica  de  la  Lengua  Nevome  (Pima) . .     4  50 

6.  Pandosy,  Grammar  of  the  Yakama  Lan- 

guage       2  50 

7.  Vocabulario  de  la  lengua  de  la  Mission  de 

San  Antonio 2  50 


8.  Arroyo,  Vocabulario  de  la  lengua  Mut- 
sun       4  00 

9.  Gibbs,  Vocabulary  of  the  Chinook  lan- 
guage     1  00 

10.  Bruyas,  Radical  Words  of  the  Mohawk 
Language 4  00 

11.  Gibbs,    Vocabulary  of  the   Clallam  and 
Lummi  Languages 1  50 

12.  Gibbs,  Dictionary  of  the  Chinook  Jargon.     3  00 

13.  Maillard,  Grammaire  de  la  Langue  Mic- 

maque 4  50 


WORKS   RELATING   TO   SPANISH   AMERICA,  ETC. 

Edition  limited';   printed  by  Munsell,  uniform  with  his  Series. 


1.  Rudo  Ensayo,  Descripcion  Geografica  de 

la  Provincia  de  Sonora 4  00 

2.  Palacios,   Report  on  Guatemala,  with 
translation,  by  Hon.  E.  G.  Squier 3  00  J 


3.  Squier,  Monograph  of  Authors  on  Cen- 
tral America 2  00 

4.  Bayley,   Memoirs  of  Rt.  Rev.  Simon  G. 

Brute  ;  portrait 3  00 

JOHN  G.  SHEA, 

83  Centre  Street, 

NEW  YORK. 


among  the  ooxTKintrroRS  are  Tni  following: 

Lieut-Generals  Scott  and  Grant;  Major-Gcnerals  "W.  F.  Smith,  Eosecrans,  Gillmore,  McClellan  and  Thomas; 
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Mansfield,  and  many  others. 

Published  monthly,  in  octavo  size,  each  number  containing  120  pages  or  more,  and  beautifully  printed  on  the 
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Address, 

C.  B.  RICHARDSON,  Publisher  and  Proprietor, 

HISTORICAL  AND  MILITARY  PUBLISHER  AND  BOOKSELLER, 

Capt.  HKXRY  heath,  596  Broadway,  Now  York. 

Gkkkhal  AflKNT. 


Vol.  V1IL  No.  7 


) 

)  THE 


HISTORICAL     MAGAZINE, 


AND 


Notes    and    Qjjeries, 


TONCERNING 


The  Antiquities,    History  and   Biography 


OF 


AMERICA. 


July,    1864. 


New  York: 

OFFICE,   83    CENTRE   STREET 
London:   Trubner  &  Co. 


Monthly,  $3  per  annum.    Postage,  6  cents  a  year.    Complete  Sets  Supplied. 


CONTENTS. 


'Jmtfh 


Page. 

e.nekal   Department.  —  The  Colonial  Policy  of   France  in 

North  America,  in  the  18th  Century, 277 

Letter  of  Thomas  Jefferson  to  the  Earl  of  Buchan, 

Memorials  of  Governor  Stuyvesant, 280 

Stray  Leaves  from  an  Autograph  Collection,  VI, 282 

Address  of  the  Grand  Jury  of   Dutchess  Co.,  to  John 

Adams  in  1798,  and  his  reply, 283 

The  First  Theatre  in  New  York,  hy  Hon.  C.  P.  Daily, 284i 

Notes  axd Queries.— Notes.— Indian  Names  on  the  Androscog- 
gin, 237  ;  George  Peabody— Lord  Timothy  Dexter,  238; 
An  Amcient  Clock,  239;  The  Presidential  Election  of 
1800,  2-10;  Indian  Justice,  240;  Joshua  Coffin,  241; 
Louisiana  in  ISIS,  242;  Silvester,  244;  New  York  Oys- 
sters,  245;  Eliot's  Indian  Bible  at  Albany  some  200 
years  ago,  245 ;  Jonas  Bronk,  his  Library,  245 ;  Blue 
Hen's  Chickens,  245;  Boodle,  246;  Discovery  of  a  Mas-1  H 
todon  in  Lanawee  Co.,  Mich.,  245 ;  Sir  Edmond  An- 
dros,  248;  Centenarian  in  New  Jersey,  248;  A  Re-  %£c. 
markable  Statement  concerning  Washington,  248;  An 
American  Admiral  in  Russia,  249. 


Page, 
Queries— Works  Printed  by  BennetlH.  Wheeler,  249; 
Clams,{249;  Mind  your  own  [ Business,  250:  Madoc's 
Discovery  of  America,  250  ;~Sternhold  and  Hopkins, 
250;  John  Wilkes,  250;  Dr.  ?Samuel  Johnson,  [250 ; 
ENewspaper  in  Morristown,  N.  J  ,  250. 

Replies.— Statue  on  the, Battery,  N.  Y.,  250;  Descendants 
of  John  Fenwick,  250. 

Societies  and  their  Proceedings.— Connecticut—  Connecticut 

Historical  Society 250- 

Illinois— Chicago  Historical  Society, 250 

Massachusetts.  —  New  England   Historic  Genealological 

Society,  251:  Boston  Numismatic  Society,  251. 
New  Hampshire— "Sew  Hampshire  Historical  Society.   ...  251 

New  York.— New  York  Historical  Society, 251 

Ohio—  Frelands  Historical  Society, 252 

Pen nsylvania  —  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania, 253 

Obituary— John  Woodbridge, 253 

Notes  on  Books 254 

Miscellany, 255 


NOTICE     TO     SUBSCRIBERS. 


The  Historical  Magazine,  to  the  great  annoyance  of  the  Publisher  and  Editor, 
has  recently  by  accidents  been  greatly  retarded;  and  after  some  planning  for  its  future 
usefulness,  Mr.  Richardson,  who  has  the  merit  of  having  been  the  first  to  give  historical 
scholars  an  organ  and  medium  of  intercommunication,  concluded  reluctantly  in  view  of 
his  own  increasing  business  engagements,  to  withdraw  from  its  direction,  and  leave  it  en- 
tirely to  the  undersigned,  who  has  been  its  editor  for  the  last  six  years. 

In  thus  suddenly  assuming  the  direction  of  the  business  department  also,  which  I  do 
simply  from  the  desire  to  see  the  Magazine  sustained  in  a  way  to  meet  the  wants  of 
scholars,  I  beg  for  this  month  and  the  next  the  indulgence  of  its  patrons.  The  July  num- 
ber will  appear  early  in  the  month,  the  future  numbers  punctually  on  the  first  of  each 
month. 

The  friends  who  have  hitherto  sustained  it  will,  it  is  hoped,  continue  to  give  it  their 
favor,  and  endeavor  to  extend  its  circulation. 

The    Historical    Societies,  especially,  are    invited    to   become   its    patrons    by    active- 
exertion. 

JOHN  G.  SHEA. 

New  York,  July,  1864. 


SHEA'S    CRAMOI8Y     SERIES 

OF 

MEMOIRS,    EELATIONS,    ETC., 

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Superintendent  of  Indian  Affairs,  residing  among 
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the  last  Century. 

BY  WILLIAM  L.  STONE,  ESQ. 

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^^••^^ 


Vol.  VIII  No.  S 

THE 


HISTORICAL     MAGAZINE, 


AND 


Notes    and    Qjjeries, 


rONCERNING 


The  Antiquities,    History  and   Biography 


OF 


AMERICA. 


August,  1864. 


New  York : 

OFFICE,   83    CENTRE   STREET 
London:   Trubner  &  Co. 


^^O  /7± 


a 
§ 


CONTENTS. 


Page- 

General  Department  —Affairs  at  Fort  Chartres 257 

Governors  of  Pennsylvania, 266 

General  Dearborn's  account  of  the  Battle  of  Bunker 

Hill 267 

The  Tomb  of  Columbus, 273 

The  first  book  ever  printed  in  Philadelphia 274 

Notes  and  Queries.— Notes.— The  Tristram  Coffin  Medal,  277; 
Why  the  Rebels  are  called  "Johnnies,"  277  ;  Book- 
Collectors,  277 ;  The  Buffalo  Question,  278 ;  Fort 
Saint  Philip,  278  ;  The  First  Slave  in  Canada,  278. 


Page- 

Queries— Useful  Animals  of  America,  278  ;  The  Ten 
Orators  of  Athens,  278  ;  Beck  ford,  Trecotbick.  278; 
Pennsylvania  Act  of  1711,  prohibiting  Slavery,  278 ; 
Bibliography  of  the  Following  or  Imitation  of 
Christ,  279  ;  Marriages  in  New  England,  279;  Dogs, 
279 ;  Cox  Family  of  Queens  Co.,  L.  I.,  279. 
Replies.— Indian  Works  by  Mother  Mary  of  the  In- 
carnation, 279;  Isaac  Low,  280;  Killick,  280; 
Major  John  Whistler,  280. 
Societies  and  their  Proceedings.— Illinois.— Chicago  His- 
torical Society 2SO 

Massachusetts— Massachusetts  Historical  Society, 281 

Miscellany, 288 


NOTICE     TO     SUBSCRIBERS. 


The  Historical  Magazine,  to  the  great  annoyance  of  the  Publisher  and  Editor, 
has  recently  by  accidents  been  greatly  retarded;  and  after  some  planning  for  its  future 
usefulness,  Mr.  Richardson,  who  has  the  merit  of  having  been  the  first  to  give  historical 
scholars  an  organ  and  medium  of  intercommunication,  concluded  reluctantly  in  view  of 
his  own  increasing  business  engagements,  to  withdraw  from  its  direction,  and  leave  it  en- 
tirely to  the  undersigned,  who  has  been  its  editor  for  the  last  six  years. 

In  thus  suddenly  assuming  the  direction  of  the  business  department  also,  which  I  do 
simply  from  the  desire  to  see  the  Magazine  sustained  in  a  way  to  meet  the  wants  of 
scholars,  I  beg  for  this  month  and  the  next  the  indulgence  of  its  patrons.  The  July  num- 
ber will  appear  early  in  the  month,  the  future  numbers  punctually  on  the  first  of  each 
month. 

The  friends  who  have  hitherto  sustained  it  will,  it  is  hoped,  continue  to  give  it  their 
favor,  and  endeavor  to  extend  its  circulation. 

The   Historical   Societies,  especially,  are   invited   to   become   its    patrons    by    active 
exertion. 

JOHN  G.  SHEA. 

New  York,  July,  1864. 


SHEA'S    CRAMOISY    SERIES 

OP 

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RELATING  TO  THE  FRENCH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

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IsTO-W    READY. 

BIOGRAPHICAL    SKETCHES 


OF 


<|^0gaii$t0  0f  the  ^mtxuM  fkwltttiim, 


BY   LORENZO    SABINE. 

New  Edition,  2  Vols.  8vo.     Tinted  Page. 


LITTLE  &  BROWN, 


BOSTON,  Mass. 


NOW    READY. 

THE  AMERICAN  ANNUAL    CYCLOP/EDIA, 

REGISTER  OF  IMPORTANT  EVENTS, 

OF    THE    YHAR   1863. 

EMBRACING 

Political,  Civil,    Military,  and  Social  Affairs;  Public 
Documents,  Biography,  Statistics,  Commerce, 
Finance,  Literature,  Science,  Agricul- 
ture, and  Mechanical  Industry. 

1  Vol.  8  vo.  Cloth,  865  pp.     $3.50. 

D.  APPLETON  &  CO., 

443  Broadway,  New  York, 


¥ 


wvy 


Vol.  VIII. 


No.  9 


THE 


HISTORICAL     MAGAZINE, 


AND 


Notes    and    Qjjeries, 


CONCERNING 


The  Antiquities,    History  and  Biography 


OF 


AMERICA. 


September,  1864. 


New  York: 

OFFICE,  83   CENTRE  STREET. 
London:  Trubner  &  Co. 


~ZS^ 


Monthly,  $3  per  annum.    Postage,  6  csnts  a  year.    Complete  Sets  Supplied. 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Department —Letter  of  Columbus  in  1493,    (illus- 
trated,)  - 289 

Papers  relating  to  the  Allied  Attack  on  Savannah  in 

1779 290 

Jacques  Cartier 297 

The  Capuchins  in  Maine, 301 

Notes  and  Queries.— Notes.— Lieut.  Col.  Throop  to  Governor 
Clinton,  304;  The  Authorship  of  the  Disputed  Num- 
bers of  the  Federalist,  305;  Virginia  Blue  Laws,  308; 
Tombstone,  309 ;  Sanitary  ib ;  Predenth  Coffins  and 
Monuments,  310 ;  Name  for  the  Confederate  States, 
ib;  Masonic  War  Trophies,  311;  Elma,  a  Christian 
Name,  312;  a  Singular  Marriage  in  the  Olden  Times, 
312;  First  Celebration  of  Independence  in  Boston, 
312;  The  Pittsfield  Elm,  313;  The  Presidential  Elec- 
tion of  1800,  ib ;  New  Orleans,  314 ;  The  Prock  and 


Gyascutus,  ib;  An  American  Admiral  in  Russia, 
O'Callagban's     History   of   New    Netherlnml,    316; 
Hooding,  ib ;  Governors  of  Pennsylvania,  ib ;  Spanish 
Priests  in  New  York,  ib;  Picayune  Appropriation,  ib. 
Queries.— Tracts  by  Archbishop  Hughee,  317. 
Replies.— Bennett  Wheeler's  Pope's  Essay  on  Man,  317  ; 
Boodle,  317  ;  The  Ten  Orators  of  Athens,  ib. 
Societies  and  their  Proceedings.— Maine.— Maine  Histori- 
cal Society 

Massachusetts— New  England   Historic  Genealogical 

Society, 

Boston— Numismatic  Society, 

Obitcart.— Rev.  Hubbard  Winslow 

Notes  on  Books 

Miscellany, 


NOTICE     TO     SUBSCRIBERS. 


The  Historical  Magazine,  to  the  great  annoyance  of  the  Publisher  and  Edi 
has  recently  by  accidents  been  greatly  retarded;  and  after  some  planning  for  its  ful 
usefulness,  Mr.  Richardson,  who  has  the  merit  of  having  been  the  first  to  give  histor 
scholars  an  organ  and  medium  of  intercommunication,  concluded  reluctantly  in  vie\* 
his  own  increasing  business  engagements,  to  withdraw  from  its  direction,  and  leave  it 
tirely  to  the  undersigned,  who  has  been  its  editor  for  the  last  six  years. 

In  thus  suddenly  assuming  the  direction  of  the  business  department  also,  which  1 
simply  from  the  desire  to  see  the  Magazine  sustained  in  a  way  to  meet  the  wants 
scholars,  I  beg  for  this  month  and  the  next  the  indulgence  of  its  patrons.  The  July  m 
ber  will  appear  early  in  the  month,  the  future  numbers  punctually  on  the  first  of  e 
month. 

The  friends  who  have  hitherto  sustained  it  will,  it  is  hoped,  continue  to  give  it  tl 
favor,  and  endeavor  to  extend  its  circulation. 

The   Historical   Societies,  especially,  arc   invited    to  become   its    patrons   by   acl 
exertion. 

JOHN  G.  SHEA. 

New  York,  July,  1864. 


SHEA'S 


HSY    SERIES 


IMOIES,    EELATIONS,    ETC., 

RELATING  TO  THE  FRENCH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Edition  limited  to  100  copies. 


.vier,  Relation  de  la  Mi  q  Illinoise, 

1693 $1  50 

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1684 1  50 

Bigot,  Relation  de  la  Mission  Abnaquise, 

1685 1  00 

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1701 1  50 

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Salle,  1685 2  00 

>.  Ciiacmoxot,  Aotobiogra]  hie  2  50 

Suite 1  50 

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Missisipi 2  50 

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17.  Sagea.*.,  Extrait  des  Voyages  de  Mathieu 

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San  Antonio 2  50 


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sun       4  00 

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guage       1  00 

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Language 4  00 

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maque 4  50 


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Edition  limited  :    print  d  by  Munsell,  uniform  with  his  Series. 


1.  RudoExsa^m,  Dcscrip  ion  Ge<  grafica  de 

la  Provincia  do  S<  >n<  ira 4  00 

2     Palacios,   Report  on  Guatemala,    with 

Iranslation,  by  Hon.  E  G.  Squier 8  00 


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tral America 2  00 

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Brute* ;  portrait 3  00 

JOHN  G.  SHEA, 

83  Centre  Street, 

NEW  YORK. 


2sTO"W    IR,  E  .A.  ID  IT . 


BIOGRAPHICAL    SKETCHES 


igaUjrt*  ni  the  Hmmatt  p^toltttiou, 


BY   LORENZO    SABINE. 


New  Edition,  2  Vols.  8vo.     Tinted  Page. 


LITTLE  &  BROWN, 

BOSTON,  Mass. 


THE  AMERICAN  ANNUAL   CYCLOPAEDIA, 

JL.1ST2D 

REGISTER  OF  IMPORTANT  EVENTS, 

OF  THE  YEAR  1863. 

EMBBACHT9 

Political,  Civil,   Military,  and  Social  Affairs;  Public 
Documents,  Biography,  Statistics,  Commerce, 
Finance,  Literature,  Science,  Agricul- 
ture, and  Mechanical  Industry. 

1  Vol.  8  vo.  Cloth,  865  pp.    $3.50. 

D.  APPLETON  &  CO., 

443  Broadway,  New  York, 


~-**Gs3  rt     •  "  * 


W2J  Z-H?fo) 


III 


No.  10 


a: 


THE 


ISTORICAL     MAGAZINE, 


AND 


Notes    and    Qjjeries, 


IONCERNING 


The  Antiquities,    Hiistory  and  Biography 


AMERICA. 


O&ober,    1864 


New  York: 

OFFICE,   83    CENTRE  STREET 
London:   Trubner  &  Co. 


*4y& 


Monthly,  $3  per  annum.    Postage,  6  cents  a  year.    Complete  Sets  Supplied. 


CONTENTS 


Page. 
ial  Department— The  Tory  Contingent 

in  the  British  Army  in  America  in  1781,.  321 

Camp  Life  in  1776— Siege  of  Boston, 326 

The  Authorship  of  Democracy  in  Am- 
erica,   332 

Stray  Leaves  from  an  Autograph  Col- 
lection,      333 

Rhode  Island  Rebellion  against  Massa- 
chusetts, 1692, 335 

Notes  and  Queries.— Notes.— The  First  School 
in  New  York  City,  337 ;  Mission  Santa 
Clara,  Cal.,  339;  Recollections  of  the 
Past,  340 ;  Miniature  of  an  American  Rev- 
olutionary Officer,  341  ;  Charles  Seals- 
field,  342.;  Washington's  First  Watch, 
342 ;  Origin  of  Mules  in  the  United 
States,  342  ;  Gov.  Bradford's  Bible,  343  ; 
Going  through  the  Motions,  343 ;  Copy 
of  a  Handbill  in  the  Possession  of  the 
Historical,)  Society  of  Pennsylvania, 
343  ;  Spanish  Priests  in  New  York,  344 ; 
Voting  Mills,  344  ;  The  Muscovy  duck  an 
American     Bird  — Explanation    of   the 


Name,  345 ;  Americans 
ington,  345. 
Queries. — Paroling  Private  Soldiers,  345  ;  A 
Copley  Gallery,  345 ;  David  Alden,  345  ; 
Earthquake  in  Jamaica  in  1692,  345  ;  Mrs. 
Houghton  or  Horton  of  Stoughton,  Mass., 
a  Centenarian,  345. 
Replies. — Bibliography  of  the  Following  or 
Imitation  of  Christ,  346,  348.  ;  Dr.  Sam- 
uel Johnson,  346 ;  The  Tristram  Coffin 
Medal,  346;  Revolutionary  Pensioners, 
347;  Star  Spangled  Banner,  347;  The 
Ten  Orators  of  Athens,  348;  Marriages 
in  New  England,  348. 
Societies  and    their    Proceedings. — Illinois, 

Chicago  Historical  Society, 348 

Massachusetts,   New    England  Historic- 
genealogical   Society, 349 

Obituary. — Death    of    Hooper  Warren,     350; 

Ex-Governor  Henry  Johnson 351 

Notes  on  Books, 352 

Miscellany, 362 


NOTICE     TO     SUBSCRIBERS. 


The  Historical  Magazine,  to  the  great  annoyance  of  the  Publisher  and  Editor, 
has  recently  by  accidents  been  greatly  retarded;  and  after  some  planning  for  its  future 
usefulness,  Mr.  Richardson,  who  has  the  merit  of  having  been  the  first  to  give  historical 
scholars  an  organ  and  medium  of  intercommunication,  concluded  reluctantly  in  view  of 
his  own  increasing  business  engagements,  to  withdraw  from  its  direction,  and  leave  it  en- 
tirely to  the  undersigned,  who  has  been  its  editor  for  the  last  six  years. 

In  thus  suddenly  assuming  the  direction  of  the  business  department  also,  which  I  do 
simply  from  the  desire  to  see  the  Magazine  sustained  in  a  way  to  meet  the  wants  of 
scholars,  I  beg  for  this  month  and  the  next  the  indulgence  of  its  patrons.  The  July  num- 
ber will  appear  early  in  the  month,  the  future  numbers  punctually  on  the  first  of  each 
month. 

The  friends  who  have  hitherto  sustained  it  will,  it  is  hoped,  continue  to  give  it  their 
favor,  and  endeavor  to  extend  its  circulation. 

The   Historical   Societies,  especially,  arc   invited    to   become   its    patrons   by   active 
exertion. 

JOHN  G.  SHEA. 

New  York,  July,  1864. 


GENERAL  ORDERS 

OF    THE 

WAR    DEPARTMENT, 

,  EMBRACING     THE     YEARS 

1861,  1862  &  1863. 

ADAPTED  SPECIALLY  FOR  THE  USE  0] 

ARMY     AND     NAVY     OF     THE   UNITED     STATES, 

CHRONOLOGICALLY  ARRANGED 

IN  TWO  VOLUMES 

WITH  A  FULL  ALPHABETICAL  INDEX, 

BY 

THOS.  M.  O'BRIEN  &  OLIVER  DIEFENDOR] 
MILITARY    ATTORNEYS. 


^  Headquarters,  Department  of  the  East. 

Gentlemen — I  have  received  the  copy  »you  had  the  kindness  to  send  me  of  your  Compilation  of  the 
General  Orders  of  the  War  Department.  The  publication  is  of  great  value,  and  I  trust  it  may  have  an 
extensive  circulation  as  a  part  of  the  History  of  the  War.  JOHN  A.  DIX,  Maj.  Gen'l. 

Headquarters,  Department  op  the  Missouri. 

Gentlemen — Accept  my  thanks  for  a  copy  of  your  excellent  Compilation  of  General  Orders  of  the  War 
Department.  Very  few  officers  possess  complete  files  of  these  Orders,  and  many  who  have  them  would  prefer 
them  in  such  a  form  for  reference  and  preservation.  It  meets  with  universal  commendation  here ;  deserves, 
and,  I  doubt  not,  with  proper  efforts  by  the  book  trade  in  making  it  known,  will  meet  with  an  extensive 
sale.  W.  S.  ROSECRANS,  Maj.  GerCl. 

Headquarters,  St.  Louis  District. 

Ckntlemex— -I  have  examined  your  index  to  the  first  volume  of  the  General  Orders  of  the  War  Department 
\  r  1-61  and  1862,  and  find  it,  as  from  my  knowledge  of  you  I  expected  it  to  he,  most  thorough  and  exact. 
i  !)••  publication  oftheGeneral  Orders  will  be  an  invaluable  aid  to  officers  of  all  grades  and  positions  in  the  service, 
very  few  of  whom  have  had  the  good  fortune  to  get  and  keep  a  full  file  of  the  Orders,  which  are  part  of  the 
law  of  the  Army.  Very  truly  yours  THOMAS  EWING,  Brig.  Gcn'l. 

The  difficulty  of  regularly  filling  the  General  Orders  of  the  Army  is  the  grave  importance  of  the  present  war, 
and  the  fact  that  many  entirely  new  issues  have  presented  themselves,  which  have  fallen  within  the  domain 
of  these  Orders,  and  the  frequent  necessity  of  referring  to  them  by  our  officers.  All  these  facts  make  this 
collection  a  welcome  book  of  reference  and  record  to  the  officer  on  actual  service,  to  the  lawyer,  historian,  and 
the  publisher.  It  is  hoped  that  the  collection  will  be  continued  to  the  end  of  the  civil  war,  which  so  deeply  af- 
flicts but  also  develops  this  country.  FRANCIS  L1EBER,  LL.D. 

Headquarters,  Department  op  Kansas 

Gentlemen— I  have  received  a  copy  of  the  General  Orders  of  the  War  Department  for  1861,  1862  and  1863. 
compiled  and  indexed  by  yourselves,  and  beg  to  express  my  sense  of  the  value  of  the  book.  The!  information 
itcontains  is  indispensable  to  every  officer  of  the  Army,  and  is  equally  important  to  all  Government  and  State 
officials,  for  the  knowledge  it  conveys  affecting  the  Organization,  Fay,  Muster,  etc.,  of  the  Volunteer  forces  of 
the  nation.  The  book  is  so  arranged,  that  any  information  it  contains  is  easily  reached  by  means  of  the  Index 
and  thus  saves  a  great  deal  of  time  and  trouble.  It  ought  to  be  in  the  hands  of  every  one  who  has  transactions 
with  the  Government  growing  out  of  the  present  war.    I  am,  gentlemen,  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant. 

GEO.  bYKES,  Maj.  Gen.  U.  S.  Vols. 

The  Work  mskes  Two  Volumes,  1,260  large  and  compact  Octavo  pages,  and  is  substantially  bound  in  Cloth, 
price  f  10.00.    It  will  be  sent  by  mail  or  express,  paid,  upon  receipt  of  price.    Address 

DERBY  &  MILLER,  Publishers, 
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REMOVAL. 

In  consequence  of  the  destruction  by  fire  < 
late  place  of  business 

CHARLES  B.  RICHARDSON 
HISTORICAL 

AND 

MILITARY    PUBLISHER, 

Has  Removed  to  No.  441  Broadway,  New  York. 
THE 

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Edited  by  Prof.  Henry  Coffee. 
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JAMES  W.  FORTUNE, 

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Now  Ready, 

THE    AMERICAN  ANNUAL 

CYCLOPEDIA, 

AND 

REGISTER      OF    IMPORTANT 
EVENTS  of  the  YEAR  1863. 


I  Vol.  8ro.,  Cloth,  865  pp.,  $5.00. 

D.  APPLETON  &  Co  , 
443  Broadway,  N.  Y. 


Vol.  VIII. 


No.  ii 


•«w. 


ORICAL     MAGAZINE, 


AND 


Notes    and    Qjjeries, 


:ONCERNING 


- 


ntiquities,    History  and  Biography 


OP 


AMERICA. 


November,  1864 


New  York  : 

OFF  ICE,      3    CENTRE   S  1' R  E  ! 
London:   Trubner  &  Co. 


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(3 


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Monthly,  $3  per  annum.    Postage,  6  cents  a  year.    Complete  Sets  Supplied. 


ONTENTS 


Page. 

General  Department— Braddock's  Defeat— un- 
published Letter  of  Orme, 353 

The  Tory  Contingent  in  the  Army  of  the 

Revolution, 354 

Historical  Gossip    about  the  New  York 

Court  of  Sessions, 359 

General  Washington's  Lands, 366 

Notes  and  Queries.— Notes.— Fort  Niagara,  367 ; 
Bishop  George  Henry  Loskiel,  the  Mo- 
ravian Historian,  373 ;  Iroquois  names  of 
Places,  373  ;  Golden  Wedding,  ib ;  Pre- 
death  Coffins  and  Monuments,  374 ;  Kear- 
sage, ib. 

Queries. — M.  de  St.  Gaspin,  374 ;  Pseudo- 
nyms, ib. ;  Fiat  Justitia,  ruat  Coalum,  ib.; 
Variorum,  Diversorum,  ib. ;  Jenne,  ib.  ; 
The  Henry  Plot,  ib. ;    Was  this  Steam,  ib ; 


Sawed  Cannon,  375;  En$ 
Men  killed  at  Quebec,  ib. 
Replies.— Continental  Money,  375 
of  Mules  in  the  United  States,  ib. 
Societies  and  their  Proceedings.— New  York, 
New   York  Historical   Society,  Com- 
memoration of  the  Conquest  of  New 
Netherland,  375,  Long  Island  Histori- 
cal Society,  379. 
Pennsylvania.  —  Pennsylvania  Historical 

Society, 379 

Massachusetts. — New  England   Historic- 
Genealogical  Society, 380 

Obituary.— Death  of  Sebastian  F.  Streeter, 380 

Notes  on  Books, 381 

Miscellany, 383 


SUBSCRIPTION-COMPLETE  SETS  OF  THE  MAGAZINE. 


We  regret  to  announce  that  Mr.  C.  B.  Richardson's  establishment  was  recently  totally 
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him  will  feel  for  his  loss  on  the  occasion. 

In  the  conflagration,  all  the  back  stock  of  our  Magazine  perished,  and  as  it  is  some- 
what of  an  undertaking  to  reprint  the  whole  eight  volumes,  a  subscription  list  has  been 
opened  for  all  who  wish  complete  sets  or  any  back  volumes.  As  soon  as  100  sets  are 
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able on  delivery  of  the  volumes. 

As  no  future  opportunity  will  be  afforded  to  Libraries  to  secure  complete  sets,  and 
speculators  already  attempt  to  put  an  exorbitant  price,  it  is  needless  to  urge  this  matter 
on  libraries  and  collectors. 

JOHN  G.  SHEA, 

83  Centre  St.,  New  York. 


SHEA'S    CRAMOISY    SERIES 


MEMOIRS,    RELATIONS,    ETC., 

RELATING  TO  THE  FRENCH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Edition  limited  to  100  copies. 


ravier,  Ri 


de  la  Mission  Illiaoise, 


$1  50 


la  Missi 


Abnaquise, 


1  50 


la  Mi 


>n  Abnaquisi 


*2.  Bigot,  Relatio 

1684 

*3.  Bigot,  Relatio 

1685 1   00 

4.  Bigo..  Rel  lion  de  la  Mission  Abnaquise, 

17iii 1  50 

5.  Cavelier,    Dernier  Voyage  de  M.  de  la 

Salle,  1685 2  00 

6.  CnAUMOXOT,  Autobiograpln--. 2  50 

7.  "  Suite 1  50 

8.  Tran<  hepain,  Voyage  des  jUrsulines  a  la 
Nouvelle  <  irli  ana 2  00 

9.  R<  ?istre  du  Fort  DuQaesn- 2  00 

1".  J  urnal  de  la  Guerre  du  Micisipi  contre 

.  a  Chicachas 2  50 


11.  Gravier,     \.     i        a    l'embouchure    du 

Missisi]  2  50 

12.  Dablok,  Relation  de  la  Nouvelle  France, 

1673-9 5  00 

13.  Dablox,  Relation  de  la  Nouvelle  France, 

L672  3 4  00 

14.  Relations  diverses  sur  la  bataille  du  Ma- 
lenguele 2  00 

15.  Relation  des  Missions   du   Seminaire  de 

Quebec ...    1  50 

16.  Jogdks,  Novum  Belgium— Rene  Goupil. .     1  50 

17.  Sagea*,  Extrait  des  Voyages  de  Mathieu 

Sagean 1  50 

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Onneiouts 2  00 


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Edition  limited  to  100  copies. 
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2    M )  •  .  \  i ; i Ni,  Grammatica  Selica — Flatl lead 

( rrammar 4  00 

3.   A  i  i   iitnar  of  the  Heve  Language 100 

t.   A  rrotq,  Gramatica  de  la  Lengua  Mutsun.  2  50 

5.  Gramatica  de  la  Lengua  Nevomo  (Pima)..  4  50 

6.  Pandosy,  Grammar  of  the  Yakama  Lan- 
guage    2  50 

7.  Vocabulario  do  la  1<  ngu  i  d(   la  Mission  de 

San   Antonio 2  50 


sun 4  00 

9.  Gibbs,  Vocabulary  of  the  Chinook  lan- 
guage       1  00 

10.  Bbuyas,  Radical  "Words  of  the  Mohawk 
Language 4  00 

11.  Gibbs,   Vocabulary  of    t)      Clallam  and 

Lummi  Languages 1  50 

12.  Gibbs,  Dictionary  of  the  Chinook  Jargon.     3  00 

13.  Maillard,  Grammaire  de  la  Langue  Mic- 

maque 4  50 


WORKS    RELATING   TO   SPANISH   AMERICA,  ETC. 

Edition  limited;   printed  by  Munaell,  uniform  with  his  Series. 


1.  RudoExsayo,  Descripcion  <;<ografica  de 

la  Provincia  do  Sonora 4  00 

2     I'alacios,   Report  on  Guatemala,  with 

translation,  by  Hon.  E.  G.  Squier 3  00 


3.  Squier,  Monograph  of  Authors  on  Cen- 
tral America 2  00 

4.  Bayley,  Memoirs  of  Rt.  Rev.  Simon  G. 

Brute  ;  portrait 3  00 

JOHN  G.  SHEA, 

83  Centre  Street, 

NEW  YORK. 


CONTENTS 


Page. 

ial  Department—  Leisler's  Seal, 385 

Address  of  Col.  J.  Ross  Snowden,  at  the 
Inangnral  Meeting  of  the  Historical 

Society  of  Delaware, 385 

The  Tory  Contingent  in   the    British 

Army  in  America  in  1781 , 389 

Notes  aitd  Queries-- Notes—The  Old  Province 
House,  Boston,  393 ;  History  of  Gov- 
ernor Andrew's  School  House,  395 ; 
Folk  Lore— The  Bible  and  Key,  ib ; 
The  American  Flag,  ib ;  New  Utrecht, 
396 ;  The  John  St.Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  396 ;  Captain  Isaac  Davis,  ib ; 
Punishment  for  Blasphemy,  397; 
John  Singleton  Copley  and  his  Step 
Father  Peter  Pelham,  ib ;  Wash- 
ington Cents,  ib ;  Venerable  Voters, 
398;  An  Ancient  New  England  Nom  de 
Plume,  ib  ;  Old  Sheep  Pastures,  ib ; 
The  Irrepressible  Negro,  ib ;  Thomas 
Maria  Wingfield,  400;  Deacon  John 
Phillips,  408. 


Page. 
Queries.— Funeral  Sermon  of  Governor 
Burnet  and  his  Wife,  398;  Cotton 
Mill,  ib ;  Who  was  John  Carey,  the 
editor   of   Washington's   Letters    in 
1795,  ib ;  New  York  Paper  Money,  ib  : 
What  was  this  book  ?  ib ;  Mendham, 
N.  J.,  ib. 
Replies.— Revolutionary  Pensioners,  399 ; 
Descendants  of  John  Fenwick,  400. 
Retrospections,  Literary    and  Antiqua- 
rian, 400. 
Societies  akd  theib  Phoceediwos— Delaware, 

Delaware  Historical  Society, 402 

Illinois. — Chicago  Historical  Society, 405 

Massachusetts.  —Boston  Numismatica 
Society,  404;  American  Antiquarian 
Society,  405. 
New  York.— Long  Island  Historical  So- 
ciety, 401. 
Pennsylvania.— Numismatic  Society  of 
Philadelphia,  407. 

Notes  off  Books, 407 

Miscellany, 408 


IFLIEIIVE 


In  consequence  of  the   Destruction  by   Fire   of  his  late   place   of  Business, 

CHARLES  B.  RICHARDSON, 

HISTORICAL  BOOKSELLER  AND  PUBLISHER, 

Has  removed  to  No,  441  BROADWAY,  next  door  to  D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  where 
he  would  be  happy  to  see  his  friends  and  customers. 

He  is  constantly  adding  to  his  Stock  of  Rare  and  Standard  Works  on  American 
History  and  Literature. 

Authors  and  Publishers  of  Local  Histories  will  find  it  for  their  advantage  to  send 
a  few  copies  on  sale. 

Orders  from  Libraries  and  Collectors  promptly  executed. 


!CRIPTION--COMPLETE  SETS  OF  THE  MAGAZINE 


egret  to  announce  that  Mr.  C.  B.  Richardson's  establishment  was  recently  totally 

destroyed»y  fire.     The  Subscribers  of  the  Magazine  who  have  so  long  been  in  relation  to 

him  will  •<  !  for  his  loss  on  the  occasion. 

\ 

in  tb  conflagration,  all  the  back  stock  of  our  Magazine  perished,  and  as  it  is  some 
what  of  11  undertaking  to  reprint  the  whole  eight  volumes,  a  subscription  list  has  been 
opened  f<  all  who  wish  complete  sets  or  any  back  volumes.  As  soon  as  100  sets  are 
subscribel  shall  commence  reprinting.  The  price  #ill  be  $3.50  a  volume,  in  cloth,  pay- 
able  on  d|iv<  ry  of  the  volumes. 

As  n  future  opportunity  will  be  afforded  to  Libraries  to  secure  complete  sets,  and 
speculato  already  attempt  to  put  an  exorbitant  price,  it  is  needless  to  urge  this  matter 
on  librari   and  collectors. 

JOHN  G.  SHEA, 
83  Centre  St.,  New  York. 


LIFE   AND   TIMES 

I  OF 

SIR  WILLIAM  JOHNSON,  BART., 

Siberintendent  of  Indian  Affairs,  residing  among  the 

Iroquois  during  the  middle  of  the  last  Century. 

BY  WILLIAM  L.  STONE. 


This  worli  which  fills  an  important  link  in  American  History,  and  which  has  been  long 
delayed  by  i.  death  >f  the  late  William  L  Stone,  has  been  completed  by  his  son  ;  and 
with  the  live  of  BRANT,  and  RED  JACKET,  by  the  same  author,  brings  down  the  tys- 
tory  oJ  the  Sx  Nations,  and  their  relations  with  the  British  Government  and  its  Colonies, 
from  1534  to  1824.  The  materials  from  which  the  work  has  been  derived  are  principally 
the  original  apers  furnished  by  the  family  of  Sir  William,  among  which  is  his  very 
extensive  manuscript  diary,  that  has  never  before  been  consulted.  The  work  will  com- 
prise two  vol|me8  octavo,  and  will  be  handsomely  printed  upon  good  paper,  with  anew 
portrait  on  atetl  of  Sir  William,  I;  tn  an  original  painting  procured  from  his  descendants 
in  England,  ft  will  be  furnished  to  subscribers  at  $0  in  cloth  binding.  The  edition  will 
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the  first  of  January.  A  few  large  papei  copies  on  tinted  paper  at  $12.  Subscriptions 
solicited  by 

J.  MUNSELL,  Publisher, 

ALBANY,  N.  Y. 


■     /£ 

SHEA'S    CEAMOISY    SEKIES^  \ 

OF 

MEMOIRS,    RELATIONS'    E-O 

RELATING  TO  THE  FRENCH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA? 

*t    n~  t,  ,  Edition  limited  to  100  copies. 

1.  Gravier,  Relation  de  la  Mission  Illinoise,  n    Gravier     Vnv,„.     «    v     v      , 

*  1693  A,   ^  ^kavier,     Voyage    a    l'embouchure  |u 

^  $1  50 

*-.  Bigot,  Relation  de  la  Mission  Abnaquise 

„    J684 150 

*3.  Bigot,  Relation  de  la  Mission  Abnaquise 

A  "m"- :  ioo 

4.  Bigot,  Relation  de  la  Mission  Abnaquise 

K  „mi :..:  150 

5.  Oavelier,  Dernier  Voyage  de  M.  de  la 
Salle,  1685 2  0Q 

6.  Chaumonot,  Autobiographie 2  50 

Y'  "  Suite 150 

8.  Tranchepain,  Voyage  des  Ursulines  d  la 
Nouvelle  Orleans 2  00 

9.  Registre  du  Fort  Du  Quesne . . . . .     2  00 

10.  Journal  de  la  Guerre  du  Micisipi  co'ntre  ,      r     . 

lea  Chicachas 0  Kri  >      ^°V™&  of  a  few  numbers  only  of  thi series  now 

*  &u   remain. 


Missisipi ^     2  ;o 

12.  Dablon,  Relation  de  la  Nouvelle  FraW 

„    ^673"9 1     5  00 

13.  Dablon,  Relation  de  la  Nouvelle  Praqs 

„    j672"3 L    400 

14.  Relations  diverses  sur  la  bataille  dutfa- 
lenguele 2  0Q 

15.  Relation  des  Missions  du  Seminaii de 
Quebec 1  50 

16.  Jogues,  Novum  Belgium— Rene  Goul. .     1   50 
11.  Sageaa,  Extraifc  des  Voyages  de  Maiieu 

Sagean x  5p 

18.  Milet,  Relation  d'une  captivite  pan  les 

Onneiouts g  or 


SHEA'S 
Library    of   American   Linguistics. 


sun 


Edition  limited  to  100  copies 

^  ^r^csi^r  -.A$400  8-  —  — ■  *  -  — 

2.  Mengarini,  Grammatica  Selica— Flathead 
Grammar 4  0Q 

3.  A  Grammar  of  the  Heve  Language ,     1  00 

J  4.  Arroyo,  Gramatica  de  la  Lengua  Mutsun.     2  50 

,  5.  Gramatica  de  la  Lengua  Nevome  (Pima)..  4  50 
G.  Panposy,  Grammar  of  the  Yakama  Lan- 

euase 2  50 

7.  Vocabulario  ue  la  lengua  de  la  Mission  de 

San  Antonio 


4  00 


2  50 


9.  Gibbs,  Vocabulary  of  the   Chinoo   Ian- 

SuaS0 1  00^ 

10.  Bruyas,  Radical  Words  of  the  Mhawk 
Language 4  0Q / 

11.  Gibbs,   Vocabulary  of  the  Clallm  and 
Lumrni  Languages j  5q  / 

12.  Gibbs,  Dictionary  of  the  Chinook  Targon.     3  00  / 

13.  Maillard,  Grammaire  de  la  Lanpie  Mic- 
^aflue 4  50 


WOEKS   EELATING   TO   SPANISH   AMERICA, 'ETC. 

Edition  limited;   printed  by  Munsell,  uniforb  with  his  Series. 


1.  Rudo  Exsayo,  Descripcion  Geogralica  de 

la  Provincia  de  Sonora 4  qo 

2    Palacios,   Report  on   Guatemala,   with 

translation,  by  Hon.  E.  G.  Squier 3  00 


3.  Squier,  Monograph  of  Author;  on  Cen- 
tral America 2  00 

4.  Bayley,   Memoirs  of  Rt.  Rev  Simon  G. 
Brute  ;  portrait 3  qq 

JOHN  G.  SHEA, 

a\\  83  Centre  Street, 

^v5  M2W  YORK. 


f